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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


GIFT  OF 


ROSE   BOVJERS 


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C^MPRIERES 

OR, 

SKETCHES 

OF  THE  LIVES  OF  CELEBRATED  CHARACTERS  INT 

EVERY  AGE  AND  NATION, 

EMBRACING  WARRIORS,  HEROES,  POETS,   PHILOSOPHERS,    HISTORIANS,    POLITICIANS,  STATESMEN, 

LAWYERS,  PHYSICIANS,  DIVINES,  DISCOVERERS,  INVENTORS,  AND  GENERALLY,  ALL  SUCH 

INDIVIDUALS,  AS  FROM  THE  EARLIEST  PERIODS  OF  HISTORY  TO  THE  PRESENT 

TIME,  HAVE  BEEN  DISTINGUISHED  AMONG  MANKIND; 

ABRIDGED  FROM  LEMPRIERE's  BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY,    AND  CON- 
TAINING EVERY  ARTICLE  IN  THAT  WORK,  WITH  ADDITIONS 
OF   SEVERAL  HUNDRED  NAMES,  FROM  ALLEN,  WALKER, 
JONES,  AND  OTHERS. 

TO  WHICH  IS  ADDED, 

E  33ictlonavfi 

OF  THE 

PRINCIPAL   DIVINITIES    AND  KEHOSS 

OF 

GRECIAN  AND  ROMAN  MYTHOLOGY ; 

AND  NOTICES  OF  ONE  HUNDRED 

EMINENT  LIVING  INDIVIDUALS  : 

WITH  AN  APPENDIX, 

CONTAINING  SKETCHES  OF  THE  LIVES  AND  CHARACTERS  OF 

JOHN  ADAMS  AND  THOMAS  JEFFERSON. 


N.  WHITE, 
RICHMOND,  VIRGINIA. 


1826. 


■j^f*vi-' 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


AA 


AB 


AA,  Peter  Vauder,  abooksellei  of  Li^yden,  who, 
published  a  work  in  60  vols,  folio,  entitled; 
Galerie  du  Monde,  &o.  was  living  in  1729. 

AAGART),  Nicholas  and  Christian,  brothers, 
torn  at  VViburg,  in  Denmark,  the  eldest,  distin-] 
t'uisheJ  for  the  acultness  of  his  philosophical 
writings,  died  1'j57  ;  the  other  known  for  his 
poetical  talents,  died  ICM. 

AALAM,  an  astrologer  of  the  ninth  century, 
at  the  court  of  Adado  Daula. 

AALST,  Everard,  a  dutch  painter,  whose 
pieces  were  hiehlv  valued,  was  born  at  Delft, 
1602.  and  died  ui  1658. 

AARON,  elder  brother  of  Moses,  of  the  tribe 
of  Levi,  bom  A.  M.  2434 ;  he  was  the  friend  and 
the  assistant  of  Moses,  was  happily  gifted  witi) 
the  powers  of  eloquence,  and  became  the  first 
high-pviest  among  the  Hebrews.  He  died  in  liis 
123d  year. 

AARON,  Raschid,  a  caliph  of  the  Abassides, 
distinguished  by  his  conquests  and  the  eccentri- 
city of  his  character,  died  A.  D.  SOt),  in  tiie  23d 
vear  of  his  reign. 

AARON,  Schascou,  a  rabbi  ot  Thessalonica, 
Celebrated  for  his  writings. 

AARON,  a  British  saint,  put  to  death  with  his 
brother  Julius,  during  Dioclescian's  persecution 
of  the  Christians. 

A.ARON,  a  presbyter  and  physician  of  Alex- 
andria, in  the  eighth  century  ;  he  wrote  30  books 
on  medi'ine  in  the  Syriac  language,  and  is  the 
rirstauthor  who  makes  mention  of  the  small  pox 
ar.d  meazles,  diseases  which  were  introduced 
into  Egypt  from  Arabia,  about  040. 

AARON,  Hariscon,  a  Caraite  rabbi  who  was 
known  as  physician  at  Constantinople  in  1-294 
and  wrote  a  learned  commentary  on  the  pcnta 
touch,  Hebrew  grammar,  &;c. 

AARON,  Hacharon  or  Posterior,  another 
learned  Rabbi,  horn  in  1346 ;  he  wrote  on  the 
law  of  Moses,  the  customs  of  his  nation,  and  a 
treatise  entitled  the  Garden  of  Eden. 

A.'V.RON,  Isaac,  an  interpreter  of  languages 
at  Constantinople  under  the  Comeni. 

A.VRON,  Ben  Chaim.  the  chief  of  the  Jewish 
Synagogue,  at  Fez  and  Morocco,  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  17th  century ;  he  wrote  commeiita 
ries  on  Joshua,  the  Law,  the  Prophets,  &c. 

AAP.,ON,  Ben-aser,  a  learned  rabbi  in  the  5th 
century,  to  whom  tlie  invention  of  the  Hebrew 
points  and  accents  is  attributed ;  he  wrote  a 
llebrew  granmiar,  printed  1515. 

AARON,  a  Levite  of  Barcelona,  wrote  613 
precepts  on  Mosea,  printed  at  Venice,  1523 ;  he 
died  1292. 

AARSENS,  Francis,  lord  of  Someldyck  and 
Spyck,  one  of  the  greatest  ministers  for  negotia- 
tion that  the  United  Provinces  of  Holland  have 
at  any  time  possessed.  He  was  the  first  person 
ever  recognised  as  Dutch  ambassador  by  the 
French  court ;  the  first  of  three  extraordinary 
ambassadors  sent  to  England  in  lt".20 ;  and  the 
second  in  1041,  who  were  to  treat  about  the  mar- 
riage of  prince  William,  son  to  the  prince  of 
Orange.    Aarsens  died  at  an  advanced  age ;  h« 


left  behind  him  very  accmateand  judicious  me- 
moirs of  all  the  embassies  in  which  he  was  etn- 
ployed. 

AARSENS,  or  AERSF.N3,  Peter,  called  by 
the  Italiatis  Pietro  Loiigo,  from  his  tallne.>s,a 
celebrated  painter,  born  at  Amsterdam  in  151;) 
He  excelled  very  particularly  in  painting  a 
kitchen ;  but  an  altarpicce  of  his,  viz.  a  crucifix, 
representing  an  executioner  breaking  with  an 
iron  bar  the  logs  of  the  thieves,  &c.  was  prodi- 
giously admired.  This  noble  piece  was  destroyed 
by  the  rabble  in  the  time  of  the  insurrection, 
1566.  He  afterwards  complained  of  this  to  the 
populace  in  terms  of  such  severity,  that  more 
than  once  they  were  going  to  murder  him.  He 
died  in  1585. 

AARTGEN.  or  AERTGEN,  a  painter  of 
merit,  born  at  Leyden  in  1498.  It  was  a  custom 
with  this  painter  never  to  v.ork  on  Mondays, 
but  to  devote  that  day  with  his  disciples  to  the 
bottle.  He  used  to  stroll  about  the  streets  in  the 
night,  playing  on  the  German  flute  ;  and  in  one 
of  these  frolics  was  drowned  in  1564. 

AB.\,  brother-in-law  to  Stephen,  the  fiftt 
Christian  king  of  Hungary;  disgraced  himself 
bv  his  cruelties ;  was  conquered  in  battle  by  the 
Emperor  Henry  III. ;  and  was  sacrificed  to  the 
resentment  of  his  offended  subjects.  1044. 

ABAFFI,  Michael,  son  of  a  magistrate  of  Her- 
manstad,  rose  by  his  abilities  aiid  intrigues,  to 
the  sovereignty  of  Transylvania,  in  1661. 

ABACA,'or  ABAKA,akingof  Tartary,  con- 
quered Persia,  and  proved  a  powerful  and  formi- 
dable neighbour  to  the  Cliristians  at  Jerusalem, 
died  1282. 

ABANO,  vid.  Apono. 

AB.'\RIS,  a  Scythian  philosopher,  the  history 
of  whose  adventures,  mentioned  by  Herodotua 
and  others,  appears  more  fabulous  than  au- 
thentic. 

ABAS,  Schah,  seventh  king  of  Persia,  was 
brave  and  active  ;  he  took  conjointly  with  the 
English  forces,  1622,  the  Island  of  Orrnus,  which 
had  been  in  the  possession  of  the  Portuguese  122 
years  ;  he  died  1629  in  the  44th  year  of  his  reign. 

ABAS,  Schah,  the  great  grandson  of  the  pre- 
ceding, succeeded  his  father  in  1642,  in  his  13th 
year ;  he  patronised  tlie  Christians,  and  was  dis- 
tinguished lor  his  benevolence  and  liberality ;  he 
died  Sept.  25, 1666. 

.'VBASS.'V,  an  officer  who  revolted  against 
Mustapha  I.  emperor  of  the  Turks,  and  after- 
wards was  emploved  against  the  Poles,  1634,  at 
the  head  of  60,000  men.  The  cowardice  of  his 
troops  robbed  him  of  a  victory,  and  he  was 
strangled  by  order  of  the  Sultan. 

ABASSA,  a  sister  of  Aaron  Raschid,  whose 
hand  was  bestowed  by  her  brother  on  Glafer ; 
lier  husband  was  sacrificed  by  the  tyrant,  and  ^ 
she  was  reduced  to  poverty. 

AB.ASSON,  an  impostor,  who,  under  the 
character  of  Uie  grandson  of  Abas  the  great,  ob- 
tained the  patronage  of  the  court  of  France  and 
of  the  grand  seignior,  by  wliose  order  he  was  at 
!a$t  beheaded. 


.       if*.-;      it        .  ^'i  f        J- 


AB 

AI5ATS,  Andrew,  a  painter  of  fruit  and  AiU 
life,  born  at  Naples,  was  eniployud  by  the  king 
of  Spain,  and  ditd  in  1732. 

ABAUZIT,  Firmin,  born  at  Uzee,  11th  Nov. 
J67U,  tied  from  tlie  persecution  which  attended 
his  parents  on  account  of  their  profession  of 
protestantism,  and  retired  to  Geneva,  became 
distinguislied  for  his  superior  progress  in  eveiy 
branch  of  polite  learning,  but  particularly 
mathematics  and  natural  history  ;  was  Haltered 
by  Voltaire,  and  complimented  by  Rousseau ; 
he  died  March  20, 1707. 

ABBADIE,  James,  an  eminent  Protestant  di- 
vine, and  dean  ot  Rilaloe,  born  at  Nay,  in  Berne, 
in  the  year  1G5-1  (or,  according  to  some  accounts, 
in  1658,)  died  in  the  parish  of  Mary- la-bonne, 
in  London,  1727.  The  chief  of  this  author'.-; 
works  was,  "  Traite  de  la  Verite  de  la  Religion 
Chriitienne ;  Rotterdam,  lGb4."  This  has  gone 
through  several  editions,  and  is  perhaps  the  best' 
book  ever  published  on  that  subject. 

ABAS,  Halli,  a  physician,  and  one  of  the 
Persian  magi,  who  followed  the  doctrines  of 
Zoroaster;  he  wrote  A.  D.  980,  a  book  called 
a  royal  work,  which  was  translated  into  Latin 
by  Stephen  of  Antioch,  l]iJ7,  and  is  nov^'  extant. 

ABBAS,  the  uncle  of  Mahomet,  opposed  the 
ambitious  views  of  the  impostor ;  but  when  de- 
feated in  the  battle  of  Bedr,  was  recnncilcd  to 
his  nejShew,  embraced  his  religion,  and  thanked 
iieavsn  lor  the  prosperity  and  the  grace  he  en- 
joyed as  a  mussulman.  He  died  in  the  32d  year 
of  tiie  hecira. 

ABBASSA,  vid.  Abassa. 

ABBATEGIO,  Marian  d',  an  ecclesiastic  of 
the  1-tth  century,  who  rose  by  his  abilities  to  be 
governor  of  Aquila. 

ABBATISSA,  Paul,  a  famous  Sicilian  poel, 
horn  at  Messina,  1570.  He  translated  into  Italiaii 
verse  Homer's  Iliad  and  Odyssey,  and  Ovid's 
Metamorphoses. 

ABBIATI,  Philip,  a  historical  painter,  bom 
at  !MiIan  1640,  died  1715. 

ABBONi,  a  monk  of  St.  Germain  des  Pres, 
Aho  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Paris  by  the 
Normans,  at  the  close  of  the  9th  century ;  he 
wrote  an  account  of  this  event  in  1200  verses, 
in  esecrable  Latin,  which  was  edited  by  Du- 
plessis,  1753. 

ABBON,  de  Fleury,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Or- 
leans, who  became  abbot  of  Fleury,  supported 
the  rights  of  the  monastic  order  against  the  in- 
trusions of  the  bishops.  He  was  killed  in  a 
quarrel  between  the  French  and  Gascons,  1004. 

ABBOT,  Hull,  a  respectable  minister  of 
Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  published  several 
sennons,  died  1782,  aged  80. 

ABBOT,  George,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
born  1562,  at  Guildford,  in  Surry.  In  1604  that 
translation  of  the  Bible  now  in  usewasbecunby 
the  direction  of  king  .Tames,  and  Dr.  Abbot  was 
the  second  of  eight  divines  of  Oxford,  to  whon 
the  care  of  translating  the  whole  New  Testa 
ijiciit  (eicepting  the  Kpistles)  was  committed 
On  April  5,  1619,  Sir  Nicholas  Kempe  laid  the 
first  stone  of  the  hospital  at  Guildford.  The 
archbishop,  who  was  present,  afterwards  en- 
dowed it  with  lands  to  tlie  value  of  300i.  per 
ann.  The  archbishop,  being  in  a  declinine  stale 
of  health,  used  in  the  summer  to  go  to  Ilamp 
shire  for  the  sake  of  recreation  ;  and  being  m 
vited  by  lord  Kouch  to  hunt  in  his  park  at  Bran 
zill,  he  met  there  with  the  greatest  misfortum 
that  ever  befell  him  ;  for  he  accidentally  killed 
his  lordship's  keeper,  by  an  arrow  from  a  cross- 
6ow,  which  heibot  at' a  deer.     Thi«  accident 


threw  him  into  a  deep  melancholy  ;  he  ever  it- 
lerwards  kept  a  monthly  fast  on  Tuesday,  the 
(Iny  on  which  this  fatal  mischance  happenedi 
and  settled  an  annuil}  of  20/.  on  the  widow. 
Worn  out,  however,  with  cares  and  infirmities, 
■le  died  at  Croydon,  Aug.  5, 1633. 

ABBOT,  Maurice,  youngest  brother  of  the 
archbishop,  accjuired  consequence  in  comnier- 
cial  affairs,  was  employed  in  1624  in  establish- 
ing the  settlement  of  Virginia,  and  was  the  first 
person  on  whom  Charles  I.  conferred  the  ho- 
nour of  kiughthood.  He  was  elected  reprtsen- 
taiivL'  for  London,  and  in  163«  was  raised  to  the 
mayoralty  of  the  city,  and  died  Jan.  10th,  IfWO. 

ABBOT,  Robert,  D.  D.  eldest  brother  of  the 
wo  preceding  ;  he  was  born  at  Guildford,  was 
;riucated  at  Baliol  college,  and  elected  mastci 
thereof,  1609.  His  eloquence  as  a  preacher  re- 
commended him  to  further  patronage  ;  he  was 
appointed  chaplain  to  the  king,  and  regius  pro- 
lessor  of  divniity  at  Oxford.  He  was  conse- 
crated bishop  of  Salisbury,  1615,  and  died  Mar. 
2,  1017,  in  his  58th  year.  His  writings  were 
principally  controvrsial. 

ABBT,  Thomas,  the  German  translator  of 
Sallust,  and  the  admired  author  of  a  treatise 
"On  merit,"  and  of  anotlier,  "Ofdying  for  one's 
countrv,"  was  bornatUlm,anddiedat  Bucke- 
berg,  1766,  aged  28. 

ABDALCADER,  a  Persian  who  was  greatly 
revered  by  the  mussulmans  for  his  learning,  his 
piety,  and  the  sanctity  of  his  manners. 

ABDALLAH,  fatlier  of  Mahomet,  was  a 
slave,  and  a  driver  of  camels. 

ABDALLAH,  son  of  Zobair,  was  proclaimed 
caliph  ot'  Mecca  and  Medina,  after  the  expulsion 
of  Yesid.  After  enjoying  the  sovereignty  for 
four  years,  he  was  besieged  in  Mecca,  by  the 
successor  of  Yesid  in  Syria,  and  sacrificed  to 
the  ambition  of  his  rival,  733. 

ABDALLAH,  son  of  Yesid,  celebrated  as  a 
mussulman  lawyer  in  the  7th  century. 

ABDALLAII,  son  of  Abbas,  endeavoured 
to  raise  his  familyon  the  ruinsof  the  Ommiades; 
he  was  defeated  by  iiis  rivals,  who,  afterwards, 
'iretending  to  be  reconciled,  perfidiously  mur- 
dereii  him,  754. 

ABDA.LMALEK,  son  of  Marvan,  was  5th 
caliph  of  the  Ommiades,  and  began  to  reign,  685. 
He  was  called  Abulzebab,  because  bis  breath 
was  so  otfcnsive  that  it  killed  the  very  flics  that 
settled  on  his  lips  ;  he  reigned  21  years,  and  was 
ucceeded  by  Valid,  the  eldest  of  his  16  sons. 

ABDALMALEK,  the  last  of  the  caliphs  of 
the  race  of  the  Samanides,  was  dethroned  and 
murdered  by  Mahinoud,  999. 

ABDALRAH3IAN,  or  ABDERAMES,  vid. 
Abderames. 

ABDAS,  a  bishop  in  Persia,  who,  by  incon- 
iderately  abolishing  a  Pagan  temple  of  the 
un,  excited  the  public  indignation  against  him- 
self and  his  religion. 

ABDEMELEK,  king  of  Fez  and  Morocco,  was 
dethroned  by  his  nephew,  Maliomet ;  but  by  the 
assistance  of  troops,  sent  him  by  the  sultan 
Selim,  defeated  Sebastian,  king  of  Portugal, 
who  had  landed  in  Africa  to  support  the  usurper. 
The  two  African  monarchs  and  Sebastian  fell 
m  the  field,  1578. 

ABDERAMES,  a  caliph  of  the  race  of  Om- 
miades, was  invited  into  Spain  by  the  Saracens. 
He  assumed  the  title  of  king  of  Corduba,  and 
the  surname  of  just ;  he  died,  790,  after  reigning 

'2  years. 

ABDERAMES,  a  Saracen  general  of  the  ca- 
liph II«6chain,  who,  aftex  conquering  Spaii^ 


"  AB 

penetrated  into  Aquitain  and  Poitou,and  wuh  at 
lasL  dei'eated  by  Charles  Martel,  near  Foitiers 
732. 

ABDER  AMES,  a  petty  prince,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Morocco.  He  murdered  Amadiii,  his  prede 
cesdor  and  nepliew,  and  was  iiimseU'  assussi- 
naied  by  a  chieftain,  1305. 

AUDI  AS,  a  native  of  Babylon,  who  pretend- 
ed to  bo  one  of  the  72discipk-s  of  our  Saviour, 
wrote  a  legendary  treatise,  called  Historia  certa 
nienis  Apostolici,  which  was  edited  aud  trans 
lated  into  Latin,  by  Wolfgang  Lazius,  Basil 
1571. 

ABDISSI,  a  patriarch  of  Assyria,  who  paid 
homage  to  Pope  Pius  £  V.  1502,  and  extended  the 
power  of  the  Romish  church  in  tlie  East. 

ABDOLONVMUS,  a  Sidonian  of  the  royal 
family,  placed  on  the  throne  by  Alexander  the 
Great. 

ABDON,  a  Persian,  who  suffered  martyrdom 
under  the  persecution  of  Decius,  250. 

ABDULMUMEN,  a  man  of  obscure  origin, 
seized  the  crown  of  Morocco,  his  death  put  a 
stop  to  Ihs  meditated  invasion  of  Spain,  1150 

ABELLLE,  Gaspard,  a  native  of  lliez,  in 
Provence,  born  IWS,  died  at  Paris,  1718. 

ABEILLE,  Scipio,  brother  of  tile  preceding, 
surgeon  in  the  regiment  of  Picardy,  died  169T 

ABEL,  second  son  of  Adam,  was  cruelly 
murdered  by  his  brother  Cain. 

ABEL,  king  of  Denmark,  son  of  Valdimar, 
n.  usurped  the  throne  1250,  and  was  killed  in 
battle  two  years  after. 

ABEL,  Frederick  Gottfried,  a  native  of  Hal- 
berstadt,  abandoned  divinity  for  the  pursuit  of 
medicine  ;  he  died  1794,  aged  80. 

ABEL,  Charles  Frederic,  whose  great  musical 
ability,  both  as  composer  and  performer,  was 
.in  honour  to  the  age  in  which  he  lived.  His 
instrumental  performance,  particularly  on  the 
Viol  di  Gamba,  was  much  distinguished  for  its 
elegance  and  fine  feeling.  He  died,  at  London, 
after  three  days'  sleep,  on  the  20th  of  June,  1787. 

ABELA,  John  Francis,  a  commander  of  the 
order  of  Malta,  known  by  an  excellent  work 
called  "  Malta  illustrata,"  in  fol.  1647. 

ABELARD,  Peter,  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
doctors  of  the  12th  century,  was  born  in  the  vil- 
lage of  Palais,  in  Brittany.  That  he  might  enjoy 
all  the  sweets  of  life,  he  thought  it  necessary  to 
have  a  mistress,  and  accordingly  fixed  his  afl'ec- 
tions  on  Heloise,  a  niece  of  a  canon  at  Paris 
He  boarded  in  this  canon's  house,  whose  name 
was  Fulbert;  where,  pretending  to  teach  the 
young  lady  the  sciences,  he  soon  made  love  to 
liisscholar.  Abelard  now  performed  his  public 
functions  very  coldly,  and  wrote  nothing  but 
amorous  verses.  Heloise,  at  length,  being  likely 
to  become  a  mother,  Abelard  sent  her  to  a  sister 
of  his  in  Brittany,  where  she  was  delivered  of  a 
son.  To  soften  the  canon's  anger,  he  offered  to 
marry  Heloise  privately ;  Fulbert,  however,  was 
better  pleased  with  this  proposal  than  his  niece, 
whj^from  a  strange  singularity  in  her  passion, 
chJsE  rather  to  be  the  mistress  than  the  wife  of 
Anelard.  .\t  length,  however,  she  consented  to 
a  private  marriage;  but,  even  after  this,  would 
on  some  Mcasions  affirm  with  an  oath,  that  she 
wab  ilillTlftniarricd.  Her  husband  thereupon 
Bent  i\er  to  th#monastery  of  Argenteuil ;  where, 
at  liis  desire,  she  put  on  a  religious  habit,  but  not 
the  veil.  Heloise's  relations,  looking  upon  this  as 
a  second  piece  of  treachery  in  Abelard,  were 
nansporteJ  to  such  a  degree  of  resentment,  that 
they  hired  mffians,  whj  for«ing  into  his  cham- 
ber by  nigbt,  leprived  him  of  His  aianheod.  This 


AB 

infamous  treatment  forced  Abelard  to  a  cloister, 
to  conceal  his  confusion,  and  ho  put  on  the  habit 
in  the  abbey  of  St.  Denis.  He  afterwards  re- 
tired to  a  solitude  in  the  diocese  of  Tro}'es,  and 
there  built  an  oratory,  which  he  named  the 
Paraclete,  where  great  numbers  of  pupils  re- 
sorted to  him.  Here  again  his  success  excited 
that  envy  by  which  he  had  tliroiigh  life  been 
[lersecutod ;  and  having  been  several  times  in 
danger  of  his  life,  by  poinon  and  other  artifices, 
he  was  at  length  received  by  Peter  the  Venerable 
into  his  abbey  of  Clugni,  in  which  sanctuary 
Abi.lard  was  tre.ated  with  the  utmost  humanity 
and  tenderness.  At  length,  having  become  infirm 
from  the  prevalence  of  the  scurvy  and  other 
disorders,  he  was  removed  to  the  priory  of  St. 
Marcellus,  on  the  Saon,  ueaj  Chalons,  where 
he  died,  April  21,  IU2,  in  the  63d  year  of  hii 
age.  His  corpse  was  sent  to  Heloise,  who  da- 
posited  it  in  the  Paraclete. 

ABELL,  John,  an  English  musician  in  the 
chapel  royal  of  Charles  II.  celebrated  for  a  fine 
counter-tenor  voice,  and  for  his  skill  on  the  lute. 
He  continued  in  the  chapel  till  the  Revolu- 
tion, when  he  was  discharged  as  being  a  Papist. 
Upon  this  he  went  abroad,  and  at  Warsaw  met 
with  a  very  extraordinary  adventure.  He  was 
sent  for  to  court ;  but  evading  to  go  t>y  some 
slight  excuse,  was  commanded  to  attend.  At 
the  palace,  he  was  seated  in  a  chair  in  the  mid- 
dle of  a  spacious  hall,  and  suddenly  drawn  up  to 
a  great  height,  when  ihe  king,  with  his  attend- 
ants, appeared  in  a  gallery  opposite  to  him.  At 
the  same  instant  a  number  of  wild  bears  were 
uirned  in,  when  the  king  bid  liim  choose, 
whother  he  would  sing,  or  be  let  down  among 
the  bears.  Abell  chose  the  former,  and  declared 
afterwards,  that  he  never  sung  so  well  in  his  life 

ABELLA,  a  female  writer  born  at  Salerne,  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  of  Anjou. 

ABELLI,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Vexin  Francois, 
who  was  made  Bishop  of  Rhodes,  died  at  Paris 
1091,  in  his  83th  year. 

ABENDANA,  Jacob,  a  Spanish  Jew,  who 
died  1685,  prefect  of  the  Synagogue  in  London. 

ABENEZRA,  Abraham,  a  Spanish  rabbi,  sur- 
uamed  the  wise,  great,  and  admirable,  died  1174, 
aged  about  75.  His  commentaries  are  highly 
valued. 

ABENGNEFIL,  an  Arabian  physician,  of 
the  12th  century. 

ABENMELEK,  a  learned  rabbi,  who  wrote, 
in  Hebrew,  a  commentary  on  the  Bible  ;  it  was 
published  at  Ainsterdani,  1661,  in  folio. 

ABERCROMBIE,  Jaines,  a  major  general  in 
the  British  army  in  Canada,  in  1756 :  he  display- 
ed a  want  of  talents,  and  was  superseded  by 
general  Amherst. 

ABERCROMBIE,  John,  a  horticultural  write- 
of  much  note.  His  first  work  was  published  un- 
der the  title  of  "  Mawe's  Gardener's  Calendar ;" 
the  flattering  reception  of  which  led  him  tc 
pursue  his  literary  labours  on  professional  sub- 
jects, to  which  he  prefixed  his  own  name.  He 
died  at  Somers'  Town,  in  1806,  in  the  80th  yeas 
of  his  age. 

ABERCROMBY,  Sir  Ralph,  a  brave  British 
general,  born  in  Scotland  1743,  received  his 
death-wound  (like  Wolfe)  in  the  moment  of  a 
great  victory  over  the  French,  within  four  miles, 
of  Alexandria,  in  Egj'pt,  March  21,  1801,  and 
died  on  the  28th  of  tlie  seme  month. 

ABERCROMBY,  Thomas,  M.  D.  a  native  of 
Forfar,  became  physician  to  James  II.  by  r»?- 
nouncing  ihe  protestant  religion;  ho  died  1720, 
aged  ♦0. 

5 


AB 


AC 


AUKK.\£1'HV,  Joiiu,  an  eminent  dinsenling  bellion  a^ainsiiiU  father,  and  wai>  slain  by  Joab 
ministor,  born  at  Colciaine,  in  Ireland,  Jfi80;j,aboul  101)0,  B.  C. 

died  at  l)ui)!iii  1740.  His  beat  cstenncd  uorkB  ABSALOM,  archbishop  of  Lundcn,  in  Den- 
are  a  set  of  sermons  on  the  "  Divine  and  Moral  jniark,  minisior  and  friend  of  Waldtinir,  dis- 
Attrii'iites."  iplayi'd  liis  abijitits  in  tht  cabinet,  in  the  fiiid, 

AI50AK.US,  a  kinsr  of  Edessa,  famous  for  the  and  in  ilie  llt;et,  was  humane  and  bene\  olent ; 
er  wliith  he  is  said  to  have  sent  to  our  ihe  died  universally  regretted,  ]i!W. 


■"aviour,  and  for  the  answer  he  received. 

ABGILLUS,  son  of  the  kiny  of  the  Frieii, 
surnanied  Prestcr  Jolin,  w  as  in  the  Holy  land 
«ith  Charlemagne 

.■\BI,\TH.\R,  son  of  Abimelcch,  was  the  high 
priest  of  the  Jews,  and  the  friend  and  fellow 
sufferer  of  David. 

AlilG.ML,  wife  of  Nabal,  married  to  David 
after  iVabal's  death,  1057,  B.  C. 

ABUAH,  son  of  Rehoboam,  was  king  of  Ju- 
dah  after  his  father,  9c,8.  B.  C. 

.'^BIOSI,  John,  an  Italian  physician  ^nd  as- 
troncTier,  in  the  bejiinuins  of  the  16th  century. 
ABLA^X•OURT,  vid.  Perrot. 
ABI^E,  or  ABEL,  Thomas,  a  chaplain  at  thr^ 
court  of  Henry  VIII.,  was  executed  July  20, 1540. 
AHN'ER,  son  of  Ner,  was  Saul's  uncle,  arid 
his  faithlul  general,  and  was  perijdiously  slaiii 
byJoab,  1048  B.C. 
AB0UBE?;EK,  vid.  Abubeker. 
ABilUGEHEL,  one  of  the  enemies  of  Ma 
hornet  and  his  religion. 

ABOUH.\NlF.\ii,  surnamed  Alnooman,  a 
celebrated  doctor  among  the  niussulraans,  born 
in  the  80th  year  of  the  liegira. 

ABOU-JOSEPH,  a  learned  mussiilman,  ap- 
pointed supreme  judge  of  Bagdat  by  the  caliphs 
Hadi  and  Aaron  Raschid. 

ABOULAINA,  a  mussulraan  doctor,  cele- 
brated for  his  wit. 

AI'OU-LOLA,  an  Arabian  poet,  born  at  Ma- 
ora  in  973,  became  a  brahmin,  and  died  1057. 

ABOU-JfAVAS,  an  Arabian  poet,  whose 
merit  was  protected  and  encouraged  at  the  court 
cf  Aaron  Raschid. 

ABOU-RIHAN,  a  geographer  and  astronomer, 
who  employed  40  years  of  his  life  in  travelling 
through  India. 

ABRAB.A.NEL,  Isaac,  a  Jew  of  Lisbon,  em 
ployed  in  ofiices  of  importance,  by  Aphonso  V 
of  Portugal,  fled  into  Spain,  and  from  thence 
10  Naples,  then  to  Corfu,  and  at  last  to  Venice, 
where  he  died,  150S,  in  his  71sl  year. 

ABRAH.\M,  the  patriarch,  was  born  at  Ur, 
in  Chaldea,  A.  M.  2(i04 ;  he  died  in  his  175th 
year. 

ABRAHABI,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Jesuit  in 
Lorraine,  was  17  years  divinity  professor  at  Pont 
a  Monsson,  where  he  died,  Sept.  7,  1655,  in  his 
«j6th  year. 

ABRAHAM,  Ben-choila,  a  Spanish  rabbi, 
.•jtci'iled  in  astrology,  prophesied  that  the  coming 
of  the  Messiah  would  be  in  1358.     Died,  1303. 

ABRAHAM,  Usque,  a  Jew  of  Portugal.  He 
undertook,  with  Tobias  Athias,  to  translate  the 
bible  into  Spanish,  in  the  10th  century. 

ABRAHAM,  an  emperor  of  the  Moors  of  Afri- 
ca, in  the  12th  century,  was  dethroned  by  his 
subjects.and  his  crown  usurped  by  Abdulmumen. 
ABROSI,  John,  an  Italian  physician.  He 
wrote  a  dialogueon  astrology,  4to  Venice,  1494. 
ABRUZZO,  Balthasar,  a  Sicilian,  known  for 
Ills  abilities  as  a  philosopher  and  a  civilian, 
died,  ]6<«,  aged  G4. 

ABRUZZO,  Peter,  a  Neapolitan  architect  in 
the  17th  century. 


ABSALOM,  son  of  king  David,  distinguished 
for  his  personal  acquirements,  his  popularity, 

and  his  vices,  murdered  liis  brother,  headed  a  re-  Used  of  the  Acaciani,  died,  36S. 
6 


ABSTEMIOUS,  Laurentius,  an  Italian  wri- 
ter, born  at  IViaccrata;  in  La  Marca  de  Ancona, 
who  devoted  hiniself  early  to  the  study  of  po- 
lite literature.    He  published,  under  the  pontifi- 
cate of  Alexander  VI.  a  treatise,  entitled  "  He- 
aioniylhium,"  from  its  contajnina  100  fables, 
which  have  been  often  printed  with  those  of 
yDsop,  Pha;drus,  Gabrius,  Avienus,  &c. 
ABUBEKER,  father-in-law  of  Mahomet,  wa.s 
Iccted  his  successor.    After  a  reign  of  2  years 
and  6  months,  he  expired  in  the  Oid  year  of  his 
age. 

ABUCAR.A,  Theodore,  the  metropolitan  of 

Caria,  obtained  a  seat  in  the  synod  held  at  Con- 

sraiitinople.  809  ;  he  wrote  treatises  against  the 

Vws  and  Mahometans,  which  have  been  pub- 

.-hed. 

ABUDHAHER,  tlie  father  of  the  Carmatians, 
in  Arabia,  opposed  the  religion  of  Mahomet, 
plundered  the  temple  of  Mecca,  and  died  in  poa- 
ession  of  his  exiensive  dominions,  953. 
ABULFAP.AGIUS,  Gregory,  son  of  Aaron, 
a  physician,  born  in  1220,  in  the  city  of  Maiatia, 
near  the  source  of  the  Euphrates  in  Armenia. 
He  wrote  in  Arabic,  a  history  which  does  ho- 
nour to  his  memory ;  it  is  divided  into  dynasties, 
consists  of  ten  pans,  and  is  an  epitome  of  uni 
vei  sal  history,  from  the  creation  of  the  worid  to 
iiis  own  time. 

.\BULFEDA,  Ismael,  prince  of  ITamah,  in 
Syria,  but  better  known  as  author  of  Tables 
nf  Geograpiiy  of  the  regions  beyond  the  rivej 
Oxus.  He  began  his  reign  in  the  743d  ■.  year  of 
lie  hesfira,  and  ended  it  three  years  aitci wards, 
aged  72. 

ABULGASI-BAYATUR,  khan  of  the  Tar- 
ars,  reigned  20  j'ears,  respected  at  home  and 
abroad,  resigned  the  sovereignty  to  his  son, 
wrote  the  only  Tartar  history  known  in  Europe ; 
he  died  1663. 

ABULOLA,  vid.  Aboulola. 
ABU-MESLEM,  a  mussulman  governor  of 
Khorasan,  who,  in  746,  transferred  the  dignity 
of  caliph  from  the  family  of  the  Ommiad'es  to 
hat  of  the  Abbassides,  by  which  he  occasioned 
he  death  of  600,000  men.  He  was  thrown  into 
(he  Tigris,  754. 

ABUNDIUS,  a  bishop  of  Come,  in  Italy,  who 
assisted  at  the  council  of  Con.^lantinople,  as  the 
epresentative  of  Leo,  and  died,  469. 
ABT7NOW.AS,  an  Arabian  poet,  deservedly 
pa'ronized  by  Aaron  Raschid,  died  810. 

ABU-OBEID.\H,  a  friend  and  associate  of 
Mahomet,  extended  his  conquests  over  Palestine 
and  Svria,  and  died  639. 

ABtr-SAlD-EBN-ALJAPTU,  a  sultan,  the 
ast  of  the  family  of  Zingis-khan,  died  ].'(35. 

ABUSAID-MIRZA.  a  man  of  enterprise.who    / 
placed  hiniself  at  the  head  of  an  army,  and  de-/ 
lared  himself  independent ;  he  was  killed  in  ar 
ambush,  1468,  aged  42  / 

ABUTEMAN,  a  poet  in  high  repi#fe  ain«g 
he  .Arabians,  born  a  Yasem,  between  Damas- 
cus and  Tiberias,  about  846. 

ABYDENE,  wrote  a  history  of  Chal#a  and 

Assyria,  of  which  valuable  compositio' only  a 

few  fragments  have  been  preserved  b}^*usebiu*. 

ACACIUS,  surnamed  Luscus,  fou«er  of  the 


AC 


AC 


ACACIUS,  patriarch  of  Conslaiitiimple,  es- 
tablished the  superiority  of  his  ticeover  the  east- 
ern bishops,  was  opposed  by  Felix,  and  died  408 

ACACIOS,  a  bishop  of  Berea,  in  Syria,  per- 
secuted Chrysostom  and  Cyril, of  Alexandria;  in 
died  432. 

ACACIUS,  a  bishop  of  Amida,  on  the  Tigris 
sold  the  sacred  vessels  of  his  churches  to  ran 
soni  7000  Persian  slaves  ;  he  lived  in  tlie  reign 
of  Theodosius  the  vounger. 

ACCA-LAURENTFA,  wife  of  Faustulus, 
and  nurse  of  Romulus  and  Remus. 

ACCA,  bishop  of  Hexham,  author  of  treatises 
on  the  sufferings  of  the  saints,  died  1740. 

ACCARISl,  James,  a  professor  of  rhetoric  ai 
Mantua,  died  ItiS-S. 

ACCETTO,  Reginald,  author  of  a  thesarus 
of  the  Italian  tongue,  died  1560. 

ACCIAIOLI,  bonatus,  of  Florence,  distin- 
guished by  his  learning  and  political  gervices  to 
his  country,  died  1478. 

ACCIAIOLI,  Rename,  a  Florentine,  conquer- 
ed Athens,  Corinth,  and  Bceotia,  in  the  beghi- 
ning  of  the  11th  century. 

ACCIAIOLI,  Zenobio,  a  learned  ecclesiastic 

of  Florence,  and  librarian  to  LeoX.,  died  1537. 

ACCIAIOLI,  or  ACCIAUOLI,  Angelo,  a 

learned  cardinal,  archbishop  of  Florence,  who 

wrote  in  favour  of  Urban  VI.,  died  1407. 

ACCIAIOLI,  Magdalen,  a  Florentine,  cfle 
brated  for  her  beauty,  but  more  for  the  powers 
of  her  mind,  died  1610. 

ACCIUS,  Lucius,  a  Latin  tragic  poet,  the  son 
of  a  freednian,  was  born  in  the  year  of  Rome 
583 ;  he  did  not,  however,  confine  himself  to 
dramatic  writing ;  for  he  left  other  productions ; 
particularly  his  "  Annals,"  mentioned  by  Ma- 
crobius,  Priscian,  Festus,  and  Nonius  Marcellus. 
Accius  was  so  much  esteemed  by  the  public, 
that  a  comedian  was  punished  for  only  men- 
tioning his  name  on  the  stage. 

ACCIUS,  Zuchus,  an  Italian  poet  of  the  16th 
century,  paraphrased  some  of  the  fables  of 
jEsop. 

ACCOLTI,  Benedict,  a  lawyer  of  Florence, 
secretary  to  the  republic,  died  1466. 

ACCOLTI,  Francis,  brother  to  Benedict,  re 
puted  for  bis  judgment,  eloquence  and  know 
ledge  of  jurisprudence,  sometimes  called  Aretin 
Jied,  147^0  ;  vid.  Aretin. 

ACCOLTI,  Peter,  son  of  Benedict,  raised  to 
'.lie  disnity  of  cardinal ;  died  at  Florence  1540. 
riis  brother  Benedict,  duke  of  Nepi,  distinguished 
aimself  as  a  poet. 

ACCOLTI,  Benedict,  conspired  with  five 
Others  to  murder  Pius  IV.,  and  suffered  capital 
punishment,  1564. 

ACCORDS,  Stephen  Tabourot,  Seigneurdes, 
advocate  in  the  parliament  of  Dijon,  died  1561 

ACCURSE,  Francis,  a  native  of  Florence, 
and  professor  of  law  at  Bologna,  died  1229.  His 
son  also  distinguished  himself  as  a  lawyer  at 
Toulouse. 

ACCURSE,  Marius  Angelo,  a  native  of  A- 
guila,  in  the  16th  century,  eminent  for  his  critical 
and  literary  abilities. 

ACERBO,  Francis,  a  native  of  Nocera,  pub- 
lished some  poems  at  Naples,  1666. 

ACESIUS,  Bishop  of  Constantinople,  in  the 
ageof  Constanti'ie,  maintained,  tliat  those  who 
committed  ary  sin  after  being  baptised,  ought 
not  to  be  again  admitted  into  the  church,  though 
thev  might  repent. 

ACHALEN,  a  British  sovereign  in  the  6th 
century,  was  driven  from  his  dominions,  and 
took  refuge  in  Walee. 


ACHAIID,  Claude  Francis,  a  pliysiciau  v.-.is 
secretary  to  the  academy,  and  librarian  of  the 
city  of  Marseilles;  he  died  1809. 

Af'IIARDS,  Eleazer  Francis  des,  distin  'uish- 
cd  by  his  learning,  piety,  and  humanity,  was 
nominated  bishop  of  Haiicamassus,  and  after- 
wards sent  apostolic  vicar  to  China ;  h  died  at 
Cochin,  1741. 

ACHER  Y,  Doni  Luc  d' ,  a  native  of  St.  Otun- 
tin  in  Picardy,  displayed  his  learning  aa  an  ec- 
clesiastic and  antiquary  by  several  publications  ; 
he  died  at  Paris,  1685. 

ACHILLINI,  Alexander,  a  Bolognese  physi- 
cian, known  by  his  publications,  and  distin 
guished  himself  as  the  follower  of  Averrots, 
died  15lS. 

ACHILLINI,  Pliilotheus,  wrote  a  poem  to 
honour  the  memory  of  Italian  genius  and  re- 
commend morality  ;  he  died  1538. 

ACHILLINI,  Claude,  distlnghished  for  his 
knowledge  of  medicine,  theology  and  jurispru- 
dence, died,  at  Bologna,  1640. 

ACHMET  I.,  emperor  of  Turkey,  son  aiid 
successor  of  Mahomet  III.,  made  wftr  against 
the  Hungaries,  died  1617. 

ACHMET  II.  succeeded  his  brotlier  Solymau 
III.  on  tlie  throne  of  Constantinople ;  he  was  un- 
fortunate in  his  wars  against  the  Venetians  and 
Austriaiis,  and  died  16vl5. 

ACHMET  III,,  son  of  Mahomet  IV.,  was 
crowned  by  a  faction  who  deposed  his  brotlier 
Mustapha  II. ;  he  granted  an  a.sy!ui.>i  tc  ^'a  !es 
XII.,  made  war  against  the  Rus  ir  i  -  s-..  '<for- 
sians,  ana  was  twirled  from  iVn  :.'..  c*  <;  i;y  an  in- 
surrection ;  he  died  173G. 

ACHMET GEDnC,or ACO  .'.I'T. acelebrate<i 
general,  he  assisted  Bajazet  U.  ir  ibtaining  tin: 
throne,  1432,  and  was  afterwards  inhumanly  as- 
sassinated. 

ACHMET  Bacha,  a  general  f  Solyman, 
evolted  from  his  sovereign,  1524,  and  was  soo;j 
after  defeated  and  beheaded. 

ACHMET,  an  Arabian  who  wrote  on  the  in- 
terpretation of  dreams  ;  the  work  was  published 
in  Greek  and  Latin,  by  Kigault,  1603. 

ACH-VAN,  or  ACHEN,  John,  a  historical 
painter.  Born  at  Cologne,  died  1621. 

ACIDALIUS,  Valens,  a  native  of  VVistock 
in  Brandebourg,  distinguished  by  his  extensive 
erudition,  died  1595. 

ACKERMAN,  John  Christian,  Gottlieb,  pro- 
fessor of  medicine  at  Altdorf,  in  Franconia, 
died  1801. 

ACOLUTHUS,  Andrew,  a  learned  professor 
of  languages  at  Breslaw,  published  a  Latin 
translation  of  the  Armenian  version  of  Obadiaii,. 
at  Leipsic,  died  1704. 

ACONTIUS,  James,  a  famous  philosopher, 
civilian,  and  divine,  born  at  Trent,  in  the  16tli 
century.  He  embraced  the  protestant  religion  ; 
and,  going  over  to  England  in  the  reign  of  Ei- 
zabeth,  met  with  a  very  friendly  reception  from 
that  princess,  as  he  himself  has  testified  in  a 
work  dedicated  to  her.  This  work  is  his  ccL- 
brated  "  Collection  of  the  Stratagems  ot  Satan," 
which  has  been  often  translated,  and  gone 
through  many  different  impressions. 

ACOSTA,  Gabriel,  professor  of  divinity  at  Co- 
imbra,  wrote  a  Latin  commentary  on  tlie  Old 
Testament,  he  died  1616. 

ACOSTA,  Joseph,  a  pro\incial  of  the  Jesuits, 
in  Peru,  was  born  at  Medina  del  Campo,  and 
died  at  Salamanca,  1600. 

ACOSTA,  Uriel,  a  native  of  Oporto,  educated 
in  the  Romish  religion ;  he  fled  to  Judaism;  and 
shot  liimseJf  W40. 


AD 

AUUUAVI VA,  via.  AUUA  VIVA. 

ACROiN.a  physician  of  Sicily,  who  relieved 
.\thens  diiriiig  a  plague, by  burning  perfumes: 
lived  about  440  B.  C. 

ACKONlUSjJolm,  a  Mathematician  of  Fries- 
land,  who  wrote  on  the  motion  of  the  eartli, 
died  at  Basle,  1563. 

ACROiMUS,  John,  a  Dutch  writer  of  the  17th 
century,  who  wrote  acninst  the  Romish  religion. 

ACROrOLITA,  George,  one  of  the  writers 
of  the  liyzaminc  history,  born  at  Constantino- 
ple, 1220.  In  his  21st' year,  he  maintained  a 
learned  dispute  with  Nicholas,  the  physician, 
concerning  the  eclipse  of  the  sun,  before  the  em- 
peror John.  Gregory  Cyprian,  a  patriarch  of 
Constantinople,  in  his  encomium  upon  him,  pre- 
fixed to  Acropolita's  history,  is  perhaps  some- 
what extravagant  in  his  praise,  when  he  says, 
that  he  was  equal  to  Aristotle  in  philosophy, 
and  to  Plato  in  the  knowledge  of  divine  things 
and  Attic  eloquence. 

ACTIUS,  or  AZZO,  Visconti,  sovereign  of 
Milan,  distinguished  by  his  valour,  and  the  in- 
tegrity of  his  government,  died  1355 

"ACTUARIUS,  a  Jew  physician,  practised  at 
Constanthiople  in  the  13th  century. 

ACUNA,  Christopher,  Jesuit  of  Burgos,  em- 
ployed as  missionary  in  America,  published  an 
account  of  tlie  Amazon  river,  at  Madrid,  1641. 

ADAlfi,  James,  an  English  lawyer  of  emi- 
nence, member  of  parliament,  died  1708. 

ADAIR,  James,  author  of  some  law  tracts, 
and  some  time  recorder  of  London,  died  July 
21, 1798. 

AD.\IR,  James  Mackitbriek,  a  physician  and 
presiding  judge  of  the  courts  of  the  island  ot 
Antigua,  W.  I.,  died  1082. 

ADALARD,orADELARD,son  of  count  Ber- 
nard, and  grandson  of  Charles  Martel,  was 
made  prime  minister  of  Pepin,  king  of  Italy, 
and  died  Jan.  2,  826. 

ADALBERON,  archbishop  of  Rheims,  and 
chancellor  of  France,  an  ecclesiastic  and  min- 
ister of  Lothaire,  died  i)£8. 

ADALBERON,  Ascelin,  bishop  of  Leon  ; 
published  a  satirical  poem,  in  430  verses,  and 
died  1030. 

ADALBERT,archbishop  of  Prague,  preached 
the  gospel  among  the  Bohemians,  and  after- 
wards to  the  Poles,  by  whom  he  was  murdered, 
April  29,  997. 

AD.\LGISE,  son  of  Didier,  king  of  Lombar- 
dy,  opposed  the  power  of  Charlemagne,  was 
put  to  death  788. 

ADALOALD,  a  king  of  Lombardy,  was  de- 
posed by  his  subjects,  and  succeeded  by  Ario- 
vald  ;  ho  died  629,  in  a  private  station. 

ADAM,  the  father  of  the  hiunan  race,  lived 
930  years  after  his  expulsion  from  paradise. 

ADAM,  Lambert  Sigisbert,  an  ingenious 
sculptor,  born  at  Nanci,  died  1759,  aged  59. 

ADAM,  Nicholas,  brother  of  Lambert,  imita 
ted  and  equalled  him  ;  he  executed  the  Mau 
soleum  of  the  queen  of  Poland,  and  died  778. 

ADAM,  Francis  Gaspard,  younger  brother  of 
the  two  preccding,excelled  also  as  an  artist ;  he 
died  at  Paris,  1757,  aged  49. 

ADAM,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  born  at 
Lceds,obtained  the  living  of  Wintringhara,  Lin 
colnshire  ;  he  died  1784,  aged  83. 

ADAM,  Billaut,  3  joiner  of  Nevers,  better 
known  by  the  name  of  Master  Adam,  wTote  po 
etry  while  employed  at  his  tools ;  he  died  1662 

ADAM, Alexander,  L.Ii.D.,an  eminent  school- 
master, and  a  useful  writer,  in  Scotland,  bom 
at  Coats  of  Burgie,  county  of  Moray,  June, 


AD 

1741.  His  principal  works  are,  "  Roman  Anti- 
quities," "  Classical  Biojrraphy,"  and  "Lexi- 
con Lingua:  Latins."  lie  died  of  apopleiy, 
Dec.  18, 1809. 

ADAM,  Melchior,  rector  of  a  college  at  Heid- 
elberg, where  he  pub  ishcd  "  Lives  of  Illustri- 
us  Men,"  in  four  vols.,  and  died  about  1635. 

ADAM,  Robert,  architect,  was  born  in  1728, 
at  Kirkcaldy,  in  Fifeshire,  and  received  his  edu- 
cation at  the  university  of  Edinburgh.  After 
liis  return  from  a  visit  to  Italy,  Mr.  Adam  waa 
appointed  architect  to  his  majesty  in  the  year 
1762,  and  produced  a  total  change  in  the  archi- 
lecture  of  that  country.  His  fertile  genius  in 
elegant  ornament  was  not  conlined  to  the  deco- 
ration of  buildings,  but  has  been  diffused  int 
almost  every  branch  of  manufacture  At  the 
time  of  his  death,  March  3,  1792,  the  new  uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  and  other  great  public 
works,  both  in  that  city  and  in  Glasgow,  were 
erecting  from  his  designs,  and  under  his  diri«- 
rion  His  death  was  occasioned  by  the  breaking 
of  a  blood-vessel  in  tlie  stomach,  and  his  remains 
were  interred  in  the  south  side  of  Westminster 
Abbey. 

ADAM,  James,  architect,  brother  to  the  fore- 
gtDmg,  died  Oct.  20,  1794.  The  Adelphi  build- 
ings and  Portland-place  are  monuments  of  his 
taste  and  abilities  in  his  profession. 

ADAM,  a  canon  of  Bremen,  in  the  17th  cen 
tury,  published  an  ecclesiastical  history  of  Bre- 
men and  Hamburgh,  edited,  1670. 

ADAM,  St.  Victor,  an  ecclesiastic  at  Paris, 
died  ]]77. 

ADAM,  Scotue,  a  monkish  writer,  bom  in 
Pcotland,and  taught  divinity  at  Paris, died  1180. 

ADAM,  John,  a  Jesuit  of  Bordeau.x,  wrote 
several  treatises  against  the  disciples  of  Austin, 
died  1684. 

ADAM,  d'Orleton,  of  Hereford,  became  bi- 
shop of  Winchester;  he  was  intriguing  and  tur- 
bulent. 

ADAM,  John,  a  Jesuit  of  Limosin,  professor 
of  philosophy,  died  at  Bordeaux,  1684 

ADAMS,  Sir  Thomas,  a  native  of  Wem,  in 
Shropshire,  became  a  draper  in  London,  and 
rose  to  the  high  honour  of  Lord  Mayor  of  Lon- 
don, 1645:  he  died  1667. 

ADAMS,  Thomas,  distinguished  for  his  learn- 
ing, and  tutor  to  persons  of  rank,  in  the  time  of 
Cromwell ;  he  died  Dec.  11,  1670. 

ADAMS,  Richard,  minister  of  St.  Mildred, 
is  ejected,166  ;  he  assisted  in  the  completion  of 
Poole's  Annotations,  and  died  ir98. 

ADAMS,William,  D.  D.,  master  of  Pembroke 
College,  Oxford,  the  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  urbanity,  &c.,  died  1789. 

ADAMS,  Joseph,  a  physician  of  London,  au 
thor  of  several  medical  works,  died  1818. 

ADAMS,  Andrew,  L.  L.  U.,  chief  justice  ffi 
Connecticut,  was  bom  at  Stratford,  Ct.,  cdu 
cated  at  Yale  College,   after«'ards  elected 
member  of  the  council,  and  a  representative  IB 
congress ;  he  died  1799. 

ADAMS,  John,  a  clergyman  and  poet,  bom 
in  Nova  Scotia,  and  settled  at  Newport,  R.  I. ; 
he  diid  1740,  much  lamented,  aged  36. 

ADAMS,  Eliphalet,  an  eminent  minister  of 
New  London,  Ct.,  died  1753,  aged  77.  He  pub- 
lished several  occasional  discourses. 

ADAMS,  Amos,  minister  of  Roxburyi  Mass., 
distinguished  for  his  learning  and  pietyj  died, 
at  Dorchester,  1775,  aged  48. 

ADAMS,  Joseph,  a  minister,  settled  at  New- 
ington,  N.  H. :  he  died  1783,  aged  93. 
I    ADAMS,  Zabdiel,  minister  of  Lanenbnrfjh. 


AD 


iiDW  uuiiic>,  Aiasii.,  uiiiiiiciit  as  a  picachcrol" 
the  yospcl ;  died  1801,  aged  (32. 

AUAMS,  Samuel,  governor  of  Massachiisctts, 
didlinyuislied  as  a  writer  and  a  jjatriot,  and  for 
his  intiuento  in  forwarding  the  American  revo- 
lution; of  stem  integrity,  dignilied  manners, 
and  great  suavity  of  temper ;  died  1803,  aped  80. 

ADAMSON,  Patrick,  Archbishop  of  St.  An- 
drew's, born  at  Perth,  1543.  In  the  year  1566, 
he  set  out  for  Paris,  as  tutor  to  a  young  gen- 
tleman, wliere  he  stayed  some  months,  and 
then  retired  to  Uonrges.  He  was  in  this  city 
during  tlic  nia.-:sacre  at  Paris;  and  lived  con- 
cealed, for  seven  months,  at  a  public  house,  the 
master  of  which,  upwards  of  70  years  of  age, 
was  thrown  from  the  top  thereof,  and  had  his 
brains  dasiied  out,  for  his  cliarity  to  licriiics.  In 
J573,  he  returned  to  Scotland.  Tlie  earl  of  More- 
ton,  then  regent,  on  the  death  of  bishop  Doug- 
his,  promoted  iiim  to  the  archiepiscopal  see  of 
St.  Andrew's.     He  died  1501. 

ADANSON,  Micliael,  a  French  naturalist  of 
so  much  distinction,  that  lie  received  invitations 
from  different  sovereigns  of  Europe  to  reside  in 
their  states;  he  died  1801). 

ADDISON, Lancelot, D.D.  son  of  a  clergyman 
of  the  aaiac  name;he  was  born  at  llaulds  Mead- 
hurne  inWestmoreland,was  preferred  to  the  !iv 
ingof  Jlilston,  &c.  1683,  and  died  April  20, 1703. 

ADDISO\,  Joseph,  born  May  1,  1672,  at 
Milstoa,  near  Ambrosbury,  Wiltshire,  of  which 
place  Ills  father  was  rector.  He  received  the 
first  rudiments  of  his  education  there  under  the 
reverend  Mr.  Nash  ;  but  was  removed  to  Salis 
bury,  under  the  care  of  Mr.  Taylor ;  and  soon 
after  to  the  Charter-house,  where  he  studied  un 
der  Dr.  ElUs,  and  contracted  that  intimacy  W'ith 
sir  Richard  Steele,  which  their  joint  labours 
have  so  effectually  recorded.  In  1687  he  was 
entered  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  where,  in 
1689,  the  accidental  perusal  of  some  Latin  ver- 
ses, gained  him  the  patronage  of  Dr.  Lancas- 
ter, by  wliose  recommendation  lie  was  elected 
into  Magdalen  College  as  Demy.  Here  he  took 
the  degree  of  M.  A.  Feb.  14,  1693,  continued  to 
cultivate  poetry  and  criticism,  and  grew  first 
eminent  by  his  Latin  compositions,  which  are 
entitled  to  particular  praise.  In  1695  he  wrote 
apocm  to  king  William,  v.'ith  a  kind  of  rhjTiiing 
introduction  addressed  to  lord  Somers.  In  1697 
he  wrote  his  poem  on  tlie  peace  of  Ryswick, 
wliich  he  dedicated  to  Mr.  Montague,  (then 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer)  and  which  was 
called  by  Sfliith  "  the  best  Latin  poem  since  the 
iEneid."  'Hffviiig  yet  no  public  employment, 
he  obtained,  in  1699,  a  pension  of  300?.  a  year, 
that  he  might  be  enabled  to  travel.  While  he 
was  travelling  at  Idsure  in  Italy,  he  was  far 
from  being  idle ;  for  he  not  oidy  collected  his 
observations  on  the  country,  but  found  time  to 
write  his  Dialogues  on  Medals.  Here,  also,  he 
wrote  the  letter  to  Lord  Halifax,  which  is  justly 
considered  as  the  most  elegant,  if  not  the  most 
sublime,  of  his  poetical  productions.  At  his  re- 
turn he  published  his  Travels,  with  a  dedica 
tion  to  Lord  Somers.  This  book,  though  a 
while  neglected,  is  said  in  time  to  have  become 
60  much  the  favourite  of  the  public,  th.it  be- 
fore it  was  reprinted  it  rose  to  five  times  in  price. 
The  victory  at  Blenheim  in  1704,9pread  triumph 
and  confidence  over  the  nation :  and  lord  Go- 
dolphin,  lamenting  to  lord  Halifax  that  it  had 
not  been  celebrated  in  a  manner  equal  to  the 
subject,  desired  him  to  propose  it  to  some  better 
poet.  Hahfax  named  Addison ;  who,  having 
tuidertaken  Uie  wuik,  coniiuunic«ted  it  to  the. 


B 


.treasurer,  while  it  was  yet  advanced  no  faiiher 
than  the  simile  of  the  Angel,  and  was  rewarded 
with  the  plJice  of  commissioner  of  appeals.  In 
the  following  year  lie  was  at  Hanover  with  lord 
Halifax  ;  and  the  year  after  was  made  under- 
secretary of  state.  When  the  Marquis  of 
Wharton  was  appointed  lord-lieutenant  of  Ire- 
land, Addison  attended  him  as  his  secretary,  and 
was  made  keeper  of  the  records  in  Birming- 
ham's Tower,  with  a  salary  ot  300^  a  year. 
When  he  was  in  office,  he  made  a  law  to  him- 
self, as  Swift  has  recorded,  never  to  remit  hia 
regular  fees  in  civility  to  his  I'riends,  "1  may 
(said  he)  have  a  hundred  friends,  a(;d  if  my  fee 
be  two  guineas,  I  shall,  by  reluiquishlng  my 
right,  lose  200  guineas,  and  no  friend  gain  moie 
than  two."  He  was  in  Ireland  when  Steele, 
without  any  communication  of  his  design,  be- 
gan the  publication  of  the  Tattler  ;  but  he  was 
not  long  concealed  ;  by  inserting  a  remark  on 
Virgil,  which  .'\ddisoii  had  given  him,  he  dis- 
covered himself.  Steele's  first  Tattler  was  pub- 
lished April  22, 1709,  and  Addison's  contribution 
appeared  May  20.  To  the  Tattler,  in  about  two 
months,  succeeded  the  Spectator,  a  series  of  es- 
says of  the  same  kind,  but  written  with  less 
levity,  upon  a  more  regular  plan,  and  published 
daily.  The  next  year  1713,  in  which  C'atocame 
upon  the  stage,  was  the  grand  climacteric  of 
Addison's  reputation.  The  ivhole  nation  was 
at  that  time  on  tire  with  faction.  The  Whigs 
applauded  every  line  in  which  hberty  was  men- 
tioned, as  a  satire  on  the  Tories  ;  and  the  Tories 
echoed  evei-y  clap,  to  show  that  the  satire  was 
unfelt.  While  Caio  was  upon  the  stage,  another 
daily  paper,  called  the  Guardian,  was  published 
by  Steele,  to  which  Addisoit  gave  great  assist- 
ance. Tlie  papers  of  Addison  are  marked  in 
the  Spectator  by  one  of  tlie  letters  in  the  name 
of  Clio,  and  in  the  Guardian  by  a  hand.  It  was 
not  known  that  Addison  had  tried  a  comedy  for 
the  stage,  till  Steele,  after  his  death,  declared 
him  the  author  of  "  The  Drummer."  This  play 
Steele  canied  to  the  theatre,  and  afterwards  to 
the  press,  and  sold  the  copy  for  fifty  guineas.  In 
the  n.idst  of  these  agreeable  employments  Mr. 
Addison  was  not  an  indifferent  spectator  of  pub- 
hc  affairs.  He  wrote,  as  different  exigencies 
required,  in  1707,  "The  present  state  of  the 
War,"  fee;  "  The  Whig  Examiner  ;"  and  the 
Trial  of  Count  Tarifi";"  all  which  tracts,  be- 
ing on  temporary  topics,  expired  with  the  sub- 
jects which  gave  them  birth.  When  the  house 
of  Hanover  took  possession  of  the  tlirone,  it  was 
reasonable  to  expect  that  the  zeal  of  Addison 
would  be  suitably  rewarded.  Before  the  amval 
of  king  George,  he  was  made  secretary  to  the 
regency,  and  was  required  by  his  oflice  to  send 
notice  to  Hanover  that  the  queen  was  dead,  and 
the  tlirone  was  vacant.  To  do  this  would  not 
have  been  difiicnlt  to  any  man  but  Addison, who 
was  so  overwhelmed  with  the  greatness  of  the 
event,  and  so  distracted  by  choice  of  expre^ 
sions,  that  the  lords,  who  conld  not  wait  for  the 
niceties  of  criticism,  called  Mr.  Southwell,  a 
clerk  in  the  house,  and  ordered  hun  to  despatch 
the  message.  Soutiiwell  readily  told  what  was 
necessaiy,  in  the  common  style  of  business,  and 
valued  himself  upon  having  done  what  was  too 
hard  for  .Addison.  He  was  better  qualified  for 
the  Freeholder,  a  paper  which  lie  published 
twice  a  week,  from  Dec.  23,  1715,  to  the  middle 
of  the  next  year.  This  was  undertaken  in  de- 
fence of  the  established  government,  sometimes 
with  argument,  sometimes  with  mirth.  In  ar- 
gument he  had  many  equals  but  his  hiuBOU} 
9 


AD 


was  singular  arU  niatcWess.    On   Ihe.  2(1  of|j     ADKLM.ViN',  a  biiliup  of  Brosci  ia  tiiu  ilth 
Aui;usL.   l"li',  lin  married  tiie  countess  Dowa-|; century,  wrote  a  letter  on  the  Eucliarist  lo  Be- 


ger  ■/!  WarwicK,  whom  he  ia  said  to  have  lirst 
Known  by  becoimng  tutor  to  her  son.  'I'tiis  mar- 
riage, liovvevcr,  made  no  addition  to  his  happi- 
ness ;  it  ricithor  found  liiem  nor  made  ilieni 
equal.  She  always  remembered  her  own  rank, 
and  thought  her.--elt'  entitled  to  treat  with  very 
little  ceremony  the  tutor  of  her  son.  The  year 
after,  1717,  he  rose  to  his  highest  elevation,  be- 
ing made  secretary  of  state ;  but  it  is  univer- 
sally confessed  that  lie  was  uneiiual  lo  the  ilu- 
ties'of  his  place.  In  the  house  of  commons  he 
could  nni  speak,  and  iherefoie  was  useless  to 
the  defence  of  the  government.  In  the  othce 
he  cuuld  not  irsuc  an  order  without  losing  his 
tiii.e  in  quest  of  fine  expressions.  What  he 
gained  in  rank  he  lost  in  credit ;  and,  fnuiing  by 
experience  his  own  inabihty,  was  forced  to  so 
licit  his  dismission,  with  a  pension  of  15001.  a 
year.  Hi»  friends  palliated  this  rolinquishmeiit, 
of  which  both  friends  and  enemies  knew'tln 
true  reason,  with  an  accountof  declining  health, 
and  the  necessity  of  recess  and  quiet.  He  now 
enga!>ed  in  a  laudable  and  excellent  work,  vi;^. 
a  defence  of  the  Christian  Religion;  of  which, 
part  was  published  aftir  his  death.  Addison 
had  for  some  time  been  oppressed  by  shortness 
of  breath,  which  was  now  aggravated  by  a  drop 
sy ;  and,  finding  his  danger  pressing,  he  prepared 
lo  ilie  conformably  to  his  own  precepts  and 
professions.  Lord  Wanvick  was  a  young  man 
of  very  irregular  life,  and  perhaps  of  loose  opin- 
ions. Addison,  for  whom  he  did  not  want  re 
epect,  had  very  diligently  endeavoured  to  re- 
claim him  ;  but  his  arguments  and  expostula 
tions  had  no  effect :  one  e.\periment,  however, 
remained  to  be  tried.  When  lie  found  his  hfe 
near  its  end,  he  directed  the  young  lord  to  be 
called,  and,  when  he  desired  with  great  tender- 
ness to  hear  his  last  injunctions,  told  him,  "  I 
have  sent  for  you  to  see  how  a  Christian  can 
die."  What  elTect  this  awful  scene  had  on  the 
earl's  behaviour  is  not  known  :  he  died  himself 
in  a  short  time.  Having  given  directions  to  Mr. 
Tickell  for  the  publication  of  his  works,  and 
dedicated  them,  on  his  death  bed,  to  his  friend 
Mr.  Craggs,  Addison  died  Jnne  17,  1719,  at  Hol- 
land House,  l(;a\ing  no  child  but  a  daughter 
who  died  at  Bilton,  in  Warwickshire,  Feb.  1797. 

ADELAIDE,  daughter  of  Kodolphus,  king  of 
Burgundy,  niarriwl  Lutharius  II.,  king  of  Italy, 
and  after  hi?  death  the  emperor  Otho  I. ;  she 
died  99'J,  aged  liO. 

ADELAIDE,  wife  of  Frederic,  prince  of  Saxo- 
ny, conspired  with  Lewis  against  her  husband's 
life,  and  married  the  murderer,  1055. 

ADELAIDE,  daughter  of  Humbert,  count  of 
Maurienne,  was  queen  of  Lewis  VI.  of  France 
she  died  1154. 

ADELAIDE,  wife  of  Lewis  II.  of  France 
was  mother  of  Charles  III.,  surnamed  tlie  sim- 
ple, who  was  king  898. 

.\DELARD,  an  English  monk,  who,  in  the 
lith  century,  visited  Egypt  and  Arabia,  and 
translated  in  Latin  Euclid's  Elements.  | 

ADELBOLD,  bishop  of  Utrecht,  and  author 
of  thn  life  of  the  emperor  Henry  II.,  died  1207.  '• 

ADELER,  Curtius,  a  native  of  Norway.j 
served  in  the  Dutch  navy,  was  raised  to  the 
rank  of  admiral,  spent  the  latter  part  of  his  life 
at  Copenhacen,  where  he  died  1(575,  aced  .53.      , 

ADELGREIFF,  John  Albretcht,  natural  son, 
of  a  priest  near  Elbing,  pretended  to  be  the  vice-j 
geren  t  of  God  on  earth ,  was  condemned  to  deathj 
at  Konigsbej-gU  for  hlasphemy,  1036 
10 


reiigcr,  printed  at  Louvaine,  1501.  He  died  1C63. 

iVDELl'HUf?,  a  philosopher  of  the  third  cen- 
tury, who  mingled  the  doctrines  of  I'laio  with 
the  tenets  of  the  tiuostics. 

ADELUiN'ti,  John  Christopher,  a  fJerniai^ 
professor  at  Erfurt,  and  author  of  a  graininati- 
cal  and  critical  tiictionary  of  file  German  lan- 
guage, and  other  works  ;  he  diiMl  li'Ol). 

ADEOD.\TUS,  or  Godsgifl,  a  Roman  priest 
elevated  to  the  papal  throne  67;i,  died  four  years 
afterwards. 

ADEll,  William,  a  learned  physician  of  Tou- 
louse in  tlie  17th  century. 

ADHAB-EDDOUL.\T,  an  emi>eror  of  Persia, 
after  his  uncle  Ainad-Eddoulat,  was  warlike, 
humane,  and  a  patron  of  letters;  he  died  982, 
aged  -17. 

ADHELME,  William,  nephew  to  Ina,  king 
of  the  West  Saxons,  first  bishop  of  Sherborne, 
and  said  to  he  the  lirst  Englishman  who  wrote 
Latin,  died  709. 

ADHEMAR,  William,  a  native  of  Provence, 
wrote  a  book  on  iUustrious  ladies,  died  about 
1190. 

ADIMANTUS,  a  Manicha^an  sectary  at  the 
close  of  the  i:)th  century,  denied  the  authenti- 
city of  the  Old  Testament. 

ADIMAKl,  Raphael,  an  Italian  historian, 
born  at  Rimini  in  the  16th  century. 

ADIiM.Mll,  Alexander,  a  Florentine,  admired 
for  his  pcitical  genius  ;  died  1H49. 

ADLEUrELDT,Gustavus,  a  learned  Swede, 
historian  of  the  battles  of  Charles  XII.,  killed, 
1-709. 

ADLZREITTER,  .lohn,  chancellor  of  Ba- 
varia, in  the  17tli  century,  wrote  annals  of  bis 
country. 

ADO,  vid.  ADON. 

ADOLPHUS,  count  of  Nassau,  crowned  king 
and  emperor  of  the  Romans,  died  ]ii38. 

ADOLPHITS,  count  of  Clevcs,  instituted  an 
order  of  chivalry,  1380,  since  abolished. 

ADOLPHUS,  bishop  of  Mersburg,  opposed, 
and  afterwards  favoured  the  doctrines  of  Lu- 
ther, died  15C0. 

ADOLPHUS,  Frederic  II.,  king  of  Sweden, 
founded  the  academy  of  inscriptions  and  belles 
letters  at  Torneo,  and  died  1771. 

ADOLPHUS,  duke  of  Sleswick,  refused  the 
crown  of  Deiiniark,  after  the  death  of  Christo- 
pher III.,  and  crowned  Chrisliern  I.  he  died  1459. 

ADON,  archbishop  of  Vienne,  in  Dauphine, 
who  wrote  a  useful  chronicle,  dielp75. 

ADORNE,  Francis,  a  Jesuit  or  a  Genoese 
family,  who  wrote  on  ecclesiastical  discipline, 
died  1.576. 

ADORNE,  .'Antony,  a  Genoese,  raised  to  the 
dignity  of  Dose,  1333. 

ADORNE,  Gabriel,  a  Genoese,  became  Doge, 
1330 ;  lie  was  afterwards  driven  from  power  by 
a  more  successful  rival. 

ADOU.VE,  Prosper,  a  Genoese,  made  Doge, 
14G0,  a'ld  died  1486. 

ADORNE,  Jerome,  a  Genoese,  opposed  the 
party  of  the  Fretroses,  in  the  age  of  Charles  V. 

ADORNI,  Catharine  Fieschi,  a  Genoese  lady, 
after  the  death  of  her  husband,  devoted  herself 
to  acts  of  piety .  and  benevolence ;  she  died  1510. 

ADRETS,  Francis  Beaumont  des,  descen- 
dant of  an  ancient  family  in  Dauphine,  em- 
braced the  causeof  the  Husiucnots:  he  died  1587. 

ADRI.\.  John  James,  a  physician  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Charles  V.,  died  1560. 
il    ADRIAN,  or  HADRIAN,  Publius  iEUus,  tlw 


^ 

Roman  emperor,  born  at  Rome,  .)an  24,  in  tliu 
year  of  Clirisl  76.  Hu  was  a  ruiowiied  f^enpial 
and  a  great  traveller  ;  and  in  a  visit  to  llritaiii 
liuilt  a  tamuus  wall,  or  rampart,  extciidinp!  froii 
llie  nioulii  of  tlie  Tyne  to  llie  Solway  Fritli,  m 
n\iU:&  in  lonjilli,  to  prevent  the  iii(  iirsiono  of  tin 
Caledonians  into  tlit-  norlliern  couulics  of  Enj; 
land,  tlicn  nmler  the  Kuniaii  !ro>erniiient.  Adri 
ait  rei^'ned  'Jl  years,  and  died  at  Uaiie,  in  the  ti'Jil 
vsar  of  his  age. 

AOlllAN,  a  Greek  author,  in  the  rah  century, 
wrote  an  introduction  to  the  Scriptures. 

ADRf.\N",  a  learned  Carthusian,  author  of  a 
treatise  called  "  de  reniediisutriusipie  fortune." 
ALtlHAN  1.  a  Roman  patrician,  raised  to  the 
pontificate  in  ITTi.  died  7115. 

ADRI.A.N  II.,  raised  to  the  popedom  in  867, 
he  was  artful  and  intri^'uinp,  and  died  872. 
ADRIAN  in., elected  pop.:,  884  and  died,  885. 
.-•'  ADRIAN  IV.,  Pope,  the  md^'  Eii^Us_[iiiian  tliat 
ever  had  the  honour  of  sittin'^  in  the  jiapal  chair. 
His  name  was  Nicolas  Urekes|»ere ;  he  was  born 
at  Lanuley,  near  Ht.  Albans,  in  Hertfordshire, 
and,  after  many  vicissitudes  of  fortune,  sue 
Cecded  to  the  popedom  in  ilo4.  He  died  Sept. 
1,  1159,  leaving  some  letters  and  honiiiies  wliich 
are  still  extant. 

ADRIAN  v.,  a  native  of  Genoa,  made  pope 
1276,  and  died  38  days  after. 

ADRIAN  VI.,  a  native  of  Utrecht,  wais  pre- 
ceptor to  emperor  Charles  V^.,  elected  pope  1522, 
and  died  1523. 

ADRIAN  DE  CASTELLO,  born  at  Cornelto 
in  Tuscany,  employed  as  pai  al  legate  in  Scot 
land  and  Ensland,  and  made  bisiioji  of  Here- 
lord,  then  of  Bath  and  Wells,  and,  conspirin 
asainslPope  Leo  X.,  was  stript  of  liis  ecclesias- 
tical honours,  1518. 

ADRL\NI,  Joamii  Batista,  born  of  a  patrician 
family,  at  Florence,  in  1511.  He  wrote  a  History 
of  his  own  Times,  in  continuation  of  Guicciar- 
dini,  beginning  at  the  year  1.136,  (a  work  e.xe- 
cuted  with  great  jtidginent,  candour,  and  accu- 
racy,) and  died  at  Florence  1579. 

ADRIANI,  Marcellus,  a  native  of  Florence, 
left  a  written  translation  of  Plutarch,  &c. ;  he 
died  1604. 

ADRICHOMIA,  Cornelia,  a  nun  in  Holland 
of  the  .\ugustine  order,  published  a  poetical  ver- 
sion of  the  Psalms  in  the  lOtli  century. 

ADRICHOMIUS,  Christian,  a  native  of  Delft, 
director  of  the  nuns  of  Barbara,  died  at  Cologne 
15S5. 

ADSON,  an  abbot  of  Luxeuil  in  960,  author 
of  the  miracles  of  St.  Vandalbert. 

yEDESIUS  succeeded  Jamblichus,  as  teacher 
of  Platonic  philosophy  in  Cappadocia,  in  the  4ih 
century. 

.(EGJEATES,  John,  a  priest  of  the  Nestorian 
eect,  who  flourished  483,  and  wrote  a  treatise 
against  the  council  of  Olialcedon. 

yEGlDIUS,  Peter  Albiensis,  a  writer  sent  by 
Francis  I.  to  give  an  account  of  the  celebrated 
places  of  Asia,  Greece,  and  Africa,  died  1555. 

yEGlDIUS,  Atheniensis,  a  Grecian  physician 
in  the  8th  century,  became  a  Benedictine  monk, 
and  published  several  treatises. 

./EGIDUI3  de  Colonna,  professor  of  divinity  at 
Paris,  general  of  the  .\ngustines,  died  1316. 

iEGINRTA,  Paulus,  a  native  of  the  island 
.^gina,  whence  he  has  his  name.  Accordinr 
to  Abulfaragius,  he  flourished  in  the  7th  cen- 
tury. His  surgical  works  are  deservedly  fa- 
mous, and  his  knowledge  of  surgery  was  very 
great.  In  short,  the  surgery  of  Paulus  has  been  i 
the  subject  matter  of  most  of  the  treatises  oil 


/!■:  

hat  art  down  to  this  time.  His  book  treats  pro- 
essedly  of  disorders  incident  to  women. 

.'EtUNHARU,  a  German,  secretary  to Chaile- 
ruagne,  died  840. 

/ELFRED,  or  ALFRED,  the  '■;i-,,nt,  youngest 
on  of  .I'ElliiJwolf,  king  of  tlie  VVi  s;  Sa.vons,  was 
'loni  in  tlie  year  849,  at  Wannaiing,  or  Wana- 
iing,   which  is  supposed  to  be   V\'ant;ige,  in 
Yorkshire.    yEll'red  succeeded  to  the  crown  on 
tin- death  of  his  brother  /Ethelred,  in  the  year 
871 ;  but  had  scarcely  time  to  attend  the  funeral 
)f  his  brother,  before  he  was  obliged  to  light  for 
he  crown  he  had  so  lately  received.     A  con- 
iderable  army  of  Danes,  having  landed  in  Dor- 
setshire, marched  as  far  as  VVarehani ;    here 
Elfred  met  them  with  all  the  forces  he  could 
aise ;  but,  not  finding  himself  strong  enough  to 
iigage  them,  he  concluded  a  peace,  and  the 
Danes  swore  never  again  to  invade  his  domi- 
liuns.    In  877,  however,  having  obtained  tiew 
lids,  they  came  in  such  numbers  into  Wiltshire, 
liat  the  Saxons,  giving  themselves  up  to  de- 
!l)air,  would  tiot  make   head  against  them; 
many  lied  out  of  the  kingdom,  not  a  few  sub- 
tnitted,  and  the  rest  retired,  every  man  to  tiie 
place  where  he  could  be  best  concealed.  In  this 
distress,  iElfred,  conceiving  himself  no  longer 
a  king,  laid  aside  all  marks  of  royalty,  and  took 
shelter  in  the  house  of  one  who  kept  his  cattle. 
He  retired  afterwards  to  tlie  Isle  of  .^Ethelingey, 
in  Somersetshire,  where  he  built  a  fort  lor  the 
security  of  himself,   his  family,  and  the  few 
faithful  servants  who  repaired  thither  to  him. 
When  he  had  been  about  a  year  in  this  retreat, 
having  been  informed  that  some  of  his  subjects 
had  routed  a  great  army  of  the  Danes,  killed 
their  chiefs,  and  taken  their  magical  standard, 
he  issued  his  letters,  giving  notice  were  he  was, 
and  Inviting  his  nobility  to  coine  and  consult 
with  him.     Before  they  came  to  a  final  deter- 
mination, iElfred,  putting  on  the  habit  of  a 
harper,  went  into  the  enemy's  camp  ;   where, 
without  suspicion,   he  was  every  where  ad- 
mitted, and  had  the  honour  to  pla>'  before  their 
princes.    Having  thus  acquired  an  exact  know- 
ledge of  their  situation,  he  returned  in  great 
secrecy  to  his  nobility,  whom  he  ordered  to  theit 
respective  homes,  there  to  draw  together  eacii 
man  as  great  a  force  as  he  could  ;  and  upon  a 
lay  appointed  there  was  to  be  a  general  reiidt^z- 
vous  at  the  great  wood  called  Selwood,  in  Wilt- 
shire.   This  atfair  was  transacted  so  secretly 
and  expeditiously,  that  in  a  little  time  the  king, 
at  the  head  of  an  army,  approaciied  the  Danes 
before  they  had  the  least  intelligence  "of  his  de 
ign.    .(Elfred,  taking  advantage  of  tlie  surprise 
and  terror  they  were  in,  fell  upon  them,  and  to- 
lally  defeated  them  at  jElhendune,  now  Kdding- 
lon,  in  Willsbire.     Ailfred  enj'iyed  a  profound 
peace  during  the  last  three  years  of  his  reign, 
u'hich  he  chiefly  employed  in  establishing  and 
regulating  his  government  for  the  security  of 
himself  and  his  successors,  as  well  a»  for  the 
ase  and  benefit  of  his  subjects  in  general.     Al- 
though there  remain  but  few  laws  which  can  he 
positively  ascribed  to  jT^lfred,  yet  to  him  we  owe 
many  of  those  ad\antages  which  render  our 
constitution  so  dear  :ind  valuable ;  particularly 
the  institution  of  the  trial  by  jury.   He  is  said  by 
some  to  have  founded  the  uiuversity  of  Oxford ; 
thus  much,  however,  is  certain,  that  .^F.ifreu  re- 
stored and  settled  that  university,  endowed  it 
witli  revenues,  and  placed  there  the  most  famous 
professors.    When  /Elfred  came  to  the  crown, 
learning  was  at  a  very  low  ebb  in  this  kingdom  ; 
but,  by  lija  esaniple  and  encouragement,  he  useci 
11 


iE 


iiis  iiuiioji  eiiUcavours  to  excite  a  love  for  ktterti 
among  his  subjects.  He  himself  was  a  scholar 
anil  liad  lie  not  been  illustrious  as  a  king,  would 
have  been  famous  as  an  author  VVlien  we 
consider  the  qualifications  of  this  prince,  and 
the  many  virtues  he  possessed,  we  need  not 
wonder  that  he  died  universally  lamented,  after 
a  reif,'!!  of  above  28  years,  on  the  28th  of  Octo- 
ber, A.  D.  900.  He  was  buried  in  the  cathedral 
of  Wint'liester. 

iELIAN,  Claudius,  born  at  Praneste,  in  Italy. 
He  taught  rhetoric  at  Rome,  under  the  emperor 
/Mexaiider  Sevcrus,  and  was  surnamed  Honey- 
ino;j'li  on  account  of  the  sweetness  of  his  style. 
Hit)' most  celebrated  works  are,  his  "  Various 
History,"  and  that  "  Of  Animals." 

jELJANUS,  Meccius,  a  physician  before  Ga- 
len, first  used  treacle  against  tlic  plague. 

jELST,  a  Dutch  painter,  vid.  AALST. 

iEMILIANI,  Jerome,  a  Venetian,  one  of  fhe 
regular  clerks  of  St.  Maicul,  in  the  llith  centur>'. 

.«MILL\NUS,  C.  Julius,  a  Moor,  from  the 
Jowest  station,  rose  to  the  imperial  dignity,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Valerian. 

.(EMILIUS,  Paulus,  a  Roman  general,  cele- 
brated for  his  victory  over  Perseus,  king  of  Ma- 
cedonia, died  B.  C.  164. 

yRMlLIUS,  Paulus,  a  native  of  Verona,  who 
wrote  (or  rather  began  to  write)  a  Latin  history 
of  the  kings  of  France ;  but  though  he  spent 
many  years  at  it,  he  was  not  able  to  finish  the 
tenth  book,  which  was  to  include  the  beginning 
of  the  reign  of  Charles  VHI.  He  died  1529,  and 
was  buried  in  the  cathedral  at  Paris. 

jENEAS,  a  Trojan  prince,  memorable  for  his 
grateful  care  of  his  aged  father  Anchises,  whom 
he  bore  through  the  flames  of  Troy  upon  his 
shoulders  at  the  hazard  of  his  own  life,  and  that 
of  his  son,  a  child,  who  was  obliged  to  cling  to 
his  garments  to  escape  with  them.  He  died 
1197  B.  C.    Virgil  has  immortalized  his  name. 

/ENEAS,  Gazeus,  or  iENEAS  of  Gaza,  a 
sophist  by  profession,  was  originally  a  Platonic 
philosopher,  but  afterwards  became  a  Christian, 
and  flourished  about  the  year  487.  He  wrote  a 
dialogue,  entitled  "  Theophrastus,"  concerning 
the  immortality  of  the  soul,  and  the  resurrection 
of  the  body. 

yENEAS,  Svlvius,  or  Pius  II.,  born  1405,  at 
Corsigny,  in  Sienna,  where  his  father  lived  in 
e.xilc.  This  pope  was  famous  for  his  wise  and 
witty  sayings,  some  of  which  are  as  follow : 
That  common  men  should  esteem  learning  as 
Bilver,  noblemen  prize  it  as  gold,  and  princes  as 
jewels  :  A  citizen  should  look  upon  his  family 
as  subject  to  the  city,  the  city  to  his  country,  the 
country  to  the  world,  and  the  world  to  God  ; 
That  the  chief  place  with  kings  was  slippery  ; 
That  the  tongue  of  a  sycophant  was  a  king's 
greatest  plague  -.  That  a  prince  who  would  trust 
nobody  was  good  for  nothing;  and  he  who  be- 
lieved every  body,  no  better  :  That  those  who 
went  to  law  were  the  birds,  the  court  the  field 
the  judge  the  net,  and  the  lawyers  the  fowlers 
That  men  ought  to  be  presented  to  dignities,  not 
dignities  to  men :  That  a  covetous  man  never 
|»Hases  any  body  but  by  his  dcalh :  That  it  was 
a  slavish  vice  to  tell  lies  .  That  lust  sullies  and 
Stains  every  age  of  man,  but  quite  extinguishes 
old  -age. 

.(ENEAS,  Tacticus,  author  of  a  Greek  treatise 
on  the  art  of  war,  flourished  330  B.  C. 

tEPINUS,  Francis  Marie  Ulric  Theodore,  a 
German  physician,  distinguished  by  his  clectri 
cal  exprrimcnts  and  obdervaUoQB  on  natural 
pbilosophy,  died  1802. 
12 


jE 

jEKTZEN,  vid.  ARSl'NS. 

/ERIUS,  a  presbyter  of  Sebastia,  who  is  sup-' 
posed  by  some  to  be  the  founder  of  the  presby* 
lerians,  flourished  about  385. 

/EyCHINEri,  a  Socratic  philosopher,  the  son 

f  Cliariuus,  a  sausage-maker.    Phrynirus,  in 

I'hotius,  ranks  him  among  the  best  orators,  and 

mentions  his  orations  as  the  standard  of  the 

pure  Attic  style. 

.(ESCHINES,  a  celebrated  orator,  coterap«- 
rary  with  Deniosthenei=,  and  but  just  his  infe- 
rior. Being  overcome  by  Demosthenes,  lie 
went  to  Rhodes,  and  opened  a  school  there,  and 
afterwards  removed  to  Sanios,  wliere  he  died 
at  the  age  of  75.  There  are  only  three  of  his 
orations  e.xtant ;  which,  however,  are  so  very 
beautiful,  that  Fabricius  compares  them  to  the 
three  Graces. 

jESCHYLU^,  a  tragic  poet,  born  at  Athena 
in  the  63d  Olympiad.  He  was  the  son  of  Eu 
phorion,  and  brother  to  Cynegirus  and  Aniiuias, 
who  distinguished  themselves  in  the  battle  of 
Marathon,  and  the  seafight  of  Salamin,  at 
which  engagement  yEschylus  was  likewise  pre- 
sent. To  Amhiias  our  poet  was,  upon  a  par- 
ticular occasion,  obliged  for  saving  his  life: 
lElian  relates,  that  jEschylus,  being  charged  by 
the  Athenians  with  certain  blasphemous  cx- 
pre  sions  in  some  of  his  pieces,  was  accused  of 
impiety,  and  condemned  to  be  stoned  to  death  ; 
they  were  just  going  to  put  the  si  ntencc  in  exe- 
cution, when  Aminias,  with  a  happy  piescnca 
of  mind,  throwing  aside  his  cloak,  showed  his 
arm  without  a  hand,  which  he  had  lost  at  the 
battle  of  Salamin,  in  defence  of  his  country. 
This  sight  made  such  an  impression  on  th». 
judges,  that,  touched  with  the  remembrance  of 
his  valour,  and  the  friendship  he  showed  for  hi» 
brother,  they  pardoned  /Eschylus.  He  wrote  s 
great  number  of  tragedies,  of  which  there  are 
but  seven  remaining ;  and,  notwithstanding  th« 
sharp  censures  of  some  critics,  he  must  be  ei 
lowed  to  have  been  the  father  of  the  tragic  art. 
The  names  of  his  pieces  now  extant  are,  Pro- 
metheus Bound ;  Seven  Chiefs  against  Thebes ; 
The  Persians ;  Agamemnon  ;  the  Infernal  Re- 
gions ;  the  Furies ;  and  the  Supphants.  After 
having  lived  some  years  at  Gela,  we  are  told 
that  he  died  of  a  fracture  of  his  skull,  caused  by 
an  eagle's  letting  fall  a  tortoise  on  his  head,  in 
the  69th  year  of  his  age 

.(ESOP,  the  Phrygian,  lived  in  the  time  of  So- 
lon, about  the  50th  Olympiad,  under  the  rfign 
of  Cropsus,  the  last  king  of  Lydia.  St.  Jerome, 
peaking  of  him,  says,  he  was  unfortunate  iti 
his  birth,  condition,  and  death  ;  hinting  thereby 
at  his  deformity,  servile  slate,  and  tragical  end. 
His  great  genius,  however,  enabled  him  to  .«up- 
port  his  misfortunes ;  and,  in  order  »o  -  iate 
the  hardships  of  servitude,  he  coi:;i*  rri  those 
entertaining  and  instructive  fables  which  have 
acquired  him  so  much  reputation  ;  and  he  is 
generally  supposed  to  have  been  the  inventor  of 
that  kind  of  writing.  Having  had  several  mas- 
ters, for  he  was  born  a  slave,  iEsop  at  length 
came  under  a  philosopher  named  Xanthus ;  and 
it  was  in  his  service  that  he  first  displayed 
his  genius  for  fabling  and  moralizing.  He  was 
afterwards  sold  to  Idnion,  or  ladmon,  the  phi- 
losopher, who  enfranchised  him.  After  he  had 
received  his  liberty,  he  soon  acquired  a  gnat 
reputation  among  the  Greeks;  so  that,  according 
to  Meziriack,  the  report  of  his  wisdom  having 
reached  CroDsus,  this  king  sent  to  inquire  after 
him,  and  engaged  him  in  his  service.  He  tra- 
velled througb  Greece,  according  to  the  sante 


AG 


author ;  but  whether  for  liis  own  pleasure,  or 
upon  the  artaira  of  Croesus,  is  uncertain.  Pass- 
ing l)y  Athena  soon  after  Pisistratus  had  usurped 
the  sovereign  power,  and  finding  that  the  Alhe- 
niana  bore  the  yoke  very  impatiently,  ho  told 
tiieai  tlie  fable  of  the  frogs  who  petitioned  Jupi- 
ter for  a  Icing.  Some  relate,  that,  in  order  to 
ehow  that  the  life  of  man  is  full  of  miseries, 
jEsop  used  to  say,  that  when  Prometheus  look 
the  clay  lo  form  man,  he  tempered  it  with  tears, 
iEsop  was  put  to  death  at  Dclphos.  Pluiarch 
tells  us,  that  he  came  there  with  a  great  quantity 
of  gold  and  silver,  being  ordered  by  Crcesus  to 
offe'r  a  sacrifice  to  Apolln,  and  lo  give  a  con- 
siderable sum  to  each  inhabitant ;  but  a  quarrel 
arising  between  him  and  the  Delphians,  he  sent 
back  the  sacrifice  aud  the  money  to  Crcfisus ; 
for  he  thought  that  those  for  whom  the  prince 
designed  it  had  rendered  themselves  unworthy 
of  it.  The  inhabitants  of  Delphos  contrived  an 
accusation  of  sacrilege  against  him,  and,  pre- 
tendine  that  they  had  convicted  him,  threw  lum 
headlong  from  a  rock.  They  afterwards  en- 
deavoured lo  make  an  atonement  by  raising  a 
pyramid  to  his  honour. 

jESOP,  Clodius,  a  celebrated  actor,  who 
flourished  about  the  UTOth  year  of  Rome.  He 
and  Roscius  were  coteniporaries,  and  the  best 
perfdrmers  that  ever  appeared  upon  tlie  Roman 
etage  ;  the  former  excelling  in  tragedy,  the  latter 
in  comedy.  Cicero  put  himself  under  their  di- 
rection to"  perfect  his  action.  jEsop  lived  in  a 
most  expensive  manner ;  and  at  one  entertain- 
ment is  said  to  have  had  a  dish  which  cost  above 
gOOZ.  This  dish,  we  are  told,  was  filled  watli 
singing  and  speaking  birds  ;  some  of  which  cost 
near  501.  ^Esop's  son  was  no  less  luxurious 
than  his  father,  for  he  dissolved  pearls  for  his 
guests  to  swallow. — Notwithstanding  his  ex- 
penses, however,  this  actor  is  said  to  have  died 
worth  above  1G0,000;. 

jETHRIUS,  an  architect  in  the  6th  centurj', 
raised  to  the  confidence  of  Anastasius  I. 

yETlON,  a  Grecian  painter  of  celebrity. 

.^TIUS,  an  able  general  under  Valentinian 
III.,  killed  454. 

.(ETIUS,  a  SjTian  servant,  made  bishop  by 
Eudoxus,  the  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  and 
founder  of  the  sect  of  .'Etiaiis,  flourished  336. 

iCTIUS,  an  ancient  physician,  and  the  first 
Christian  medical  writer,  born  at  Amida,  a 
town  of  Mesopotamia,  about  4.').5.  His  "  Tetra- 
biblos,"  as  it  is  called,  is  a  collection  from  the 
writings  of  those  physicians  who  went  before 
Jiim,  chiefly  from  Galen  ;  but  contains,  never- 
Uieless,  some  new  things,  for  which  we  are  en- 
tirely indebted  to  this  author. 

AFER,  Domiliua,  an  orator,  born  at  Nisinea, 
afterwards  raised  lo  the  consulship;  died  59. 

AFFLITTO,  M.itthew,  an  able  civilian,  born 
at  Naples,  died  1553. 

AFRANIUS,  a  Roman  comic  poet,  flourished 
100  B.C. 

AFRICANUS,  Julius,  wrote  a  chronicle,  be- 
sides a  letter  to  Origen,  &c. 

AGAPETiUS  I.  was  made  pope  535,  and  died 
at  Constantinople  530.  The  second  of  that  name 
was  elected  pope  946,  and  died  965. 

AG.iPETIJS,  a  deacon  of  Constantinople, 
who  wrote  a  valuable  letter  to  the  emperor  Jus- 
tinian, on  the  duties  of  a  Christian  prince. 

AGAPIUS,  a  Greek  monk  of  Mount  Athos, 
In  the  17th  century,  wrote  a  treatise  in  favour 
of  transubstantiation,  called  the  salvation  of 
sinners. 

AGAUD,ArtUur,alearaedEnglishaiiti'Uiary, 


born  at  Toslon,  in  Derbyshire,  1540,  and  Uied«''2d 
August,  1G15. 

AGATHARCIDAS,  aCnidian,180  B.  C,  au- 
thor of  a  Greek  History  of  Alexand-jr's  wars. 

AGATH.\RCUS,  a  Samian,  engaseU  by  Aes- 
chylus as  a  stage  painter. 

AGATHEMIR,  Orthonis,  wroteaGreck  colli 
pendium  of  Geography,  edited  1703. 

AGATHIAS,  a  Greek  historian,  who  lived  in 
the  6th  century,  and  wrote  a  history  of  Jus- 
tinian's reign,  in  five  books. 

AG  ATHbCLES,  a  Sicilian,  rose  from  the  ob- 
scurity of  a  potter  to  tlie  sovereign  power  of  all 
Sicilv,  died  -280  R.  C. 

AG.VTHON,  a  tragic  poet,  crowned  at  the 
Olympic  games  419  B.  C. 

AG.^THON,  a  native  of  Palermo,  elected  to 
tlie  papal  chair  679,  died  68i. 

AGELIAS,  Anthony,  bishop  of  Acerno,  in 
Italy,  published  conuucataries  on  the  Psalms, 
&c.,  died  1608. 

AGELNO TH,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  re- 
fused to  crown  Harold  king,  died  1038. 

AGESIL.'VUS,  king  of  Sparta,  celebrated  for 
his  victories  against  the  Persians,  died  36;iB.  C. 

AGGAS,  Robert,  called  Angus,  a  landscape 
painter,  died  in  London,  1679. 

AGILA,  king  of  the  Visigoths  in  Spain,  mur- 
dered in  t)ic  .5th  year  of  his  reign,  554. 

AGILULF,  duke  of  Turin,  appointed  king  on 
the  death  of  Anlharic,  king  of  Lombardy,  died 
616  ;  he  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Adalnald. 

AGIS,  the  name  of  some  Spartan  kings.  The 
most  famous  is  the  second  of  tlial  name,  en- 
gaged in  the  Peloponnesian  war,  and  died  427 
B.  C. ;  and  the  fourth,  in  conseqence  of  his  at- 
tempts to  restore  Lacedasmon  to  her  ancient  dis- 
cipline and  independence,  put  to  death  241  B.  C. 

AGLIONBY,  John,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  Cum- 
berland, known  f,)r  his gr«at learning,  v^as chap- 
Iain  to  James  I.,  and  died  1610.  His  son,  of  the 
same  name,  was  dean  of  Canterbury,  died  1643. 

AGNELLUS,  an  abbot  of  Ravenna  in  the  9rli 
century,  often  confouiided  with  a  bishop  of  the 
same  name  in  the  6th  century. 

AGNESI,  Maria  Gaetana,  a  learned  Italian 
lady,  born  at  Milan,  made,  on  account  of  her 
great  merit,  mathematical  professor  in  the  uni- 
versilv  of  Bologna,  died  1770. 

AGOBARH,  archbishop  of  I^yons,  supported 
the  revolt  of  Loihaire  against  Lewis  the  de- 
bonnaire ;  he  died  840. 

AGOSTINO,  Paolo,  a  musical  composer, 
master  of  the  Papal  chapel  at  Rome,  died  1629. 

AGOULT,  Guillaume  d',  a  poet  oi  Provence 
in  1198. 

AGREDA,  Marj'd',  superior  of  a  convent  at 
.\greda,  in  Spain,  wrote  a  life  of  tlie  Virgin 
Mary ;   he  died  16f>5. 

AGRESTI,  Licio,  a  historical  painter,  ero- 
ployed  by  Gregory  XIII.  in  adorning  the  Vati- 
can, died  1580. 

AGRESTIS,  Julius,  a  Roman  general  under 
Vespasian,  destroyed  himself. 

AGRICOL.A.,  a  celebrated  Roman  general, 
born  37,  died  93. 

AGRICOLA,  Rodolphus,  a  native  of  Groiiin- 
gen,  travelled  into  France  and  Italy ;  he  first 
introduced  the  study  of  the  G  reels  in  Germany, 
and  died  1485. 

AGR[COL.'\,  George,  a  physician  of  Glaucen, 
in  Jliania,  known  for  his  learning,  and  works 
on  minerals,  died  1555. 

AGRIC(1L,\,  Michael,  a  minister  of  Abo,  in 
Finland,  first  iranalated  the  New    Tesiamcnt 
into  the  language  of  the  country.  -,q 
>  1  o 


Al 

"  AGRICOLA,  aleanied  bishop  of  C'lialoiissur- 
Saonfi,  died  530. 

AGIUCOtiA,  John,  a  Gorman  divine,  born  al 
Islib,  was  the  friend  and  disciple  of  l^utiier; 
su(\  afterwards  opposed  liim  ;  lie  died  1560. 

-VGUIFPA,  Meaeniiis,  a  Roman  patrician, 
known  lor  appcasins  a  sedition  by  the  fable  of 
tJie  belly  and  I  lie  limbs,  died  492  13.  C. 

AGKIPi'A,  Marcus  Vipsanius,  a  Roman  gene- 
ral, celebralPd  for  his  exploits  and  his  intimacy 
with  Aniinstus,  died  li  15.  C. 

AGRIl'PA,  Herod,  grandson  of  Herod  the 
Great,  king  of  all  Judea,  mentioned  in  Scrip- 
ture, died  44. 

ACKIPP.A  II.,  son  of  the  above,  and  his  snc- 
cessor,  was  the  monarch  before  whom  Paul  was 
arraipned,  died  94. 

AGRIPPA,  Henry  Cornelius,  a  man  of  con 
siderable  leaniing,  and  a  jn-eat  magician,  ac 
cording  to  report,  in  tlie  10th  century,  was  born 
at  Cologne,  1480,  of  a  noble  family.  He  was  a 
man  of  an  extensive  genius,  well  skilled  in  many 
parts  of  knowledge  and  a  variety  of  languages 
AGRIPPINA,  the  virtuous  wife  of  Germani- 
cus  Ca;sar,  banished  by  Tiberius,  died  33. 

AGRIPPINA,  daughter  of  the  preceding,  mar- 
ried the  emperor  Claudius,  and  poisoned  him 
raise  ht?r  son  Nero  to  the  throne,  who  afterwards 
caused  her  to  be  killed. 

AGUESSEAU,  Henry  Francis  d',  born  a! 
Limoges,  was  first  advocate-general  of  Paris 
then  procurer-general,  and  afterwards  chancel- 
lor ;  died  1751. 

AGUI,  king  of  Bantane  in  Java,  at  the  end 
of  the  17th  century,  extended  his  power  by 
means  of  the  Dutch. 

AGUILLON,  Francis,  a  mathematician  of 
Brussels,  publisiied  a  treatise  on  optics,  and 
ified  lfi]7. 

AGUIRRE,  Joseph,  a  benedictine  of  Spain, 
was  made  cardinal  by  Innocent  XL,  wrote  on 
theological  subjects,  and  died  1099. 

ARGYLAUS,  Henry,  a  native  of  Boisle-Duc, 
made  an  inelegant  translation  of  Monocanon, 
and  died  1595. 

AHAB,  son  and  successor  of  Omre,  king  of 
Israel,  remarkable  for  his  impieties,  died  898. 

AHAZ,  son  and  successor  of  Jothani,  king 
of  Judah,  became  tributary  to  Tiglath-Pileser, 
king  of  Assvria. 

AHAZIA'H  succeeds  his  father,  Ahab.  king 
of  Israel.  Another  Ahaziah.  son  of  Jehovani, 
was  king  of  Judah,  and  killed  by  Jehu,  889. 

AHLW.'VRDT,  Peter,  a  German,  the  son  of 
a  shoemaker,  became  an  eminent  profeesor  of 
logic  and  metaphysics ;  he  died  1791. 

AHIIED  KHA.V,  the  first  emperor  of  the 
Moguls  who  embraced  mahomedanism,  died 
12e4. 

AJATi.^,  Martin  Perez  iV,  a  Carthaginian,  of 
obscure  birth,  but  distinguished  by  his  abilities, 
served  Charles  V.  al  !he  council  of  Trent. 

AID-AN,  a  mild  and  benevolent  prelate  in 
Northumberland,  who  converted  many  of  the 
northern  heathens  of  Britain  to  Christianity 
died  651. 

AIRMAN,  William,  an  eminent  Scottish 
painter,  bom  at  Cairney,  1682,  died  1731.  The 
celebrated  poets,  Thompson.  Mallet,  and  Allan 
Ramsay,  were  his  intimate  friends,  and  wrote 
Terses  to  liis  meniorv. 

AILH  AUD,  Jolm,  a  French  surgeon,  acquired 

eeiebrity  and  fortune  by  selling  a  powder  which 

lie  declared  would  cure  all  diseases:  lie  died 

J756. 

AJLLY,  Peter  d',  of  an  obscure  faiiiilv,  rose 

14 


AL 

by  his  merit  to  the  higlnst  honours  in  tlic  ser- 
vice of  Charles  VI.  ol  France. 

AILRED,or  ETHKLREU,  author  of  a  gene- 
alogy of  English  kings,  itc,  flourished  about  the 
niiiidle  of  the  12ili  century. 

AIMOIN,  a  benedictine  of  Aquitaine,  author 
of  an  unmeiiiorious  history  of  France,  diert 
about  the  beginning  of  the  Hth  centuiT. 

AIASWURTH,  Henry,  known  for  his  learn- 
ing and  the  conimentaiies  which  he  wroti^  on 
the  Scriptures,  was  poisoned  in  tlie  beginning 
of  ihe  17tli  cenluiT. 

AIASWORTH,"  Robert,  bom  at  Woodyale, 
four  miles  from  Manchester,  1060,  was  the-  com- 
piler o(  a  compendious  English  and  Latin  Dic- 
iionary,  upon  ihe  |ilan  of  Faber's  Thesaurus, 
which  he  finished  and  published  m  1730,  in4to., 
and  died  1743. 

AIRAULT,  Peter,  an  advocate  of  Paris,  a 
man  of  firmness  and  integrity,  died  ICOl. 

AIRAY,  Henry,  a  native  of  VVestniorelanrt, 
a  strict  Cah-inist,  author  of  some  theological 
pieces,  died  1810. 

AIRAY,  Christopher,  vicar  of  Milford,  author 
of  alosical  treatise,  &c.,  died  1670. 

AISTULFE,  a  king  of  the  Lon-bards,  laid 
siege  to  Rome,  but  was  defeated ;  he  died  750. 
AITON,  William,  author  of  "Horrus  Kew- 
ensis,"  being  a  Catalogue  of  the  Plants  in  the 
Royal  Gai  dens  at  Kew,  v.-as  bom  near  Hamilton, 
in  Lanarkshire,  1731,  and  died  at  Kew,  Feb.  1, 
1703. 

AITZEAIA,  Leovan,  representative  of  the 
Hansiaiic  towns  at  the  Hague,  author  of  a  his- 
tory of  the  I'nited  Provinces,  &c  ,  died  1069. 

AKAKI.\,  Martin,  professor  of  medicine  at 
Paris,  published  translations  of  Galen's  works; 
he  died  1551.  His  son  of  tlie  same  name  was 
physician  to  Henry  III. 

AKBAR,  sullan  of  the  Moguls,  increased  his 
dominions  by  the  conquest  of  Bengal,  &c. ;  he 
died  1605. 

AKENSIDE,Mark,  a  physician,  butfar better 
known  as  a  poet,  was  bom  at  Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne,  1721,  and  died  in  ihe  oflire  of  pliy.«ician 
to  the  queen,  June  23, 1770.  "  The  Pleasures 
of  Imagination,"  his  principal  work,  w;is  first 
published  in  1774;  and  a  very  extraordinary  pro- 
duction it  v.'as,  from  a  man  who  had  not  reached 
his  23d  year.  He  had  very  uncommon  parts 
and  learning ;  a  strong  and  enlarged  way  of 
thinkina  :  and  was  one  of  innumerable  instan- 
ces to  prove,  that  very  .sublime  qualities  may 
sprinff  from  verj"  low  situations  in  life  :  for  he 
had  this  in  common  with  tlie  most  high  and 
mighty  cardinal  Wolsey,  that  he  was  indeed 
the  son  of  a  butcher. 

AKIBA,  a  learned  rabbi,  who,  at  the  age  of 
forty, quitted  the  life  of  a  shepherd  and  devoted 
himself  to  literature,  died  135. 

ALABASTER,  William,  an  English  divine, 
bom  at  Hadley,  in  Suffolk,  and  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  Wood  says,  he 
was  tlie  rarest  poet  and  Grecian  that  any  one 
ase  or  nation  produced.  His  principal  work 
was,  "  Lexicon  Fentaglottnn,  Hebraicnni,  Chal- 
daicum,  Pyriacum,"  &c.  fol.  1037.  As  a  poet, 
he  has  been  liiihly  applauded.  He  wrote  the 
Latin  tragedy  of  "  Roxana,"  12mo.  1032,  wliich 
was  acted  in  Trinity  Colirge  Hall,  Cambridge 
Dr.  Alabaster  died,  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's, 
and  rector  of  Tharfield,  Hertfordshire,  April 
1640. 

.\LAGON,  Claude,  a  native  of  Provence,  at 
tempted  to  introduce  Spaniards  info  Marseilles, 
for  which  Le  was  put  to  death.  1705. 


AL 


AL 


ALAIN,  De  Lisle,  a  divine  of  Paris,  sur- 
ilanied  the  universal  doctor,  died  1294. 

ALAJiV,  John,  a  Dane,  author  of  a  treatise 
on  the  origin  of  tlie  Ciinbre,  &c.,  died  1030. 

Ai-AIN,  Chanier,  secretary  to  Charles  VII. 
king  of  France,  boin  in  the  year  1386.  He  was 
aiithorof  several  works  in  prose  and  verse;  but 
iiis  nu)st  famous  iierformance  was  his  Chronicle 
of  king  Charles  VII. 

■  ALAIN,  Nicholas,  son  of  a  cobbler  at  the  be- 
ginning of  tlie  18tli  century,  writer  of  some  co- 
medies. 

ALALF.ONA,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Macerala, 
professorof  civil  law  in  the  university  of  Padua, 
died  Ai)ril,  174!),  aged  79. 

ALAiMANNI,  Lewis,  born  at  Florence,  1495, 
died  at  Anibnise,  in  France,  1551),  leaving  many 
beautiful  poems  and  other  valuable  perforniau- 
ce.s  in  the  [taliun  language. 

ALAMOS,  Balthazar,  a  Spanish  writer  in  the 
service  of  Anthony  Perez,  was  imprisoned  11 
years,  and  published  a  translation  of  Tacitus, 
1614;   he  died  in  his  88th  year. 

ALAMUNDIiv,  a  king  of  the  Saracens,  509  ; 
the  bishops  of  iiis  age  vainly  endeavoured  to 
convert  him  to  christianitv. 

ALAN,  ALLEN,  ALLYN,  William,  a  native 
of  Rossal,  in  Lancashire,  was  a  defender  of  the 
Pope,  and  died  at  Koine,  15!)4. 

ALAN,  of  Lynn,  in  Norfolk,  a  divine,  known 
as  the  author  of  useful  indexes  to  the  books  he 
read,  flourished  in  the  1.5'h  century. 

ALj\ND,  Sir  John  Fortescue,  an  eminent 
jEnglisli  judge,  born  1070,  died  1746. 

ALANKAVA.daughterofGeoubire,  married 
her  cousin  Doiijoun,  king  of  the  Monguels,  in 
the  north  of  Asia. 

ALARD,  a  priest  of  Amsterdam,  author  of 
some  learned  works  published  at  Paris,  1543  ; 
lie  died  at  Louvaine,  1531. 

ALARin  I.,  a  famous  king  of  the  Visigoths, 
and  conqueror  of  Italy,  409,  died  at  Cosenza, 
411. 

ALARIC  II.  made  king  of  the  Visicotiis  484, 
was  slain  in  battle  by  the  hand  of  Clovis,  king 
of  France,  509. 

ALASCO,  John,  a  Roman  Catholic  bishop, 
uncle  to  the  king  of  Poland,  became  a  convert 
to  tlie  piotestant  principles,  and  died  1500. 

ALAVA,  Diego  Esquivel,  a  learned  bishop, 
born  at  VittoriainT^iscay:  he  was  at  the  council 
of  Trent,  and  published  a  work  on  councils ; 
he  died  March  17,  1562. 

ALAVIN,  a  chief  of  the  Goths,  who  settled 
on  the  banks  of  the  Danube,  afterwards  rose 
against  the  imperial  troops  and  defeated  them 
near  Adrianople,  378. 

ALBAN,  St.,  said  to  have  been  the  first  per- 
son who  suftered  martyrdom  for  Christianity  in 
Britain,  and  therefore  usually  styled  the  proto- 
martyrof  this  island,  was  bora  atVerulam,  and 
flourished  toward  the  end  of  the  3d  century. 
The  town  of  St.  Albau's,  in  Hertfordshire,  takes 
its  name  from  our  protomartyr. 

ALBANI,  Francis,  a  celebrated  painter,  born 
at  Bologna,  1.578,  studied  under  Guido  Rlieni, 
and  was  at  length  no  mean  rival  in  fame  to  that 
great  artist.    He  died  1080. 

ALB.ANI,  John  Jerome,  a  learned  civilian, 
made  a  cardinal,  1570 ;  wrote  a  treatise  on  ec- 
clesiastical affairs,  and  died  1.591. 

ALB.'VNl,  Alc.\ander,a  Roman  cardinal, was  a 
man  of  great  merit;  he  died  Dec.  2, 1779,  aged  79. 

ALB.\NI,  John  Francis,  nephew  of  the  above, 
obtained  the  rank  of  cardinal,  and  other  prefer- 
ments ;  he  was  distinguished  as  an  enligiiiencd 


prelate,  and  for  his  encouragement  of  men  of 
letters ;  he  died  1803. 

.  LBANY,  John,  duke  of,  a  Scotch  nobleman, 
nthe  service  of  Francis  I.,  king  of  France,  in- 
trusted with  an  army  of  10,000  men,  to  attack 
Kaples;  he  died  1536. 

ALBATKGNIUS,  an  Arabian  astronomer, 
who  died  929  ;  he  wrote  a  treatii^e  on  the  know- 
ledge and  obliquity  of  the  zodiac  of  stars,  pub- 
lished 1.537. 

ALBEMARLE,  Monk,  duke  of,  vid.  MONK. 

ALBEMARLE,  Anne  Clarges, dutclicss  of, 
dauglUer  of  a  bl.icksmith,  and  brought  up  as  a 
milliner;  she  retained  the  vulgarity  of  her 
miinncis  in  her  highest  elevation. 

ALBEMARLE,  Keppel,  lord,  a  native  of  Guel- 
ders,  one  of  the  favourites  of  William  III., 
coniiiKiiidRr  of  tlie  Dutch  forces  in  the  last  of 
queen  Anne's  wars,  defeated  1712,  diedO  years 
after. 

ALBERGATIjCapacelli,  marquis,  a  native  of 
Bologna;  he  spent  his  early  life  in  dissipation, 
and  began  to  reform  at  34 ;  he  became  distin- 
guished as  an  author  and  actor  at  40;  and  was 
honoured  with  the  appellation  of  tlie  Garriclc 
of  Italy  ;  he  died  1802. 

ALBERGOTTI,  Francis,  an  ancient  civilian, 
born  at  Arezzo,  he  removed  to  Florence,  where 
he  was  raised  to  the  lionour  of  nobility,  and 
died  1370. 

ALBERIO,  or  ALBERT,  a  canon  of  Ais,  in 
Provence,  wrote  an  account  of  the  tirst  crusa- 
ders, from  1095  to  1120  ;  published  1584; 

ALKF.RIC,  a  French  monk,  legate  in  England, 
Scotland,  France,  &c.,  died  1147. 

ALBERIC,  a  learned  lawyer  of  Bergamo,  in 
the  14th  century. 

ALBERIC,  a  monk  in  the  abbey  of  Troisfoii- 
taines,  wrote  a  chronicle  edited  by  Leibnitz, 
and  died  about  1241. 

ALBERINI,  Kodiana,  a  lady  of  Padua,  dis- 
tinguished for  her  poetical  works  in  Latin  and 
Italian,  about  1530. 

ALBU'ONI,  Julius,  cardinal,  was  born  May 
31,  1(«)4,  the  son  of  p  gardener,  in  the  suburbs 
of  Placentia.  From  this  low  original,  by  good 
lortune,  address,  and  abilities,  he  rose  to  be  ttrst 
minister  of  state  to  the  liing  of  Spain.  He  died 
at  riQccntia,  June  26,  1752. 

ALBERT  I.,  son  of  the  emperor  Rodolphus, 
chosen  emperor  of  Germany  after  the  defeat  of 
Adolphus  of  Nassau,  died  1308. 

ALBERT  II.,  emperor  of  Germany,  a  mild 
and  po)>ular  prince,  died  1439. 

ALBERT,  archduke  of  Austria,  son  of  the 
emperor  Maximilian;  cardinal  and  archbishop 
of  Toledo,  made  governor  of  Portugal,  1583. 

ALBERT  I.,  son  of  Otho,  prince  of  Anhalt, 
made  elector  of  Brandenbury,  1.5.50;  he  converted 
vast  forests  into  cultivated  lands. 

ALBERT  v.,  duke  of  Bavaria,  surnamed  the 
magnanimous,  a  pattern  of  every  amiable  vir- 
tue, died  1579. 

ALBERT  VI.,  duke  of  Bavaria,  known  for 
his  learning,  died  1066. 

ALBERT,  Charles  d',  duke  of  Luynes,  of  A 
noble  family  in  Florence,  settled  in  France, 
where  he  became  the  favourite  and  counsellor 
of  Lewis  Xlli. 

ALBER'l',  Joseph  d',  of  Luynes,  ambassador 
from  the  emperor  Charles  VII.  in  France,  anian 
of  letters. 

ALBERT,  Honore  d',  duke  of  Chaulnes,  in- 
debted for  his  greatness  to  his  elder  brother  and 
the  partiality  of  Richelieu,  died  1649. 

ALBERT,  king  of  Sweden  succeededMagnus 
15 


AL 


AL 


II.,  who  wa5  deposed  by  hia  nubles,  and  taken 
prisoner  liyMarcarelqueenofiNniwaysdied  141iJ. 

ALBERT,  margrave  of  Brandenburg,  sur- 
nained  the  Alcibiades  of  Germany,  was  deprived 
of  his  possessions  by  the  diet  of  the  empire  ; 
be  died  l")'i8. 

ALBERT,  margrave  of  Brandenburg,  first 
duke  of  Pnissia,  wliich  he  licld  as  a  fief  of  Po- 
land, di«>d  1568. 

ALBERT,  Erasmus,  a  native  of  Frankfort, 
assisted  Luther  in  the  reformation. 

ALBERT  KH.\NTZ,  autlior  of  the  history 
of  Saxonv  and  the  Vandals,  &e.,died  l.il7. 

ALBERT  of  Siade,  author  of  a  chronicle 
from  tlie  creation  to  1286,  a  benedictiiie  of  the 
IJtIi  century. 

ALBERT  of  Strasburg,  -author  of  a  chronicle 
from  1-270,  to  1378,  about  tlie  middle  of  the  14th 
century. 

ALBERT,  archbishop  of  Mentz,  revolted 
against  the  emperor  Henry  V. 

ALBERT,  called  the  great,  born  in  Swabia, 
appointed  archbishop  of  Ratisbon,  and  became 
very  learned  ;  he  died  1280. 

ALBERT,  Jane  d',  daughter  of  Margaret  of 
Navarre,  married  at  the  age  of  11  to  the  duke  of 
Cleves,  and  died  1572. 

ALBERT,  Pierre  Antonis,  was  rector  of  the 
French  protestant  episcopal  church,  in  New- 
York  ;  much  distinguished  as  a  scholar  and  di- 
vine ;  he  died  1806,  aged  41. 

ALBERTET,  a  mathematician  and  poet,  of 
the  13th  century. 

ALBERTI,  Cherubino,  a  historical  painter 
and  engraver,  of  Italy,  bom  1552,  died  1615. 

ALBERTI,Giovanni, brother  of  the  above, ex- 
celled in  the  perspective  and  historical  painting. 
He  was  born  near  Florence,  1558,  and  died  1601. 

ALBERTI,  Doniinico,  a  native  of  Venice, 
celebrated  as  a  musical  performer,  particularly 
on  the  harpsichord,  about  1737. 

ALBERTI,  Andrew,  author  of  an  admired 
treatise  on  perspective,  pubUshed  at  Nuremberg, 
1670. 

ALBERTI,  John,  a  German  lawyer,  sur- 
named  Widman  Stadius,  abridged  the  alcoran, 
&c. 

ALBERTI,Leander,a  Dominican  of  Bologna, 
wrote  some  interesting  works,  died  1552. 

ALBESTI,  Leon  Baptiste,  a  Florentine,  au- 
thor of  a  valuable  work  on  arcliitecture,  died 
1485. 

ALBERTI  ARISTOTILE,  called  also  Ri- 
dolfe  Foiravente,  a  celebrated  mechanic  of  Bo- 
k>gna,  in  the  16th  century. 

ALBERTINI,  Francis,  a  Calabrian  Jesuit, 
author  of  some  theological  works,  died  1619. 

ALBERTINO,  Edmund,  wrote  a  treatise  on 
the  eucharist,  and  died  1652. 

ALBERTINO,  Francis,  a  Florentine,  author 
of  a  book  on  the  wonders  of  ancient  and  modern 
Rome,  &c.,atthe  beginning  of  the  16th  century. 

ALBERTINUS,  Nussatus,  an  Italian,  author 
of  a  history  of  the  emperor  Heni-y  VII.,  &c. 

ALBERTUS,  archbishop  of  Mentz,  formed  a 
conspiracv  against  the  emperor  Henry  V.;  the 
populace  restored  him  to  liberty  after  he  was 
impi  isoned. 

ALBERTIJS,  Magnus,  a  learned  Dominican 
friar,  born  in  SwaMa,  1205.  He  was  a  man  of  a 
most  curious  and  inquisitive  turn  of  mind, 
which  aavc  rise  to  an  accusation  brought  against 
him,  that  he  laboured  to  find  out  the  philoso- 
pher's stone,  that  he  was  a  magician,  and  thai 
he  made  a  machine  in  the  shape  of  a  man,  whicli 
was  an  oracle  to  trim,  and  explainetl  all  tbe  dif- 
16 


Acuities  he  proposed.  He  had,  indeed,  great 
knowledge  in  the  mathematics,  and  by  his  skill 
in  that  science  might  propably  have  formed  a 
head  with  springs  capable  ot' articulating  sounds. 
Albert  died  at  Colosne,  Nov.  15,  1820,  having 
written  ^»uch  a  number  of  books,  that  they  make 
21  vols,  ill  folio. 

ALBf,  Henry,  author  of  an  uninteresting  his- 
tory of  ihustriou.~^  cardinal.-,  &c.,  died  165'J. 

ALBICl'S,  archbishop  of  Prague;  he  wrote 
three  treatises  on  medicine,  which  were  printed 
lat  Leipsic,  1484. 

j  ALBINOV.VNI'S,  a  Latin  poet  of  the  age  of 
Ovid  ;  only  two  of  his  elegies  are  extant. 

ALBINUS,  Dec.  Clndius,  a  Roman  who  as- 
Isunicd  the  imperial  purple  in  opposition  to 
Severus.    He  was  slain  in  battle,  197. 

ALBINUS,  A.  Posthum.,  a  Roman,  author  of 
a  history  of  his  own  country,  in  Greek,  flourished 
about  150  B.  C. 

ALBINUS,  Bernard,  a  celebra'cd  physician, 
born  at  Dessau,  in  Anhalt,  was  professor  at 
Frankfort,  and  subsequently  at  Leyden ;  he  died 
1721,  in  his  COlh  year. 

ALBINUS,  Bernard  Sigfrcd.one  of  the  great- 
est anatomists  thai  ever  existed,  was  born  at 
Leyden,  in  1633,  and  dieil  1771.  Ilis  anatomi- 
cal plates  form  3  vols,  folio. 

ALBINUS,  Eleazer,  author  of  a  natural  his- 
cur}'  of  birds,  of  which  a  French  translation  ap- 
peared in  17.50. 

ALBINUS,  Peter,  a  historian  and  poet  of  the 
16th  centurv,  and  professor  at  Wittenberg. 

ALBIS,  Thomns,  nr  White,  acatliolic  priest, 
and  eminent  philosopher  of  Essex,  died  1676. 

ALBIZI,  Bartholomew,  a  native  of  Rivano, 
in  Tuscany,  distingui.-ihed  by  his  preaching  and 
the  productions  of  his  pen,  died  at  Pisa,  1401. 

ALBOI.N',  or  ALBOVINUS,  king  of  Lom- 
bardy,  caused  himself  to  be  proclaimed  king  in 
570  ;  he  was  assassinated  by  order  of  his  wife, 

-\LBON,  James  d',  a  famous  French  general, 
known  as  marshal  St.  Andre;  hewcisshotattlie 
battle  ot  Dreux,  1562. 

.\LBON,  Camille,  a  descendant  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Lyons,  and  died  at  Paris, 
1778  ;  he  wrote  various  works. 

ALBORNOS,  Giles  Alvarez  Carillo,  arch- 
bishop of  Toledo,  and  afterwards  Cardinal. 
He  resigned  his  cardinal's  hat,  and  took  up 
arms  to  reduce  Italy  to  the  obedience  of  the 
church.  This  truly  great  man  founded  the  col- 
lege of  Barcelona.    He  died  1367. 

ALBORNOS,  Diego  Philip,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  Carthagena,  patronised  by  the  court  in  coit- 
sequence  of  his  writings. 

.\LBRET,  a  noble  family  in  France,  which 
has  given  to  the  kingdom,  generals  and  states- 
men. 

ALBRICUS,  a  learned  philosopher  and  phy- 
ician.  horn  in  X-ondon,  studied  at  Oxford,  and 
died  1217. 

ALBUCASA,  orALBUCASSIS,  an  Arabian 
physician  of  the  Uth  century.  He  wrote  somo 
valuable  tracts. 

ALBUM.AZAR,  an  Arabian  physician  of  the 
11th  century,  known  as  an  astrologer.  His  works 
were  publi.shed  at  Venice  in  1526. 

ALBUaUERQUE,  Alphonso,  a  famous  Por- 
tuguese warrior,  and  the  founder  of  the  power 
of  that  nation  in  India,  died  alGoa,  1515. 

ALBUaUERQUE,  Blaise,  son  of  the  above, 
born  iu  l.'iOO.  He  was  raised  to  the  first  honours 
of  the  state,  and  publi^^hed  an  accoimt  of  his 
father's  victories,  at  liishon,  in  1-576. 

ALBUTIUS,  CaiuaSilus,  aRwnaT)  orator  in 


AL 


AL 


llie  age  of  Augustus,  who  starved  himself  to 
death. 

ALBUTIUS,  Titus,  a  Roman  philosopher, 
banished  for  corruption. 

ALCiEUS,  afaiiiou.s  lyric  poet,  born  at  Mity- 
lene,  in  the  island  of  Lesbos.  Horace  seems  to 
itiiiik  that  he  was  the  first  author  of  lyric  poetry. 
He  flourished  in  the  44th  Olympiad. 

ALCASAR,  Louis  d',  a  Jesuit  of  Seville, 
who  wrote  on  the  apocalypse  ;  died  in  1013. 

ALCEADl,  James,  an  Arabian  physician, 
who  made  hunself  famous  by  his  writings,  as  a 
peripatetic  philosopher,  about  1145. 

ALCHABITIUS,  an  Arabian  astrologer,  au- 
thor of  many  works  on  astronomy  and  optics, 
printed  at  Venice,  1491. 

ALCHINDUS,  an  Arabian  physician  and  as- 
trologer of  genius  and  learning  before  the  12th 
century.    His  works  are  often  quoted. 

ALCL\T,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Milan,  cele- 
brated for  his  knowledge  of  the  law,  and  ad- 
vanced to  the  professor's  chair  at  Avignon. 
Francis  I.  knew  his  merit  and  prevailea  on  him 
to  remove  to  Botuces,  where  his  law  lectures 
were  much  admired.  The  duke  of  Milan  in- 
vited liim  back  to  his  native  town,  and  bestowed 
many  honours  on  him.  Philip,  king  of  Spain, 
gave  him  a  gold  chain  as  a  mark  of  his  favour. 
He  died  1550. 

ALCIBI.VDEB,  a  celebrated  Athenian  gene- 
ral, slain  404  B.  C. 

ALCIDAMAS,  a  Greek  rhetorician  about  420 

B.C. 

ALCIMUS,  called  also  Jachim,  was  made 
bigh-priest  of  Judea,  and  died  about  165  B.  C. 

ALCIMUS,  Alethius.  a  hisioiian  and  poet  of 
Agin,  in  the  4th  century.  Most  of  his  works 
are  lost. 

ALCINOUS,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  who 
flourished  about  the  2d  century. 

ALCIPHRON,  a  Greek  philosopher  in  the 
age  of  Ale.xander  the  Great. 

ALCRL-EON,  a  disciple  of  Pythagoras,  who 
dwelt  at  CrotOHa. 

ALCMAN,  a  Ivric  poet,  who  flourished  in 
the  27th  Olympiad,  at  Sardis,  in  Lydia.  He  is 
accounted  the  father  of  love  verses,  is  said  to 
liuve  tirst  introduced  the  custom  of  singing  them 
in  public,  and  to  have  died  a  very  singular  death ; 
viz.  to  have  been  eaten  up  with  lice. 

ALCOCK,  John,  bishop  of  Ely,  and  lord  chan- 
cellor of  England,  under  Henry  VH.,  founded 
Jesus  College,  in  Cambridge,  for  a  master,  six 
fellows,  and  as  many  scholars,  and  died  Octo- 
ber 1, 1.500. 

ALCUINUS,  or  ALBINUS,  Placcus,  abbot  of 
Canterbury,  a  famous  English  orator,  philoso- 
pher and  divine,  of  the  8th  century.    . 

ALCYOiNlUS,  Peter,  an  Italian,  author  of 
some  learned  publications.  During  tlie  insur- 
rection at  Rome,  in  1527,  he  joined  the  pope,  and 
abandoned  him  again  when  the  siege  was  raised. 
He  had  many  accomplishments,  but  was  fickle, 
self-conceited,  and  inconstant. 

ALD.\]VA,  Bernard,  a  Spaniard,  governor  of 
Lippa,  which  place,  in  a  fit  of  panic,  he  set  on 
fire  in  15.52. 

ALDEBERT,  an  impostor  in  Prance,  who, 
by  bribes  and  pretended  visions,  raised  himself 
to  a  bishopric.  His  opinions  being  condemned 
by  tlie  councils  in  744  and  74(5,  he  died  in  prison. 

ALDEGR.\FP,  Albert,  a  painter  and  en- 
graver, was  born  in  Westphalia,  in  1502. 

ALDEM,  John,  magistrate  of  Plymouth  colo- 
ny ;  one  of  the  tirst  settlers  in  New-England ; 
he  died  J  687,  aged  about  8U  years. 


I  ALDERETTE,  Bernard  and  Joseph,  Jesuits 
pf  Malaga,  at  the  btgiiming  of  the  17th  century. 
They  were  authors  of-'  Antiquities  of  Spain," 
and  a  book  on  the  Castilian  language. 

.-iLDEROTI,  Thaddeus,  a  Florentine  phy- 
sician of  great  skill.  Princes  and  prelates  only 
were  admitted  as  his  patients ;  he  died  1295. 

ALDHELM.  or  ADELM,  (St.)  an  English  di- 
vine and  historian,  and  bishop  of  Shireburn,  in 
the  time  of  the  Saxon  heptarchy.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  the  litst  Englishman  who  ever 
wrote  in  Latin,  and  who  introduced  poetry  into 
England.  VVilliam  of  Mahnesbury  tells  us,  that 
the  people  in  Aldhehn's  time  were  half  barba- 
rians, atid  little  attentive  to  religious  discourses; 
wherefore  the  holy  man,  placing  himself  upon 
a  bridge,  used  often  to  stop  them,  and  sing  bal- 
lads of  his  own  composition :  he  thereby  gained 
the  favour  and  attention  of  the  populace;  and 
insensibly  mixing  grave  and  religious  things  with 
those  of  a  jocular  kind,  he  by  this  means  suc- 
ceeded better  tlian  he  could  have  done  by  aus- 
tere gravity.  Aldhelm  lived  in  great  esteem  till 
his  death,  which  happened  Jlay  25,  709. 

ALDHUN,  a  famous  bishop,  who  built  the 
cathedral  at  Durham  ;  died  lO'.S. 

ALDINI,  Tobias,  author  of  a  botanical  work 
prmted  at  Rome,  1525. 

ALDOBR  AN  DIN,  Sylvester,  professor  of  law 
at  Pisa  ;  died  at  Rome,  15.58. 

ALDRED,  bisliop  of  Worcester,  crowned 
Harold  king,  and  was  raised  to  the  see  of  York ; 
he  died  1068. 

ALDR IC H,  St.,  bishop  of  Mans,  distinguished 
for  his  learning,  enjoyed  the  favour  of  tlie  no- 
bles ;  he  died  6.56. 

ALDRICH,  Robert,  Master  of  Eton,  and  bi- 
shop of  Carlisle.  He  wrote  epigrams,  &c. ;  and 
died  at  Hornecastle,  1555. 

ALDRICH,  Henry,  an  eminent  scholar,  di- 
vine, architect,  and  musician,  born  at  West- 
minster. li)47.  The  three  sides  of  the  quad- 
rangle of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  called  Peck 
water  square,  were  designed  by  him ;  as  was 
also  the  elegant  chapel  of  Trinity  College,  and 
the  church  of  All-saints  in  the  High-street.  His 
abilities  also  as  a  nwsician  have  caused  him  to 
be  ranked  among  the  greatest  masters  of  the 
science :  he  composed  many  services  for  the 
church,  which  are  well  known,  as  are  two 
catches  of  his;  the  one,  "  Havk  the  bonny  Christ 
Church  bells,"  the  other  entitled  "A  Smoking 
catch  ;"  for  he  himself  was,  it  seems,  a  great 
smoker.     He  died  at  Christ  Church,  1710. 

ALDRINGER,  a  native  of  Luxembourg,  was 
raised  by  Ferdinand  11.  from  a  common  soldier 
to  a  general ;  he  died  1634. 

ALDROVANDUS,  Ulysses,  professor  of  phy- 
sic at  Bologna,  and  a  most  voluminous  writer 
on  natural  history,  died  blind,  in  a  hospital,  at 
Bologna,  1603. 

ALDRUDE,  countess  of  Bertinoro,  celebrated 
lor  her  courage  and  her  eloquence.  She  headed 
an  array,  and  was  victorious ;  she  died  about 
1200,  in  Italy. 

ALDUS.  "See  MANUTIUS 

ALEANDER,  Jerome,  archbishop  under  Pope 
Leo  X.,  and  celebrated  for  his  attack  on  the 
doctrines  of  Luther,  died  at  Rome,  1542. 

ALEANDER,  Jerome,  great  nephew  to  the 
above,  distinguished  as  a  poet,  antiquarian,  and 
lawyer,  died  at  Rome,  1631. 

ALEGAMBE,  Philip,  a  native  of  Brussels, 
professor  of  divinity,  and  a  favourite  of  princes, 
fie  wrote  several  esteemed  works,  and  died  at 
Rome,  iri.5'2.  ,_ 


AL 

ALDGRE,  Yves  d',  an  able  oflicur  intJie  sur- 
viceof  France,  killed  at  Kasenna,  1512. 

ALEGRINL'S,  John,  cardinal  and  patriarch 
of  Constantinople,  died  li!40. 

ALEMAN.  Lewis  Augustine,  a  lawyer  of 
Oronoblc,  author  of  several  worku,  was  born  in 
1653. 

ALEMAN,  Lewis,  archbishop  of  Ailes,  and 
cardinal,  was  born  1390.  He  died  in  14D0,  and 
was  canonized. 

ALEMAN,  Maeto,  a  Sjjaniard.  He  wrote 
the  Histor>'  of  Guzman,  a  rnniunce,  which  went 
through  3fl  editions  in  i^paiu. 

ALE^MUERT,  John  Le  Rond  d',  secretary  to 
tlic  French  academy,  &c.,  and  one  of  the  ablest 
niatbeinaticiaiis  of  the  age,  died  October  27, 
1783.  He  was  one  of  the  principal  editors  of  the 
"Encyclopedia;"  and  besides  his  numerous 
inatheniatical  works,  produced  seven  volumes 
of  "  Melanses  Literaires,"  containing  various^ 
tracts  on  dilferent  topics. 

ALEN,  John  Van,  a  Dutch  painter  of  land- 
scapes, birds,  and  still  life,  born  at  Amsterdam 
1G51,  and  died  1698. 

ALENIO,  Julius,  a  Jesuit,  who  went  as  a 
missionary  to  China,  where  he  preached  36 
years,  and  built  several  churches ;  he  died  1698. 

ALEOTTI,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian,  who, 
from  the  occupation  of  carrying  bricks  and  mor- 
tar, became  a  celebrated  mathematician;  he 
died  1630. 

ALESjOr  HALES,  Alexander  d",  a  native  of 
England  who  became  a  celebrated  teacher  of 
divinity  and  philosophy  at  Paris,  died  1-245. 

ALES,  Alexander,  of  Edinburgh,  first  op- 
posed, and  then  embraced  the  tenets  of  Luther. 
He  sutTered  much  persecution,  and  having  re- 
tired to  Gennauy,  was  appointed  professor  at 
Frankfort.    He  died  15G5. 

ALESIO,  Mattliew  Perez  d',  a  native  of 
Rome,  and  a  skilful  painter  and  engraver.  His 
greatest  piece  is  the  Colossial  St.  Chrisloplier  at 
Seville.     He  died  IGOO. 

AIiESSI,  Galeas,  an  architect  who  decorated 
many  towns  in  Spain,  France  and  Genaany, 
died  1572. 

ALETINO,  Benedetto,  professor  at  Naples. 
He  undertook  to  refute  the  Cartesian  philosophy, 
ajid  to  establish  that  of  Aristotle.  He  died  in 
1719. 

ALEXANDER  THE  GREAT,  son  of  Philip, 
Jting  of  Maccdon,  was  born  at  Pella,  the  first 
year  of  the  106th  Olympiati,  and  the  3G5th  before 
the  birth  of  Christ,  and  at  15  years  of  age  was 
delivered  to  the  tuition  of  Aristotle.  He  dis- 
covered very  early  a  miglity  spirit,  and  symp- 
toms of  that  vast  and  immoderate  ambition 
which  was  afterwards  to  make  him  the  scourge 
of  mankind  and  the  pest  of  the  world.  At  20 
years  of  age  he  succeeded  his  father  as  king  of 
Maccdon ;  he  was  also  chosen,  in  the  room  of 
his  father,  generalissimo  in  the  projected  expe- 
dition against  the  Persians;  but  the  Greeks, 
rtgrecaWy  to  their  usual  fickleness,  deserted  from 
him,  taking  advantage  of  his  absence  in  Thrace 
and  niyricum,  where  he  began  his  military  en- 
terprises. He  hastened  immediately  to  Greece, 
when  the  Athenians  and  other  states  returned 
to  him  at  once ;  but,  the  Thebans  standing  out, 
he  directed  his  arms  against  them,  slew  a  pro- 
digious number  of  them,  and  destroyed  their 
city,  si)aring  nothing  but  the  house  and  the  de- 
fendants of  Pindar,  out  of  respect  to  the  memo- 
ry of  th.1t  poet.  This  happened  in  the  second 
year  of  the  3d  Olympiad.  Having  settled  the 
affairs  of  Greece,  and  left  Antipatcr  as  Lis  vicc- 
T8 


•     '    •         aL 

Iroy  in  Macedonia,  he  passed  the  Hcllc3|>oiit,  in 
the  third  year  of  his  reign,  with  an  army  of  no 
more  than  30,000  foot,  and  4,500  horse ;  and 
with  these  forces,  brave  and  veteran  it  is  true, 
be  overturned  the  Persian  empire.  His  first 
battle  was  at  the  Granicus,  a  river  of  Phrygia, 
in  which  the  Persians  were  routed.  His  second 
was  at  Issus,  a  city  of  Cilicia,  where  he  was 
also  victorious  in  an  eminent  degree ;  for  the 
camp  of  Darius,  with  his  niother,-wife,  and  chil- 
dren, fell  into  his  hands ;  and  the  huninne  and 
generous  treatment  which  lie  showed  them  is 
justly  reckoned  the  noblest  and  most  amiable 
passage  of  his  life.  VVhde  he  was  in  this  coun- 
try, he  caught  a  violent  fever  by  bathing,  when 
hot,  in  the  cold  waters  of  tlie  river  Cydrius ;  and 
this  fever  was  made  more  violent  from  his  im- 
patience at  being  detained  by  it.  Tlie  arn;y  u  ag 
under  the  utmost  consternation,  and  no  physi- 
cian durst  undertake  the  cure.  At  length,  one 
Philip  of  Acarnauia  desired  time  to  prepare  a  po- 
tion w  hich  he  was  sure  would  cure  him ;  and 
w  Idle  this  potion  was  prejiaring,  Alexander  re- 
ceived a  letter  from  his  must  intimate  confidant, 
I'armenio,  informing  hun  that  this  Acarnanian 
was  a  traitor,  and  employed  by  Darius  to  poison 
him,  at  the  price  of  one  thousand  talents  and  his 
sister  in  marriage.  What  a  situation  for  a  sick 
prince!  The  same  greatness  of  soul,  however, 
which  accompanied  him  upon  all  occasions,  did 
not  forsake  him  here.  He  did  not  seem  to  his 
physician  under  any  apprehensions ;  but  after 
receiving  the  cup  into  his  hands,  delivered  the 
letter  to  Philip,  and,  with  his  eyes  fixed  upon 
him  drank  it  otf.  The  medicine  at  first  acted  so 
powerfully  as  to  deprive  him  of  his  senses,  and 
then,  without  doubt,  all  concluded  him  poisoned; 
however,  he  soon  came  round,  and,  by  a  cure 
so  speedy  that  it  njight  almost  be  deemed  mi- 
raculous, was  restored  to  his  army  safe  and 
sound.  From  Cilicia  he  marched  forwards  to 
Phoenicia,  which  all  surrendered  to  him  except 
Tyre  ;  and  it  cost  him  a  siege  of  seven  months 
to  reduce  that  city.  The  vexation  of  Alexander, 
at  beins  unseasonably  detained  by  this  obstinacy 
of  the  Tyrians,  occasioned  a  mighty  destructiou 
and  carnage  ;  and  the  cruelty  he  exercised  here 
is  quite  inexcusable.  After  besieging  and  taking 
Gaza,  he  went  to  Jerusalem,  where  he  was  re- 
ceived by  the  high-priest,  and,  making  many 
presents  to  the  Jews,  sacrificed  in  their  temple. 
He  told  Jaddus  (for  that  was  the  priest's  name,) 
that  he  had  seen  in  Macedonia  a  god,  in  appear- 
ance exactly  resembling  him,  who  had  exhorted 
him  to  this  expedition  against  the  Persians,  and 
given  him  the  firmest  assurance  of  success.  Af- 
terwards entering  Egypt,  he  went  to  the  oracle 
of  Jupiter  Amnion  ;  and  upon  his  return,  built 
the  city  of  Alexandria.  It  was  now  that  lie  took 
it  into  his  head  to  assume  divinity,  and  to  pre- 
tend himself  the  son  of  the  said  Jupiter  AmmoD. 
Policy,  however,  was  at  the  bottom  of  this  :  i; 
was  impossible  that  any  such  beUef  should  be 
really  rooted  in  his  breast ;  but  he  found  by  ex- 
perience, that  this  opinion  inclined  the  barba- 
rous nations  to  submit  to  him ;  and  therefore  ho 
was  content  to  pass  for  a  god,  and  to  admit,  as 
he  did,  of  divine  adoration.  His  object  now  wat 
to  overtake  and  attack  Darius  in  another  battle; 
and  this  battle  was  fought  at  Arbela ;  when  vic- 
tory, granting  every  thing  to  Alexander,  put  aa 
end  to  the  Persian  empire.  Darius  had  oflered 
his  daughter  in  marriage,  and  part  of  his  domi- 
nions to  Alexander;  and  Parnienio  advised  hira 
to  accept  the  terms,  saying,  "  I  would  if  I  were 
Aleicuider."     "  And  so  would  I,  (replied  the 


thu  cijiiqucror,1  if  I  were  Pariiienio."  The  same 
Parmtnio  counselling  the  prince  lo  take  ailvan- 
fage  of  the  night  in  atiackins;  Darius,  "  No,  (said 
Alexandor,)  t  would  nor  steal  a  victory."  Da- 
rius owed  his  escape  from  Arbela  to  the  swift- 
ness of  his  horse ;  and,  while  he  was  collecting 
forces  to  renew  the  war,  was  insidiously  slain 
•  by  Uessus,  governor  of  the  Kactrians.  Alexan- 
der wci)t  at  the  fate  of  Darius,  and,  afterwards 
pnjeuring  Uessus  to  be  j^iven  up  to  him,  punished 
the  inhuman  wretch  according  to  his  deserts. 
From  Arbola,  Alexander  pursued  his  conquests 
eastward  ;  and  every  tliinu;  fell  into  his  hands, 
even  to  the  Indies.  Having;  ranged  over  all  the 
east,  he  returned  to  Babylon,  where  he  died  in 
the  33d  year  of  his  age,  some  say  by  poison, 
others  by  intoxicatioij.  ■ ' 

ALKXANUER,  Bala,  an  impostor  who  pre- 
tended to  be  the  son  of  Antiochus  Epipliaues. 
He  was  slain  146  B.  C. 

ALEXAxVDER,  Severus,  a  Roman  emperor 
distincuished  lor  his  virtues;  hewas  murdered  2;t5 

ADjXANDER,  JaniiKus,  king  of  the  Jews, 
He  was  cruel  and  oppressi\'e,  and  died  79  B.  C 

ALEXANDER  U.,  son  of  Arislobulus,  was 
carried  prisoner  to  Rome  by  JPompey,  and  put  to 
death  4i)  B.  C. 

ALEXANDER,  bishop  of  Hierapolis  in  the 
5th  century  who  maintained  that  there  were  two 
liatuns  in  Christ.    He  died  an  e.tile. 

ALEXANDER,  bisliop  of  Alexandria,  op- 
posed the  tenets  of  Arius ;  a  man  of  virtue  and 
piety,  and  died  3'25. 

ALEXANDER,  a  bishop  of  Jerusalem,  known 
for  his  many  virtues.  He  founded  a  library 
there,  and  died  25L 

ALEXANDER,  of  Lycopolis,  opposed  to  the 
Manichsan  system,  in  a  work  published  at  Paris 
in  1672. 

ALKXANDER,  Trallianus,  a  philosopher  and 
physician  of  the  6th  century.  His  works  were 
edited  at  Paris,  in  1543. 

ALEXANDER,  Polyhistor,  a  Latin  historian 
wlioftourished  about  80  B.  C.  His  works  are  lost, 

ALEXANDER,  AphrodistPus,  a  peripatetic 
philosopher.  His  work"  De  Facto,"  appeared 
in  London,  1688. 

ALEXANDER,  of  JE^ca.,  preceptor  to  Nero. 

ALEXANDER,  the  Paphlagonian,  an  impos 
tor,  who  was  invited  to  Rome  by  Rlarcus  Au 
relins,  on  account  of  his  celebrity,  in  174. 

ALEXANDER,  an  abbot  of  Sicily  in  the  12th 
century,  author  of  a  history  of  Roger,  king  of 
Sicily,  which  was  edited  in  1578,  at  Saragossa. 

ALEXANDER,  an  English  abbot,  who  sup- 
ported the  rights  of  Henry  II.,  for  which  he  was 
excommunicated  in  1217. 

ALEXANDER,  king  of  Poland,  succeeded 
his  brother,  John  Albert,  in  1501.  He  was  a 
prince  of  piety  and  virtue. 

ALEXANDER  I.,  king  of  Scotland,  came  to 
the  throne  in  1107.  He  was  a  severe  and  tyran- 
nical king. 

ALEXANDER  II.,  king  of  Scotland,  1214,  son 
of  William  the  Lion.     He  invaded  England. 

ALEXANDER  III.,  king  of  Scotland,  defeated 
the  Norwegians,  and  assisted  his  father-in-law, 
Henry  III.  against  the  encroachments  of  his  ba- 
rons.   He  was  killed  while  hunting,  1285. 

ALEXANDER  I.,  bishop  of  Rome,  109.  He 
was  called  a  saint,  and  martyr,  and,  according; 
to  Platina,  was  tlie  tirst  who  introduced  the  use 
of  holy  water  into  the  church. 

ALEXANDER  H.,  pope,  succeeded  in  1061. 
He  protected  the  Jews  from  murder  and  rajiine, 
and  died  i073.  I 


^AL_ 

ALEXANDER  HI.,  pope,  a  native  of  Sienna, 
was  raised  to  the  pa|)al  chair  in  1159.  He  died 
at  Rome,  much  beloved  by  his  subjects,  and  ro- 
spected  by  the  world. 

ALEXANDER  IV.,  bishopofOstia,  was  made 
pope  in  1254.  He  bestowed  the  crown  of  Sicily 
on  Edmund,  sou  of  the  King  of  England  ;  and 
tried  to  unite  th(^  Greek  and  Latin  churches. 

ALEXANDER  v.,  pope,  wasorigmally  a  beg- 
gar, but  found  means  to  cultivate  his  mind,  so 
ihat  he  was  distinguished  both  at  Oxford  aikl 
Paris.  He  was  elected  pope  in  1409,  but  soon 
died  by  poison. 

ALEXANDER  VI.,  pope,  was  a  native  of  Va- 
lencia. He  was  infamotis  for  his  debaucheries 
and  cruelties,  and  died  by  the  poison  his  son  in 
tended  for  some  innocent  persons,  1503. 

ALEXANDER  VII.,  pope,  embellished  Rome 

with  several  magnificent  edifices,  and  died  l&Yi. 

ALEXANDER  VIII.,  pope,  was  a  native  of 

Venice  and  succeeded  to  the  papal  chair  on  the 

death  of  Innocent  XI.  ;  died  1691. 

ALEXANDER,  abAlexandro,  aman  of  great 
talents  as  a  lawyer,  at  Najjles  ;  he  died  KiOO. 

ALEXANDER,  Neckam,  an  Englishman  of 
great  learning  who  gave  public  lectures  at  Paris. 
His  lectures  remain  in  the  public  libraries  in 
manuscript :  he  died  1227. 

ALEXANDER,  Noel,  or  Natalls,  an  eminent 
writer,  horn  at  Rouen,  in  Normandy.  He  pub- 
lished an  ecclesiastical  history  in  24  vols.  He 
died  1724. 

ALEXANDER  (William,  Earl  of  Stirling,) 
a  dramatic  poet  and  statesman  in  the  reigns  of 
James  and  Charles  L  was  born  1580.  "  His  po- 
etry (says  Mr.  Grainger,)  for  purity  and  ele- 
gance is  far  beyond  the  generality  of  the  pro- 
ductions of  the  age  in  which  he  lived."  His 
Recreation  of  the  Muses"  was  prhited  in  folio, 
1637,  to  which  is  prefixed  his  portrait  by  Mar- 
shall, esteemed  the  best  of  that  artist's  works. 
He  died  1640. 

ALEXANDER,  de  Medicis,  first  duke  of  Flo- 
rence in  1530,  was  a  man  of  dissolute  and  cruel 
manners,  who  owed  his  elevation  to  intrigue. 
He  was  murdered  bv  a  relation. 

ALEXANDER,  Farnese,  duke  of  Parma, 
distinguished  himself  in  tiie  16th  century  by  his 
military  valour. 

ALEXANDER,  Farnese,  uncle  to  the  pre- 
ceding, favourite  of  Pope  Clement  VU.jdied 
1589. 

ALEXANDER,  a  Norman,  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  I.  He  raised  the  castles  of  Banbury, 
Sleaford  and  Newark  for  his  defence.  By  the 
interest  of  his  uncle  he  became  bishop  of  Lin- 
coln, and  died  in  1147. 

ALEXANDER,  a  native  of  Asia  Minor,  was 
the  founder  of  a  sect  called  non-sleepers,  be- 
cause some  of  them  always  kept  awake  to  sing  ; 
he  died  430. 

ALEXANDER,  St.  Elpide.  archbishop  of  A- 
malfi,  author  of  a  treatise  on  papal  power,  in  the 
beginning  of  the  14th  century. 

AliEXANDER,  Dom.  Jamea, a  bencdictine 
of  St.  Maur,  author  of  a  treatise  onelemenfary 
clocks,  died  17.34. 

ALEXANDER,  a  poet  of  Paris,  in  the  12th 
century,  who  wrote  a  poem  on  Alexander  the 
Great,  in  verses  of  12  syllables,  which  have 
since  been  called  "  Alexandrines." 

ALEXANDER,  Nicholas,  a  benedictine  of 
St.  Maur,  wrote  "  Physic  and  Surgery  for  the 
Poor,"  and  "  A  Botanical  and  Pharmaceutical 
Dictionary,"  both  esteemed  works.  He  was 
born  at  Paris,  and  died  1738. 

19 


AL 

AJ^KXANDER,  Ncuskoi,  grand  diiki'  of 
Russia,  born  li!18,  siunalK'xil  l»y  a  victory  Iw 
oinaiiied  over  the  nortlieru  powers,  on  iht  banks 
of  tlH-  Neva.  lie  was  saiiili  d,  and  an  order  of 
Jiuigbiliood  instituted  in  his  honour. 

ALEXANDER,  Janios,  a  Scotchman,  secre- 
tary of  the  province  of  New-York,  and  for  ma- 
ny years  one  of  the  council ;  came  to  tliis  coun- 
try "17 15;  died  I'M. 

ALEXANDER,  William,  commonly  called 
Lord  Stirling,  from  his  supposed  title  to  a  Scotch 
earldom,  a  major  general  in  the  American  ar- 
my ;  was  in  the  battle  of  Long  Island,  and  was 
wounded ;  lie  was  a  brave  officer,  and  died  1783, 
aged  57. 

ALEXANDER,  Nathaniel,  a  member  of  Con- 
prcs*  from  (and  governor  ol)  the  state  of  North 
Carolina  ;  he  dii-d  160H. 

ALEXANDHINI,  Julius  de  Newstain,  a  na- 
tive of  Trent,  physician  and  favourite  of  Maxi- 
milian IJ.,  died  IS'.t). 

ALEXIS,  Willinni,  a  benedictine  monk  of 
Lvra,  and  author  of  poems  of  some  merit,  lived 
in"  1500 

ALEXIS,  a  Piedmontese,  who  applied  him- 
self to  study,  with  a  resolution  not  to  reveal  his 
di.'^covcries.  He  however  published  some  me- 
dical tracts,  called  "  the  Secrets,"  at  Basil,  in 
153G. 

ALEXIUS,  Michaelovitch,  czar  of  Russia, 
and  father  to  Peter  the  Great.  He  was  distin- 
guished for  hi»  wars,  his  munificence,  and  his 
improvements  in  the  state  ;  he  died  1677. 

ALEXIUS,  Pelrovitch,  only  son  to  Peter  the 
Great,  born  KiOO,  an  unfortunate  and  intempe- 
rate man.  He  was  tried  and  condemned,  by 
secret  judges,  in  1719. 

ALEXIUS,  or  ALEXIS  I.,  Commenns,  usurp- 
ed the  throne  of  Turkey  in  1081,  and  distin- 
guislied  himself  by  his  wars  against  the  Turks. 

ALEXIUS  II.,  Comraenus,  succeeded  to  the 
throne  of  Constantinople  1180 ;  he  was  murdered 
by  Andronicus. 

ALEXIUS  III.,  Angelus,  dethroned  his  bro- 
ther, 1195,  and  put  out  his  eyes.  He  was  him-, 
sdf  dethroned  in  ttirn,  and  his  life  sacrificed  to 
liie  furv  of  the  populace.  I 

ALEXIUS  IV.,  son  of  the  king  deposed  by' 
Ale.viiis  III. ;  he  restored  his  father  to  I  lie  throne' 
and  reigned  with  him. 

ALEXIUS  v.,  usurped  the  throne  of  Con- 
stantinople, and  was  killed  by  the  crusaders,  af- 
ter a  reign  of  3  months,  in  1264. 

ALEXIUS,  an  impostor,  who  iieEvIy  succeed- 
ed in  placins  hims'lf  on  the  throne  of  Constan- 
tinople, hut  was  killed  by  a  priest,  in  1200. 

ALEYN,  Charles,  an  English  port,  who  pub- 
lished in  1031,  two  poems  on  the  battles  of 
Cressy  and  Foicticrs. 

AL-FARABIA,  a  niussulman  philosopher  of 
the  10th  century.  His  works  are  in  the  I^eyden 
library ;  he  was  murdered  in  Syria,  in  954. 

ALFARGAN,  Ahmed  Ebn  Cothair,  an  Ara- 
Iviaii  astronomer,  of  the  9th  century. 

ALFEM'S  VARUS  PUBLIUS,  a  native  of 
Cremona,  who  rose  from  the  occupation  of  cob- 
bler, to  be  counsel. 

ALFES,  an  eminent  rabbi,  who  epitomised 
the  Talmud,  died  A03. 

ALFIERI,  Vittorio,  an  Italian  dramatic  poet, 
born  at  Abli,  in  Piedmont,  1749.  Within  less 
than  seven  years  he  produced  fourteen  dramas, 
besides  various  other  works  in  prose  and  verse, 
Including  a  translation  of  Sallust,  and  a  treatise 


AL 

of  the  house  of  Stuart.  Ho  died  at  Florence,  iii 
1803;  and  his  remains  were  interred  in  the 
church  of  St.  Croi.\,  wliere  his  widow  erected 
a  monument  to  his  memory,  which  was  exc- 
cuKd  by  Canova.  He  wrote  his ow n  life,  which 
has  been  printed  in  two  ^  olumi  s. 

ALFONSO,  vid.  ALPHONSUS. 

ALFORD,  Michael,  author  of  Briltania  illus- 
trata,"  and  other  works,  was  born  in  London, 
but  educated  in  Spain  and  Rome,  and  became  a 
Jesuit ;  he  died  lt":j2. 

ALFEED,orALURED,  son  of  Ethehed,  tried 
to  expel  Harold  from  the  throne,  but  was  mur- 
dered, 1037. 

ALFRED,  bishop  of  Exeter,  wrote  several 
learned  works,  as  "  Adelnms,"  '-History  of 
Malniesbury  Abbey,"  &c.  :  lOlh  century. 

ALFRED,  vid.  iELFRED. 

ALFRED,  an  Englishman,  giirnamed  philo 
sopher,  lelt  four  books  on  the  meteors  of  Aristo- 
tle, one  on  vegetables,  and  five  on  other  subjects. 
He  died  1270. 

ALFRIDE,  or  Elfrid,  natural  son  of  Osery. 
king  of  Northumberland,  came  to  the  throne  in 
(J8*). 

ALGARDI,  Alexander,  an  architect  ant* 
sculptor  of  Bologna,  died  1654. 

ALGAROTTI,  Francis,  count,  an  Italian, 
eminent  as  a  connoisseur  and  critic  in  every 
branch  of  the  belles-lettres,  and  an  author  of 
repute,  born  at  Venice  1712,  died  1704. 

ALGAZALI,  an  Arabian  author,  who  died 
in  the  504th  year  of  the  hegira. 

ALGER,  a  monk  of  Liege,  author  of  a  book 
on  the  sacraments,  died  1131. 

ALOHISI,  Thomas,  an  eminent  surgeon  and 
lithotomisl  of  Florence,  author  of  Lithotomita, 
4to.  1708. 

ALGIERI,  Peter,  a  Venetian,  who  decorated 
the  opera  at  Paris,  died  17('i0. 

ALIXAZEN,  an  Arabian,  who  wrote  on  optics 
about  1100. 

ALL  cousin  and  son-in-law  of  Mahomet, 
and  caliph  of  Egypt  and  Arabia.  He  was  as- 
sassinated in  CfiO.  His  memory  is  still  held  in 
veneration  by  the  Persians. 

AJ.l-BASSA,  a  distinguished  general  of  the 
Ottoman  empire,  died  1663. 

AJjI  beg,  a  Pole,  who  was  educated  in  the 
Mahonietanfaith,butemployed  himself  Inlrans- 
laiing  the  bible  into  Turkisli.  I  le  also  w  rote  on 
the  relieion  of  Mahomet,  and  died  in  1675. 

ALI  BEG,  son  of  a  Greek  priest,  but  sold 
while  young  by  some  robbers  to  the  JanissarieB, 
His  military  talents  gained  him  the  supreme 
power  of  Egy^pt.  He  was  humane,  posscsBcd 
an  elevated  niind,  and  died  about  1775. 

ALI  BEKG,  a  learned  Turk  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury, acquainted  with  seventeen  languages.  He 
translated  the  bible  into  the  Turkish. 

ALICE,  daughter  of  Theobald  IV.,  married 
Lewis  VII.,  king  of  France.  For  a  time,  she 
yvas  appointed  queen  regent,  and  reigned  with 
great  prudence  and  justice.    She  died  liOti. 

ALIGRK,  Etienne,  who  rose  by  his  merit  to 
be  chancellor  of  France,  died  1635. 

ALIMENTUS,  Cneius,  a  Roman  historian, 
150.  B.  C. 

A1,IPIUS,  a  bishop  of  Tagastein  Africa,  394 
He  was  baptised  by  St.  Ambrose  at  Milan. 

ALIPUS,  a  geographer  of  Antioch,  conimis 
sioned  by  JuUuii  to  rebuild  the  temple  of  Jeru 
salem. 

ALKMAAR,  Henry  d',  a  German,  author  of 
the  fable  of  Reynard,  a  poem,  which  lashes  the 


on  tyranny.  His  ladv  was  the  princess  of  Schom  . ,         ,     , 

Ijerg,  widow  of  Charles-Edward,  the  last  princellvicw  and  foibleB  of  mankind.    Hedicd  1503. 

30 


AL 


ALLAINVAL,  Leouor  Joan  Christine  Soula^ 
d',  a  native  of  Cliartres,  anil  auilior  of  several 
comedies  of  merit.     He  died  1753. 

AliLAIS,  Deays  Vairasse  d',  anativcof  Lan 
guedoc,  wlio  served  in  tlie  Duke  of  YorlOs  (ltd 
ill  UMi.'>.  He  wrote  several  books,  not  mucli  es- 
teemed. 

ALLAM,  .\udrevv,  a  learned  classical  scholar, 
born  in  Uxfordsiiire,  died  16d5. 

ALL.\RD,  Guy,  author  of  several  histori- 
cal works,  and  a  roinaui;e  called  Zizim,  died 
1715. 

ALLATIUS,  Leo,  a  native  of  Scio,  who  stu- 
died physic  at  Rome,  but  distinguished  himself 
chiefly  as  a  teaclier  in  the  Greek  College,  died 
IC6U. 

ALLECTUS,  prefect  of  Britain,  murdered 
Caraurius  294.  and  made  himself  emperor. 

ALLEGE  AIN,  Christopher  Gabriel,  a  French 
sculptor,  who  executed  some  masterly  figures, 
died  1795. 

ALLEGRI,  Antonio,  an  illustrious  painter, 
better  known  by  the  name  of  Corregio,  from  the 
place  whi;re  he  was  born.  lie  lived  at  Parma, 
where,  without  any  instruction,  he  executed 
some  of  the  most  perfect  pictures  in  the  world. 
His  Virgin  and  Child,  and  Mary  Ma;,'dalen,  are 
his  iiiiest  pictures.     He  died  poor  in  1534. 

ALLEGRI,  Gre<;<)rio,  an  eminent  musical 
composer,  born  at  Rome.  His  compo.sitions, 
the  chief  of  which  is  the  "  lliserere,"  are  still 
performed  in  the  poniitical  cliapel.  He  died 
1640. 

ALLEIN,  Richard,  born  in  Somersetshire,  a 
puritan  of  great  learning.  His  writings  are 
mostly  on  theolojv.     He  died  I'lBl. 

ALLEIN,  William,  son  of  the  above.  His 
"  Millenium,"  among  his  other  theological  tracts, 
was  much  admired.    He  died  1677. 

ALLEIN,  Joseph,  a  puritan  of  great  learn- 
ing and  piety.  His  "  Alarm"  to  sinners  has 
been  often  published.  He  died  at  Taunton, 
Ens..  1668. 

ALLEN,  John,  archbishop  of  Dublin,  and 
chancellor  of  Ireland,  was  murdered  in  1586. 

ALLEN,  Thomas,  minister  of  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  author  of  a  work  entitled  "  an  Invitation 
to  Sinners  to  come  to  Christ,"  and  a  '•'  Scripture 
Chronology."  This  last  is  a  learned  work,  and 
is  preserved  in  the  New-England  Library. 

ALLEN,  James,  minister  in  Boston,  came  to 
this  country  1602,  and  was  the  occasion  of 
much  dilticulty  in  tlie  colony  of  Mass.  He  died 
1710,  aL'ed  78. 

ALLEN,  James,  first  minister,  of  Brookline, 
Mass.,  was  born  in  Ro.xbury ;  settled  1718.  He 
died  aged  56.  He  was  a  pious  and  judicious 
divine ;  he  published  several  sermons. 

ALLEN,  James,  member  of  the  house  of 
representatives  and  counsellor  in  Mass.,  died 
1755,  aged  53.  He  was  expelled  for  reflections 
•gainst  the  governor,  was  re-elected,  but  refus- 
ed a  seat  till  the  following  year. 

ALLEN,  William,  chief  justice  of  Penn.  be- 
fore the  revolution,  the  friend  and  patron  of  Sir 
Benjamin  West,  the  painter.  He  published  the 
American  crisis,  London,  1774,  in  which  he 
suL'gests  a  plan  for  restoring  the  dependence  of 
America. 

ALLEN,  Moses,  minister  of  Midnay,  Georgia, 
and  a  distinguished  friend  to  his  country.  He 
was  born  in  Northampton.  Mass.,  was  taken 
prisoner  when  Savannah  was  reduced,  and  put 
on  board  a  prison-ship,  whence,  in  attempting 
to  escape,  was  drowned,  aged  31. 

ALLEN,  Henry,  preacUer  in  Nova  Scotia, 


AL 

author  of  several  strange  and  absurd  religioiH 
doctrinc-s.  He  died  in  1763.  His  followers  were 
few.  He  published  u  volume  of  hymns,  and  se- 
veral sermons. 

ALLEN,  Ethan,  a  brigadier  general  in  the 
war  of  the  revolution.  He  captured  Ticonde- 
roga  and  Crown  Point,  was  taken  pri-<oiier  near 
Montreal,  s<mt  to  England,  and  after  having  ex- 
perienced much  cruelty,  was  exchanged,  1778. 
He  died  in  Vermont,  1789.  He  sustained  the 
character  of  an  infidel,  and  in  his  writings  ridi- 
culed the  Scripiures. 

ALLEN,  Samuel,  proprietor  oy  purchase,  and 
.lovernor  of  New-Hampshire,  died  1705. 

.\LLEN,  William,  chief  justice.of  Pennsyl- 
vania betbre  the  revolution. 

ALLEN,  Ira,  a  brother  of  Etiian,  removed 
early  in  life  to  Vermont,  where  he  held  various 
r.tlices,  and  possessed  the  confidence  of  the  peo- 
ple. He  wrote  the  "  Natural  and  Political  His- 
tory of  Vermont."    He  died  1814. 

ALLEN,  Sir  Thomas,  illustrious  as  an  Eng- 
lish admiral,  made  the  first  attack  on  ilie  Dutch 
in  1065. 

ALLEN,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine,  who 
wrote  observations  on  St.  Chrysostom's  book  on 
Isaiah,  died  1638. 

ALLEN,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Staffordshire, 
illustrious  for  his  knowledge  of  mathematics 
and  philosophy.  He  published  among  other 
works,  the  second  and  third  books  of  Ptolemy 
on  the  judgment  of  the  stars  ;  he  died  1632. 

ALLEN,  John,  fir.st  minister  of  Dedham, 
Mass.,  author  of  some  controversial  writings. 
He  died  1671.  aged  75. 

ALLESTRY,  or  ALLESTREE,  Richard, 
born  in  Shropshire,  in  1619,  joined  the  royal  par- 
ty, and  on  the  restoration  of  Charles,  was  made 
king's  chaplain.  He  published  40  sermons,  and 
other  works. 

ALLESTRY,  Jacob,  an  English  poet,  nephew 
to  the  above.  Some  of  his  pastorals  were  much 
admired  ;  lie  died  1686. 

ALLETZ,  Pons  Augustin,  native  of  France, 
who  published  some  works  of  celebrity,  died  at 
Paris,  1785. 

ALLEY,  William,  an  English  writer,  author 
of  "  the  poor  man's  library,"  and  a  translation 
of  the  Pentateuch,  died  1570. 

ALLEYN,  Edward,  an  actor  of  great  reputa- 
tion in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  .Tames  I.,  and 
founder  of  Dulwich  college  in  1619,  which  he 
named  "  the  college  of  God's  gift."  An  idle  tra- 
dition hath  assigned  the  following  as  his  motive 
for  endowiuE  it :  that  once,  personating  the  devil, 
he  was  so  terrified  at  seeing  a  real  devil  (as  he 
imagined)  upon  the  stage,  that  he  soon  after  to- 
tally ([uitted  his  profession,  and  devoted  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life  to  religious  e.Kercises.  He 
founded  this  college  for  a  master  and  warden, 
who  are  always  to  be  of  the  name  of  Alleyn  or 
.\llen,  with  4  fellows  (3  of  whom  are  to  be  di- 
vines, and  the  fourth  an  organist ;)  and  for  sis 
poor  men,  as  many  poor  women,  and  twelve 
poor  boys,  to  be  educated  in  the  college.  He  was 
born  in  London  1566,  and  died  in  1626,  and  was 
buried  in  the  chapel  of  the  college. 

ALLI03I,  N..  a  civil  ofiicer  of  emiucnce  ii\ 
the  service  of  Stanislaus,  king  of  Poland,  dietl 
1779. 

ALLISON,  Francis,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished 
minister  and  teacher,  native  of  Ireland,  came  to 
this  country  in  1755,  was  settled  in  Philadelphia, 
and  became  vice-provost  of  the  college  in  that 
city ;  he  died  1777,  much  respected  for  his  talents 
and  learning. 


AL.  

A  LLltf  ON,  Patrick,  D.  D.,  a  vative  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  a  disiinpuislicd  preacher,  settled 
at  iJaltirnore  ;  he  died  IhOi.'. 

ALLIX,  Peter,  aFrencli  protestant,  of  eminent 
learning  and  piety,  who  lived  in  Eajilaiid,  wliere 
he  was  greatly  esteemed,  and  honoured  with  the 
title  of  D.  D.  He  wrote  "  reflections  on  the 
Scriptures,"  &c.,  and  died  1717. 

aLLOISI,  Halthazar,  an  able  historical  pain- 
ter, born  at  Bologna;  he  died  1638. 

ALLORY,  Alexander,  a  painter  of  Florence, 
famous  for  his  skill  in  the  representation  of  na- 
Ked  figures.  His  figures  arc  preserved  at  Koine 
and  Florence  ;  he  died  1607. 

ALMAGllO,  Diego,  one  of  the  conquerors  of 
Peru,  who  accompanied  Pizarro  in  1525 ;  he 
was  infamous  for  his  cruelties. 

ALMAIN,  James,  a  famous  logician  and  di- 
vine, whodefended  Lewis  Xll.  against  pope  Ju- 
lius II.     He  died  at  Paris,  1515. 

ALMAMON,  orABDALLAH  III.,  a  caliph, 
who  had  the  Greek  writers  translated  into  Ara 
tiic,  and  was  famous  for  his  protection  of  learn- 
ing, died  a3X 

ALMANSOR,  or  ALMANZOR,  king  of  Cor- 
dova, in  Spain,  976.  He  rendered  himself  very 
loraiidable  to  the  Christians. 

ALMANZOR,  the  victorious ;  he  rose  to  the 
sovereignty  in  753,  and  then  murdered  the  gene- 
ral to  whom  he  was  indebted  for  his  power. 

ALMANZOR,  Joseph,  king  of  Morocco,  de- 
feated by  the  Spaniards,  1158. 

ALMANZOR,  Jacob,  son  of  Joseph,  obtained 
a  celebrated  victory  over  the  Spaniards  in  Cas- 
tile, about  1200. 

ALMARUS,  Elmerus,  abbot  of  St.  Augus- 
tin's  monastery,  in  Canterbury,  1011.  His  me- 
mory was  held  in  the  higliest  veneration. 

ALMEIDA,  Francis,  a  Portuguese,  who  was 
distinguished  in  the  wars  of  Grenada,  and  was 
sent  out  by  Emanuel,  in  1505,  as  viceroy  of 
India. 

ALMEIDA,  Lawrence,  son  of  the  above,  a 
desperate  warrior,  wlio  visited  Ceylon,  and 
made  it  tributary  to  Portugal ;  he  was  killed  in 
battle. 

ALMEIDA,  Apollinarius  d',  a  Portuguese 
bishop,  of  the  Jesuit  order,  who  went  as  mis- 
sionary to  Ethiopia,  and  was  murdered  by  the 
natives,  1568. 

ALMEIDA,  Manuel  d',  a  Portuguese  Jesuit, 
who,  after  a  residence  of  forty  years  as  a  mis- 
sionary in  India,  died  at  Goa,  1046.  He  published 
historical  observations  on  Ethiopia. 

ALMEIDA,  or  ALMEYDA,  Theodore  d',  a 
celebrated  Portuguese  prie.^t  and  philosophical 
writer,  bom  1722.  His  original  works  amount 
to  40  volumes;  and  he  published,  besides,  five 
volumes  of  translations.  He  died  at  Lisbon, 
May,  1805. 

ALMELOVEEN,  Thomas  Jansen  d',  a  Dutch 
physician,  who  wrote  a  description  of  the  Ma- 
labar plants,  published  1078,  in  13  vols,  folio. 

AL.MELOVEEN,  Theodore  Jansen  d',  pro- 
fessor at  Hardwick,  in  Holland,  died  1742. 

ALMICI,  Peter  Camillus,  an  ecclesiastic  in 
Italy,  who  published  critical  reflections  on  Feb- 
ronius,  died  1779. 

ALMON,  John,  a  bookseller,  author,  and  edi- 
tor, born  at  Ijiverpool,  about  1738.  In  17G3  he 
commenced  bookseller  in  Piccadilly,  and  pub- 
lished a  great  number  of  political  pamphlets. 
Mishcst  known  works,  however,  are  "  anecdotes 
of  the  life  of  the  earl  of  Chatham,"  2  vols.  4to 
a  vols.  Rvo.,  and  "  biographical,  literary,  and 
poliiical  anecdotes  of  several  of  the  most  emi- 1 
23 


AL 

I  neat  persons  of  the  present  age;  never  before 
printed,"  3  vols.  8vo.  1797.  He  died  in  Hertford* 
sliire,  Dec.  12, 1085. 

ALOMUVADAD,  Ismael,  an  Arabian  histo- 
rian, who  gave  a  clironojogical  account  of  tha 
Saracen  affairs  in  Sicily  "from  842  to  904. 

ALOADIN,  a  Maliometan ;  prince  of  the  as- 
sassins. He  lived  in  a  castle  between  Danjas- 
cusand  Antioch,  where  he  promised  futi!ruJiap- 
piness  to  young  men  who  would  stab  his  ene- 
mies. The  word  assassin  is  derived  from  this 
circumstance. 

ALONZO,  John,  an  eminent  architect  of 
Spain. 

ALPAGO,  Andrew,  an  Italian  physician  who 
resided  some  time  at  Damascus.  He  translated 
Avicenna,  Averroes,  &c.,  and  was  made  pro- 
fessor at  Venice  in  1555. 

ALPAIDE,  the  beautiful  wife  of  Pepin,  and' 
mother  of  Charles  MarteJ ;  she  died  in  a  con- 
vent. 

ALP-ARSLAN,  second  sultan  of  the  race  of 
Seljuk  in  1063. 

ALPHANUS,  Benedict,  archbishop  of  Paler- 
mo, known  as  a  physician  and  poet,  ai>d  author 
of  the  lives  of  son)e  saints,  died  108<). 

ALPHERY,  Mekepper,  Nicephorus,  a  nati»'e 
of  Russia,  descended  from  the  imperial  family. 
He  became  a  parish  priest  in  England,  1618,  and 
preferred  his  place  to  the  throne  of  Russia. 

ALPHESIUS,  a  rabbi  wiio  abridged  the  Tal- 
mud, died  1103. 

ALPHIUS,  Avitus,  a  Roman  poet  of  the  3d 
century. 

ALPHONSO,  or  ALPHONSUS,  king  of  Astu- 
rias,  took  30  towns  from  the  Moors,  and  dic<l 
757. 

ALPHONSO  11.,  sumamed  the  Chaste,  king 
of  Asturias,  signalized  himself  against  the  Moors 
in  Spain  ;  he  died,  842. 

ALPHONSO  III.,  or  THE  GREAT,  king  of 
Asturias  in  806. 

ALPHONSO  VI.,  king  of  Leon  and  Castile, 
made  war  acainst  the  Moors;  he  died.  1109. 

ALPHONSO  VIII.,  king  of  Leon  and  Castile, 
sumamed  the  Noble,  came  to  the  throne  1158. 
ALPHONSO  X.,  king  of  Lron  and  Castile, 
surnamed  the  Wise,  succeeded  his  lather,  Fer- 
dinand III.  in  1252,  and  died  of  a  broken  heart 
in  1284. 

ALPHONSO  II.,  king  of  Leon  and  Castile  in 
1312.    Ho  killed  in  battle  200,000  Mnors. 

ALPHONSO  v.,  king  of  Arragon.  surnamed 
the  Magnanimous.  He  made  himself  master  of 
Naples  and  Sicily,  and  died  14.58. 

ALPHONSO  I.,  king  of  Portncal.  He  de- 
feated five  Moorish  kings  at  the  battle  of  Ourl- 
que,  1139. 

ALPHONSO  II.,  king  of  Portugal;  he  also 
engaged  in  Avar  with  the  Moors,  died  1223. 

ALPHONSO  III.,  king  of  Portugal ;  his  reign 
was  disturbed  by  dissensions  with  the  pope  and 
clergv ;  he  died  1279. 

ALPHONSO  IV.,  king  of  Portugal, succeeded 
to  the  throne  1325.  He  was  an  able  prince,  and 
much  beloved. 

ALPHONSO  v.,  king  of  Portugal,  surnamed 
the  African,  came  to  the  throne  1438.  He  took 
many  places  from  the  Moors.  He  was  a  patron 
of  learning. 

ALPHONSO  VI.,  king  of  Port\igal.  His  con- 
duct displayed  the  tyrant  and  the  madman  ;  he 
abdicated  the  throne,  and  died  1683. 

ALPHONSO,  duke  of  Ferrara,  and  Modena, 
died  1534. 
ALPHONSUS,  Peter,  a  Jewish  writer  of 


AL 

Pjiaiii,  who  was  converted  to  Cliristianity  in 
lUlfi 
AI-I'IIONSUS.    See  CASTILE. 
ALl'lXl,  Prospero,  a  famous  Venetian  phy- 
sician and  bDtanist,  bora  1S53,  died  1H17. 

ALRKUUS,  ALFRI5DUS,  or  ALUKEDUS, 
an  ancient  Englisli  historian,  born  at  Beverly 
Yorl<shire.  He  wrote,  in  Latin,  Annals  of  tlie 
British  history,  from  Brutus  to  Henry  I.  ;  he 
died  ll'J9. 

AL3AHARAVIUS,  an  Arabian  physician, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  medical  practice,  in  32 
books  ;  lived  in  1104. 

ALSOP,  Antliony,  an  English  clergyman  of 
learning,  who  in  1717  was  sued  by  Rlrs.  Astrey 
for  breach  of  promise,  and  condemned  to  pay 
'20001.    He  wrote  poetry. 

ALSOP,  Vincent,  a  presbyterian  clergyman, 
who  attacked  Dr.  Sherlock,  with  great  wit,  and 
some  seriousness  ;  he  died  1703. 

ALSOP,  Richard,  a  native  of  Middletown, 
Conn.  ;  he  possessed  tine  talents,  and  is  gene- 
rally known  as  a  poet  and  as  a  translator ;  he 
died  1815. 

ALSTEDIUS,  John  Henry,  a  protcstant  pro 
fessor  of  divinity,  at  Nassau  ;  known  as  the  au 
rhor  of  au  Encyclopedia  ;  he  died  Jt)38. 

ALSTON,  Charles,  an  eminent  physician, 
and  medical  and  botanical  writer,  born  in  Scot 
land,  1083,  died  1760. 

ALSTON,  Joseph,  governor  of  the  state  of 
South  Carolina,  died  1816.  His  wife,  the  daiigh 
ferof  Aaron  Burr,  late  vice  president  of  the  U 
S.,  was  lost  on  her  passage  from  Cliarleston  to 
New- York,  1812. 

ALTER,  Francis  Charles,  a  German  critic, 
of  the  society  of  Jesuits,was  a  teacher  of  Greek 
at  Vienna  ;  he  is  said  to  have  written  and  pub- 
lished 2.)0  volumes  or  dissertations;  he  died  180-1 

ALTHAMNER,  Andrew,  a  Lutheran  min- 
ister at  Nureraburg,  author  of  notes  on  Taci- 
tus, first  published  1529. 

ALTHUSIUS ,  John,  a  German  lawyer  of  the 
17th  century,  who  inveighed  against  kingly 
power. 

ATTILIU3,  Gabriel,  a  Neapolitan  poet,  a  fa 
vourite  with  the  court,  and  bishop  of  Policas- 
tto  in  1471. 

ALTING,  Menson,  author  of  the  best  descrip- 
tion of  the  Low  Countries  now  extant,  died'i 
1713. 

ALTING,  Henry,  born  at  Embden,  in  1533 
He  rilled  the  theological  chair  at  Grontngen  for 
many  years.  His  works  on  religious  subject; 
are  numerous. 

ALTING,  James,  son  of  the  preceding,  went 
to  England  and  became  bishop  of  Worcester, 
and  afterwards  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Gronin- 
gen.  His  works  were  printed  in  five  volume; 
folio,  at  Amsterdam  IfiCT. 

ALTON,  Richard  Count  d',  an  Austrian  ge- 
neral who  had  command  of  the  Low  Countries 
in  1787. 

ALTOVITL  Marseille  d',  a  Florentine  lady 
who  wrote  Italian  poetry,  died  1609. 

ALVA,  Peter  d',  a  Spaniard,  author  of  a  cu 
rious  life  of  St.  Francis,  died  1C67. 

ALVA,  Ferdinand  Alvrez,  duke  of,  a  famous 
general  of  Spain,  but  detested  for  his  crueltie 
as  a  civil  magistrate ;  he  died  1582. 

ALV  ARES,  Francis,  a  Portuguese  priest,  sent 
to  David,  King  of  Abyssinia,  as  ambassador 
ho  published  an  account  of  that  country,  and 
died  1540. 

ALVARES  DE  LUNA,  or  ALVARO,  a  fa- 
vourite of  Jobn  H.|  king  of  Castile,  fanu>us 


AM 

for  the  prodigious  ascendancy  which  he  gained 
over  that  prince,  and  for  the  pruiishment  which 
at  length  overtook  him.  Of  the  45  years  he 
spent  at  court,  he  enjoyed  for  30  of  them  so  ab- 
solute a  power  over  the  king,  that  nothing  could 
be  done  without  his  express  orders  ;  nay,  it  is 
related  by  Mariana,  that  the  king  could  not 
change  an  oliicer  or  servant,  or  even  his  clothes 
or  diet,  witliout  the  approbation  of  Alvares.  At 
length  he  was  seized,  tried,  and  condemned  to 
lose  his  liead,  on  a  charge  of  having  madly  in- 
vaded tlie  riglits  of  kingly  majesty,  reduced  the 
whole  court  into  his  power,  and  made  himself 
master  of  the  state  in  general,  &c.  &c.  He  was 
executed  the  4th  of  June,  1453. 

ALVAREZ,  Emanuel,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit, 
who  was  distinguished  as  a  grammarian  he 
died  1582. 

ALVAREZ  DE  PAZ,  James,  a  Jesuit,  born 
at  Toledo,  author  of  some  divinity  tracts,  died 
1620. 

ALVAREZ,  Diego,  a  Spanish  Dominican, 
and  a  bishop  in  Italy.  He  wrote  much  polemi- 
cal divinitv,  and  died  1635. 
ALURED.  SeeALRBDUS. 
ALVAROTTO,  James,  a  learned  law  pro- 
fe;!sor  at  Padua,  whose  authority  is  frequently 
quoted,  died  1452. 

ALVIANO,  Bartholomew,  an  illustrious  ge- 
neral in  the  Venetian  service,  who  died  1515. 

ALYATTES,  aking  of  Lydia,  who  died  562 
B.  C. 

ALYPIUS,  a  Platonic  philosopher  in  the  5t!i 
century. 

ALYPIUS,  a  geographer,  who  was  employed 
at  Jerusalem  and  in  Britian,  by  the  emperor  Ju- 
lian . 

AMADEDDULAT,  son  of  a  fisherman,  be- 
came king  of  Persia,  and  died  949. 

AMADFiUS  v.,  count  of  Savoy,  suniamed 
the  Great,  bravely  defended  Rhodes  against  the 
Turks.  It  is  said,  he  besieged  and  took  thirty- 
two  towns  ;  he  died  1323. 

AMADEUS  VL,  count  of  Savoy,  in  1343;  by 
hismcrirshe  became  the  arbiter  of  afi'airs  in  Italy. 
AMAliEIIS  VIII.,  count  of  Savoy,  instituted 
in  1434,  the  order  of  the  secular  knights  of  the 
Annunciation,  lie  was  elected  pope,  by  the 
council  of  Basil. 

AMADEUS  IX.,  duke  of  Savoy,  a  brave  and 
charitable  prince,  whose  subjects  surnamedhini 
the  Blessed ;  he  died  1472. 

AMADEUS,  a  Francisca-n  monk  in  Portugal, 
who  pretended  to  some  mystical  revelations  at 
Rome,  died  1482. 
AMADEUS,  bishop  of  Lausanne,  died  1159. 
AMAJA,  Francis,  a  Spanish  professor  of  civil 
law,  whose  commentaries  are  highly  valued, 
died  1640. 

AMAK,  a  much  admired  Persian  poet  of  tlie 
5th  century. 

AMALARIC,  or  AMATTRY,  king  of  the  Vi- 
sigoths, killed  by  one  of  his  soldiers,  531. 

AMALARTUS,  Fortunatus,  ambassador  of 
Charlemagne  to  Constantinople.  He  died  81-1, 
and  left  a  treatise  on  baptism. 

AMALARIUS,Syn:pho3ius,apriestofMentz, 
and  author  of  a  book  on  the  antiquities  of  the 
church,  died  S??. 

AMALASONTHA,  daughter  of  Tlieodoric, 
king  of  the  Ostrogoths,  a  woman  of  virtue  for 
the  times.  She  was  cruelly  murdered  by  her 
husband,  534. 

AMALEK,  son  of  Eliphaz,  was  the  founder 
of  a  nation  which  settled  Idumea,  and  made  war 
against  Saul  and  David. 

23. 


AM 

AJIALKJC,  Aiigm,  author  of  a  history  of 
Mie  popes,  flourifilied  in  the  14th  century. 

AMALRIC,  Arnold, arclibisliopof  JNarbonne, 
who  aiiiiiialed  the  princes  of  Spain  against  the 
Moors,  and  wrote  an  account  of  a  battle  wliicli 
he  witnessed,  died  1225. 

AMA1.TJIA;A,  tlie  nainp  of  the  Sybil  of  Cu- 
ma;,  who  sold  her  books  to  Tarqnin. 

AMALTHEUS,  .feronie,  Jolni  Baptiste,  and 
Cornelius,  three  brotiiers,  born  at  Oderzo,  in 
Italy,  etinally  celebrated  for  their  poetry.  They 
all  three  died  in  1574. 

AMAMA,  Sixtinus,  a  Hebrew  professor  of 
preat  learning  and  piety  in  Germany,  who  began 
a  work  called  ''  Antibarbarus  Biblicus,'-  but  died 
beforp  it  was  finished,  in  1629. 

AftlAN  D,  iMark  Anthony  Gerard  Sieur  de  St., 
born  in  Normandy,  a  comic  poet  of  some  lame ; 
he  died  1661. 

AMAND,  St.,  a  bishop  of  Bordeaux,  404. 

AMARAL,  Andrew  d',  a  Portuguese  of  the 
order  of  Malta,  who  betrayed  Khodes  to  Soly- 
liian.     He  was  put  to  death  1522. 

AMASEl'S,  Romulus,  professor  at  Bologna, 
and  author  of  a  translation  of  Pausanias,  died 
lb55. 

AMASIS,  a  king  of  Egypt,  who  died  about 
525  B.  C. 

AMATUS,  de  Portugal,  a  physician,  who 
wrote  Commentaries  on  Disoscorides,  Avicen- 
na,  &c.,  about  1550. 

AMAURI,  de  Chartres,  professor  of  philoso- 
phy, born  at  Bonne,  in  the  13th  century.  He 
formed  a  new  system  of  religion  on  the  meta- 
p'tysics  of  Aristotle. 

AMAURI,  king  of  Jerusalem  in  1162 ;  he  died 
1173. 

AMAURI  II.,  king  of  Cypru.s  and  Jerusalem 
in  1164. 

AMAZIAH,  son  of  Joash,  klngof  Judah,  was 
put  to  death  bv  his  subjects,  810  B.  C. 

AMBOISE,' Francois  d',  eon  of  the  surgeon 
to  Charles  IX.,  of  France,  rose  to  the  rank  of 
counsellor  of  state  by  his  learning  and  industry. 
He  died  IfiOO. 

AMBOISE,  George  d',  bom  in  1460,  and  be- 
came archbishop  of  Narbonne,  and  aftervvards 
prime  minister  to  Lewis  XII.,  of  France.  He 
was  famed  for  his  firmness  and  energy. 

AMBOISE,  Michael  d',  author  of  several  epis- 
tles, ballads,  &c.,  nourished  in  the  16th  century. 

AMBOISE,  Aimery  d',  was  famous  for  the 
naval  victory  he  obtained  over  tlie  Sultan  of 
Egypt,  1510. 

AMBOISE,  Frances  d',  wife  of  Peter  H., 
duke  of  Britanny.  She  was  famed  for  the  im- 
provement she  introduced  in  the  manners  of  the 
Bretons.    She  died  1485. 

AMEROGI,  Antony  Marie,  professor  of  elo- 
q\ience  at  Rome,  published  various  works,  and 
died  1788. 

AMBROSE,  St.,  bishop  of  Milan,  an  eminent 
father  of  the  church,  born  in  Gaul,  333.  The 
birth  of  Ambrose  is  said  to  have  been  followed 
bv  a  remarkable  presage  of  his  future  eloquence, 
for  we  are  told,  that  a  swarm  of  bees  came  and 
settled  upon  his  mouth  as  he  lay  in  his  cradle. 
He  died  at  Milan  307,  and  was  buried  in  the  great 
church  there.  The  most  considerable  of  his  nu- 
merous works  is  that  "  De  Officiis."  Ambrose 
carried  the  esteem  of  the  virginity  and  celibacy 
so  far,  that  he  seemed  to  regard  matrimony  as 
an  indei-ent  thing. 

AMBROSE,  deacon  of  Alexandria,  was  the 

patron  of  Origen,  by  whose  eloquence  he  was 

converted  to  Cliristlanlty.    lie  died  250. 

24 


AM 

AMBROSE,  born  at  Portico  in  Romania,  wa.ii 

distinguished  by  his  fluency  in  the  Greek  tongue 

at  thecoiiMcil^  Batil,  Ferrara,  &c.    Hedied  1439. 

AiMliKOSE,  de  Liinbez  Pere,  a  capuchin, 

author  of  a  tract  on  inward  peace,  died  1778. 

AMBROSK,  Isaac,  a  descendant  from  the  Am 
brose  family  in  Lincolnshire,  who,  during  the 
civil  wars,  became  a  presbyterian.  He  pub 
lished  several  tracts,  which  were  much  ea 
teemed. 

AMBROSINI,  Bartholomew,  professor  of  me 
dicine  at  Bologna.  He  published  several  learn 
ed  books  on  medicine,  and  died  1657. 

AMBivOSINI,  Hyacinih,  brother  and  succes 
sor  of  the  preceding,  wrote  a  treatise  on  Uie 
plants  discovered  in  tlie  17th  century. 

AMBROSIUS,  Aurelianus,  a  prince  of  Ar- 
morica,  went  to  Britain  457,  to  assist  the  Britons 
in  the  expulsion  of  the  Sa.xons. 

AMBROSIUS,  CatharinusPolitus,  archbishop 
of  Compsa,  Naples.  He  wrote  some  rcUgioiis 
works,  and  died  1552. 

AMEDEUS,  see  AMADEUS. 

AMELIUS,  Gentilianus,  a  Platonic  philoso- 
pher of  the  third  centurv.  disciple  to  Plotinus. 

AMELOT  DE  LA  IJOUSSAYE,  Abral.am 
NiclKjlas,  a  native  of  Orleans  1634,  sent  as  se- 
cretary to  the  French  ambassador  at  Venice. 
He  wrote  much,  but  was  sent  to  the  Bastile  for 
his  senlinjents. 

AWEI^OT,  Denis,  a  French  writer,  author  of 
a  translation  of  the  New  Testouienl,  and  other 
works.     lie  di.-d  1678. 

AMERBACH,  John,  a  native  of  Swabia, 
eminent  for  his  learning,  died  1515.  His  son, 
John,  was  professor  of  law  at  Basil,  and  the 
friend  of  Erasnuis.    He  died  1562. 

AMERBACH,  Vitus,  a  Bavarian,  professor 
of  philosophy  at  Ingoldstadt,  and  a  writer  cf 
eminence,  died  l.'sSO. 

AMERICUS,  V> sputius,  a  Florentine,  a  dis- 
coverer in  the  continent  called,  after  liijn,  Ame- 
rica, died  1526.    See  COLUMBUS. 

AMES,  Fisher,  a  distinguished  statesman  and 
eloquent  orator,  born  in  Pedha!n,>lass.,  author 
of  a  celebrated  speech  in  Congress  on  the  British 
treaty  in  1776.  He  possessed  a  mind  of  a  greal 
and  extraordinary  char.icter,  and  died  in  1808. 

AMES,  William,  of  Norfolk,  Eng.,  a  learned 
divine,  professor  of  the  university  of  Franeker, 
Holland,  died  at  Rotterdam,  on  his  way  to  New- 
England,  1633. 

AMES,  Joseph,  a  celebrated  typographical 
historian,  and  secretary  to  the  society  of  Anti- 
(juaries,  was  originally  a  ship-chandler  at  Wap- 
ping.  Late  in  life  he  took  to  the  study  of  anti- 
quities; and,  besides  his  great  work  on  "Typo- 
graphical Antiquities,"  containing  accounts  of 
our  earliest  printers  and  their  works,  he  publish- 
ed a  list,  in  8vo.,  of  English  heads,  engraved 
and  inezzotinto,  and  drew  up  the  "Parentalia," 
from  Mr.  Wren's  papers.  He  was  born  at  Great 
Yarmouth,  1689,  and  died  Oct.  7,  1759. 

AMHERST,  Jeffrey,  lord,  commander-in-chief 
of  the  British  army  at  the  conquest  of  Canada, 
1760;  born  in  England  1717:  captured  Louisburg 
1758 ;  succeeded  Abercrombie  in  the  command 
of  the  amry  of  North  America ;  returned  to 
England,  w-here  he  was  created  field  marshal, 
and  died  1708.  aged  80. 

AMHURST,  Nicholas,  born  at  Marden,  in 
Kent,  but  in  what  year  is  uncertain  He  receiv- 
ed his  grammatical  education  at  Merchant  Tay- 
lor.s'  School,  in  London,  and  thence  was  remov- 
ed to  St.  John's  Collete,  Oxford,  but  expelled 
for  incgularity  of  conduct.     Soon  after  Mr 


AM 

Aiitlmrst  quitted  Oxford,  he  seems  to  have  set- 
tled ill  London  as  a  writer  by  profession.  He 
published  a  volume  of  miscellanies;  but  the 
principal  literary  undertaking  of  Mr.  Amhurst 
was,  "The  Craftsman,"  vvliich  was  carried  on 
for  a  number  of  years  with  great  spirit  and  suc- 
cess, and  was  more  read  and  attended  to  than 
any  production  of  the  kind  that  had  hitherto 
been  pubii.shed  in  England.  Ten  or  twelve 
tliousand  were  sold  in  a  day;  and  the  etlect 
which  it  had  in  raising  the  indignation  of  tlie 
people,  and  in  controlling  tlie  power  of  admi- 
nistration, was  very  considerable.  He  died  at 
Twickenham,  April  27,  17  li,  of  a  broken  heart, 
and  was  buried  at  the  charge  of  his  printer, 
Richard  Franklin. 

AMICON'I,  Giacomo,  a  Venitian,  was  a  suc- 
cessful portrait  and  iiistorical  painter  in  Eng- 
land, and  aferwards  painter  to  the  king  of 
Spain.     He  died  175-;. 

AMICLTS,  Antony,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Palermo, 
and  historiographer  royal  to  Pliilip  IV.  of  Spain. 
Uedied  Kill. 

AMIN-UEN-HAROUN,  son  of  Aaron  Ras- 
chid,  was  the  si.xthcalipli  of  the  house  of  Abas- 
sides,  a  cruel  and  imprudent  prince,  who  was 
put  to  death  after  a  reign  of  5  years,  6-22. 

AMIIl.\L,  Henry,  a  native  of  France,  nolo 
rious  for  his  attempt  to  assassinate  Collot  d 
Uerbois  and  Robespierre,  and  rid  France  of  her 
tyrants,  was  e.xecuted  17!)2. 

AM^I.-VN,  Paul,  of  Ureslau,  professor  at  Leip- 
sic,  died  lliOO. 

AMMV^f,  John  Conrad,  a  Swiss  physician, 
who  succf^eded  in  teaching  the  deaf  to  speak  in 
France,  died  about  1730. 

AMMAN  ATI,  Bartholomew,  an  eminent 
sculptor  and  architect  of  Florence,  died  158C. 

AMMANATI,  Laura  Battiferri,  wife  of  Bar- 
tholomew, celebrated  for  her  genius  and  learn- 
ing. Her  poems  are  highly  esteemed  by  the 
Italians.    She  died  1589. 

AMMIANUS,  Marcellinua,  a  Latin  historian, 
died  about  390. 

AMMIRATO,  or  AMMIRATI,  Scipio,  born 
in  Naples  in  1531,  wrote  a  history  of  Florence 
in  two  vols,  folio,  and  many  other  works  of  less 
importance,  and  died  at  Florence,  1600. 

AMMON,  the  son  of  Lot,  and  progenitor  of 
the  Ammonites,  lived  about  1900  B.  C. 

AMMONIUS,  a  peripatetic  philosoplier,  pre- 
ceptor to  Plutarch. 

AMMONIUS,  Saccus,  a  philosopher  of  the 
3d  century,  and  founder  of  the  Eclectic  sect, 
died  liH. 

AMMONIUS,  a  surgeon  of  Alexandria,  who 
first  adopted  the  present  operation  of  lithotomy. 

AMMONIUS,  Andrew,  a  learned  native  of 
I^ucca,  who  came  and  settled  in  England.  He 
lived  some  time  in  Sir  Thomas  More's  house, 
and  afterwards  in  St.  Thomas'  College,  for  he 
was  not  in  circumstances  sufficient  to  hire  a 
house  of  his  own.  There  subsisted  a  strong 
friendship  and  close  correspondence  between 
trim  and  Erasmus.  The  advice  which  Eras- 
mus gives  him,  in  regard  to  pushing  his  fortune, 
Jias  a  good  deal  of  humour  in  it,  and  was  cer- 
tainly intended  as  a  satire  on  the  artful  methods 
generally  practised  by  the  selfish  and  ambitious 
part  of  mankind.  "  In  the  tirst  place  (says  he)| 
throw  ort"  all  sense  of  shame;  thrust  yourself! 
Into  every  one's  business,  and  elbow  out  vvhom-| 
soever  you  ran ;  neither  love  nor  hate  any  one  ;• 
measure  every  thing  by  your  own  advantage;! 
let  this  be  the  scope  and  drift  of  all  your  actions. ! 
Give  notbuig  bait  wliat  is  to  be  returned  with] 

3 
D 


AM ^^ 

\isury,  and  be  complaisant  to  every  body. 
Have  always  two  strings  to  your  bow.  Feign 
that  you  are  solicited  by  many  from  abroad,  and 
^et  every  thing  ready  for  your  departure.  Shov/ 
letters  inviting  you  elsewhere,  with  great  pro- 
mises." Fortune,  at  length,  began  to  smile 
upon  Ammonius,  for  he  was  appointed  secre- 
tary to  Henry  VIII.,  and  lionoured  by  Pope  Leo 
X.  with  a  public  character  at  the  court  of  that 
prince  ;  and,  in  all  appearance,  he  would  have 
soon  risen  higher,  had  not  death  carried  him  off 
when  he  was  but  of  a  middle  age.  He  died  of 
the  sweadug  sickness  in  1517.  Ammonius  wrote 
several  Latin  poetical  pieces. 

AMMONIUS,  Livinus,  a  Carthusian  Monk, 
esteemed  by  Erasmus  for  liis  learning  and  piety, 
died  1556. 

AMONTONS,  William,  was  born  in  Nor- 
mandy, the  last  day  of  August,  16C3.  He  was  in 
the  3d  form  of  the  Latin  school  at  Paris,  when, 
after  a  dangerous  illness,  he  contracted  such  a 
deafness  as  obliged  him  to  renounce  almost  all 
conversation  with  mankind.  In  this  situation, 
he  began  to  think  of  employing  himself  in  the 
invention  of  machines.  He  applied,  therefore, 
to  the  study  of  geometry  ;  and  it  is  said  that  he 
would  not  try  any  remedy  to  cure  his  deafness, 
either  because  he  thought  it  incurable,  or  be- 
cause it  increased  his  attention.  He  studied 
with  great  care  the  nature  of  barometers  and 
thermometers;  and,  in  1087,  presented  a  new 
liygroscope  to  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences, 
which  was  very  much  approved.  Amontons 
found  out  a  method  to  acquaint  people  at  a  great 
distance,  in  a  very  little  time,  with  whatever 
one  pleased.  Tliis  method  was  as  follows :  Let 
there  be  people  placed  in  several  stations,  at  such 
a  distance  from  one  another,  that,  by  the  help 
of  a  telescope,  a  man  in  one  station  may  see  a 
signal  made  by  the  next  before  him ;  he  must 
immediately  make  the  same  signal,  that  it  may 
be  seen  by  persons  in  the  station  next  after  him, 
who  are  to  communicate  it  to  those  in  the  fol- 
lowing station,  and  so  on.  [Hence  certainly 
originated  the  modern  Telegraph.]  When  the 
Royal  Academy  was  newly  regulated  in  IG99, 
Amontons  was  admitted  a  member  of  it,  anfl 
read  there  his  "  New  Theory  of  Friction,"  in 
which  he  happily  cleared  up  a  very  important 
part  of  mechanics.  He  died  the  11  th  of  October, 
1705. 

AMORT,  Eusebius,  a  Bavarian  ecclesiastic, 
and  writer  on  theological  subjects,  died  1775. 

AMORY,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  dissenting  minister 
of  considerable  note,  born  at  Taunton,  Jan.  38, 
1701,  died  in  London,  June  24,  1774.  His  ser- 
mons chiefly  tended  to  illustrate  the  perfections 
and  providence  of  God  ;  the  evidences  of  a  fu- 
ture state  ;  the  truth  and  excellency  of  the  Gos- 
pel ;  the  great  duties  of  a  Christian  life,  &;c. 

AMORY,  Thomas,  esq.,  an  intense  student, 
and  a  writer  of  some  merit,  of  Westminster, 
died  1789. 

AMOS,  a  prophet  in  the  reign  of  Jehoram, 
king  of  Israel,  and  Uzziah,  king  of  Judah,  died 
785  B.  C. 

AMOUR,  William  de  St.,  a  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  canon  of  Bouvais,  author  of  several 
works,  died  1272. 

AMOUR,  Louis  Go\in  de  St.,  a  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  from  which  he  was  expelled,  died 
1687. 

AMOURFIIX,  N.  L',  an  eminent  sculptor  of 
Lyons,  was  drowned  in  the  Soane,  in  the  be- 
ginninc  of  the  19th  century. 

AMPHIBILUS,  a  Briton,  was  said  to  have 
25 


AN 


AN 


bcp.n  bishop  of  AnglcHca,  and  to  have  Eufl'ered 
martyrdom  about  291. 

AMPHILOt'HUS,  bishop  of  Iconiutn,  the 
friend  of  Basil,  and  opposer  of  the  Ariane,  died 
304. 

AMPHINOMUS  and  ANAPIUS,  were  two 
brothers,  who  heroically  saved  their  aged  pa- 
tents on  their  shoulders  during  an  eruption  of 
iEtna. 

AMPSINGIUS,  John  Assuer,  professor  of 
physic,  at  Rostock,  in  the  beginning  of  the  17tli 
century. 

AMRU  EBN-AL-AS,  a  Mussulman,  was  first 
the  enemy,  and  afterwards  the  friend  of  Maho- 
met ;  he  died  governor  of  Epvpt,  6(53. 

AMSDORF,  Nicholas,  a  follower  of  Luther, 
and  bishop  of  Nureni burgh,  died  1541. 

AMURATH  I.,  an  Ottoman  emperor,  and  a 
suecessful  warrior,  notorious  for  his  cruelty, 
died  1S89. 

AMURATH  IL,  successor  to  Mahomet  as 
Ottoman  emperor;  he  was  the  first  Turk  who 
used  cannon  in  battle  ;  he  resigned  his  crown 
to  his  son,  but  afterwards  resumed  it,  and  died 
1451. 

AMURATH  III.  succeeded  Selim  IL,  and  im- 
mediately murdered  his  five  brothers ;  he  was  a 
valiant  and  successful  warrior,  and  died  15i)5. 

AMURATH  I  , successor  to  Sfusiapha,  a  cruel 
prince,  who  put  .W.OOO  inhabitants  of  Bagdad  to 
the  sword,  died  1640. 

AMY,  N.,  an  advocate  of  the  parliament  of 
Aix,  and  a  writer  on  natural  science,  died  1760. 

AMYRLH'ZES,  a  philosopher  of  Trebizond, 
who  renounced  Christianity  lor  Mnhonielanisni, 
and  became  a  favourite  of  Mahomet  II. 

AMYOT,James,bishopofAuxerre,  and  grand 
«lmoncr  of  France  under  Henry  in. ,  and  Charles 
IX.,  and  a  writer  on  several  subjects ;  but  chief- 
ly known  as  the  translator  of  "  Plutarch's  Lives 
and  Morals."  He  was  born  at  Melun,  1514,  and 
died  irm. 

AMYR,\ULT,  Moses,  an  eminent  French 
divine,  born  1596,  at  Borgueil,  a  small  town  of 
Touraine.  He  was  a  man  of  .such  charity  and 
compassion,  that,  during  the  last  ten  years  of 
his  life,  he  bestowed  his  vvhole  salary  on  the 
poor,  without  distinction  of  Cailiolic  or  Protes- 
tant, and  died  1664. 

ANACHARPIS,  an  illustrious  Scythian  phi- 
Josopher.  lie  travelled  to  Athens  in  the  time  of 
Solon,  with  whom  he  contracted  an  intimate 
friendship  ;  and  Solon  not  only  instructed  him, 
but  sought  all  opportunities  of  doing  him  ho- 
nour. He  had  a  quick  and  lively  genius,  a  strong 
and  masterly  eloquence  ;  and  there  was  some- 
thing so  determined  and  resolute  in  his  manner, 
that  those  who  imitated  him  were  said  to  speak 
In  the  Scythian  style.  lie  was  extremely  fond 
of  poetrv,  and  wrote  upon  certain  laws  of  the 
Scythiaiis  and  Greeks.  CrcBsus  invited  him  to 
Sardis,  and  ofl^ered  him  money;  but  the  phi- 
losopher answered,  "  that  he  was  come  to 
Greece  to  learn  the  laws  and  manners  of  that 
country ;  that  he  had  no  occasion  for  gold  or 
silver ;  and  that  it  wonld  suffice  for  him  to  re- 
turn to  Scvthia  a  wiser  and  more  intelligent  man 
than  he  came  from  thence."  After  staying  long 
in  Greece,  he  prepared  to  return  home  ;  and 
passing  through  Cyzicum,  he  found  that  city 
edehrating  very  solcmuly  the  feasts  of  Cybele. 
and  vowed  to  do  the  same  if  he  should  get  home 
hi  safely.  Upon  bis  arrival  in  Scythia,  he  at- 
tempted to  change  the  ancient  customs  of  hi? 
country,  and  to  establish  those  of  Greece ;  which 
proved"  extremely  disagreeable  to  the  Scythians, 
26 


land  at  length  destructive  to  himself.  For  en- 
tering one  day  a  thick  wood,  to  perform  his  vow 
0  Cybele  as  eecretly  as  nsight  be,  he  was  dis- 
coveied  in  the  midst  of  the  solemnity,  and  shot 
[lead  with  an  arrow  by  the  king  himself.  There 
aremauy  beautiful  apothegm;;  of  this  philosopher 
preserved  by  La  rtiu3,i'lui  arch, and  otlier  writers 

AN  ACLETUS,  bishop  of  Rome,sufl'ered  mar 
tyrdom  92. 

ANACLETTTS  claimed  the  papacy  in  oppo- 
sition to  Innocent  II.,  but  not  succeeding,  die«! 
n  obscurity,  1138. 

ANACOANA,  queen  of  Xiragua,  in  the  island! 
of  St.  Domingo,  was  cruelly  put  to  death  by 
Ovando. 

rVNACREON,  a  Greek  poet,  bom  at  Teos,  a 
seaport  of  Ionia,  flourished  about  the  62d  Olym- 
piad. This  poet  had  a  most  delicate  wit,  Imt 
was  certainly  too  fond  of  pleasure ;  for  love  and 
wine  had  the  disposal  of  all  his  hours.  The 
manner  of  his  death,  which  happened  at  Abdera, 
i.s  said  to  have  been  very  extraordinary  ;  for 
they  fell  us,  he  was  choked  with  a  giape-slone, 
whicii  he  swallowed  as  he  vva.-;  regaling  on  some 
new  wine.  A  small  part  only  of  Anatreon'* 
works  remain;  and  these  consist  chiefly  of  Bac- 
chanalian songs,  and  love  sonnets.  The  odes 
of  Anacreon,"  says  Rapin,  "arc  flowers,  beau- 
ties, and  perpetual  graces." 

ANAGNOSTA,  John,  a  Byzantine  histo- 
rian. 

ANASTASIUS  I.,  the  silentiaty,  who,  from 
obscure  birth,  became  emperor  of  the  cast,  by 
marrying  the  widow  of  tlie  emperor  Zeno,  diek 
518. 

ANASTASIUS  II.  was  raised  from  a  private 
tation  to  the  throne  of  Constantinople  by  th« 
voice  of  the  people.  He  abdicatid  the  throne 
for  a  religious  habit,  and  afterwards,  in  attempt- 
ing to  regain  it,  was  put  to  death, 719. 

ANASTASIUS  I.,  pope  of  Rome,  succeede* 
Siricius  ;  he  reconciled  the  eastern  and  wcrtern 
churches,  and  died  much  respected  for  his  sanc- 
tity and  virtue,  402. 

ANASTASIUS  II.,  pope  after  Gelaslus,  died 
496. 

ANASTASIUS  III.,  pope  after  Sergius  IIL, 
eminent  for  his  wisdom,  died  two  years  after  his 
election,  913. 

ANASTASIUS  IV.,  pope,  a  charitable  ani 
humane  man  ;  he  died  1154. 

ANASTASIUS,  contested  the  papacy  witll 
Benedict  III.,  and  not  succeeding,  he  died  in  ob 
curity. 

ANASTASIUS,  Bibliothecarius,  a  leamei 
Greek  of  the  9th  century,  Ubrarian  of  the  church 
of  Rome,  and  abbot  of  St.  Mary  bevond  the 
Tvber. 

"ANASTASIUS,  Sinaite,  a  monk  of  Mount 
Sinai,  in  the  7th  century. 

ANASTASIUS,  Theopolitanus,  bishop  of 
Antioch ;  lie  was  banished  from  his  sec,  and 
restored  593  ;  he  died  6  years  after. 

ANATOLIUS,  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
died  458. 

ANATOLIUS,  bishop  of  Laodicea,  about 
269 ;  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  arithmetic 
and  seometry. 

ANAXAGORAS,  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
philosophers  of  anticpiity,  born  at  Clazomena-, 
in  Ionia,  about450  B.  C.  Heplaced  the  supreme 
good  of  human  life  in  contemplation. 

ANAXANDRIDES,  king  of  Sparta,  about 
550  B.  C,  father  to  Cleomenes  and  Leonidas. 

ANAXANDRIDES,  a  comie  ooet  of  Rhodes, 
about  3S0  B.  C. 


AN 


AN 


AXaXAKC'IJUS,  a  pliilosopJi'-r  of  Abdura,  |! 
pui  to  death  by  llie  king  ol  Cypius. 

ANAXILAUS,  a  pytliagorean  pliUosoplier  of 
the  .'i-je  of  Angusliis. 

ANAXIMAADER,  a  philosophtv of  Wilutus, 
Uifii  547  B.  C. 

ANAXIMBNES,  tlie  pupil  and  successor  of 
Ana.\iiiiai:der,  lived  550  B.  C. 

ANAXJMENES,  a  historian,  who  accompa- 
nied Alexander  flio  Great  in  his  expedition; 
he  wrote  a  history  of  Greece. 

AXl'HARAiNO,  Peter,  a  native  of  Bologna, 
author  ol  books  on  the  civil  and  canon  law, 
died  1417. 

AXfHARANO,  James,  a  writer  of  theology. 

AN'CILLON,  David,  aprotestaut  divine,  burn 
at  Metz,  eminent  for  his  learning,  piety,  and 
eloquenee,  died  at  Berlin,  1692. 

AiVCILLON,  Charles,  son  of  David,  inspec- 
tor of  the  French  courts  of  justice  in  Berlin, 
and  historiosrapher  to  the  kinp,  died  1751. 

ANCKWITZ,  a  native  of  Poland,  anibasea- 
dor  to  Denmark,  accused  of  betraying  his  coun- 
try to  Hussia,  and  e.xecutcd  1794. 

ANCOURT,  Floren-Carton  d',  an  eminent 
French  actor  and  dranjatic  \\  riter,  born  at  Fon- 
tainbleau,  1601 ;  lie  died  172G,  having  written 
fu'tv-two  pla\s. 

ANCrs  MARTIUS,  fourth  king  of  Rome, 
extended  the  boundaries  of  his  kingdom,  and 
fcuilt  Ostia,  died  (54G  B.  C. 

ANDERSON,  Alfc.xander,  profegsor  of  mathe- 
matics at  Paris  in  the  Itilh  century. 

ANDERSON,  Andrew,  a  printer,  who  ob- 
tained from  Charles  11.  the  exclusive  privilege 
of  printins  in  Scotland  for  41  years. 

ANDERSON,  Adam,  author  of  a  valuable 
treatise  on  trade  and  commerce,  died  1775. 

ANDERSON,  James,  D.  D.  minister  of  a 
Scotch  Presbyterian  church  in  London. 

ANDERSON,  James,  Esq.  advocate  and  clerk 
of  the  Scotch  parliainc'Ut,  and  author  of  an  able 
vindication  of  its  independence,  died  1712. 

ANDERSON,  John,  A.  M.  an  able  and  popu- 
lar preacher,  and  minister  of  Dumbarton,  died 
1720. 

ANDERSON,  Sir  Edmund,  made  lord  chief 
justice  of  the  tomnion  pleas  in  1582.  He  was 
a  very  strict  lawyer,  and  governed  himself  en- 
tirely by  statutes  ;  for  we  have  his  express  de- 
claration, that  he  neither  expected  precedents 
in  all  cases,  nor  would  he  be  bound  by  them 
whfvtfi  he  saw  that  they  were  not  founded  upon 
justir.e,  but  would  act  as  if  there  were  no  such 
precc'ents.  Of  this  we  have  a  proof  from  the 
reports  in  his  time,  published  by  Mr.  Goldesho- 
rough  :  "  Thecascof  Resceit  was  moved  again ; 
and  Shuttleworth  said,  tliat  he  could  not  be  re- 
ceived, because  he  was  named  in  the  writ ;  and 
added,  that  he  had  searched  all  the  books,  and 
there  was  not  one  case  where  he  who  is  named 
in  the  writ  may  be  received."-"What  of  that  V 
said  Judge  Anderson  ;  "  shall  we  not  give  judg- 
ment because  it  is  not  adjudged  in  the  books  he- 
fore  7  we  will  give  judgment  according  to  rea- 
son :  and  if  there  be  no  reason  in  the  books,  I 
will  not  regard  them." — He  held  his  office  to 
the  time  of  his  dcatli,  which  happened  August 
I,  1605. 

ANDERSON,  John,  a  native  of  Hamburgh, 
and  author  of  a  naturaJ  history  of  Iceland,  &c. 
died  1743. 

ANDERSON,  James,  a  celebrated  British 
writer  on  commerce,  died  1704. 

ANDERSON,  George,  an  English  self-taij^ht 
maiheinatieian,  ho.ru  at  Watoti,  ^  Bucking- 


ham.^hire,  in  I7ti0.  His  parei-ts  were  peasonis, 
and  he  was  obliged  to  work  as  a  day-iabourer. 
Having  at  lengih  attracted  the  attention  of  a 
worthy  clergyman,  he  was  by  him  sent  to  a 
grammar-schoril,  and  afterwards  to  New  Col- 
lege, (jjiford,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  W.  A. 
He  also  entered  into  deacon's  orders,  but  never 
qualified  as  a  priest,  having  obtained  a  clerk- 
ship at  the  board  of  control  under  Mr.  Dundas. 
He  triinslaied,  from  llje  Greek  of  Archimede-B, 
"  Arenarius,  atreatiseon  measuring  the  sand.s," 
and  "  A  general  view  uf  the  variations  which 
have  taken  place  in  the  affairs  of  the  East  In- 
dia Company  since  the  conclusion  of  the  war 
in  India  in  17f4  ;"  and  died  April  30,  1796. 

ANDERSON,  Larz,  a  minister  of  Gustavu3 
Vasa,  a  man  of  great  abiliiits,  and  chancellor 
of  Sweden ;  he  introduced  Lutheraiusm  into 
Sweden. 

ANDERSON,  Dr.  James,  an  indefatigable  and 
able  writer  on  agriculture,  political  economy, 
and  other  subjects  of  general  interest ;  he  was 
born  in  1  739,  at  Hermision,  near  Edinburgh, 
and  died  at  West  Ham,  in  Essex,  lfc€8.  His 
literary  productions  are  very  numeicius,  and  a 
correct  list  of  them  will  be  found  in  the  Gentle- 
man's Magazine,  Ixxviii.  1053  ;  among  which 
the  principal  are,  "  Essays  relating  to  Agricul- 
ture, and  Rural  Afl'airs,"  3  vols.  8vo.  "The 
Bee,"  IHvols.  8vo.  "Recreations  in  Agricul- 
ture, C  vols.  8vo.  1802.  His  style  is  copious, 
and  soinctunes  prolix,  but  always  perspicuous 
and  guarded.  Ilis  manners  were  gentlemanly 
and  unconstrained,  and  his  conversation  v\a8 
pleasant,  and  we'll  stored  with  anecdotes. 

ANDiER  DES  KOCHERS,  John,  a  French 
engraver  of  gieat  merit  and  industry,  born  al 
Lyons,  died  1741. 

ANDOCIDES,  an  Athenian  orator,  lived  4G0 
B.C. 

ANDRADA,  Diego dePayvad',  a  Portuguese, 
an  eloquent  preacher,  and  acute  reasoner,  much 
admired  for  his  learning  and  judgment,  lived 
about  1562. 

ANDRADA,  Francis  d',  brother  to  the  above, 
historiographer  to  Phihp  III  of  Spain. 

ANDRADA,  Thomas  d',  reformer  of  theAu- 
gustines ;  he  was  taken  prisoner  in  Africa,  where 
he  chose  to  remain,  to  console  his  fellow  slaves. 

ANDRADA,  Anthony  d',  a  Portuguese  Je- 
suit, who,  when  a  missionary,  discovered  Thi- 
bet and  Cathay  ;  lie  died  Id'M. 

ANDRE,  Nathaniel  St.,  an  English  surgeon, 
the  I'riend  of  Pope,  died  1776. 

ANDRE,  John,  aid  de  camp  to  Sir  Henry 
Chnton,  an  adjutant  general  of  the  British  ar- 
my in  America,  in  the  war  of  the  revolution  : 
he  was  taken  as  a  spy,  when  negotiating  with 
Arnold,  about  the  surrender  of  West  Point,  and 
hung.  He  was  distinguished  for  his  talents  and 
elegance  of  maimers,  and  died  much  lamented, 
both  bv  friend  and  foe,  aged  29. 

ANDREAS,  James,  an  eminent  Lutheran  di- 
vine, chancellor  and  rector  of  the  university  of 
Tubingen ;  his  writings  were  numerous  and 
much  esteemed  ;  he  died  1590. 

ANDREAS,  John,  a  famous  canonist  of  the 
14th  century,  born  at  Mugello,  near  Florence. 
We  are  told  wonderful  things  concerning  the 
austerity  of  his  life;  as,  that  he  macerated  hia 
body  with  prayer  and  fasting,  and  lay  upon  the 
bare  ground  for  20  years  together,  covered  only 
with  a  bear  skin  :  and  this  is  attested  by  very 
good  authors  —Andreas  had  a  beautiful  daugh 
ter,  named  Novella,  w  hom  he  loved  extremely  • 
and  he  is  said  to  have  instructed  her  so  well  in 
27 


AN 


AN 


all  parts  ol"  learning,  ttiai  when  he  was  cngajjed 
in  an}'  atfair  which  hindered  him  from  reading 
lectures  to  liis  scholars,  lie  sent  his  daughter  in 
ilis  room  ;  when,  lest  her  beauty  should  prevent 
the  attention  oftlie  hearers,  she  had  a  little  cur- 
tain drawn  before  her.  To  perpetuate  the  me- 
mory of  this  daughter,  he  entitled  his  commen- 
tary" upon  the  Decretals  of  Gregory  IX.  "  The 
Novellae."  Andreas  died  of  the  plague  at  Bo- 
logna, in  1318,  aifr  he  had  been  a  professor  45 
years,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  of  the  Do- 
minicans. 

ANDREAS,  John  Valentine,  a  German  Pro- 
testant divine,  died  1654. 

ANDREAS,  John,  was  born  a  Mahometan,  at 
Xativa,  in  the  kingdom  of  Valencia,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  lather  in  the  digni'y  of  alfaqui  of 
that  cit3'.  He  was  enlightened  with  the  know- 
ledge of  the  Christian  religion  by  being  present 
at  a  sermon  in  the  great  church  of  Valencia,  on 
the  day  of  the  Assumption  of  the  blessed  Virgin, 
in  1417.  Upon  this  he  desired  to  be  baptized  ; 
and  in  memory  of  the  calling  of  St.  John  and 
St.  Andrew,  he  took  the  names  of  John  Andreas. 
At  the  desire  of  Martin  Garcia,  bijhop  of  Bar- 
celona, he  composed  his  famous  work  of  "  The 
Confusion  of  the  Sect  of  Mahomet."  It  con- 
tains 1-2  chapters,  wherein  he  has  collected  the 
fabulous  stories,  impostures,  forgeries,  brutali- 
ties, follies,  obscenities,  absurdities,  impossibili- 
ties, lies,  and  contradictious  which  Mahomet,  hi 
order  to  deceive  the  simple  people,  has  dispersed 
in  the  wrilinizs  of  that  sect,  and  especially  in  the 
Koran.  Tliis  book,  which  was  published  at  first 
in  Spanish,  has  been  translated  into  several  lan- 
guages; and  all  those  who  write  against  the 
Mahometans  quote  it  very  much. 

ANDRE^E,  John  Gerhard  Keinliard,  an  apo- 
thecary of  Hanover,  who  travelled  over  difler- 
ent  countries  to  increase  his  knowledge  of  cliy- 
mistry  and  botany,  died  1T93. 

ANDREINI,  Isabella,  an  actress  of  Padua^ 
and  a  poetess,  eminent  for  lier  wit,  beauty,  and 
genius,  died  1604. 

ANDREUNUS,  Publius  Faustus,  a  native  of 
Italy,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Paris,  and  poet 
laureat  to  Lewis  XII.  and  his  queen,  died  1518 

ANDREW,  St.,  a  lisherinau  of  Galilee,  and 
disciple  of  John  the  Baptist ;  he  preached  the 
gospel  in  Scythia,  and  was  there  put  to  death 
on  thf  cross. 

ANDREW,  a  native  of  Damascus,  bishop  of 
Aleria,  in  Crete,  and  author  of  commentaries 
on  the  Scriptures,  died  720. 

ANDREW,  a  sculptor,  architect,  painter,  and 
musician,  of  Pisa,  died  IS.IO. 

ANDREW,  bishop  of  Samosata,  in  the  5th 
century. 

ANDREW,  John,  secretary  to  the  vaticani, 
and  bishop  of  Aleria,  in  Corsica,  died  141)3. 

ANDREW,  of  Ratisboii,  a\ithor  of  a  history 
of  Bohemia,  &c.,  in  the  15th  century. 

ANDREW,  Tobias,  defender  of  the  Carte- 
sian  philosophy,  and  professor  of  Greek  and  his 
tory,  at  Groiiingen,  died  1676. 

ANDRl'^AV  DEL  SARTO,  a  painter  of  Flo 
lence,  and  favourite  of  Francis  I.  of  France, 
distinguished  :ia  a  copyist,  died  1530. 

ANDREW,  Valerius,  of  Brabant,  professor 
of  civil  law  at  Louvain,  was  living  16.5-2. 

ANDREW,  Ives  Mary,  a  professor  of  ma-, 
tlieniatics  at  Caen ;  a  man  of  great  learning,! 
whose  poetry  was  much  admired  ;  he  died  ]7f)4.l 

ANDREW  I.,  king  of  Hungary,  compelled  liisj 
subjects  to  embrace  Christianity  ;  he  was  killed 
in  battle  in  1059. 
28 


ANDREW  II.,  king  of  Hungary  ;  he  was  in 
the  crusades,  and  displayed  great  valour  in  bat- 
tle ;  he  atteni])ted  to  meliorate  the  condition  of 
his  subjects,  and  died  1235. 

ANDREW  HI.,  king  of  Hungary,  was  op- 
posed in  his  claims  to  the  throne,  and  involved 
in  a  civil  war  durhig  his  reign  ;  he  died  1305. 

ANDREW,  king  of  Naples,  son  to  Charobert 
king  of  Hungary,  was  assassinated  with  the 
connivance  of  his  queen,  1345. 

ANDREWS  or  ANDREWS,  Eusebius,  a* 
English  barrister,  and  colonel  in  the  army  of 
Charles  I.,  was  beheaded  by  Cromwell  in  1650 

ANDREWS,  John,  D.  D.,  professor  of  moral 
philosophy  in,  and  afterwards  provost  of,  the 
university  of  Pennsylvania,  died  1813. 

ANDREWS,  Henry,  a  self  taught  mathema- 
tician, was  born  of  poor  parents  at  Frieston, 
near  Grantham,  1774.  He  commenced  life  as  a 
servant,  afterwards  kept  a  school  at  Royston, 
aud  united  to  that  the  business  of  a  bookseller. 
For  more  than  40  years  he  was  the  computer 
of  the  Nautical  ephemeris,  and  calculator  of 
Moore's  almanac.    He  died  Jan.  36,  18^. 

ANDREWS,  James  Petit,  a  miscellaneous 
writerof  considerable  learning  and  talents,  was 
born  near  N?wbury,  Berks,  in  1737;  and  died 
in  London,  Aue'.  6,  1797.  His  first  work  wa.1 
one  of  uncommon  pleasantry  and  hiunour,  enti- 
tled "Anecdotes,  ancient  and  modern, with  obser 
vations,"  8vo.,  1789,  1790.  His  best  work,  how- 
ever, was  "  The  history  of  Great  Britain,  con- 
nected with  the  chronology  of  Europe,  with 
notes,  &c.,  containing  aiitcdoies  of  the  times, 
lives  of  the  learned,  and  specimens  of  their 
works,  from  Ciesar's  invasion  to  tlie  accession 
of  Edward  VI."  2  vols.  4to.,  1794,  1795.  It  is 
much  to  be  regretted  that  he  did  not  live  to  com- 
plete this  work.  Mr.  Andrews  also  published, 
in  1796,  a  continuation  of  "  Henry's  history  of 
Great  Britain,"  1  vol.  4to.  and  2  vols.  8vo.  He 
was,  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  one  of  the 
magistrates  of  the  police-office,  Ciueen  Square, 
Westmin.ster. 

ANDREWS,  Lancelot,  bishop  of  Winches- 
ter, in  the  reigns  of  James  I.  and  Cliarles  I.,  was 
Iborn  in  London,  in  156,5.  There  is  a  pleasant 
story  related  of  him  while  he  was  bishop  of 
Winchester,  in  the  life  of  Waller  the  poet,  who, 
going  to  see  the  king  at  dinner,  overheard  a 
very  extraordinary  conversation  between  his 
majesty,  the  bishop  of  Winchester,  and  Neale, 
bishop  of  Durham.  These  two  prelates,  stand- 
ing behind  the  king's  chair,  his  majesty  asked 
them ;  "  my  lords,"  said  he,  "  cannot  I  take  my 
subjects'  money  when  I  want  it,  without  all  this 
formality  in  parliament?"  The  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham readily  answered,  "  God  forbid,  sir,  but 
you  should ;  you  are  the  breath  of  our  nostrils." 
Whereupon  the  king  turned,  and  said  to  the 
bishop  of  Winchester,  "  well,  my  lord,  what 
say  you?"  "  Sir,"  replied  the  bisho)',  "  I  have 
no  skill  to  judge  of  parliamentary  eases."  The 
king  answered,  "  no  put-ofts,  my  lord;  answer 
me  presently."  "Then,  sir,"  said  he,  "  I  think 
it  lawful  for  you  to  take  my  broilierNeale's  ino- 
ney,  for  he  offers  it."  This  great  prelate  died 
at  Winchester-house,  in  Southwark,  September 
27,  1626,  having  written  many  excellent  reli- 
sious  tracts,  particularly  "  A  manual  of  private 
devotions  and  meditations  for  every  day  in  the 
week  ;"  and  "  A  manual  of  directions  for  the 
visitation  of  the  sick." 

ANDREWS,  Miles  Peter,  a  dramatic  writer 

of  some  consideration  in  his  day,  and  member 

I  in  parliament  for  Bewdley,  died,  after  a  few 


# 


AN 


davs' illness,  July  IB,  1814.    By  tliodf^aih  of  hisjl     ANOiO  VE  ST.  JOSEPH,  le  Pore,  a  Carmc- 
broUier  lie  Imd  siicicetlfd  to  a  share  in  the  cele-j  lite,  of  Toiaouae,  and  missionaiy  in  Persia,  died 


bralcd  manufactory  of  gunpowder  at  l>artrord;j  1C97. 


and  purchased  the  noble  mansion  built  by  Lord 
Granville,  facini;  tlie  Green  Park.  His  death 
was  so  unexpected,  that  he  had  sent  out  above 
200  cards  of  invitation  to  ladies  to  sec  the  ine- 
niorable  fireworks  in  the  Green  Park,  from  his' 
windows,  lleleft  property  estimated  ai  JIO,0(IO/ 
ANDRISCUS,  an  impostor,  who  pretended 
to  be  the  son  of  Perseus,  king  of  Macedon  ;  he 
reigned  a  short  time,  and  was  put  lo  death  by 
order  of  the  senate,  147  B.  C. 

ANDROilAOlIUS,  a  Cretan,  physician  tothe 
emperor  Nero 

ANDRONICUS  I.  was  seated  on  the  throne 
of  Constantinople,  as  emperor,  in  1183,  and  af- 
terwards put  to  death  for  bis  cruelties. 

ANDRONICUS,  Palieologus  II.,  succeeded 
liis  father,  Michael  VIII.,  and,  after  a  feeble  and 
turbulent  reign,  was  banished,  and  died  in  a 
inonasterv,  in  1322, 

ANDRONICUS,  Palsologus  III.,  grandson 
of  the  preceding,  a  bold,  warlike,  and  enterpris- 
ing prince,  died  i:}41. 

ANDRONICUS  IV.,  was  seated  with  his  fa-| 
ther  on  the  tlironeof  Constantinople,  and  died 
in  exile. 

ANDRONICUS,  founder  of  a  sectof  the  same 
name  ;  he  maintained  lliat  the  upper  part  of 
woman  wa3  the  work  of  God ;  but  the  lower 
the  work  of  the  devil. 

ANDRONICUS,  of  Thessalonica,  teacher  of 
Greek  at  Paris,  Rome,  and  Florence,  died  1478. 
ANDRONICUS,  Livius,  the  oldest  of  the  Ro- 
man dramatists,  lived  about  340  B.  C. 

ANDRONICUS,  Cyrestes,  an  Athenian,  in- 
ventor of  weather-cocks,  and  architect  of  the 
famous  octagon  temple  at  Athens. 

ANDRONICUS,  a  Rhodian  philosopher,  lived 
about  63  B.  C. 

ANDROSS,  Edmund,  sir,  governor  of  New- 
York  in  1674,  and  of  New  England  in  1680 ;  he 
was  odious  and  tyrannical  in  his  administration, 
and  was  seized  by  the  people  and  sent  to  Eng-j 
land,  but  never  tried ;  he  came  over  as  governori 
of  Virginia,  1G92,  and  died  in  London,  1714,  ati 
an  advanced  age. 

ANDROIJET  PU  CERCEAU,  James,  a 
French  architect  of  the  16th  century. 

ANDUY,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Lyons,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy,  and  dean  of  the  faculty  of 
medicine  at  Paris,  died  1742. 

ANEAU,  Bartholomew,  principal  of  the  co]-, 
lege  at  Lvong,  murdered  by  the  catholics  in  1505. 
"iVNELLO,  Thomas,  vulgarly  called  Massani- 
ello,  was  a  poor  lisherman  of"  Naples,  born  in 
1623.  Having  headed  tlie  malcontents  in  an  in- 
surrection at  Naples,  caused  by  the  viceroy's 
laying  a  new  tax  on  fruit,  fish,  &c.,  in  1047,  he 
occasioned  the  most  shocking  disturbances  in 
that  city,  murdering  a  great  many  people,  and 
among  the  rest  the  duke  of  Caratfa.  He  ordered! 
many  gibbets  and  wheels  for  torture  to  be  set 
up,  and  was  followed  by  ten  or  twelve  hangmen 
to  e.xecute  his  orders.  After  this  sedition  had! 
Continued,  witli  all  kinds  of  barbarity,  for  ten 
days,  it  was  suppressed  by  fo\ir  gentlemen 
Knocking  the  traitor  on  the  head.  His  corpse 
was  dragged  about  the  streets  with  all  the  scorn 
and  contempt  imaginable.  His  head,  being 
then  cut  otf,  was  tlirown  into  one  ditch,  and  liis 
Vodvinto  another. 

ANEURIN,  an  ancient  British  poet,  died 
about  .570,  supposed  by  some  to  be  the  game  as 
tile  venerable  Gildas. 


ANOE  DE  STE.  ROSALIE,  a  learned  Au 
^,  istine,  author  oi'  a  history  of  the  royal  family 
of  France,  died  l~iG. 

ANGELI,  Bonaventure,  a  native  of  Fcrrara, 
professor  of  law,  and  writer  of  a  history  of  Par- 
ma, died  1570. 

AN<5ELf,  Baldus,  an  Italian  physician  of  the 
16th  century. 

ANGELI,  Peter,  a  Latin  poet  of  Tuscany, 
and  professor  at  Pisa,  died  1.5'JC. 

ANGELIC,  John,  a  celebrated  painter,  of 
Fiezola,  died  1455. 

ANGELIS,  Doininlco  de,  an  eminent  scholar, 
of  Lccce,  in  Otranto,  who  wrote  on  historical 
subjects,  died  1719. 

ANGELO.    See  MICHAEL. 

ANGELO,  Thomas  de,  an  ecclesiastic,  author 
of  a  history  of  Sicily  for  the  first  five  centuries, 
died  1720. 

ANGELONI,  Francis,  author  of  an  Augustaa 
history,  by  medals,  from  J.  Ca;sar  to  Oonstantine, 
died  10.52. 

ANGELUS,  Christopher,  a  learned  Greek, 
driven  from  home  by  the  Turks,  became  a 
teacher  of  Greek  in  Engiaud,  and  died  in 
1038. 

ANGIER,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Dedham,  ait- 
tlior  of  tracts  on  theological  subjects,  died  1677. 

ANGILBERT,  St.,  the  minister  and  favourite, 
and  afterwards  the  son-in-law  of  Charlemagne ; 
an  elegant  poet  and  able  statesman,  died  814. 

ANGIOLELLO,  author  of  a  history  of  Ma- 
homet I.,  in  the  Italian  and  Turkish  tongue, 
after  having  been  a  slave,  died  after  1473. 

ANGLICUS,  Gilbertua,  physician  to  ttie  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  died  at  the  close  of  tlie 
13th  century. 

ANGLICUS,  Ricardus,  an  eminent  English 
physician  and  author  on  medicine,  died  1230. 

ANGLUS,  Thomas,  an  English  priest,  emi- 
nent for  his  learning,  and  his  attachment  to  the 
peripatetic  philosophy,  died  after  the  reign  of 
Charles  I. 

ANGUIER,  Francis  and  Michael,  two  bro- 
thers, natives  of  Normandy,  of  great  merit  as 
sculptors,  the  former  died  1099,  the  latter  1688. 

ANGUILLARI,  John  Andre  del',  an  Italian 


3* 


poet  of  the  10th  century. 

ANGUSCIOLA,  Sophonisba,  a  native  of  AI- 
mona,  in  Italy,  eminent  for  her  liistorical  and 
portrait  p.iinlings,  died  1626. 

ANICETUS,  pope  of  Rome  157,  suffered  mar- 
tyrdom under  Marcus  Aurelius,  168. 

ANICH,  Peter,  born  near  Inspruck,  an  in- 
genious mechanic,  much  esteemed  for  his  know- 
ledge of  astronomy,  died  1706. 

ANICHINI,  Lewis,  a  Venetian  engraver  of 
great  celebrity.  On  seeing  his  pieces,  Michael 
Angelo  is  said  to  have  exclaimed,  that  the  art 
of  engraving  had  reached  the  summit  of  perfec- 
tion, time  of  his  death  not  known. 

ANIELLO,  Thomas,  vid.  ANELLO. 

ANKERSTAOOM,  John  James,  a  Swedish 
officer  who  murdered  Gustavus,  king  of  Sweden, 
for  which  he  was  executed,  1792. 

ANNA,  Comnena.    See  COMNENA. 

ANNA,  Ivanovna,  daughter  of  Ivan  Alexio 
vitch,  emperor  of  Russia,  married  WiUiam, 
duke  of  i;ourland,  and  succeeded  Peter  II.  1730. 
She  died  1740. 

ANN  AND,  William,  A.  M.,  a  native  of  Edin- 
burgh, was  made  d€an  of  Raphoe,  in  Ireland, 
and  died  1710.  -ft 


AN 


AN 


ANNAT,  Francis,  a  native  of  Rouerj-ue,  of 
tlie  order  of  the  Jesuits,  teaclier  of  philosophy 
at  Toulouse,  died  at  Paris  ItiTO. 

ANNE,  of  Austria,  daughter  of  Piiilip  II.  of 
Spain,  inarr'od  Lewis  XIII.,  and  was  tlie  ino- 
tlier  of  Lewis  XIV. ;  she  died  ICtiG. 

ANNE,  of  Eiaujeii,  daughter  of  Lewis  XII. 
of  France,  married  the  duke  of  Uourbon,  and 
was  regent  duriii£  the  minority  of  her  brother, 
Charles  VIIl. ;  she  died  at  Chautelle,  1022. 

ANNE,  of  Brittany,  lirsl  married  Maximilian 
of  Austria,  next  Charles  VlII.  of  France,  and 
afterwards  Lewis  XII. ;  she  died  1514. 

ANNE,  of  Cleves,  daughter  of  John  III., 
duke  of  Cloves,  was  married  to  Henry  VIII., 
but  was  soon  divorced,  and  returned  to  Cleves; 
she  died  1557. 

ANNE,  daughter  of  James  II.,  succeeded 
William  III.  as  queen  of  England.  In  1G83,  she 
married  prince  George  of  Denmark,  and  died 
1714. 

ANNE,  dutchess  of  the  Viennois,  after  the 
death  of  her  brother  John  I.,  defended  her  rights 
agains'o  the  claims  of  Robert,  duke  of  Burgundy ; 
she  di(;d  129(5. 

ANNE,  of  Ferrara,  daughter  of  Hercules  11., 
duke  of  Ferrara,  married  Francis,  duke  of 
Guise.  She  was  for  some  time  imprisoned  at 
Blois. 

ANNE,  of  Russia,  married  Henry  I.,  king  of 
France,  and  afterwards  Kaoul,  a  relation  of  her 
first  iiusband. 

ANNE,  of  Cyprus,  married  Lewis,  duke  of 
Savoy  ;  she  showed  herself  able,  active,  and 
discriminating,  at  the  head  of  public  affairs,  and 
died  1462. 

ANNE,  of  Hungary,  married  Ferdinand  of 
Austria,  and  placed  him  on  the  throne  of  Bohe 
mia ;  she  died  1547. 

ANNE,  De  Gonzague,  wife  of  Edward,  Count 
Palatine,  died  1G84,  and  was  honoured  with  a 
culo^ium  hv  Bossuet. 

ANNEBAUT,  Claude  d',  of  an  ancient  fami- 
ly in  Normandy,  distinguished  himself  for  his 
bravery  and  wisdom,  and  died  1552. 

ANNEIX  DE  SOUVENEL,  Ale.xis  Francis, 
a  learned  advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Britta- 
ny, died  1758. 

ANNESLEY,  Samuel,  L.  L.  D.,  a  native  of 
Cumberland,  died  1696.  It  is  said  John  Wesley 
was  his  prrandson  by  the  mother's  side. 

ANNESLEY,  Arthur,  earl  of  Anglesey,  and 
lord  privy  seal  in  the  reign  of  king  Charles  II., 
born  1614,  died  1686.  At  the  sale  of  his  books 
after  his  decease,  a  discovery  was  made  of  the 
earl's  famous  memorandum,  in  the  blank  leaf 
of  an  Eikon  Basilike  ;  according  to  which,  it 
%vas  not  king  Charles  I.,  but  bishop  Gauden, 
who  was  the  author  of  that  performance,  which 
produced  a  long  controversy. 

ANNIUS,  de  Viterbo,  a  Dominican,  whose 
real  name  was  John  Nanni,  master  of  the  sa 
cred  palace  of  Alexander  VI. ;  he  died  1502. 

ANGUETIL,  Lewis  Peter,  a  French  historian 
of  eminence,  prior  of  an  abbey  in  Anjou,  and 
director  of  the  college  of  Senlis.  His  wriUngs 
are  numerous  ;  he  died  in  1808. 

ANaUETIL  DU  PERRON,  Abraham  Hya 
cinth,  a  native  of  Paris,  enlisted  as  a  common 
soldier  in  an  expedition  fitting  out  for  India,  that 
he  might  there  pursue  his  favourite  study  of 
Oriental  literature ;  he  published  several  works 
connected  with  that  pursuit,  and  died  1605. 

ANSCHARIL'S,  a    Frenchman,   bishop   of 
Hamburgh  and  Bremen,  celebrated  for  tjiesuc- 
cess  of  his  preaching,  died  865. 
30 


ANSEGISUS,  abbot  of  Lobbes,  in  tlio  dio 
cess  of  Cambray,  a  man  of  great  learning  and 
application,  died  8J3. 

ANSEGISUS,  a  learned  priest  of  Rhcinis, 
made  archbishop  of  Sens,  died  &ii. 

ANSELM,  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  the 
reigns  of  William  Kufur  and  Henry  I.,  born 
103U,  at  Aost,  in  Savoy,  died  at  Canterbury  1109. 
He  was  the  first  archbishop  who  restrained  the 
English  clergy  from  marrying,  and  was  cano- 
nized in  tlie  reign  of  Henry  VII. 

\NSELM,  an  Augustine  monk,  author  of  a 
chronological  history  of  France,  died  1694. 

ANSELM,  Anthony,  distinguished  asapreach- 
er  and  a  poet,  died  1737. 

ANSER,  a  Latin  poet,  the  friend  of  Antony, 
in  the  age  of  Horace  and  Virgil. 

ANSON,  Peter  Hubert,  a  French  writer,  mem 
ber  of  the  national  assembly,  and  farmer  of  the 
post,  died  1810. 

ANSON,  George,  lord,  was  the  son  of  Wil- 
liam Anson,  Esq.,  of  Shutborough,  a  very  an- 
cient and  worthy  family  in  Staffordshire,  and 
was  born  in  1700.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Spanish  war  he  was  appointed  to  command  a 
fleet  of  five  sliiiis,  destined  to  annoy  the  enemy 
11  that  dangerous  and  unfrequented  sea  wliitli 
lies  beyond  America,  and  in  tiiat  unexpected 
(luarter  to  attack  them  with  vigour.  His  depar- 
ture being  unaccountably  delayed  some  niontha 
beyond  the  jjroper  season,  he  sailed  about  the 
middle  of  September,  1740;  and  about  the  ver- 
nal equinox,  in  the  most  tempestuous  weather, 
arrived  in  the  latitude  of  Cape  Horn.  He  doubled 
that  dangerous  cape  in  the  month  of  March, 

1741,  after  a  bad  passage  of  40  days,  in  which 
ho  lost  two  ships,  and  by  the  scurvy,  four  or  five 
men  in  a  day.  He  arrived  off  Juan  FernandeS 
in  June,  witli  only  two  ships,  besides  two  at- 
tendants on  the  squadron,  and  3.35  men.  He  left 
it  in  September,  took  some  prizes,  burnt  Paita, 
and  staid  about  the  coast  of  America  till  May, 

1742.  He  then  crossed  the  southern  ocean,  pro- 
ceeding with  the  Centurion  only,  the  other  ships 
having  been  destroyed  in  August.  Having  re- 
freshed his  crew  at  Tinian,  he  sailed  in  October 
for  China ;  staid  there  till  the  beginning  of 
1743  ;  waited  for  the  galleon  at  the  Philippine 
Islands,  met  her  on  the  20th  of  June,  and  took 
her.  Having;  sold  the  prize  in  China,  he  set  sail 
for  England,  December  1743,  and  on  tlie  15th  of 
June,  1744,  arrived  at  Spithead,  having  sailed 
in  a  fog  through  the  midst  of  a  French  fleet  then 
cruising  in  the  channel.  In  1747,  being  then  on 
board  the  Prince  George  of  90  guns,  in  compariy 
with  Admiral  Warren  and  twelve  ships  more, 
he  intercepted  off  Cape  Finisterre  a  powerful 
fleet,  bound  from  France  to  the  East  and  West 
Indies ;  and  by  his  valour  and  conduct  again 
enriched  himself  and  his  officers,  and  strength- 
ened the  British  navy,  by  taking  six  men  of  war 
and  four  East  Indiamen,  not  one  of  them  escap- 
ing. The  French  admiral,  M.  Jonquiere,  (h» 
presenting  his  sword  to  the  conqueror,  said, 
"  Monsieur,  vous  avez  vaincu  Plnvmcible,  et  la 
Gloire  vous  suit,"  pointing  to  the  two  ships  so 
named.  King  George  U.,  for  his  signal  services, 
rewarded  him  with  a  peerage,  by  the  title  of 
Lord  Anson,  baron  of  Sobarton,  in  Hants.  He 
died  suddenly  at  his  seat  at  Moor  Park,  in  Hert- 
fordshire, June  6, 1762.  His  natural  disposition 
was  calm,  cool,  and  steady :  but  it  is  reported, 
that  this  honest,  undesigning  seaman  was  fre- 
quently a  dupe  at  play ;  and  it  was  wittily  ol)- 
scrved  of  him,  that  he  had  been  round  tbe  workt, 
but  never  in  it.    See  ROBINS. 


'^P^Sb. 


ANSTEY,  Christopher,  a  hvcly,  but  not  vo- 
luminous poet,  born  at  Trunipington,  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire, 1704,  died  at  Hardunhuish,  near 
Chippenham,  Wilts,  August  3,  lb05,  in  bis  81st 
year.  Mr.  Anstey  was  author  of  several  short 
poems ;  but  is  principally  known  as  the  inventor 
of  a  new  and  diverting  species  of  poetry,  of 
Which,  however,  he  has  left  but  one  specimen 
of  any  length,  whichis,  "The  New  Bath  Guide," 
or,  "  Memoin^of  lheB[lunderhea]d  family.  He 
was  educated  at  King's  College,  Cambridge,  and 
intended  for  the  church  ;  but  inheriting,  some- 
what unexpectedly,  a  moderate  fort\me,  he  re- 
signed all  thoughts  of  a  clerical  life,  and  parsed 
the  greater  part  of  his  time  at  Bath.  A  monu- 
ment is  erected  to  his  memory  in  the  Poet's  cor- 
ner of  Westminster  Abbey,  by  the  filial  afl'ec- 
tion  of  his  son. 

ANSTIS,  John,  an  able  herald  and  antiquary, 
and  a  very  eminent  writer,  on  heraldic  subjects, 
born  at  St.  Neot's,  in  Cornwall,  16G9,  died  1744. 

ANTAGORAS,  a  Rhodian  poet,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Antigonus  of  Macedon. 

ANTEL^il,  Joseph,  a  canon  of  Frejus,  in 
Provence,  author  of  some  theological  tracts, 
died  lf.97. 

ANTES,  John,  a  native  of  America,  educated 
in  Gevjuany,  a  Moravian  missionary  to  Abys- 
sinia, died  1811. 

ANTESIGNAN,  Peter,  a  native  of  Rabas- 
tiens  in  the  Itith  century,  author  of  a  grammar, 
and  editor  of  Terence. 

ANTHEMIUS,  Procopius,  was  killed  by  his 
son-in-law  Ricimur,  472. 

ANTHEMIUS,  au  architect  of  Lydia,  in  the 
6th  century. 

ANTHONY,  St.,  the  founder  of  monastic 
life,  was  born  at  Coma,  in  Egypt,  251.  Two 
orders  of  chivalry  have  been  instituted  under 
Jjis  name. 

ANTHONY,  Francis,  was  born  in  London. 
He  was  a  famous  empiric,  and  died  1C23. 

ANTHONY,John,  son  of  the  above,  succeeded 
his  father  as  proprietor  of  his  medicine,  and  died 
1G55. 

ANTHONY,  king  of  Navarre,  a  weak  and 
Irresolute  prince,  died  1,')63. 

ANTHONY,  titular  king  of  Portugal ;  he  was 
■obliged  to  fly  from  hie  dominions,  and  died  at 
Paris,  1595. 

ANTHONY,  illegitimate  son  of  Philip,  duke 
of  Burgundy,  distinguished  for  his  valour,  died 
1504. 

ANTHONY,  a  native  of  Andalusia.  Vide 
/LNTONIUS,  called  Nebrissensis. 

ANTHONY,  Paul  Gabriel,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
born  at  Luneville,  died  1743. 

ANTHONY,  a  Sicilian,  who  set  fire  to  the 
arsenal  at  Galllpoli. 

ANTHONY,  N.,  an  architect  from  Switzer- 
land, who  settled  in  Paris,  died  1801. 

ANTHONY,  of  Padua,  a  Franciscan  monk, 
who  taught  in  the  Italian  universities,  died  1231. 

ANTHONY,  of  Pratovecchio,  a  lawj'er  of 
Tuscany,  professor  at  Bologna,  died  14ti4. 

ANTHONY,  St.,  professor  of  divinity  at  Tou- 
louse, Montpelier,  and  Padua,  died  1231. 

ANTHONY,  a  native  of  Palermo,  a  poet  and 
writer,  died  1471. 

ANTHONY,  of  Messina,  called  also  Anto- 
nello,  the  first  Italian  who  painted  in  oil,  about 
1430. 

ANTIGENIDES,  a  Theban  musician. 

ANTIGONUS  I.,  a  Macedonian  general,  who 
was  slain  at  the  battle  of  Ipsus,  301  B.  C. 

AWTI60NU9,  Gonatus,  grandson  of  the 


AN 

above,  remarkable  for  his  atfection  to  his  fa- 
ther ;  he  died  243  B.  C. 

ANTIGONUS,  Doson,  king  of  Macedonia, 
took  Sparta,  aud  defeated  the  Illyrians ;  he  died 
221  B.  C. 

ANTIGONTTS,  Carj'stius,  a  Greek  philoso- 
pher, about  300  years  B.  C. 

ANTIGONUS,  Socha^us.  founder  of  the  sect 
of  the  Sadfluceea,  about  300  «B.  C. 

ANTIGONUS,  son  of  Arlstobulus  11.,  king 
of  Judea,  was  led  in  triumph  by  Pompey,  and 
put  to  death  27  B.  C. 

ANTIMACHO,  Mark  Anthony,  a  native  of 
Mantua,  author  of  some  Latin  poems,  died  1552. 

ANTIMACHUS,  a  Greek  poet,  author  of  the 
Thehaid,  or  war  of  Thebes, 408  B.  C. 

ANTINE,  Maur  Francois  d',  born  at  Gou- 
vieu.\,  in  Liege ;  he  was  celebrated  for  his 
piety,  and  died  1746. 

ANTIOCiJUS  I.,  succeeded  his  father  Seleu- 
cus,  on  the  throne  of  Antioch  ;  he  died  261  B.  C. 

ANTIOCHUH  II.,  surnanied  Theos.lost  his 
dominions  by  the  revolt  of  the  Parthians;  he 
died  "JH  B.  C. 

ANTIOCHUS  III.,  or  Great,  he  was  at  first 

successful,  but  was  finally  conquered  by  the  Sci- 

pios,  and  died  187  B.  C. 

.-INTIOCHUS  IV.,  son  of  the  Great,  succeeded 

after  his  brother  Philopater,  and  died  165  B.  C. 

ANTIOCHUS  V.  was  slain  by  Demetrius,  in 
the  second  year  of  his  reign. 

ANTIOCHUS,  Sidetes,  obtained  the  crown 
of  Syria,  and  was  slain  in  battle,  130  B.  C. 

ANTIOCHUS,  Giypus,  son  of  Sidetes,  fell 
by  the  hand  of  one  of  his  subjects,  97  B.  C. 

ANTIOCHUS,  a  stoic  philosopher  of  Aska- 
lon,  100  B.  C. 

ANTKXJHUS,  a  monk  of  the  7th  century, 
and  author  of  homilies  on  the  Scriptures. 

AN TIPATER,  one  of  Alexander's  generals, 
died  318  B.  C. 

ANTIPATER,  a  stoic  philosopher  of  Sidon. 

ANTIPATER,La;liusCael.,  aLatin  historian. 

ANTIPATER,  a  Jew,  minister  to  Hyrcanus, 
the  brother  of  Aristobulus- 

ANTIPATER,  a  bishop  of  Bostra,  in  Arabia, 
in  the  5th  century. 

ANTIPHILUS,  a  painter  of  eminence,  and 
the  rival  of  Apelles. 

ANTIPHON,  an  Athenian  orator,  and  the 
first  who  laid  down  rules  for  that  art ;  he  waa 
put  to  death  411  B.  C. 

ANTISTHENES,  a  philosopher  of  Athens, 
founder  of  the  sect  of  the  Cynics. 

.'VNTOINETTE,  queen  of  France.  vid. 
MARIE. 

ANTONI,  de  Sceaux,  a  famous  rope  dancer 
on  the  French  stage,  died  1732. 

ANTONIA,  daut-'liter  of  Mark  Antony,  mar- 
ried Drusus,  and  died  in  the  reign  of  her  grand- 
son, Caligula. 

ANTONIANO,  Silvio,  a  man  of  great  learn- 
ing, who  raised  himself  from  a  low  condition 
by  his  merit ;  his  parents  being  so  far  from  able 
to  support  him  in  his  studies,  that  they  them- 
selves stood  in  need  of  charity.  He  was  born 
at  Rome,  in  1540,  and  made  a  quick  and  most 
surprising  progress  in  his  studies  ;  for  when  he 
was  but  10  year.s  old,  he  could  make  verses  upon 
any  subject  proposed  to  him ;  and  those  so  ex- 
cellent, though  pronounced  extempore,  that  even 
a  man  of  genius  could  not  compose  the  like 
without  a  good  deal  of  time  and  pains.  There 
was  a  proof  given  thereof  at  the  table  of  the 
cardinal  of  Pisa,  when  he  gave  an  entertain- 
ment one  day  to  several  other  cardinals.  Alei- 
51. 


AN 

ander  Farnese,  taking  a  nosegay,  gave  it  to  this 
vouLh,  desiring  him  to  present  it  to  him  of  the 
company  v/hom  he  thotipht  most  likely  to  be 
pope ;  he  presented  it  to  the  cardinal  do  Medicis 
and  made  a  eulogium  upon  him  in  verse.  This 
cardinal,  who  was  pope  some  years  afterwards 
under  the  name  of  Pius  IV.,  brought  him  to 
Rome,  and  made  him  professor  of  belles-lettres 
in  the  college  at  Rome  He  was  afterwards 
chosen  rector  of  the  college,  and  died  1C03. 

ANTONIDKS,  Vander  Goes,  John,  a  poet, 
bom  at  Goes,  in  Zealand  ;  he  died  1684. 

ANTONINUS,  Pius,  a  celebrated  Roman  em- 
peror, succeeded  Adrian,  138,  and  died  ItiX. 

ANTONINUS  PHILOSOPHOS,  Marcus  Au- 
relius,  the  Roman  emperor,  born  at  Rome,  the 
2(ith  of  April,  in  the  lilst  year  of  the  Cliristian 
era,  and  died  on  an  expedition  against  the  Mar 
comanni,  in  the  19th  year  of  his  reign.  The 
whole  empire  regretted  his  loss  as  a  most  valua- 
ble prince,  and  paid  the  greatest  regard  to  hi: 
memory ;  he  was  ranked  among  the  gods,  and 
almost  every  person  had  a  statue  of  him  in  his 
house.  His  book  of  "  Meditations"  has  been 
much  admired  by  the  best  judges. 

ANTONINUS,  a  geographer,  whose  age  is 
unknown. 

ANTONIO,  Nicolas,  canon  of  Sei-ille,  and 
author  of  "  Bibliotheca  Hispanica,"  in  four 
volumes  folio,  died  1684. 

ANTONIUS,  Marcus,  one  of  the  greatest 
orators  ever  known  at  Rome.  It  was  owing  to 
him,  according  to  Cicero,  that  Rome  might  boast 
herself  a  rival  even  to  Greece  itself  in  the  art 
of  eloquence.  He  defended  among  many  others, 
Marcus  Aquilius;  and  moved  tlie  jtidges  in  so 
sensible  a  manner,  by  the  tears  he  shed,  and  the 
scars  he  showed  on  the  breast  of  his  client,  that 
he  carried  his  cause.  He  was  unfortunately 
killed,  during  the  disturbances  raised  at  Rome 
by  Marius  and  Cinna,  in  the  year  of  Rome  667. 
ANTONIUS,  Marcus,  the  triumvir,  was  son 
of  Antonius  Crcticus,  by  Julia,  a  noble  lady  of 
such  merit,  that  Plutarch  affirms  her  to  have 
been  "  comparable  to  the  wisest  and  most  vir- 
tuous ladies  of  that  age."  Mark  Antony,  losing 
his  father  when  young,  launched  out  at  once 
into  all  the  excess  of  riot  and  debauchery,  and 
wasted  his  whole  patrimony  before  lie  had  put  on 
the  manly  gown.  He  afterwards  went  abroad 
to  learn  the  art  of  war  under  Gabinius,  who 
gave  him  the  command  of  his  horse  in  Syria, 
where  he  signalized  his  courage  in  the  restora 
tion  of  Ptolemy,  king  of  Egypt.  From  Egypt 
he  went  to  Cisar,  in  Gaul :  and  after  some  stay 
there,  being  furnished  with  money  and  credit 
by  Ca-sar,  returned  to  Rome  to  sue  for  the  qua?s- 
torship.  In  this  suit  he  succeeded,  and  after- 
wards attained  the  tribunate,  in  which  office  he 
was  amazingly  active  for  Ca-sar,  who,  when  he 
had  made  himself  master  of  Rome,  gave  Antony 
the  government  of  Italy,  with  the  command 
over  the  legions  there ;  in  which  post  lie  gained 
the  love  of  the  soldiery.  But  what  was  more 
to  his  honour,  he  assisted  Cccsar  so  successfully 
on  several  occasions,  that,  twice  particularly, 
when  Caesar's  army  had  been  put  to  flight,  he 
rallied  the  scattered  troops,  and  gained  the  vic- 
tory :  this  raised  his  reputation  so,  that  he  was 
reckoned  the  next  best  general  to  Cesar.  After 
the  defeat  of  Pompey,  at  Phar?alia,  Ca'sar,  as 
an  acknowledgment  of  Antony's  great  servi- 
ces, made  him  master  of  the  horse  ;  in  which 
office  he  behaved  with  violence;  and  this  be- 
haviour, together  with  his  dissolute  life,  (for  he 
was  drunken  and  debauchecl  to  the  last  degree) 
32 


AN 

was  the  reason  why  Cssar,  the  next  year,  did 
not  admit  him  his  colleague  in  the  consulship: 
he  did,  however,  admit  him  two  years  after. — 
Cpon  the  death  of  Cit-sar,  Antony  was  much 
friglitened,  and  hid  himself  during  tlic  night,  un- 
der the  disguj.se  of  a  slave ;  but  hearing  that  the 
conspirators  had  retired  to  the  capilol,  he  assem- 
bled ii'u  senate  as  consul,  to  deliberate  upon  the 
present  situation  of  the  commonwealth.    Here 
Cicero  moved  for  a  decree  of  a  general  amnesty, 
or  act  of  oblivion,  for  all  that  had  passed :  to 
which  they  unanimously  agreed.    Antony  dis- 
sembled well,  for  it  was  nothing  but  dissimula- 
tion :  he  seemed  to  be  all  goodness;  talked  of 
nothing  but  healing  measures  ;  and,  as  a  proof 
of  liis  sincerity,  moved  that  the  conspirators 
should  be  invited  to  take  part  in  their  delibera- 
tions, and  sent  his  son  as  a  hostage  for  their 
safety.    Upon  this  they  all  -ame  down  from  the 
capitol ;  and,  to  crown  the  joy  ot  the  day,  Bru- 
tus supped  with  Lepidus,  as  Cassius  did  with 
Antony.    Antony  is  said  to  have  asked  Cassias, 
during  supper,  "  whether  he  still  wore  a  dagger 
under  his  gown."     "  Yes,"   replied  Cassius, 
"  and  a  very  large  one,  in  case  you  invade  the 
sovereign  power."    This  was  what  Antony  all 
the  while  aimed  at ;  and,  as  the  event  showed, 
he  pursuf  d  his  measures  with  iht  greatest  ad- 
dress    He  artfully  proposed  a  decree  for  the 
confirmation  of  Casar's  acts ;  and,  getting  C;e- 
sar's  register  into  his  power,  he  proposed  as 
Caesar's  acts  whatever  suited  his  purpose.     He 
iprocured  a  public  funeral  for  Ca-sar,  End  tooic 
|that  opportunity  of  haranguing  the  soldiers  and 
populace  in   his  favour ;  and  lie  inflamed  them 
so  against  the  conspirators,  tliat  Brutus  and  Cas- 
sius were  forced  lo  leave  the  city.    He  made  a 
tour  through  Italy,  to  solicit  the  veteran  sol- 
diers, having  first  secured  Lepidus,  who  had  the 
army,  to  his  interests  ;  he  seized  the  public  trea- 
sure, and  treated  Octavius  withsuperciliousiicsa 
and  contempt,  though  the  adopted  son  and  heir 
of  Julius  Osar.    The  patriots,  however,  with 
Cicero  at  their  head,  espousing  Octavius,  in  or- 
der to  destroy  Antony,  the  latter  was  forced  to 
change  his  measures,  and  look  a  little  abroad  : 
he  endeavoured  to  extort  the  provinces  of  Ma- 
cedonia and  Syria  from  Brutus  and  Cassius  ; 
but,  not  succeeding,  resolved  to  possess  himself 
of  Cisalpine  Gaul,  and  besiege  Decinms  Brutus 
in  Mutina.    This  siege  is  one  of  the  most  me- 
morable things  of  the  kind  in  history ;  and,  in 
conducting  it,  Antony,  though  defeated,  gained 
very  great  reputation  :  the  consuls  Hirtius  and 
Paiisa  were  botli  slain  ;  andiiothing  butsuperior 
jforces  could  have  left  Octavius  master  of  the 
field.     Antony  fled  in  great  confu.';ion,  wanting 
leven  the  necessaries  of  fife  ;  and  this  very  man, 
who  had  hitherto  wallowetl  in  luxury  and  in- 
temperance, was  obliged  to  live  some  days  upon 
roots  and  water.    He"  fled  to  the  Alps,  and  was 
received  by  Lepidus;  with  whom  and  Octavius 
he  formed  the  2d  triumvirate,  as  it  has  usually 
been  called.    When  these  three  conferred,  they 
would  easily  be  persuaded  that  the  patriots 
wanted  only  to  destroy  them  all,  whiph  could 
not  be  done  so  effectually  as  by  clashing  them 
against  one  another ,  they  therefore  comliined, 
proscribed  their  respective  enemies,  and  divided 
the  empire  among  themselves.    Cicero  fell  a 
acrifice  to  the  resentment  of  Antony,  who,  in- 
[deed,  was  charged  with  most  of  the  murders 
then  committed :  but  they  were  rather  to  he 
Ichavged  to  the  account  of  bis  wife  Fuivia,  who, 
[btiiig  a  woman  of  avarice,  cruelty,  and  revenge, 
committed  a  thousand  enormities,  of  wbicli  tie> 


husband  was  ignorant.  Upon  the  defeat  of 
Brutus  and  Cassias  by  Octavius  and  Antony, 
at  Philippi,  which  was  owing  chiefly  to  the  mi- 
litary skill  and  bravery  of  the  latter,  Antonj 
obtained  the  sovereign  dominion,  and  went  into 
Asia,  where  he  had  the  most  splendid  court  thai 
ever  was  seen.  The  kings  and  princes  of  Asia 
came  to  his  court,  arid  acknowledged  no  oilier 
sovereign  in  the  East  but  him.  tiueens  and 
princesses,  knowing  him,  doubtless,  to  Ije  a  man 
of  amour  and  gallantry,  strove  who  should  win 
his  heart;  and  t!ie  famous  Cleopatra  of  Egypt 
succeeded.    See  CLEOPATRA. 

ANTONIUS,  Marc  us  Junius,  deliauched  Ju- 
lia, the  daughter  of  Augustus,  and  killed  him- 
self when  his  disgrace  was  made  public. 

AXTOXIUS,  Liberalis,  a  Greek  author,  of 
Trhom  little  is  known. 

ANTONlUS,  Honoratus,  bishop  of  Coustan- 
tine,  in  Africa. 

AXTONIUS,  called  Nebrissensis,  or  Laxibra, 
was  for  nve  years  a  professor  at  Salamanca, 
and  died  Krli. 

ANTONY.     Vid.  ANTHONY. 

ANVARI,  called  king  of  Khorassan,  a  poet, 
died  1'200. 

A.NVtLLE,  John  Baptiste  Bourguignon  d",  a 
most  famous  French  writer  on  geograpliy,  born 
at  Paris,  170-2,  and  died  tiiere  1782,  as  much  es- 
teemed for  the  genlleness  and  simplicity  of  his 
manners  as  for  his  e.xtensive  knowledge.  He 
laboured  at  his  maps  15  hours  a  day  for  fifty 
years. 

ANYTA,  a  Greek  poetess. 

ANYTUS,  a  rhetorician  of  Athens,  who 
caused  the  death  of  Socrates. 

APELLES,  one  of  the  iiiost  celebrated  pain- 
ters of  antiquity,  was  born  in  tiie  isle  of  Cos, 
and  flourisiied  in  the  time  of  Alexander  the 
Great.  He  was  in  high  favour  with  that  prince, 
who  made  a  law  that  no  other  person  sliould 
draw  his  picture  butApelles:  he  accordingly 
drew  him  holding  a  thunderbolt  in  his  hand  : 
the  piece  was  finished  with  so  much  skill  and 
dexterity,  that  it  used  to  be  said,  there  were  two 
Alexanders  :  one  invhicible,  the  son  of  Philip; 
the  other  inimitable,  the  production  of  Apelles. 
Alexander  gave  him  likewise  another  remarka- 
ble proof  of  his  regard ;  for  when  he  employed 
Apelles  to  draw  Campaspe,  one  of  his  mistress- 
es, having  found  that  he  had  conceived  an  affec- 
licm  for  her,  he  resigned  her  to  him  ;  and  itwas 
from  her  that  Apelles  is  said  to  have  dra\i'n  his 
Venus  Anadyomene.  One  of  Apelles'  chief 
excellencies  was,  the  making  his  pictures  so 
exactly  resemble  the  persons  represented,  that 
the  physiognomists  were  able  to  form  a  judg- 
ment as  readily  from  his  portraits,  as  if  they 
had  seen  the  originals. 

APELLES,  a  heretic  of  Syria  in  the  3d  cen 
tury. 

APELLICON,  a  peripatetic  philosopher,  who 
was  the  means  of  preserving  the  works  of  Aris 
totle,  abou'  90  B.  C. 

APER,  I^tarcus,  a  Roman  orator,  died  85. 

APHTHONHJS,  a  rhetorician  of  Antioch,  in 
the  3d  century. 

APICIUS.  There  were  three  ancient  Romans 
of  this  name;  ail  very  eminent,  not  for  genius, 
for  virtue,  for  great  or  good  qualities,  but  for 
gluttony ;  or,  if  we  may  soften  the  term,  in 
compliance  with  the  growing  taste  of  the  limes 
^^e  write  in,  for  the  art  of  refining  in  the  science 
of  eathig.  The  tirst  lived  under  Sylla,  the  se- 
cond under  Augustus  and  Tiberius,  and  the 
Vhird  under  Trajan.    The  second,  however,  is 


E 


AP 

the  most  illustrious  personage  of  the  three, 
and  he  kept  a  kuid  of  ?chool  of  gluttony  at  Rome; 
he  spvnt  two  millions  and  a  half  in  entertain 
ments ;  when,  fmding  himself  very  much  in 
debt,  he  was  forced  at  length  to  Itjok  into  the 
state  of  hie  affairis :  and  seeing  that  he  had  but 
250,0'iO  livres  left,  he  poisoned  himself  from  an 
apprehe.asion  of  being  starved  with  such  a  sum. 
This  man  wrote  a  treatise,  "De  Re  Culinaria." 

APIEN,  Peter,  a  mathematician  of  Ingolstadt, 
died  155-2. 

APIEN,  Philip,  son  of  tlie  preceding,  a  phy- 
sician, died  15p9. 

APION,  a  fanmus  grammarian,  born  at  Oa?is. 
in  Egypt  u  as  a  professor  at  Rome  in  tlic  reign  of 
Tiberius.  He  was  undeniably  a  man  of  learning, 
but  a  downright  pedant ;  for  he  used  to  boa>t, 
with  the  greatest  assurance,  that  he  gave  im- 
mortality to  those  to  whom  he  dedicated  his 
works.  How  would  his  vanity  be  mortified, 
if  he  knev/  that  none  of  these  works  remain, 
and  that  his  name  and  person  would  long  ago 
have  '  een  buried  in  oblivion,  if  other  writers 
had  not  made  mention  of  them  !  One  of  his 
chief  works  was  "  The  Antiquuiesof  Egypt." 

APOCAUCHUS,  a  Greek  of  mean  origin,  be- 
crane  the  favourite  of  the  emperor  Andronicus ; 
he  died  1345 

APOLLINARIS.C.Sulpit,  professor  of  gram- 
mar, at  Rome,  in  the  2d  century. 

APOLLINARiUS,  a  presbyter  of  Alexandria, 
in  the  4th  century. 

APPOLLODORU3,  the  Athenian,  a  famous 
grammarian,  son  of  Asclepiades,  and  disciple 
of  Aristarchus.  He  wrote  several  works 
which  are  not  extant:  his  most  famous  pro- 
ductions are  mentioned  in  Fabricius'  ''  Biblio- 
theca  Grffca." 

APOLLODORUS,  a  famous  architect  under 
Trajan  and  Adrian,  was  born  at  Damascus,  gnd 
had  the  direction  of  that  most  magnificent  bridge 
which  the  former  ordered  to  be  built  over  the 
Danube,  in  the  year  104.  He,  however,  fell  a 
victim  to  the  envy  of  the  emperor  Adrian,  who 
always  valued  himself  highly  upon  his  know- 
ledge of  arts  and  sciences,  and  hated  every  one 
of  whose  eminence  in  his  profession  he  had  rea- 
son to  be  jealous. 

APOLLODORITS,  a  painter  of  Athens,  the 
rival  of  Zeuxis,  408  B.  C. 

APOLLONIA,  St.,  a  martyr  of  Alexandiia, 
243. 

APOLLONIUS,  aOreek  tw^et  and  rhetorician, 
bom  at  Alexandria,  under  the  reign  of  Ptolemy 
Evergetes,  king  of  Egypt,  was  a  scholar  of  Cal- 
limachus ;  and  wrote  a  poem  uixm  the  expedi- 
tion of  the  golden  fleece :  the  work  is  styled 
"  Argonautica,"  and  consists  of  four  books. 

APOLLONIUS  of  Perga,  a  city  of  Famphy 
lia,  a  famous  geometrician,  who  also  lived  uii» 
der  the  reign  of  Ptolemy  Evergetes,  and  com- 
posed several  valuable  v.'oris  ;  of  whicli  only, 
ills  "Conies"  remain. 

APOLLONIUS,  a  Pythagorean  philosopbGr, 
horn  at  Tyana,  in  Cappadocia,  about  the  begin- 
ning of  tlie  1st  century.  At  15  years  of  age,  he 
became  a  strict  observer  of  the  rules  of  Pytlia-- 
goras,  renouncing  wine,  women,  and  all  sorts 
of  Jlesh  ;  not  wearing  shoes,  letting  his  hair 
grow,  and  wearing  nothing  but  linen.  He  soon 
after  set  up  for  a  reformer  of  mankind,  and 
chose  his  habitation  in  tlie  temple  of  jEscula- 
pius,  where  he  is  said  to  have  performed  many 
miraculous  cures. 

APPOLLOMUS,  a  grammarian  of  -Viexan- 
dria,  in  the  23  century 

33 


Aa 


AK 


APOLLONIUS,  a  Roman  senator,  who  suf- 
fered martyrdom  in  the  2d  century. 

APOLLOiMUS,  a  Btojc  philusopher,  precep- 
tor to  the  emperor  Marcus  Aurelius. 

APOLLOXrUS,  a  grammarian,  autlior  of  a 
lexicon  on  Homer,  in  the  ape  of  Augustus. 

APOLLOiMl'S  C'OLI-ATIUS,  Peter,  apricst 
of  Navarre,  also  an  indiflerent  poet. 

APOLLOS,  a  Jew  ol  Alexandria ;  he  became 
a  convert  to  Christianity,  and  liis  powers  of 
preaching  were  more  admired  than  those  of 
Pan). 

APONO,  Peter  d',  bom  near  Padua,  studied 
at  Paris,  took  his  decrees  in  medicine  and  phi- 
losophy, was  accuEctl  of  magic,  but  died  before 
the  prosecution  was  completed,  1316. 

APOSTOLIUS,  Michael,  a  learned  Greek 
author,  in  the  15th  century. 

APPl.XA,  an  eminent  historian,  who  wrote 
the  RoHJan  liistory  in  the  Greek  language,  and 
flourislied  under  the  reigns  of  the  emperors 
Trajan  and  Adrian. 

APPIAN,  Peter,  a  mathematician.  Vid.  A 
PIEN. 

APPLETON,  Nathaniel,  D.  D.,  a  distinguish- 
ed divine  and  minister  of  Cambridge,  Mass.  ; 
born  at  Ipswich,  1G92 ;  was  fellow  of  the  uni- 
veroity  for  60  years ;  received  the  second  degree 
of  doctor  of  divinity  which  the  Cambridge  uni- 
versity ever  conferred;  the  first  having  been 
conferred  on  Increase  Mather,  80  years  before. 
His  occasional  sermons  published  were  very 
numerous. 

APPLETOX,  Jesse,  D.  D.,  a  student  of  theo- 
iog>-,  under  Dr.  Lathrop,  of  Springfield,  and 
president  of  Bowdoin  college,  Maine,  died  1819. 

APKIEB,  king  of  Egypt,  594  B.  C. ;  supiwsed 
by  some  to  be  the  Pharaoh  Hophra  of  the  Scrip 
tures. 

APROSIO,  Angelico,  an  Augustine,  bom  at 
Ventiraigila,  in  the  Genoese,  which  he  adorned 
by  a  valuable  collection  of  books;  he  died  1682. 

APULEIUS,  Lucius,  a  Platonic  philosopher, 
lived  in  the  2d  century,  under  the  Antonines, 
and  was  horn  at  Madaura,  a  Roman  colony  in 
Africa.  He  was  a  man  of  a  curious  and  inqui- 
sitive disposition,  especially  in  religious  matters, 
which  prompted  him  to  take  several  journeys, 
and  to  enter  into  several  societies  of  religion. 
He  spent  almost  his  whole  fortime  in  travelling. 
He  was  indefatigable,  however,  in  his  studies, 
and  composed  several  books  in  prose  and  verse : 
but  most  of  them  are  lost.  His  "  Golden  Ass" 
IS  the  best  of  his  works  now  extant. 

AQUAVIVA,  Octavio,  cardinal,  legate,  and 
archbishop  of  Naples;  he  died  1612. 

AaUAVlVA,  Andrew  Blatth.  d',  duke  of 
Atri,  and  prince  of  Tcrarao,  a  Neapolitan  noble- 
man, who  patronized  literature  ;  he  died  1615. 

AftUAVIVA,  Claude,  son  of  Andrew,  go 
Vernor  of  the  Jesuits,  died  1615. 
"    AQUILA,  a  mathematician  of  Fontus  ;  he 
translated  the  Bible  from  Hebrew  into  Greek. 

AQriLANO,  Sera.'-ino,  a  native  of  Aquila 
known  bv  his  sonnets  and  other  poetical  trifles ; 
be  died  1500. 

Aai'lL.VNUS,  Sebastian,  an  Italian  physi 
cian,  whose  real  name  is  unknown ;  be  was  pro 
fes.'or  at  Padua,  and  died  1543. 

AQUINAS,  St.  Thomas,  a  celebrated  teacher 
of  iheschool  divinity  in  the  universities  of  Italy 
and  commonly  called  the  angelical  doctor,  was 
bom  in  the  castle  of  Aquino,  in  the  Terra  di 
Lavora,  in  Italy,  about  the  year  1224.  In  1274 
he  was  sent  for  to  the  second  council  of  Lyons, 
hy  pope  Gregory  X.,  that  he  might  read  before 
34 


them  a  book  which  he  had  written  against  the 
Greeks  at  the  command  of  Urban  rv. ;  but  he 
fell  .sick  on  his  journey,  at  the  monastery  of 
Foasanova,  near  Tcrracina,  where  he  died  on 
the  7th  of  Marcb,  aged  50  years.  Aquinas  left 
a  vast  number  of  works,  which  have  been  re- 
peatedly printed  in  17  volumes  folio. 

AQUINO,  Philip,  a  Jew,  of  Carpentras,  pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew  at  Paris, died  1690. 

ARABSCHAH,  author  of  a  history  of  Ta- 
merlane, a  Mohamedan  historian  of  Damascus ; 
he  died  14.")0. 

AKAGON,  Jane  d',  wife  of  Asranius  Colona, 
i'iustrious  for  her  virtues  and  fortitude;  she 
died  1577. 

ARAM,  Eugene,  an  Englishman  of  mean 
birth,  but  remarkable  for  his  extraordinary  abi- 
lities, and  the  singular  circumstances  attending 
big  unhappy  fate;  he  was  born  in  Yorkshire, 
1704.  He  acquired  considerable  knowledge  in 
the  mathematics,  the  Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew, 
and  Celtic  languages,  and  many  parts  of  polite 
literature,  entirely  by  his  own  industry.  But, 
while  employed  in  those  learned  labours,  he 
committed  a  crime  not  to  be  expected  in  a  man 
of  his  studious  tuni ;  as  the  only  inducement  that 
led  him  to  it  is  said  to  have  been  gain,  though 
he  afterwards  assigned  jealousy  of  his  wife  as 
the  motive.  In  1744  he  murdered  Daniel  Clarke, 
which  crime  was  concealed  14  years,  and  w  s 
then  discovered  by  the  accidental  finding  of  a 
skeleton  supposed  to  be  that  of  Clarke.  This 
was  a  mistake  but  it  led  to  a  discovery.  _  He 
was  apprehended  cm  suspicion,  tried  at  York, 
in  1759,  and  found  g\iilty  on  sufhcient  evidence, 
corroborated  by  the  testimony  of  his  own  wife. 
His  defence  was  uncommonly  curious,  and  at 
once  an  evidence  of  his  taste  and  erudiiion. 
After  conviction,  he  confessed  the  justice  of  his 
sentence,  and  endeavoured  to  destroy  himself 
by  opening  an  artery  in  his  arm  with  a  razor. 
He  was,  however,  executed,  and  hung  in  chains, 
in  Knaresborough  forest. 

ARANTIUS,  Julius,  nn  Italian  physician 
and  anatomist,  born  at  Bolopna,  died  1581. 

ARATUS,  a  Greek  poet  and  astronomer,  who 
flourished  about  the  12'lth  Olympiad. 

ARATUS,  a  nati\e  of  Picyon,  the  deliverer 
of  his  country  and  promoter  of  the  Achaean 
league,  died  216  B.  C. 

ARBOGATES,  a  Roman  general,  destroyed 
himself  394. 

ARBRISSEL,  Robert  d',  a  native  of  Brittany, 
founded  the  monastery  of  Fontevrault,  and  died 
1117. 

ARBUCKLE,  James,  M.  A.,  a  native  of  Glas- 
gow, who  possessed  some  merit  as  a  poet,  died 
1734. 

AEBUTHNOT,  Alexander,  eminent  for  his 
learninc  and  pietv,  died  at  Aberdeen,  1538. 

ARBUTHNOt,  Dr.  John,  a  celebrated  wit 
and  physician  in  queen  Anne's  reign,  was  the 
son  of  an  episcopal  clergyman  in  Scotland,  near- 
ly allied  to  the  noble  family  of  that  name.  On 
liis  coming  to  London,  his  extensive  learning 
and  facetious  and  agreeable  conversation  intro- 
duced him  by  degrees  into  practice,  and  he  be- 
came eminent  in  his  profession.  Being  at  Ep- 
som when  prince  George  of  Denmark  was  sud- 
denly taken  ill,  he  was  called  in  to  his  assistance. 
His  advice  was  successful,  and  his  highness,  re- 
covering, employed  him  always  afterwards  aa 
his  physician.  In  consequence  of  this,  upon  the 
indisposition  of  Dr.  Hannes,  he  was  appointed 
physician  in  ordinary  to  queen  Anne,  in  1709. 
His  gentle  manners,  polite  learning,  and  excel* 


AR 

lent  talents,  entitled  liim  to  an  intimate  corres- 
IiiiMUciice  and  friendship  with  tiie  celebrated 
wits  of  his  tinjo,  Pope,  Swift,  Gay,  and  Parnell. 
In  1727,  he  published  "TaWes  of  ancient  Coins, 
Weights,  and  Measures,"'  in  4to.  In  1732,  his 
"Essay  concerning  the  nature  of  Aliments," 
&c.,  was  printed  ;  which  was  followed  the  year 
after  by  the  "  Effects  of  Air  on  Human  Bodies." 
His  other  works  were  humorous  and  satirical 
pieces  ou  various  subjects.  He  died  in  London 
February,  1735. 

ARC,  Joan  of.    See  JOAN. 

ARCADIUS,  succeeded  his  father,  the  great 
riiendosius,  as  emperor  of  the  East,  and  died 
408. 

ARCADIUS,  an  African  bishop,  was  put  to 
death  because  he  opposed  the  Arians,  437. 

AllCERE,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Marseilles, 
who  was  priest  of  the  oratory,  died  1099. 

ARCEIIE,  Lewis  Etienne,  known  as  a  poet 
and  historian,  died  1781. 

ARCESILAUS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  suc- 
ceeded Crates  in  his  school.  He  was  born  316 
B.C. 

ARCHD.\T.,E,  John,  governor  of  Carolina  in 
1695 ;  he  was  instrumental  in  quieting  the  tu 
mults  of  the  colony  about  that  period,  and  in- 
trodttced  the  first  rice  ever  cultivated  in  the 
country.    He  died  in  England. 

ARCHELAUS,  son  of  Herod  the  great,  kin^ 
of  Judea,  succeeded  to  half  the  kingdom  of  liis 
father.    He  died  A.  D.  6. 

ARCHELAUS,  king  of  Macedonia  after  Per- 
diccag;^!.,  died  about  398  B.  C. 

AROTELAUS,  a  philosopher,  successor  to 
Anaxagoras,  at  Lampsacns. 

ARCHELAUS,  a  bishop  of  Mesopotamia,  278, 
opposed  the  Manichieans. 

ARCHELAUS,  a  geographer  in  the  age  of 
Alexander. 

ARCHIAS. ar.ativeof Antioch.  Cicerospoke 
in  his  defence. 

ARCRIDAMUS,  king  of  Sparta  after  Agesi- 
laus,  his  father,  561  B.  C. 

AROHIGENES,  a  Greek  pli3'sician  in  the  ago 
of  Trajan. 

ARCHILOCHUS,  a  Greek  poet,  born  in  the 
isle  of  Paros,  was  the  son  of  Telesicles  ;  and, 
according  to  Mr.  Bayle,  flourished  in  tlie  26th 
Olympiad,  or  690  years  before  Christ.  His 
poetry  abounded  with  the  most  poignant  satire. 
This  poet  e.xcelled  chiefly  in  iambic  verses,  and 
was  the  inventor  of  tiiem,  as  appears  from  a 
passage  in  Horace,  Ep.  xix.  lib.  i.  verse  23,  &c. 

ARCHIMEDES,  a  celebrated  geometrician, 
born  at  Syracuse,  in  Sicily,  and  related  to  Iliero, 
king  of  Syracuse.  He  was  remarkable  for  his 
extraordinary  appHcarion  to  mathematical  stu- 
dies, in  which  he  used  to  be  so  much  engaged, 
that  his  servants  were  often  obliged  to  take  .him 
from  them  by  force.  He  had  such  a  surprising 
'■nvention  in  mechanics,  that  he  affirmed  to 
Hicro,  that  if  he  had  another  earth  whereon  to 
p!:iiit  his  machines,  he  could  move  this  which 
we  inhabit.  Archimedes  heqame  most  famous 
by  his  cr.rious  contrivances,  whereby  the  city  of 
Syracuse  was  so  long  defended  when  besieged 
by  Marccllus.  Against  the  vessels  whicli  caine 
up  close  to  the  walls  he  contrived  a  kind  of 
crow,  projected  above  the  wall,  with  an  iron 
grapple  fastened  to  a  strong  chain.  This  was 
let  down  upon  the  prow  of  a  ship,  and,  by  means 
of  the  weight  of  a  heavy  counterpoise  of  lead, 
raised  up  the  prow  and  set  the  vessel  upright 
upon  her  poop ;  then  dropping  it  all  of  a  sud- 
den, as  if  it  had  fallen  fron;  the  wallS;  it  sunk  so 


AR 

far  into  the  sea,  that  it  let  in  a  great  deal  of 
water,  even  when  it  fell  directly  ou  its  keel. 
However,  notwithstanding  all  his  art,  Syracuse 
was  at  length  taken  by  Marccllus,  who  com- 
manded his  soldiers  to  have  a  particular  regard 
to  the  safety  of  Archimedes ;  but  this  ingenious 
man  was  unfortunately  slain  by  a  soldier  who 
did  not  know  him.  .Vrchimedes  is  said  to  have 
been  killed  about  208  years  before  the  birth  of 
Christ.  We  have  several  of  his  works  still  ex- 
tant ;  but  the  greater  part  of  them  are  lost. 

ARCHINTO,  Octavius,  known  for  his  "An- 
tiquities," lived  in  the  10th  century. 

ARCIION,  Lewis,  chaplain  of  Lewis  XIV., 
died  1717. 

ARCHYT.'VS,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher  and 
mathematician  of  Tarentum,  about  400  B.  C. 

\RCONS,  Ca;sar  de,  a  Gascon,  advocate  in 
the  parliament  of  Bordeaux,  died  1681. 

ARCQ.,  Philip  Auguste  de  St.  Fold,  an  Inge- 
nious Parisian,  known  by  his  writings,  died  1 1 14. 

ARCUDI,  Alexander  Thomas,  a  Dominican 
of  Venice,  author  of  some  historical  and  bio- 
graphical works,  died  about  1720. 

ARCUDIUS,  Peter,  a  Greek  ecclesiastic  of 
Corfu,  employed  in  Russia  by  Clement  VIH., 
died  1635. 

ARC'ULPHUS,  a  French  divine,  who  wrote 
an  account  of  the  Holy  Laud,  in  the  7th  cen- 
turv. 

ARCY,  Patrick  d',  an  Englishman,  Vid. 
DARCV. 

ARDEN,  Edward,  aiiative  of  Warwickshire. 
He  was  accused  of  bein,?  engaged  in  a  conspi- 
racy against  the  queoiii's  lite,  and  though  no 
evidence  appeared  against  them,  both  he  and 
his  son-in-law,  Somerville,  \vere  condemned 
and  e.xecuted,  1583. 

ARDERN,  John,  an  early  medical  writer, 
settled  at  Newark,  afterwards  at  London,  about 
1370. 

AREAGATHUS,  a  Greek  physician  at  Rome, 
269  B.  C. 

ARENA,  Anthony  de,  judge  of  St.  Eemi, 
near  Aries,  died  1544. 

ARESI,  Paul,  bishop  of  Tortona,  author  of 
some  theological  works,  died  1645. 

ARETJiUS,  a  physician  of  Cappadocia:  but 
in  what  time  he  flourished  authors  are  not 
agreed  ;  some  placing  him  under  Augustus  Cte- 
sar,  others  under  Trajan  or  Adrian.  His  works, 
however,  are  very  valuable.  The  best  edition 
was  published  by  Dr.  Wigan,  in  folio,  at  O.x- 
ford,  1723. 

ARETAPHILA,  a  woman  of  Cyrene,  who 
avenged  the  death  of  her  husband,  &c. 

ARETE,  daughter  of  Aristippus,  of  Cyrene; 
she  taught  philosonhv. 

ARETHAS,  a  liisliop  of  Cappadocia,  in  tha 
10th  century,  author  of  a  commentary  on  Reve- 
lations. 

ARETIN,  Guy,  a  Benedictine  monk,  who 
lived  in  the  11th  century.  He  rendered  himself 
famous  by  discovering  a  new  method  of  learning 
music  ;  and  was  said  to  have  been  the  inventor 
of  the  six  notes  in  music,  "  Ut,  Re,  Mi,  Fa,  Sol, 
La. 

ARETIN,  Leonard,  was  one  of  the  ablest  men 
in  eloquence  and  science  of  the  15th  century  ; 
and  left  several  works,  the  catalogue  of  which 
may  be  seen  in  Gesner's  "  Bibliotheca."  He 
died  about  1443,  being  then  74  years  of  ase,  at 
Florence ;  where  there  is  a  marble  monument 
erected  to  him  in  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Cross, 
with  an  inscription  to  the  following  purport: — 
Since  the  death  of  Leonard,  history  is  in 
35 


niouriiin^  ;  elmiuence  is  become  mute  ;  tile 
Greek  an  J  Latin  muses  caiuiot  forbear  siicddiug 
tears." 

ARETIN,  Francis,  a  man  ,i.r  great  reading, 
and  well  acquaintfd  witii  tliii'Greek  language. 
He  studied  at  Sienna,  ^')out  tlie  year  1443 ;  and 
afterwards  taught  law  there  with  such  a  viva- 
city of  genius,  that  they  called  liim  the  prince 
of  subtleties,  and  his  wit  btcame  a  proverb.  Ho 
tauj'ht  also  in  the  university  of  Pisa,  and  in  that 
of  Ferrara. 

ARETIN,  Peter,  a  native  of  Arezzo,  who  lived 
in  the  IGlh  century.  He  was  famous  for  his  sa- 
tirical writings,  and  was  so  bold  as  to  carry  his 
invectives  even  against  sovereigns;  whence  he 
got  the  title  of  the  scourge  of  princes.  He  used 
to  boast  that  his  lampoons  did  more  service  to 
the  world  than  sermons ;  and  it  was  said  of  him, 
that  he  had  subjected  more  princes  by  his  pen, 
than  the  greatest  wai  riors  had  ever  done  by  their 
arms.  A ictin  wrote  also  many  irreligious  and 
obscene  pieces.  Some  say,  tliat  lie  afterwards 
chant^ed  his  loose,  libertine"  principles ;  but,  how- 
ever this  may  be,  it  is  certain  tliat  he  composed 
several  pieces  of  devotion.  He  was  author,  like- 
wise, of  some  coinedies,  which  were  esi'enjed 
preity  good  of  their  kind,  and  died  in  lue  year 
155*),  being  about  65  years  old. 

ARETIN,  Joim,  an  able  writer  of  Berne,  in 
the  15ih  century. 

AEETIN,  Ansielo,  a  learned  professor  of  law 
at  Bologna  and  Ferrnra,  died  1480. 

ARGALL,  Samuel,  an  adventurer  to  this 
countiy  in  1609,  who  destroyed  a  French  settle- 
ment on  Mt.  Desert,  subdued  the  Dutch  on  Hud- 
son's river ;  he  was  appointed  deputy  governor 
of  Virginia  in  1617  ;  but  his  administration  prov- 
ing odious,  he  was  obliged  to  tly  the  country. 

ARGALL,  John,  an  eminent  scholar,  rector 
of  Halesworth,  Suflblk,  died  IfiOO. 

ARGELLATA,  Peter,  a  physician  of  Bolog- 
.na,  died  X423. 

AEGELLATI,  Philip,an  indefatigable  writer, 
born  at  Bologna,  died  1755. 

ARGENS,  Jean  Baptiste  de  Beyer,  Marquis 
a',  a  French  %vriter,  famous  rather  for  the  num- 
ber than  weight  of  his  productions,  was  born  at 
Aix,  in  Provence,  1704,  and  died  there  1770.  He 
was  master  of  many  languasts;  he  painted  very 
well,  and  was  a  considerable  proficient  in  ana- 
tomy and  chymistry.  Of  his  works,  the  ptinci- 
palare,  "Lettres  Juive?,"  "LettresChinoiscs," 
"  Lettres  Cabalisliques,"  "  Philosophie  du  Bon 
Sens,"  &c.  &c.  There  is  learning,  knowledge, 
and  good  sense,  scattered  through  all  tlicse  ;  but 
thoy  are  strongly  tinctured  with  libertinism,  and 
the  worst  sort  of  free-thinking. 

ARGENSOLA,  Leonard,  and  Bartholomew, 
two  Spanish  poets  of  merit. 

ABGENSON,  Mark  Bene  le  Voyer,  Marquis 
d',  introduced  lettres  de  cachet  during  hi.s  ad- 
ministration of  the  police  al  Paris,  died  1721. 

ARGENTAL,  Charles  Augustus  count  d',  a 
foreign  minister  at  the  French  court,  the  friend 
of  Le  Kain,  Voltaire,  &c.  died  1788. 

ARGEjS'TIKK,  John,  studied  medicine,  was 
called  Censor  I^ftdicorum,  because  he  censured 
Galen,  died  1.572. 

ARGENTINA,  Thomas  d',  a  learned  head 
of  the  Augustine?-,  1345. 

AUGENTRE,  Bertrand  d',  a  native  of  Vitre, 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  history  and  juris- 
prudence, died  1590. 

ARGEXTKE,  Charles  Duplessis  d',  doctor  of 
the  Sorbonne,  aininner  to  the  king,  and  bishep 
ofTuUes,  died  1740. 
36 


AR ■ 

ARGENVILLE,  Anthou.  Joseph  Dezellicrd', 
a  French  wrjicr,  died  1765. 

AIiGOLl,  Andrew,  professor  of  mathemat- 
ics at  Padua,  died  1657.. 

AK'.iOLI,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  at  17 
years  of  age,  produced  his  Endyxiion,  in  VZ  caii' 
toa  ;  he  died  16C0. 

ARGONNE,  Dom.  Bonaventure,  a  Car»hu- 
sian  friar,  historian,  and  theological  writer, 
born  at  Paris,  1640,  died  1704. 

ARGOU,  Gabriel,  an  advocate  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  died  at  the  beginning  of  the  18th 
century. 

ARGUES,  Gerard  des,  a  geometrician  inti- 
mate with  Descartes,  died  1661. 

ARGYRE,  Isaac,  an  eminent  mathematician 
of  the  14lh  century. 

ARGYROPYLUS,  Joannes,  a  learned  man 
who  contributed  to  the  revival  of  Greek  litera- 
ture in  Europe,  died  about  1478. 

AKIADN  E,  daughter  of  Leo  I.,  married  Zeno, 
who  succeeded  as  emperor,  and  died  515. 

ARIANS.    SeeARIUS. 

ARIARATHES  I.,  a  kingof  Cappadocia,  rn- 
gcged  iij  an  expedition  against  Fgj'pt  with  Da- 
rius Ociius. 

APIA  RATHES II.,  nephew  of  the  preceding, 
deleatrd  by  the  Macedonians,  321  B.  C. 

ARIARATHES  III.,  son  of  the  2d,  recovered 
his  kingdom  by  the  conquest  of  the  Macedon- 
ians. 

ARIARATHES  IV.,  married  the  daughter  of 
Antiochus  ;  he  died  220  B.  C. 

ARIARATHES  V.,  king  of  Cappadocw,  died 
166  B.C. 

ARIARATHES  VI.,  son  of  the  preceding, 
perished  in  battle,  130  B.  C. 

ARIARATHES  VII., son  of  the  6th,  wasrowr- 
dered  by  his  brother-in  law,  Mithridates. 

ARIARATHES,  son  of  the  7Ui,  was  also 
murdered  by  Mithridates. 

ARIAS  MONTANUS,  Benedict,  a  native  of 
Se^nl'p,  eminent  for  his  literary  acquirements, 
died  3.5<t8. 

ARIAS,  Francis,  a  learned  Jesuit,  died  1605. 

ARIBERT,  son  ofClotaire  II.,  kingof  France, 
caused  himself  to  be  crowned  king  at  Toulouse, 
and  died  1630. 

ARIEH,  Jacob  Juda,  a  learned  rabbi  of  Am- 
sterdam, flourished  in  tht-  17th  century. 

ARIOBARZANES  I.,  kingof  Cappadocia,  91 
B.C. 

ARIOBARZANES  II.,  king  of  Cappadocia, 
put  to  death  by  Cassius. 

ARIOBARZANES  III.,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, put  to  death  by  Antony. 

ARIOSTI,  Attilio,  a  musician,  born  at  Bo- 
logna, published  a  bonk  of  cantatas,  1725. 

ARIOSl'O,  Lodovico,  or  Lewis,  a  celebrated 
Italian  poet,  descended  of  a  good  family,  and 
born  at  the  castle  of  Reggio,  in  Lombardy,  in 
1474.  He  began  his  "  Orlando  Furioso"  when 
he  was  about  30  years  of  age,  and  it  is  the  most 
|celebrated  of  all  his  works.  But  his  attachment 
to  poetry  did  not  tiinder  him  from  engaging  in 
public  affairs,  for  he  was  employed  in  embassies 
and  negotiations  in  different  parts  of  Italy. 
.Ariosto  was  crowned  with  the  laurel  by  the 
emperor  Charles  V.,  in  1533,  and  died  at  Ferrara 
the  8fh  of  Julv,  in  the  same  year. 

ARIOSTI,  Gabriel,  brother  to  the  poet,  was 
himself  eminent  as  a  Latin  poet;  he  died  1552. 

ARIOVISTUS,  king  of  Germany,  assisted  the 
Gauls  ayainst  the  Romans,  and  was  defeated 
iby  Julius  f  a;sar. 
1   AEIPERT,  king  of  Lombardyi  succeeded  his 


AR 

father,  Uagimbcrt,  in  702;  he  was  drowned 
637. 

ARISI,  Francis,  an  able  writer  of  Cremona, 
died  1743. 

ARISTiENvETES,  an  ancient  writer,  to  whom 
are  ascribed  c-jrtain  Greek  epistles  on  the  suhjucl 
of  love  and  gallantry,  died  in  '.iiiS. 

AitlSTANDER,  a  soothsayer  in  the  army  of 
Alexander  the  Great. 

ARISIWRCHUS,  a  Grecian  philosopher,  born 
in  Samos,  is  delivered  down  to  us  as  the  principal 
person,  if  not  tiie  first,  who  maintained  the  earth 
to  turn  upon  its  centre,  and  to  describe  a  circle 
yearly  round  the  snn ;  an  opinion  revived  and 
established  by  Copernicus  and  Galileo,  and  now 
universally  received.  It  is  not  certain  when  he 
lived  ;  but,  from  the  mention  made  of  him  by 
Archunedes,  he  must  have  flourished  before  his 
death.  None  of  his  works  remain,  except  a 
treatise  "  \J\mn  the  Greatness  and  Distance  of 
the  Sun  and  iloon,"  inserted  in  the  third  volume 
of  "Maihematical  Works,"  printed  at  Oxford, 
1C90,  in  folio 

ARIrf  TARCHUS,  a  celebrated  grammarian, 
was  born  in  Samothracia,  but  chose  Alexandria 
to  reside  at.  lie  applied  himself  particularly  to 
criticism,  and  made  a  revisal  of  Homer's  poems 
with  great  exactness,  but  in  a  manner  too  ma 
gisterial  for  those  verses  which  he  did  not  like 
he  treated  as  spurious.  Cicero  and  Horace  have 
used  his  name  to  express  a  very  rigid  critic,  and 
it  is  used  to  this  day  for  the  same  purpose,  but 
not  without  opprobrium,  derived  partly  from 
liimsell',  yet  more  from  the  manners  of  modern 
verbal  critics.  Growing  dropsical,  he  found  no 
other  remedy  than  to  starve  himself  to  death. 
Suidas  relaiesthat  he  died  in  Cyprus,  aged  72. 

ARISTARCHUS,  a  Jew  of  Thessalonica,  the 
companion  of  St.  Paul. 

ARISTEAS,  a  Greek  historian,  550  B.  C. 

ARISTEAS,  one  of  the  70  translators  of  the 
Scptuagint. 

ARISTEUS,  a  Greek  mathematician,  350 
B.C. 

ARISTIDB3,  a  philosopher  of  Athens,  125. 

ARTSTIDES,  iElius,  a  very  famous  sophist 
of  antiquity,  was  born  at  Adriani,  a  town  of 
Mysia,  and  flourished  under  Adrian  and  the  two 
following  emperors.  He  spent  his  life  in  tra- 
veUiug  and  declaiming ;  went  all  over  Egypt 
four  fimes,  and  penetrated  even  to  Ethiopia. 
When  Smyrna  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake 
in  the  year  178,  he  wrote  so  affecting  a  letter  to 
Marcus  Aurelius,  that  the  emperor  ordered  it  to 
be  rebuilt  immediately ;  upon  which  the  inhabit- 
ants erected  a  statue  to  Aristides,  as  to  tlie  res- 
torer of  their  city.  He  died  about  the  age  of  60. 
His  works  were  published,  with  a  Latin  version 
and  notes,  by  Dr.  Samuel  Jebb,  at  Oxford,  1723, 
in  two  volumes  4to. 

ARISTIDES,  surnamed  the  Just,  a  celebrated 
Athenian  general,  flourished  about  480  years 
B.C. 

ARISTIDES,  a  painter  of  Thebes,  MO  B.  C. 

ARISTIDES,  a  historian  of  Miletus,  who 
wrote  an  account  of  Italy,  &c. 

ARISTU'PUS,  the  founder  of  the  Cyrenaic 
eect  of  philosophy,  flourished  392  B.  C.  He  as- 
serted pleasure  to  be  the  ultimate  end  in  which 
all  happiness  consists  ;  and  his  manner  of  life 
was  agreeable  to  his  philosophy,  for  he  indulged 
himself  in  all  the  luxuries  of  dresa,  wine,  and 
women. 

ARISTO,  a  stoic  philosopher,  of  Cos,  CGO  B.  I 
C.  He  niaiutaiued  thai  virtue  ia  (Ue  EuprcBie 
good.  i 


Ali 

ARISTO,  a  peripatetic  pliiloM)plier,  230  B.  C. 
ARISTO,  Titus,  a  Roman  lawyer  of  eminence 
in  the  age  of  Trajan. 

ARISTOBULUS  I.,  high-priest  and  king  of 
the  Jews,  died  lOt  B.  C. 

ARlSTOliULUS  II.,  son  of  Alexander  Jan- 
nteus,  deposed  by  Pompev,  died  45  B.  C. 

ARISTOBULUS,  an  Alexaridrian  Jew,  who 
united  the  peripatetic  philosophy  with  the  laws 
of  Moses. 

ARISTOBULUS,  grandson  of  the  preceding, 
made  high-priest,  was  put  to  death  by  Herod, 
3C  B.  C. 

ARISTOGITON,  an  Athenian,  who,  in  con- 
junction with  Harmodius,  subverted  llie  t>rauny 
of  the  Pisistratidte,  516  B.  C. 

ARISTOMENES,  a  Messenian,  whose  cour- 
age caused  his  countrymen  to  avenge  the  op- 
pression of  the  Spartans,  635  B.  C. 

ARISTOPH.-VAES,  a  comic  poet  of  Athens, 
cotetnporary  with  Plato,  Socrates,  and  Euripi- 
des. Most  of  his  plays  were  written  during 
the  Pcloponnesian  war.  His  imagination  was 
warm  and  lively,  and  his  genius  particularly 
turned  to  raillery ;  he  had  also  very  great  spirit 
and  resolution,  and  was  a  declared  enemy  to 
slavery,  and  to  all  those  who  wanted  to  oppress 
their  country.  He  described  the  affairs  of  the 
Athenians  in  so  exact  a  manner,  that  his  come- 
dies are  a  faithful  history  of  that  people.  He 
wrote  above  50  comedies,  but  there  are  only  H 
extant,  which  are  perfect;  these  are,  "Plutus, 
The  Clouds,  The  Frogs,  Equites,  The  Achai- 
nenses.  The  Wasps,  Peace,  The  Birds,  The 
Ecclesiazusre  or  Female  Orators,  The  Thesmo- 
phoriazusff  or  Priestess  of  Ceres,  and  Lysis- 
trata."  "The  Clouds,"  wliich  he  wrote  in  ri- 
dicule of  Socrates,  is  the  niost  celebrated  of  all 
his  comedies.  Madam  Dacier  tells  us,  she  was 
so  much  charmed  witli  this  performance,  that, 
after  she  had  translated  it,  and  read  it  over  200 
times,  it  did  not  become  the  least  tedious  to  her. 
Aristophanes  having  conceived  some  aversion 
to  the  poet  Euripides,  satirizes  him  in  several 
of  his  plays,  particularly  in  his  "Frogs,"  and 
his  "  Thennophoriazusae."  He  wrote  the  "  Li- 
sistrata,"  when  all  Greece  was  involved  in 
war,  in  which  comedy  the  women  are  intro- 
duced debating  upon  the  affairs  of  the  common- 
wealth, when  they  come  to  a  resolution  not  to 
go  to  bed  with  their  husbands  till  peace  sliould 
be  concluded.  He  invented  a  peculiar  kind  of 
verse,  which  was  called  by  his  name,  and  is 
mentioned  by  Cicero  in  his  "  Brutus  ;"  and 
Suidas  says,  that  he  also  was  the  inventor  of 
the  tretraineter  and  octaineter  verse.  Aristo- 
phanes was  greatly  admired  among  the  ancients 
especially  for  the  true  Attic  elegance  of  his  style; 
and  there  have  been  several  editions  and  trans- 
lations of  this  poet.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
unknown. 

ARISTOTLE,  the  chief  of  the  peripatetic 
philosophers,  born  at  Siagyra,  a  small  city  in 
Macedon,  in  tile  99th  Olympiad,  about  384  years 
before  Christ,  was  the  son  of  Michomachus, 
physician  to  Amyntas,  the  grandfather  of  Alex- 
ander  the  Great.  By  the  advice  of  the  Delphic 
oracle,  he  went  to  Athens  when  about  18,  and 
studied  under  Plato  till  he  was  37.  He  followed 
his  studies  with  most  extraordinary  diligence,  so 
that  he  soon  surpassed  all  in  Plato's  school.  He 
ate  little,  and  slept  less ;  and  that  he  might  not 
oversleep  himself,  Diogenes  Luertius  tells  us, 
that  he  lay  always  with  one  hand  out  of  the 
bed,  Iiaving  a  ball  of  brass  in  it,  which,  by  its 
/nlliag  iiiK  a  basui  of  the  same  mpf-tl  awaked 
4  37 


All 

him.    When  he  had  studied  about  15  years  un 
der  Plato,  lie  began  to  t'orni  dirtereiit  tenets  from 
those  of  his  luaster,  who  became  highly  piqued 
at  his  behaviour.    Upon  the  iliatb  of  I'lato,  he 
iliiitted  Athens,  and  retired  to  Atarnya,  a  little 
city  of  Mysia,  where  his  old  friend,  Herinias. 
reigned.     Here  lie  married  Pythias,  the  sister  of 
that  prince,  whom  he  is  said  to  have  loved  so 
passionately,  that  he  offered  sacrifice  to  her. 
Some  time  after,  Hermias  haviii?  been  taken 
prisoner  by  Meranoa,  tlse  king  of  Persia's  ge- 
neral, Aristotle  went  to  Mytelene,  the  capital  of 
Lesbos,  where  he  remained  till  Philip,  king  of 
Macedon.  having  heard  of  his  great  repmatiori, 
sent  for  him  to  be  tutor  to  his  son  Alexander, 
then  about  14  years  of  age.     Aristotle  accepted 
theotTer,  and  in  eight  years  taught  him  rhetoric, 
natural  philosophy,  eihics,  politics,  and  a  certain 
sort  of  philosophy,  according  to  Plutarch,  which 
he  taught  nobody  else.    Philip  erected  statues 
in  honour  ol  Aristotle,  and  for  his  sake  rebuilt 
Stagyra,  which  had  been  almost  rained  by  the 
wars.    Aristotle  having  lost  the  favour  of  Alex- 
ander by  adhering  to  Calisthenes,  his  kinsman, 
who  was  accused  of  a  conspiracy  against  Alex- 
ander's life,  removed  to  Athena,  where  he  set  up 
his  new  school.    The  magistrates  received  liini 
ver>'  kindly,  and  gave  him  the  Lyca-um,  so  fa- 
mous afterwards  for  the  concourse  of  liis  disci 
pies,  and  here  it  was,  according  to  some  authors, 
that  he  composed  his  principal  works.    When 
Aristotle  was  accused  of  impiety  by  one  Eury- 
medon,  a  priest  of  Ceres,  he  wrote  a  large  apo- 
logy for  himself,  addressed  to  the  magistrates ; 
but,  knowing  the  Athenians  to  be  extremely 
jealous  about  their  religion,  and  remembering 
the  fate  of  Socratei  Jie  was  so  much  alanned 
that  he  tetired  to  Ciialcis,  a  city  of  Eubosa, 
where  he  ended  his  days.     Some  say  he  poi- 
soned himself,  to  avoid  falling  into  the  hands 
of  his  enemies;   others  affirm,  that  he  threw 
himself  into  the  Euripus,  because  he  conld  not 
comprehend  the  reason  of  its  ebbing  and  flow- 
ing; and  there  are  others  who  tell  us  that  he 
died  of  a  cholic,  in  the  63d  year  of  his  age,  being 
the  third  of  the  114th  Olympiad,  two  years  after 
Alexander.    The  Stagyrites  carried  away  his 
body,  and  erected  altars  to  his  memory. 

ARISTOXEA'US,  a  Grecian  phUosopher  of 
Tarentum,  about  324  B.  C. 

ARIUS,  a  divine  of  the  4th  century,  and  the 
head  and  founder  of  the  Ar5ans,  a  sect  which 
denied  the  eternal  divinity  and  consubstantiali- 
ty  of  the  Word.  He  was  born  in  Libya,  near 
Egypt.  The  Arian  principles,  according  to 
Spanheim,  were,  that  Christ  was  only  called 
God  by  way  of  title  ;  that  he  was  less  than  the 
Father,  wlio  only  was  eternal  and  without  be- 
ginning ;  that  he  was  a  creature,  having  a  be- 
girming  of  existence,  created  out  of  things,  hav- 
ing no  being  before  the  beginning  of  all  tliines : 
hence  he  was  made  God,  and  the  son  of  God  by 
adoption,  not  by  nature  ;  and  that  the  word  was 
also  subject  to  change ;  that  the  Father  created 
»il  things  by  him  as  an  instniment ;  and  that  he 
was  the  most  excellent  of  all  creatures  ;  that  the 
essence  of  the  Father  was  different  from  the  es- 
sence of  the  Son  ;  neither  was  he  co-eternal,  co- 
equal, nor  con-substantial  with  the  Father ;  that 
the  Holy  Ghost  was  not  God,  but  the  creature 
of  the  Son,  begot  and  created  by  him,  inferior  in 
dignity  to  the  Father  and  Son,  and  co-worker  in 
the  creation.  As  to  his  death,  it  is  said  that 
.'Vriug,  being  pressed  by  a  natural  necessity,  re- 
tired to  a  house  of  convenience  where  he  died 
instantly  on  the  «pot,  all  bis  entrails  bursting 


AR 

out,  with  his  liver  and  spleen.    This  haj>pened 
ill  the  year  'Mi. 

ARICEL,  Cornel.  Van,  a  Dutch  divine  of 
Amsterdam,  died  1724. 

ARKKJSHOLZ,  John,  a  native  of  Helaing- 
fors,  in  Swed'ai,  author  of  some  treatises  on  po- 
litical subjects,  &c.,  died  1777. 

ARlv  WRIGHT,  Sir  Richard,  a  man  who,  in 
one  of  the  lowest  stations  of  life,  being  literally 
a  penny  barber  at  Maucheater,  by  uncr)nimon 
genius  and  persevering  industry,  invented  and 
perfected  a  system  of  machinery  fur  spinning 
cotton,  that  had  in  vain  been  attempted  by  many 
of  the  first  mechanics  of  the  17th  and  18th  cen- 
turies ;  and  which,  by  giving  perpetual  einploy- 
ment  to  many  thousand  families,  increased  the 
population,  and  was  productive  of  greaf  com- 
mercial advantage  to  his  country.  The  machine 
is  call>;d  a  "  Spinning  Jenny."  Sir  Richard  died 
August  3,  1792,  leaving  property  to  the  amount 
of  nearly  half  a  million  sterling. 

AELAUD,  James  Antony,  a  native  of  Gene- 
va, eminent  as  a  painter,  died  1743. 

ARLOTTA,  a  beautiful  woman  of  Falaise, 
daughter  of  a  tanner,  and  mistress  of  Robert, 
duke  of  Normandy. 

ARLOTTO,  a  native  of  Magello,  in  Tuscany, 
whose  right  name  was  Mainardi,  was  dean  of 
St.  Cresci,  in  the  diocese  of  Fiesole ;  he  died 
1483. 

ARMAGNAC,  John  d',  of  an  ancient  family 
in  France,  raised  to  the  highest  dignity  of  the' 
national  church,  died  about  1408. 

ARMAGNAC,  Bernard,  count  d',  brother  of 
the  preceding,  placed  at  the  head  of  the  party  of 
Orleans,  was  assassinated,  1418. 

ARMELLINO,  Francis,  a  banker,  made  car- 
aioal  by  Leo  X.,  died  1527. 

ARRiENONVILLE,  Joseph  Jolrn  Baptist 
Fleurion  d',  a  French  statesman,  keeper  of  the 
seals  from  1722  io  1727,  died  1728. 

AR.MlNirs,  a  brave  chief  of  the  Catti,  called 
the  deliverer  of  Germany  ;  he  was  assassinated 
A.  IX  21. 

ARMINrUS,  James,  the  founder  of  the  sect 
of  the  Arminians,  or  Remonstrants,  was  born 
at  Oude-water,  in  Holland,  in  15f)0.  "  The  Ar- 
minians hold  (says  Mr.  Broughton)  that  God 
creates  men  free,  and  will  deal  with  them  ac- 
cording to  the  use  tliey  niake  of  their  liberty ; 
that,  foreseeing  how  every  one  will  use  it,  he 
dees  therefore  decree  all  things  that  <oncem 
them  in  this  life,  together  with  their  ealvatioa 
or  damnation  in  the  next,"  &c.  See  more  in 
Broughton's  Religion  of  all  Nations,  p.  82.  Ar- 
niinius  died  October  19, 1619. 

ARMSTRONG,  Thomas,  an  active  supporter 
of  tlie  royal  cause,  during  the  civil  wars,  for 
which  he"  was  honoured  with  knighthood ;  he 
was  executed  by  his  enemies,  without  a  trial, 
IG84. 

ARMSTRONG,  Dr.  John,  born  in  Castletoa 
parish,  Edinburglishire,  where  his  father  and 
brotlier  were  ministers.  He  completed  his  edu- 
cation in  tlie  university  of  Edinburgh,  where  he 
took  his  degree  in  physic,  February  4, 1732.  Like 
Akenside,  another  poet  and  physician,  he  never 
arrived  at  much  practice.  In  1735  he  pubUshed 
a  little  humorous  fugitive  pamphlet  in  8vo. 
printed  for  J.  Wilford,  entitled  "  An  Essay  for 
abridging  the  Study  of  Physic ;  to  which  is 
added  a  Dialogue  between  Hygeia,  Mercury,  and 
Pluto,  relating  to  the  practice  of  physic,  as  it  is 
managed  by  a  certain  illustrious  society :  as  also 
an  epistle  from  Usbeck  the  Persian  to  Joshua 
Ward,  Esq."    TUia  piece  contains  much  droU- 


ery ;  and  in  the  dialogue,  the  author  lias  caught 
the  vcryapiritof  Lucian.  It  was  soon  followxxl 
by  llie  "  CEconomy  of  Love,"  a  poem  wliicti  lias 
niucli  merit,  but  is  too  strongly  tinctured  with 
the  licentiousness  of  Ovid.  "  Tlie  Art  oC  pre- 
serving Health,"  his  best  performance,  was  pub- 
lished in  17-14,  and  will  transmit  his  name  to 
posterity  as  one  of  the  first  English  writers,  fn 
Mr.  Nichols'  "  Anecdotes  of  Mr.  Bowyer,"  the 
reader  will  find  some  pleasing  traits  of  the  clui- 
xacter  of  this  ingenious  writer. 

ARMSTRONG,  John,  a  Scotch  divine  and 
poet,  was  born  at  Leith,  1771.  At  Edinburgh, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.  A.,  he  published 
a  volume  of  "Juvenile  Poems,"  which  have 
considerable  merit ;  and  to  this  ho  appended 
"  An  Essay  on  the  Means  of  punishing  and  pre- 
venting Crimes ;"  for  which,  (in  1781),)  he  had 
been  honoured  with  a  gold  medal  given  by  the 
Edinburgh  Pantheon  Society.  He  came  to  Lon- 
don in  17iiO,  commenced  writer  for  the  news- 
papers, and  for  some  time  before  his  death  was 
editor  of  that  old  and  most  respectable  paper, 
"  The  General  Evening  Post."  He  prcmi;;e(l 
also  to  arrive  at  distinction  as  a  preacher  to  <lis- 
senting  congregations ;  but  was  cut  offby  a  de- 
cline, July  21,  1797,  at  the  early  age  of  20. 

ARMSTRONG,  John,  a  brigadier  general  in 
the  army  of  the  American  revolution,  assisted 
in  the  defence  effort  Moultrie,  and  in  the  battle 
of  Germantown,  with  the  reputation  of  an  able 
officer,  afterwards  a  delegate  to  congress  from 
Pennsvlvania,  died  1795. 

ARMYNE,  Ladv  Mary,  granddaughter  of 
George,  Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  married  Sir  Wil- 
liam Armyne,  and  was  distinguished  by  her 
piety  and  benevolence  ;  she  died  1675. 

ARNALD,  Richard,  B.  D.,  rector  of  Thur- 
caston,  in  Leicestershire,  published  several  ser- 
mons, &.C.  ;  he  died  1756. 

ARN  ALL,  William,  became  a  political  writer 
in  the  pay  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole  ;  he  died  1741. 

ARN AUD  DE  MEYRVILLE,  or  MEREUIL, 
a  poet  of  Provence,  died  12-20. 

ARNAUD  DE  VILLA  NOVA,  a  physician, 
shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Genoa,  1310  or  i:il3. 

ARNAUD,  Anthony,  born  at  Paris,  1550, 
where  he  pursued  his  studies,  and  took  his  de- 
gree of  Master  of  Arts  in  1573.  Some  time  after, 
he  was  admitted  advocate  of  the  parliament  of 
Paris;  in  which  capacity  he  acquired  great  re- 
putation by  liis  integrity  and  extraordinary  elo- 
quence. Henry  IV.  had  a  great  esteem  for  Ar- 
naud ;  his  majesty  once  carried  the  duke  of  Sa- 
voy on  purpose  to  hear  him  plead  in  parliament, 
and  he  was  appointed  counsellor  and  attorney- 
general  to  queen  Catharine  of  Medicis.  One  of 
the  most  famous  causes  which  Arnaud  pleaded, 
was  that  of  the  university  against  the  Jesuits, 
in  1594.    He  died  at  about  the  age  of  70. 

ARNAUD  D'ANDILLI,  Robert,  eldest  son 
of  the  preceding,  born  at  Paris  in  1589.  Though 
bred  in  a  court  and  in  offices  of  state,  he  passed 
the  latter  part  of  his  days  in  a  continual  apph- 
cation  o  works  of  piety  and  devotion.  His 
works  have  been  printed  in  eight  volumes  folio- 
Mr.  Arnaud  died  at  Port  Royal,  1674. 

ARN.\UD,  Anthony,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne 
and  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Paris 
the  6th  of  February,  1613.  A  catalogue  of  his 
works  may  be  seen  in  Moreri :  they  consist  of 
grammar,  geometry,  logic,  metaphysics,  and 
theologv.     He  died  August  9,  1694. 

ARN.NUD,  Henry,  brother  of  Robert,  made 
bishop  of  Toul,  but  his  election  was  disputed, 
and  he  was  DQt  put  in  possession ;  tiQ  died  1692 


AR 

ARNAUD,  Angelique,  sister  of  Henry,  abbess 
of  the  Port  Royal  convent,  died  IGlil. 

ARNAUD,  Anthony,  son  of  Robert,  abbot  of 
Chaumes,  author  of  some  memoirs,  died  1698. 

ARNAUD,  de  Breecie.  See  ARNOLD  do 
Brescie. 

ARN.\UI7;' Francis,  abbot  of  Grand  Champs, 
distiiiguishtid  by  his  literary  labours,  died  1784. 

ARNAUD,  Simon,  marquis  of  Ponipone,  ao 
able  negotiator  and  ambassador,  died  16U9. 

ARN.VUD,  Henry  Charles,  son  of  Simon,  dis- 
tinguished as  an  ecclesiastic  and  statesman,  died 
1756. 

ARNAUD,  Francis,  Thomas  Marie  de  Bacu- 
lard  d',  a  French  v/riter  of  celebrity,  v/as  born 
at  Paris  in  171(5,  and  died  in  1805. 

ARNDT,  John,  a  famous  protestant  divine  of 
Germany,  born  at  Bellenstad,  in  the  dutchy  of 
Anhalt,  155.  At  first  he  applied  himself  to  phy- 
sic; but,  falling  into  a  dangerous  sickness,  he 
made  a  vow  to  change  that  for  divinity,  if  he 
hould  be  restored  to  healtii.  He  wrot(;  many 
relgiouB  works;  the  most  famous  of  which  is, 
his,  "Treatise  of  Free  Christianity,"  in  High 
Dutch.    This  writer  died  at  Zell,  in  1621. 

ARNDT,  Joshua,  professor  of  logic  at  Ros- 
tock, died  1637 

AKNE,  Dr.  Thomas  Augustine,  was  son  of 
Mr.  Arne,  an  upholsterer  in  Covent  Garden, 
(whom  Addison  is  supposed  to  have  character- 
ized in  No.  155,  and  No.  160  of  "  The  Tattler,") 
and  brother  of  Mrs.  Cibberthe  player.  He  was 
arly  devoted  to  music,  and  soon  became  emi- 
nent in  his  profession.  July  6, 1759,  he  had  the 
degree  of  doctor  of  music  conferred  on  him  at 
Oxford.  His  compositions  are  universally  ap- 
plauded, and  he  was  particularly  skilful  in  in- 
structing vocal  performere.  He  died  March  5, 
1778,  having  written  the  following  pieces :  "  Ar- 
taxer.xes,"  1762;  "The  Guardian  outwitted," 
17&4 ;  "  The  Rose,"  1778 :  all  of  them  operas. 

ARNGRIM,  Jonas,  a  learned  ecclesiastic  of 
Ireland  ;  he  wrote  a  piece  on  tlie  Runic  lettera, 
&c.,  and  died  1649. 

ARNIS^US,  Kenningus,  a  German  profes- 
sor of  physic  at  Ilelmstadt,  known  for  his  poli- 
tical treatises ;  he  died  1635. 

ARNOBIUS,  was  professor  of  rhetoric  at 
Sicca,  in  Numidia,  toward  the  end  of  the  3d 
century. 

ARNOBIUS,  a  ij^tive  of  Gaul,  author  of  a 
commentary  on  the  psalms,  &c.,  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury. 

ARNOLD,  a  famous  heretic  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury, born  at  Brescia,  in  Italy,  whence  he  went 
to  France,  where  he  studied  under  the  cele- 
brated Peter  Abclard.  Upon  his  return  to  Italy, 
he  put  on  the  habit  of  a  monk,  and  began  to 
preach  several  new  and  uncommon  doctrines, 
particularly,  that  the  pope  ought  not  to  enjoy 
any  temporal  estate;  that  those  ecclesiastics 
who  had  any  estates  of  their  own,  or  held  any 
lands,  were  entirely  cut  off  from  the  least  hope 
of  salvation ;  that  the  clergy  ought  to  subsist 
upon  the  alms  and  voluntary  contributions  of 
Christians;  and  that  all  other  revenues  belong- 
ed to  princes  and  states,  ih  order  to  be  disposed 
of  among  the  laity  as  they  thought  proper.  He 
was  hansed  at  Rome  in  the  year  1155. 

ARNOLD,  John,  eminent  for  his  improve- 
ments in  the  mechanism  of  time-keepers.  He 
was  the  inventor  of  the  Expansion  Balance  and 
the  Detached  Escapement;  and  was  the  first. 
artist  that  ever  applied  the  gold  cylindrical 
I  spring  to  the  balance  of  a  time-piece.  Died  at 
Uwell-liaU,  near  Eltham,  in  Kent,  Aug.  25, 1793. 
39 


Alt.NOLl),  Dr.  Samuel,  uu  excellent  composer 
of  music,  wljose  works  are  too  numerous  to  be 
here  detailed,  and  so  well  known  as  not  to 
require  it.  Of  liis  various  draiuatic  composi- 
tions, wc  may  mention  particularly  "  The  Maid 
of  the  Mill;  The  Castle  of  Andalusia;  The 
.\grecable  Surprise;  The  Son- in- Law;  The 
Spanish  liarber;  Inkle  and  Yarico;  The  Sur- 
1  T:iidor  of  Calais ;  The  Battle  of  Hexham  ;  The 
Mountaineers;  The  Shipwreck;  and  Peeping 
Tom."  In  the  higher  style  of  composition,  also, 
his  success  was  great.  The  Oratorio  (I'V  Dr. 
Brown)  of  the  Cure  of  Saul,  composed  in  I7fi7, 
was  considered  to  be  the  best  production  since 
the  time  of  Handel ;  and  his  Shunamite  Wo- 
man, one  of  his  latter  pieces,  possesses  all  the 
g>nias  of  his  earlier  con;positions,  with  that 
additional  science  which  study  and  f^xperience 
had  given  him.  He  died  Oct.  13,  1802,  in  liis 
63d  year,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
between  the  monuments  of  Croft  and  Purcell. 

ARNOLD,  Nicholas,  a  protestant  of  Lesna, 
acquired  reputation  by  Jiis  sermons  and  polemi- 
cal works;  he  died  1680. 

ARN'OLD,JefFery,  authorof  a  history  of  mys- 
tical fiieoJopy,  &c.,  died  1714. 

ARNOLD,  of  Hildeshcim,  a  historian  of  the 
13th  century. 

ARNOLD,  Christopher,  a  native  of  Nurem-; 
herg;  he  died  professor  at  Altorf,  1685,  aged  58. 

ARNOLD,  Benedict,  a  major  general  of  thei 
American  army,  and  infamous  for  turning  trai- 
tor to  his  country  ;  for  attempting  to  surrender 
the  fortress  of  West  Point  to  the  British  ;  for 
committing  ravages  in  Virginia  after  his  deser 
tion,  and  a  wanton  butchery  of  the  garrison  at 
Fort  Grjsvvold,  Conn.  He  was  made  a  brigadier 
general  in  the  British  army ;  retired  to  England : 
received  10,(J0flJ.  sterling  as  the  reward  of  his 
villany,  and  died  in  Loudon,  1801. 

ARNOLD,  Benedict,  succeeded  Roger  Wil- 
liams as  president  of  the  colony  of  Rhode-Island, 
and  was  ailerwards  repeatedly  appointed  go- 
vetnor  under  its  charter  ;  he  died  1678. 

ARNOLD,  Thomas,  a  physician  of  Leicester, 
educated  at  Edinburgh,  was  afterwards  presi- 
dent of  a  lunatic  asyluiu,  which  he  cstablislied ; 
he  died  1816. 

ARNOUL,  a  bishop  of  Lisicux,  author  of 
some  curious  letters,  containing  an  account  of 
the  manners  of  his  time. 
ARNTZENIUS,  John  Henry,  a  learned  Dutch- 
man, law  professor  at  Utrcclit;  he  died  1799. 

ARNU,  Nicholas,  a  Dominican,  professor  of 
metaphysics  at  Padua,  died  1692. 

ARNULPH,  or  ERNULPH,  bishop  of  Ro- 
chester, born  1040,  died  1124.  He  wrote  a  work 
in  Latin,  concerning  the  foundation,  endow- 
ment, charters,  laws,  and  other  things  relating 
to  the  church  of  Rochester;  which  is  generally 
known  by  the  title  of  "  Textus  Roffensis,"  and 
is  preserved  in  the  archives  of  the  cathedral 
church  of  that  place. 

ARNULPH,  natural  son  of  Carloman,  king 
of  Bavaria,  elected  emperor  of  Germany,  and 
crowned  at  Rome,  896.  He  died  (supposed  to  be 
poisoned)  899. 

ARNULPHL'S,  an  Egyptian,  in  the  reign  of 
M.  Antoninus,  famous  for  his  skill  in  magic. 


ARNWAY,  John,  much  attached  to  the  royal  country. 


Al{ 

AUR-IGON,  Jeanne  d',  a  celebrated  Italian 
lady,  mother  of  Mark  Anthony  Coluuna,  died 
1577. 

ARRAN,  James  Hamilton,  earl  of,  a  Scotch 
nobleman,  who  at  one  time  aspired  to  the  hand 
of  fjuetn  Elizabeth,  of  England.     He  died  1609 

ARlllA,  the  wife  of  Pauis,  celebrated  for  her 
heroism  and  conjugal  fidelity. 

ARIUAGA,  Rodericd',  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  Salamanca  and  Prague, 
died  1667. 

ARRIAN,  a  famous  historian  and  philoso- 
pher, who  lived  under  the  emperor  Adrian  and 
the  two  Anionines,  was  born  at  Nicomedia,  in 
Bithynia.  He  was  styled  the  second  Xenophon, 
and  raised  to  the  most  considerable  ilignities  of 
Rome.  He  is,  indeed,  said  to  have  been  pre- 
cejitur  to  the  famous  pliilosopher  and  emiwror 
Ala  reus  A  nioninns.  The  most  celebrated  of  his 
works  is  his  "  History  (in  Grtek)  of  Alexander 
the  Great,''  in  7  boiiks;  a  performance  muill 
esteemed  by  the  best  judges.  Arrian  is  said  ta 
have  written  several  other  works. 

ARROWSMITH,  John,  theological  professor 
at  Cambridge,  1660,  author  of  be\  eral  celebrated 
Calvinistic  works. 

ARSACES  L,  a  Parthian,  emancipated  his 
country  from  the  Macedonian  yoke,  2.50  B.  C. 

ARSACES  U.,  son  of  jjie  preceding,  made 
war  against  Antiochns  the  Great. 

ARSACESTIRANCS,  king  of  Annenia,  tak- 
en prisoner  by  Sapor,  king  of  Persia,  362  B.  C. 

ARSENIUS,  birihop  of  Constantinople,  Wits 
lianiehed  for  his  pertinacity,  and  died  in  tlie  13Ul 
century. 

ARSENIUS,  a  Roman  deacon,  appointed  by 
pope  Damascus  preceptor  to  Arcadius,  son  of 
Theodosius. 

ARSENIUS,  archbishop  of  Malvasia,  in  the 
Morea,  died  1435. 

ARSEZAN,  Pader  d',  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
and  author  of  two  tr;igedies,  died  1096. 

ARTABANUS,  a  king  of  Partliia,  died  A. 
D.  48. 

ARTABANUS,  another  king  of  Parthla,  in 
whom  that  empire  became  e.xtinct.  226. 

.■VRT  ALI,  Joseph,  a  native  of  JMazara,  in  Si- 
cily, a  famous  duellist,  &c.,  died  1679. 

ARTAL'D,  Peter  Joseph,  anative  of  Bonieux, 
esteemed  for  learning,  piety,  &c.,  died  1760. 

ARTAUD,  archbishop  of  Rheims,  was  once 
deprived  of  his  diocese  and  afterwards  restored 
to  it.  died  948. 

ARTAVASDES  L,  king  of  Armenia,  behaved 
treacherously  to  Crassus  and  Mark  Antony. 

ARTAVASDES  II.,  grandson  of  the  above. 

ARTAXERXES  I.,  king  of  Persia,  the  son  of 
Xerxes,  supposed  to  be  the  Ahasuerus  of  Scrip- 
ture, died  424  B.  C. 

ARTAXERXES  11.,  surnnmed  Mfiemon,  de- 
feated his  brother  Cyrus  at  Cunaxa,  401  B.  C. 

ARTAXERXES  III.,  succeeded  Artaierxes 
II. ;  he  slew  all  his  brothers  and  the  rest  of  his 
familv,  338  B.  C. 

ARTAXERXES  BEBEGAN,  son  of  a  shep- 
herd, first  king  of  Persia  of  the  race  of  theSas- 
sanidf  s,  died  about  240. 

ARTAXIAS  I.,  governor  of  Upper  Armenia 
under  Antiochus,  made  himself  king  of  the 


cause  in  England  in  the  time  of  Cromwell,  died 
1653. 

ARON,  Peter,  a  musical  writer,  born  at  Flo- 
rence, and  patronized  by  Leo  X. 

ARPINUS,  or  .-MIPINO,  Joseph  Ca?sar,  a  fa- 
mous Italian  painter,  born  15C0,  died  16-10. 
40 


ARTAXIAS  n.,  king  of  Armenia  after  Ar 
tavasdes  I.,  was  expelled  by  Antony,  and  res- 
tored by  the  Parthians. 

ARTAXIAS  III.,  son  of  Polemo.  made  king 
by  Gemianicus,  and  reigned  17  v.  nrs. 
i    ARTEAGAj  Don  Stcphauo,  a  Spanish  Jesuit, 


AS 

author  of  a  ueatise  on  ideal  beauiy,  &c.,  died 
IdOO. 

AllTEDI,  Peter,  a  physician  of  Sweden,  and 
intimate  friend  of  LuiiiKUS,  was  drowned  at 
Leyilen,  1735. 

ARTEMAS,  or  ARTEMON,  founded  a  sect 
in  the  3d  century,  wliich  maiutaiued  that  Cluist 
wad  but  a  man. 

ARTEMIDORUS,  famous  for  his  "Treatise 
upon  Ureanis,"  was  born  at  Ephesus,  but  took 
the  surname  of  Ualdiaiius  in  this  book,  out  of 
rcsiHiCt  to  the  country  of  his  mother ;  for  he 
Btyled  himself  the  Ephesian  in  hib  other  per- 
formances. He  lived  under  the  emperor  Anto- 
ninus Pius. 

ARTEMIDORUS,  an  Ephesian,  author  of  a 
description  of  the  earth,  100  B.  C. 

ARTEMISIA  I.,  queeu  of  Caria,  assisted 
Xer.xes  against  the  Greeks. 

ARTEMISIA  II.,  queen  of  Caria,  erected  a 
mausoleum  to  the  memory  of  her  husband, 
Mau.solus. 

ARTHINGTON,  Henry,  a  native  of  York- 
shire, pretended  tiiat  he  was  inspired  as  the 
means  of  ellecting  a  revolution. 

ARTHUR,  a  Britisli  Prince,  whose  existence 
by  some  is  regarded  as  fabulous,  said  to  have 
died  about  542 ;  he  established  the  order  of 
knights  of  tlie  round  table. 

ARTHUR,  duke  of  Brittany,  grandson  of 
Henry  II.,  was  confined  in  the  castle  of  Rouen, 
where,  it  is  supposed,  lie  was  murdered. 

ARTIGNI,  Anthony  Gachet  d',  an  ecclesias- 
tic, Jcnown  by  his  writings ;  he  died  J  768. 

ARTUSI,  Guiamara,  a  celebrated  musical 
writer. 

ARVIEUX,  Laurent  d',  a  native  of  Mar- 
seilles, resided  12  years  in  Palestine,  and  was 
a  useful  negotiator  for  the  French  court.  He 
is  justly  esteemed  for  his  benevolence  to  Tu- 
nisian and  Algerine  captives. 

ARVIRAGUS,  a  king  of  Britain  in  the  age 
of  Domitian. 

ARUNDEL,  Mary,  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas 
Arundel,  known  by  her  translations  of  the  wise 
sayings,&c.  of  Alexander  Severus,  &c.;  she  lived 
in  the  middle  of  the  16th  century. 

ARUNDEL,  Thomas,  made  bishop  of  Ely 
when  21  years  of  age  ;  afterwards  translated  to 
Canterbury  ;  he  died  1414. 

ARUNDEL,  Thomas  Howard,  earl  of,  dis 
overer  of  the  Parian  marbles  which  bear  his 
name. 

ARUNDEL,  Blanche,  daughter  of  Lord  VVor- 
cestor,  celebrated  for  her  brave  defence  of  War- 
dour  castle  ;  she  died  1649. 

ARZACHEL,  a  Spanish  astronomer,  in  the 
11th  century. 

ASA,  son  of  Abijab,  made  king  of  Judah,  955 
B.C. 
ASAPH,  St.,  anativeof  North  Wales,  eminent 
for  his  sanctity. 

ASAPH,  a  musician  of  the  tribe  of  Levi,  in  the 
age  of  David. 

ASAR-HADDON,  king  of  Assyria,  obtained 
the  kingdom  of  Babylon  ;  he  died  667  B  C. 

ASCELIN,  an  ecclesiastic  of  the  1 1th  century, 
defended  transnbstantiation  againt  Berenger. 

ASCHAM,  Roger,  an  eminent  English  writer, 
born  at  Kirkby  VViske,  near  Northallerton,  in 
Yorkshire,  about  the  year  1515.  He  applied 
himsfllf  particularly  to  the  Greek  language;  in 
which  he  attained  to  an  excellence  peculiar  to 
himself,  and  read  it  publicly  in  the  university  of 
Cambridge  with  universal  applause.  In  or- 
der to  relax  his  mind,  after  beverer  studies,  he 

4 


AS 

thought  some  diversion  necessary  ;  and  shooting 
with  the  bow,  was  his  favourite  amusumti.t,  as 
appears  by  his  "  Treatise  on  Archery,"  which 
he  dedicated  to  King  Henry  VIII.,  who  settled 
a  pension  upon  hiin,  at  llie  reconimeii'iation  of 
Sir  William  Paget.  Air.  Ascham,  being  lemark- 
able  for  writing  a  tine  hand,  was  employed  la 
teach  this  art  to  Prince  Edward,  the  Lady  Eliza- 
beth, and  Uie  two  brothers,  Ilehry  and  t'liarltf, 
dukes  of  Sulfolk.  In  Feb.  1548,  he  was  sent  loi 
to  court,  to  instruct  the  Lady  Elizabeth  in  the 
learned  languages,  and  bad  tlie  honour  of  assist- 
ing this  lady  in  her  studies  for  two  years  ;  whci; 
he  desired  leave  to  return  to  Cambridge,  wliere 
he  resumed  his  office  of  public  oiator.  He  was 
afterwards  Latin  secretary  to  king  Edward, 
queen  Mary,  and  queen  Ehzabeth.  Being  one 
day  in  company  with  persons  of  the  tirst  distinc- 
tion, there  happened  to  be  high  disputes  about 
the  difterent  methods  of  education  ;  this  j^ave 
rise  to  his  treatise  on  that  subject,  entitled  ''The 
Schoolmaster,"  which  he  undertook  at  the  par- 
ticular request  of  Sir  Richard  Sackville.  This 
work  was  in  high  esteem  among  the  best  judges, 
and  is  frequently  quoted  by  Dr.  Johnson  in  his 
Dictionary.  He  died  at  London,  Jan.  4,  1568, 
and  was  buried  in  St.  Sepulchre's  church. 

ASCHAM,  Anthony,  physician  and  ecclesias- 
tic, author  of  tracts  on  astrology,  &c. 

VSCHAM,  Anthony,  a  friend  of  CroniweD, 
and  member  of  the  long  parliament. 

ASCHAR!,  a  mussulman  doclor,  founder  of  a 
sect  which  bears  his  name  ;  he  died  940. 

ASCLEPIADES,  a  Greek  pliilosoplier,  350 
B.  C. 

ASCLEPt.\DES,  a  famous  physician,  born  at 
Prusa,  in  Bithynia,  flourished  at  Rome  in  the 
time  of  Pompey,  and  founded  a  new  sect  in 
physic. 

ASCOLI,  Cecco  di,  or  Francisco  de  StabiUj 
professsor  of  mathematics,  at  Bologna  ;  he 
wrote  an  Italian  poem,  &c.,  and  died  1238. 

ASCONiUS,  PEDIANUS,  a  grammarian  of 
Padua,  in  the  age  of  Augustus. 

ASCOUGH,  William,  bishop  of  Sarum,  mur- 
dered by  Jack  Cade  and  his  followers,  1450. 

ASDRUB.\L,  brother-in-law  of  Annibal,  the 
founder  of  New  Carthage,  in  Spain. 

ASDRUBAL  BARCA,  brother  of  Annibal, 
killed  at  the  battle  of  the  Metaurus. 

.ASELLI,  Gasper,  a  physician  of  Cremona, 
professor  of  anatomy  at  Paris,  died  1626. 

.'\SPELD,  Claude  Francois  Bidal  marquis  d', 
an  illustrious  warrior  at  the  battle  of  Alnianza; 
he  took  Philipsburg,  and  died  1743. 

•ASFELD,  Jacques  Vincent  Bidal  d',  an  ec- 
clesiastic, died  1745. 

ASGILE,  John,  a  lawyer  of  eminence,  known 
for  his  wit  and  misfortunes,  died  17:!8. 

.\SGILL,  Sir  Charles,  Bart.  This  gentleman 
was  a  strong  instance  of  what  may  be  effected 
even  by  moderate  abilities,  when"  united  W'itii 
strict  integrity,  industry,  and  irreproacliable  cha- 
racter. His  first  setting  out  in  life  was  at  a  bank- 
ing-house in  Lombard-street,  as  out-door  collect- 
ing clerk.  From  this  inferior  situation  he  pro- 
tressively  rose  by  his  merit  to  the  tirst  depart- 
nent  in  the  house  ;  and  soon  afler,  marrying  an 
amiable  woman,  with  a  fortune  of  '25,000^  im- 
mediately joined  his  name  to  the  firm.  In  1749 
he  was  chosen  alderman  of  Candlewick  ward, 
and  served  in  the  office  of  lord  mayor  in  1758.  Ha 
died  Sept.  15, 1788,  and  is  said  to  have  left  nearly 
200,000^.  ' 

ASH,  Dn  John,  an  English  dissenting  minis- 
ter, grammarian,  and,  Icxicograplier  horn  1724, 
"  41 


AS 


AH 


died  al  Peisfiorp,  Worceslersliire,  March,  1779. 
>lis  Dictionary  is  a  remarkably  laborious  and 
compreliensive  work. 

ASHE,  Simeon,  a nonconrormist,  chaplain  to 
lord  Warwick,  durinf!  the  civil  wars,  died  UX2. 

ASflE,  Saimid,  a  judge  ot  the  Stipreme  court 
of  North  Carolina,  and  afterwards  governor  of 
Ihat  state,  died  1813. 

ASHE,  John  Baptiste,  a  representative  in 
Congress,  from,  and  governor  of,  tiicbtateof  N. 
Carolina,  died  Ihdi. 

ASHLEY,  Jonathan,  a  distinguished  minister 
of  Peerfield,  Mass.,  died  i78«,  agedtiS.  He  pub- 
lished several  sermons. 

ASHLEY,  Robert,  a  lawj'er,  distinguished  as 
an  eminent  writer,  fee,  died  J641. 

ASKMOLE,  or  ASmOLE,  Elias,  a  celebrated 
Enphsh  philosopher  and  antiijuary,  aiid  founder 
of  the  Ashnioleaii  museum  ai  0.\ford,  was  born 
at  Litchfield,  in  Staft'ordsliire,  the  23d  of  JMay, 
1627.  Besides  fillinj;  several  offices,  civil  and 
military,  Mr.  Ashniolc  was  adilij-'ent  and  curious 
collector  of  manuscripts.  In  1650  he  published 
a  treatise  written  by  Dr.  Arthur  Dee,  relating  to 
the  jiliilosopher's  stone  ;  together  with  another 
tract  on  the  same  subject,  by  an  unknown  au- 
thor. About  the  same  time  be  was  busied  in 
preparing  for  the  preas  a  complete  collection  of 
the  works  of  such  English  chyniists  as  had  till 
then  remained  in  manuscript :  this  undertaking 
tost  him  great  labour  and  expense ;  and  at  length 
the  work  appeared  toward  the  close  of  the  year 
1652.  The  title  of  this  work  was,  "  Theairum 
Chemicum  Britanniciim,"  &c.  &c.  He  then  ap- 
plied himself  to  the  study  of  antiquity  and  re 
cords.  In  1658  he  began  to  collect  materials  for 
his  "History  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter,  '  which 
he  lived  to  "finish,  and  thereby  did  no  less  hon- 
our to  the  order  than  to  hitnself.  [ii  September 
following,  he  made  a  journey  to  Oxford  ;  where 
he  Bet  about  a  full  and  particular  description 
of  the  coins  given  to  the  public  library  by  arch- 
bishop Laud.  T^pon  the  restoration  of  Charles 
II.,  Mr.  Ashmole  was  introduced  to  his  majesty, 
who  received  him  very  graciously,  and,  on  the 
18th  of  June,  1660,  bestowed  on  him  the  place 
of  Windsor  herald  ;  a  few  days  after,  he  ap- 
jiointed  him  to  give  a  description  of  his  medals, 
which  were  delivered  into  his  possession ;  and 
King  Henry  VIU.'s  closet  was  assigned  for  his 
tiae.  On  the  8th  of  May,  1672,  he  presented  his 
"  Institution,  Laws,  and  Ceremonies,  of  the  most 
nobleOrder  of  the  Garter"  to  the  king,  who  re- 
ceived it  very  graciously,  and,  as  a  mark  of  his 
approbation,  granted  him  a  privy  seal  for  400?. 
out  of  the  customs  of  paper.  On  the  26th  of 
January,  a  fire  broke  out  in  the  Middle  Temple, 
in  the  next  chamber  to  Mr.  Ashmole's,  by  which 
he  lost  a  noble  libran',  with  a  collection  of  9000 


ASHTON,  Charles,  one  of  tiie  most  learned 
critics  of  his  age,  was  elected  master  of 'Jesut 
College,  Cambridge,  July  5,  1701,  and  installed 
in  a  prebend  of  Ely,  on  the  HiJiof  the  same 
month.  His  great  knowledge  in  ecf^.siastieal 
antiquities  was  excelled  bj-  none,  and  ei^ualled 
by  few  :  as  his  MS.  remarks  upon  the  Fathers, 
and  corrections  of  the  mistakes  of  Iraiiolators,  ■ 
uHicentlvsbow. 

ASHTUN,  Dr.  Thomas,  rector  of  St.  Botclph 
Bisiiopspaie,  a  popular  preuclier  and  excellent 
divine,  born  1710,  died  1775. 

ASHWELL,  George,  liis  writings  were  on  di- 
vinity, but  not  in  iiisih  esteem  ;  lie  died  WXi. 

ASIIWOOD,  Bartholomew,  a  minister  of  Ak- 
minstcr,  in  Devon,  author  of  several  tracts,  &c, 

ASnWORTH,  Caleb,  patronized  by  Dr. 
Doddridge,  and  successor  to  liiin  in  liis  school, 
was  created  D.  D.  by  a  Scotch  university ;  he 
died  1774. 

ASKEW,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Westmore- 
land, eminent  as  a  physician,  died  1784. 

ASKEW,  Anne, an  accomplished  lady,  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  William  Askew,  of  Kelsay,  in  l>in- 
colnshire,  was  bom  in  1529.  She  received  a 
learned  education,  and  in  early  life  shr.^^■l.•d  a 
predilection  for  theological  studies.  By  these 
she  was  led  to  favour  the  reformation  ;  she  was. 
in  coDseqence,  arrested,  and,  having  confesseil 
lier  religious  principles,  was  coinmiitcd  to  Kew- 
gate.  She  was  first  racked  with  brutal  cniflty 
in  the  Tower,  and  afterwards  burned  alive  in 
Smithfield,  July  16,  1546;  a  pnnishnicnt  which 
she  endured  with  amazing  courage  and  tirmi:ess, 
adhering  to  the  last  to  the  principles  of  her  fai.h. 
ASPASIA,  a  native  of  Miletus,  celebrated  lor 
her  wit  and  learning,  though  her  character  was 
licentious. 

ASPASIA,  a  Grecian  lady,  celebrated  for  her 
excellence  in  philosophy  and  rhetoric,  was  born 
at  Miletus,  but  i^ettled  at  Athens;  where,  though 
she  exercised  the  calling  of  a  courtezan,  her 
scholastic  talents  induced  the  virtuous  Socratoi 
and  other  of  the  greatest  men  of  the  age  to  %-isil 
jher  house.  She  was  afterwards  married  to  Peii- 
icles,  one  of  the  greatest  men  that  ever  flourished 
lin  Greece. 

I    ASPEl.T,  Peter  d' .  studied  medicine  at  Paris , 
'he  died  1320. 

ASSELIN,  Giles  Thomas,  respectable  for  his 
1  piety  and  poetical  talents,  died  1567. 

ASSELYN,  John,  a  historical  and  landscaj-e 
painter,  died  1650. 

ASSEE.  a  Jewish  rabbi  of  the  Sth.  century, 
'author  of  liie  Talmud  of  Babylon,  &c. 
I    ASSEK,  Df  St.  David's,  a  learned  author  i« 
the  reign  of  Alfred. 

I    ASSUETON,  Dr.  William,  bom  atMiddleton, 
in  Lancashire,  1041,  was  the  projector  of  the 


coins,  ancient  and  modern,  and  a  vast  repositor'  Hsrlieme  for  providing  a  maintenance  for  clergy - 
of  «eals,  charters,  and  other  antiquities  and  cu  |,  men's  widows  and  others,  by  a  jointure  payable 
riositics  •  but  his  manuscripts,  and  his  most  val-|  by  the  Mercers'  (^ompany.    Dr.  Assheton  witiie 


uable  gold  medals,  were  luckily  at  his  hoiiR-,  at 
South  Lambeth.  In  1683,  the  Universitv  of  U.x-| 
ford  ha\'ing  finished  a  magnificent  repositor}-, 
near  the  thealre,  Mr.  Ashmole  sent  thither  his! 
curious  collection  of  rarities  ;  and  this  benefac-| 
tion  was  considerably  augmented  by  the  addi-j 
tion  of  his  manuscripts  and  library,  at  his  death,] 
which  happened  at  South  Lambeth,  May  18,: 
I6i^2.— He  was  interred  in  the  church  of  GreatI 
Lambeth,  in  Surrey,  on  the  26th  of  May,  1092. ! 
ASHMCX  ELI  PEASE,  a  distinguished  law-; 
yer  of  Northampton,  Mass. ;  he  was  a  member; 
of  the  senate  of  that  state,  and  afterwards  a  se- ' 
aster  in  Congress,  <lied  1819. 
42 


several  pieces  against  the  papists  and  dissenters, 
and  some  practical  and  devotional  tracts,  and 
died  at  his  rectory  of  Beckenbam,  inKent,  1711. 

ASSOUCI,  Charles  Coypeau,  Sieur  d',  a  poet, 
whose  works  contained  more  immorality  than 
wit :  he  died  1G79. 

ASTELL,  ttlary,  born  at  Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne,  about  the  year  1688.  Her  uncle,  a  clergy- 
man, observing  marks  of  a  promising  genius, 
took  her  under  his  tuition,  and  taught  her  ma- 
thematics, logic,  and  philosophy  She  left  the 
place  of  her  nativity  wheir  she  was  about  20 
years  of  age,  and  spent  the  remaining  part  of 
^iier  life  at  London  and  Cliclsca,  in  writing  for 


'  AT 

the  advaiicoraent  ol'  learning,  religion,  ami  vir- 
tue, aiui  in  tlie  practice  of  those  religions  duties 
which  she  so  zealously  and  pathetically  reconi- 
meuded  to  others.  She  was  remarkably  abste- 
mious, and  seemed  to  enjoy  an  uninterrupted 
state  of  healtli  till  a  few  days  bffoie  her  death ; 
when,  having  one  of  her  breasts  cut  of}',  it  so 
much  irapairi^d  her  coustitulion,  that  she  died 
in  17HI,  in  the  Kki  year  of  her  age,  and  wa: 
buried  at  Chelsea. 

ASTERIUS,  an  Arian  of  Cappadocia  in  the 
4th  century. 

ASTERHJS,  bishop  of  Amasia,  in  Pontus,  in 
the  4th  century. 

ASTERIUS,  Urbanns,  a  bishop  of  the  3d  cen 
tury,  engaged  in  a  controversy  with  the  Monta 
nistsof  Ancj'ra,  in  Galatia. 

ASTLE,  Tliomas,  an  eminent  English  anti- 
quary, born  at  Yo.vall,  Stalfordshire,  December 
22,  1'35,  and  originally  bred  to  the  law;  the 
car!y  pursuit  of  which  profession  led  him  to  give 
particular  application  to  the  decypheriiig  of  an 
cient  records;  in  which  he  soon  cvcelled  all  his 
cotcmi)or;iries,  and  qualified  himself  to  be  of 
infinite  ailvantage  to  historical  literature.  In 
1783,  he  was  appointed  keeper  of  the  rolls  and 
records  in  the  tower  of  London  ;  and  in  1787 
elected  a  trustee  of  the  British  museum.  The 
principal  one  among  his  numerous  works  is, 
"  On  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  Writing,  as 
AVell  Hieroslyphic  as  Elementary,"  4to.,  1784; 
of  which  work  a  new  edition  was  published  just 
before  his  death,  which  happened  at  Battersea, 
December  1,  1803. 

ASTLE,  John,  a  portrait  painter,  born  at 
Whein,  in  Shropshire. 

ASTOLPH,  king  of  Lombardy,  attacked  the 
pope's  dominions,  and  died  756. 

ASTON,  Sir  Arthur,  a  brave  man  in  the  ser 
vice  of  Charles  I. 

ASTON,  Sir  Thomas ;  in  the  civil  wars  hi 
raised  a  troop  of  horse  for  the  king,  hut  was  de- 
feated, and  afterwards  taken  prisoner  ;  he  died 
1G4'2,  in  consequence  of  a  blow  received  in  at- 
temptins  to  make  his  escape. 

ASTORGA8,  marchioness  of,  a  lady  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.  of  Spain ;  she  killed  her  hus 
band's  mistress. 

ASTRONOME  L',  a  historian  of  the  9th  cen- 
tury. 

ASTRUC,  John,  a  physician  of  France,  born 
at  Sauves,  a  town  of  Lower  Langnedoc,  the 
Iflf h  of  March,  1684 ;  died  at  Paris,  the  5th  of 
May,  17G6.  He  was  the  author  of  several  use- 
ful and  curious  works. 

ASTYAGE3,  a  king  of  Media,  .5!)4  B.  C, 
called  by  some,  the  Ahasnerus  of  the  Scriptures. 
ATA',  Abdal,  a  inussulman  dervise  in  the  age 
of  Tamerlane. 

ATABALIPA,  or  ATAHUALPA,  the  last 
k  ing  of  Peru  of  the  race  of  the  Incas,  barbarous- 
ly pttt  to  death  by  the  Spaniards,  1533. 

ATHALIAH,  wife  of  Jehoram,  she  obtained 
the  sovereignty  of  Judah,  which  she  held  seven 
years. 

ATHANASIUS,  St.,  was  born  at  Alexandria, 
of  heatlien  parents.  He  was  noticed,  when 
very  young,  by  Alexander,  bishop  of  that  see, 
who  took  care  to  have  him  educated  in  all  good 
learning  •  and  when  he  was  of  age,  ordained 
him  deacon.  He  took  him  in  his  company  when 
he  attended  the  council  of  Nice,  where  Athana- 
sius  greatly  distinguished  himself  as  an  able  and 
zealous  opposer  of  the  Arian  heresy.  Soon 
after  the  dissolution  of  the  council,  Alexander 
died,  anti  Atlianasius  wu  appointed  to  succeed 


AT 


him  in  the  goverumeni  of  the  church  of  Alex- 
andria. This  was  in  3i!t3,  when  Athana,sius  is 
supposed  to  have  been  about'28  years  of  age.  It 
s  controverted  among  learned  men,  whether 
\thanasius  composed  the  creed  commonly  re- 
•eived  under  his  name  ;  though  the  best  and 
latest  critics,  who  have  examined  the  thing  most 
exactly,  make  no  qncsli<m  but  that  it  is  to  be 
ascribed  to  a  Latin  author,  Vigilius  Tapsensis, 
an  African  bishop,  who  lived  in  the  latter  end  of 
the  5tli  century,  in  the  time  of  tlie  Vandalic 
Arian  persecution. 

ATHBUJNG,  Edgar,  grandson  of  Edmund 
Ironside,  king  of  England,  made  some  unsuccess- 
ful attempts  to  obtain  the  crown. 

ATHRLSTAN,  the  natural  son  of  Edmund 
the  Elder,  made  king  of  England,  925. 

ATllENAGORAS,  an  Athenian  philosopher 
who  became  a  convert  to  Christianity.  He  lived 
in  the  2(1  century. 

ATTIEN^rrs,  a  Greek  grammarian,  born  am 
Nancratos,  in  Egypt,  flourished  in  the  3d  century 
ATilEN^US,  a  mathematician,  200  B.  C 
ATHEN^US,  an  orator  of  Rome  in  tlie  age 
of  Auanstus. 

ATUENODORUS,  a  stoic  philo-sopher,  pre- 
ceptor to  Augustus. 

ATHI.\S,  Isaac,  author  of  an  explication  of 
the  law  of  jloaes,  a  Jew  of  Spain. 

ATHIAS,  Joseph,  a  learned  printer  of  Am- 
sterdam, died  1700. 

ATlCTNS,  James,  D.  D.,  a  learned  Scotchman 
of  Kirkwall,  in  Orkney,  died  1687. 

ATKINS,  sir  Robert,  lord  chief  baron  of  the 
exchenner,  born  in  Gloucestershire,  in  the  year 
1621,  died  in  the  besinning  of  the  year  1709.  He 
was  a  man  of  much  probity,  as  well  as  of  great 
skill  iit  his  profession,  and  a  warm  friend  to  the 
constitution. 

ATKINS,  sir  Robert,  son  of  the  foregoing, 
was  horn  in  1640.  He  became  verj'  early  a  great 
proficient  in  the  laws  and  antiquities  of  his  coun- 
try, which  afterwards  led  him  to  write  "The 
Ancient  and  Present  State  of  Gloucestershire," 
printed  in  folio,  1712.  This  great  and  valuable 
work  he  lived  to  perfect,  but  died  the  year  before 
it  was  published. 

ATKINSON,  Theodore,  chief  justice  of  New- 
Hampshire,  and  a  delegate  to  the  convention  at 
Albany  which  formed  the  plan  of  union  for  the 
defence  of  the  colonies,  died  1779. 

ATKYNS,  Richard,  suffered  during  the  civil 
wars  for  his  attachment  to  the  royal  cause,  and 
died  1677. 

ATLAS,  king  of  Mauritania,  a  celebrated  as- 
tronomer, said  to  have  been  cotemporaiy  with 
Moses.  From  hi?  making  astronomical  obser- 
vations on  high  mountains,  it  became  a  fable 
that  he  \vas  turned  into  a  mountain.  He  is 
likewise  represented  as  an  old  man  bearing  the 
world  upon  his  shoulders ;  and  general  descrip- 
tions of  the  whole  globe,  in  sets  of  maps,  are  to 
this  hour  called  Atlases. 

ATRATUS,  Hugh,  or  Black,  called  the  PhoB- 
nix  of  his  aee,  from  his  great  powers  of  mind. 
ATT  ALUS  I.,  king  of  Pergamus,  a  great  pa- 
tron of  learning,  died  198  B.  C. 

ATTALUS  II.,  son  of  the  preceding,  reigned 
21  vears,  and  died  159  B.  C. 

ATTALUS  HI.,  nephew  of  the  second,  died 
133  B.  C. 

ATT-fVLUS,  a  native  of  Pergamus,  was 
burnt  alive  for  professing  the  Christian  reli- 
gion, 177. 

ATTENDULI,  Margaret,  a  sister  of  Sforza, 
grand  constable  of  Naples. 

4? 


AT 

AI'l'KI^BUUV,  Lewis;  lio  look  tin;  degree  of 
1).  It.  a'  Uxfbid,  and  was  drowatd  1603. 

ATTEKBHRY,  Lewis,  son  o(  llie  preccdinp, 
nneol  the  cliaplainsul'  the  princess  Anne,  died 
173L 

ATTERBURY,  Francis,  bishop  of  Roclicslnr, 
was  horn  Marcli  0,  1662,  at  Middleton,  or  Milttni 
Keynes,  in  Buckinglianishire.  He  had  liis  edu- 
cation in  grammar  learning  at  Weslniinstcr 
srhool;  and  thence,  in  VM),  was  elected  asm 
(tent  of  (JhriBt-church  College,  Oxford,  where  lit 
soon  distinguished  himself  for  the  politeness  of 
his  wit  and  learning.  In  IC'JO  he  took  orders;  in 
1691  he  was  elected  lecturer  of  St.  Bride's  Clnircli 
in  London,  preached  at  Bridewell  I'hapel,  and 
xvas  soon  afterwards  appoisiteri  chaplain  to  king 
William  and  queen  Mary.  He  was  for  some 
years  after  this  engaged  "in  a  religious  contro- 
versy with  Dr.  Bentley,  Dr.  Wake,  and  other 
learned  divines.  In  1713,  the  queen,  at  the  re- 
commendation of  lord  chancellor  Harcourt,'  ad- 
vanced him  to  the  bishopric  of  Rochester,  with 
the  deanery  of  Westminster  in  commendam. 
At  the  becinning  of  the  succeeding  reign  his 
tide  of  prosperity  began  to  turn  ;  and  he  re- 
ceived a  sensible  moriiiication  presently  after 
the  coronation  of  kins  George  1.,  when,  upon 
his  oll'ering  to  present  his  majesty  (with  a  view, 
no  doubt,  of  standing  better  in  his  favour)  with 
the  chair  of  state  and  royal  canopy,  his  own 
perquisites  as  dean  of  Westminster,  the  olTer 
was  rejected,  not  without  some  evident  marks 
of  dislike  to  his  person.  In  1722,  on  a  suspicion 
of  his  being  concerned  in  a  plot  in  favour  of  the 
pretender,  he  was  apprehended  August  24,  aj;d 
corarairted  prisoner  to  the  Tower.  A  bill  soon 
after  passed  in  parliament,  the  tenor  of  which 
was,  that  he  should  be  deprived  of  all  his 
offices,  dignities,  benefices,  &c.,  and  siifter  per- 
petual e.x'ile.  He  died  at  Paris,  February  15, 
1731-2. 

ATTICtTS,  one  of  the  most  sin^ilar  person- 
ages in  ancient  Rome.  He  understood  the  art  of 
conducting  himself  so  well,  that,  without  de- 
parting from  his  neutrality,  he  preserved  tlie 
esteem  and  affection  of  all  parties.  He  reached 
the  age  of  77  years  almost  without  knowing 
■what  sickness  was,  but  at  last  fell  sick.  His 
illness,  which  was  slight  for  three  months,  at 
length  becoming  painful,  he  sent  for  Agrippa, 
his  son-in-law,  and  two  other  persons,  and  de- 
clared to  them  a  resolution  to  put  an  end  to  his 
life  by  abstinence  from  food.  Agrippa  remon- 
strated with  tears,  but  in  vain.  After  two  days 
abstinence  the  fever  left  him,  and  tlie  disease 
abated ;  but  Atticus  persisted,  and  died  three 
days  after,  in  the  year  of  Rome  721. 

ATTICt  'S,  Herodcs,  a  celebrated  orator,  bom 
at  Marathon,  died  in  76. 

ATTICUS,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  died 
in  427. 

ATTILA,  a  famous  general  of  the  Huns, 
usually  called  "The  Scourge  of  God,"  died 
453. 

ATWOOD,  William,  chief  justice  of  the  co- 
lony of  New-York,  and  judse  of  admiralty  for 
New-England,  New- York,  and  New-Jersev,  in 
1701. 

ATWOOD.  George,  of  the  parip.h  St  Clement 
Danes,  a  tutor  and  fellow  of  Trinity  Collesc, 
Cambridge,  and  lecturer  on  experimental  philo- 
sophy to  the  university.  lie  was  eminent  as  a 
profound  mathematician  and  financier,  and  for 
his  skill  in  the  theory  and  practice  ofnnisic: 
and  was  tlie  intimate  friend  of  the  prime  minis 
l«r,  Pitu  He  died  1S07. 
44 


AU 

AUBKKT,  Piter,  a  French  lawyer,  died  1733. 

AL'liKKT,  William,  an  advocate  at  Paris, 
author  of  some  works  of  merit,  died  in  IfiOl. 

AUBKKT  DU  BAYET  N.,  a  French  officer, 
engaged  in  the  American  war. 

Al.'BERTlN,  Ldme,  minister  of  tlie  reformed 
church  at  ('harenton.  died  lti52. 

AUBERY',  or  AUBRY,  John,  a  physician  of 
Bourhonnois,  a  learned  author. 

AUBERY,  Anthony,  a  lawyer  of  Paris,  and 
a  remarkable  student,  died  161)5. 

AUBEUY,  Louis,  sieurdu  Maurier,  author  of 
some  valuable  works,  died  1687. 

AUBESPINE,  Claude  de  1",  usefully  employ- 
ed in  the  service  of  Francis  I.,  Henry  II.,  and 
his  two  successors;  he  died  in  1567. 

AUBESPINE,  Charles  de,  marquis  of  Clia- 
teau-neuf,  chancellor  of  France,  an  able  states- 
man, died  1653. 

AUBESPINE,  Gabriel  de  I',  an  ambassador 
in  England,  1G30. 

AUBESPINE,  Magdelene  de  1',  wife  of  Ni- 
colas de  Neufville  dc  Villeroi,  celebrated  for  her 
wit  and  beauty  at  the  court  of  Charles  IX. 

AUBIGNE,  Theodore  Agrippa  d',  a  \-ery  il- 
lustrious Frenchman,  and  grandfather  of  the  no 
less  illustrious  Madame  de  Maintenon,  was  bom 
Bbout  the  year  1550.  His  parts  were  so uncom- 
ijioi!.  a!id  ills  progress  in  letters  so  very  rapid, 
that  heis  saidto  havetranslate<)  the  "  Crito"  of 
Plato  from  the  Greek  into  French  when  no  more 
than  eight  years  old.     His  principal  work  is 

Hisioire  Universcllc,  from  1550  to  ICOl,  with 
a  short  Account  of  the  Death  of  Henry  IV.,"  in 
three  volumes,  folio.  Aubigne  died  at  Gentva 
in  1630. 

AUBREY,  John,  an  eminent  English  anti- 
quary, born  at  Easton  Piers,  Wiltshire,  1626, 
died  1700,  leaving  many  works  behind  him,  par- 
ticularly a  "  History  of  Sv.rrey,"  5  vols.  8vo.,  a 
volume  of  "miscellanies,"  and  .several  MSS., 
which  are  in  the  Ashmolean  Museum,  Oxford. 
He  seems,  however,  to  have  been  a  credulous 
man,  and  to  have  been  frequently  imposed  iipoa 
with  marvellous  tales  and  absurd  hvpotheses. 

AUBREY,  John  Baptist,  a  French  Benedict- 
ine, prior  of  the  house  of  Commercy,  died  1P09. 
His  writings  on  theological  and  philosophical 
subjects  are  munerous. 

AUBR  lOT,  Hugo,  builder  of  the  Bastile,  1369, 
died  in  1382. 

AUBUSSON,  Peter  d',  grand  master  of  the 
order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  a  warrior  and 
statesman,  died  in  1503. 

AUBl^SSON,  Francis  d',  diike  de  la  Feuil 
lade,  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of  Flan- 
ders, died  in  1681. 

AUCHMUTY,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  rector  of  Tri- 
nity church,  New- York,  died  1777. 

AUCHMUTY,  sir  Samuel,  knt.,  son  of  the 
above,  was  born  in  New- York,  and,  taking  side 
against  his  countrympn  in  the  Revolution,  he 
entered  the  British  army,  and  rose  to  the  high 
rank  of  lieutenant  general,  after  holding  va- 
rious honourable  and  lucrative  stations  under 
the  British  govermnent.  He  died  at  Dubhn, 
while  commander-in-chief  of  the  forces  in  Ire- 
land, ]f»2. 

AUDEBERT,  Germain,  a  counsellor  of  Or 
leans,  anil  a  poet,  died  1598. 

AUDEBF.RT,  John  Baptist,  a  French  na 
turalist,  cimraver,  &c.,  died  1800. 

AUniFRET  Jean  Baptiste  d',  a  native  of 
Marseilles,  author  of  a  geography,  died  1733. 

AUDIFRET.  Hei^cules,  of  Carpsntrae,  pre- 
ceptor of  Flechier,  died  1659. 


AU 


AU 


AUUmUlER,  Vital  d',  known  IVjr  liis  adven- 
tures in  (|Ui-stof  indupendunce,  died  IGIH). 

AUDIL'S,  founder  of  a  sect  in  the  4lli  cen- 
turv. 

AUDLEY,  James,  lord,  distingiiislird  for  his 
valour  in  the  wars  of  France,  &c.,  died  in  JUSti. 

AUDLEY,  Ednuiiid,  ivas  successively  made 
blsl>o|)  of  Rochesler,  Hereford,  and  Salisbury, 
and  died  in  15'2t. 

AUDLEY,  or  AVVDELEY,  Tlionias,  appoint- 
ed chancellor  in  llie  room  of  sir  Tliomis  More, 
died  in  1544. 

AUDRAN,  Girard,  esteemed  the  most  correct 
historical  eiii;raver  that  ever  lived,  died  in  170H. 

AUUllAN,  Claude,  brother  to  Girard,  a  his- 
torical painter,  died  in  H)H4. 

AUDRAN,  John,  nephew  of  Girard,  an  en- 
graver of  Lyons,  died  in  ITati. 

AUGER,  Edmund,  whose  eloquence  convert- 
ed 40,000  proteslants  to  the  catholic  faith,  died 
1591. 

AUGURELLI.  Joint  Auieliits,  a  poet  and 
philosopher  of  Rimini,  died  in  15-24. 

AUGUSTIN,  Antony,  employed  by  the  pope 
as  ambassador  to  England,  died  in  I5lfl7. 

AUGUSTLNE,  St.,  a  father  of  the  church, 
made  bishop  of  Hippo,  died  in  430. 

AUGUSTLNE,  Leonard,  coimnonly  called 
.Agostini,  an  atiti(iuariau  of  Sienna  ii\  the  Htli 
ceiiiurv. 

AUGUSTFN,  or  AUSTIN,  St.,  the  first  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  wasorifiinally  a  monk  in 
the  convent  of  St.  Andrew,  at  Rome,  and  edu- 
cated under  St.  Gregory,  afterwards  pope  Gre- 
gory l.,hy  whomlie  wastlespaiclied  into  Urilaiii. 
with  40  other  monks  of  the  same  order,  about 
the  year  500,  to  convert  the  English  Saxons  to 
Cliristianity.     He  died  at  Canterbury,  (J04. 

AUGUSTULUS,  Roinulus,  the  last  emperor 
of  Rome,  spent  the  last  part  of  his  life  in  ob- 
scurity. 

AUGUSTUS,  Cains  Julius  Cssar  Octavia- 
nus,  the  first  Roman  Emperor,  a  prince  of  great 
moderation  and  prudence,  died  A.  D.  14. 

AUHADI-MARAGAH,  a  mussulman  poet, 
about  1319. 

AULUS  GELLIUS.    See  GELLIUS. 

AU.MONT,  John  d',  count  of  Chaterou.x, 
marshal  of  France,  &c.,  died  1595. 

.AUMONT,  Anlho.iy  d',  grandson  of  the  pre- 
ceding, also  marshal  of  France,  &c.,  died  KitV.l. 

AUNGERVILLE,  Richard,  tutor  to  Edward 
ni.  of  England,  died  134."j. 

AUNOV,  Marie  Caiherine  Jumelle  de  Bern- 
ville,  countess  d',  known  as  the  writer  of  nu- 
merous romances,  died  1705. 

AURELL'VN,  sou  of  a  peasant,  raised  to  the 
throne  of  Rome  after  Claudius  II.,  died  275. 

AURELIUS  VICTOR,  Sextus,  a  Roman  liis- 
torian  of  the  4tli  century. 

AURELLl,  or  ARELM,  John  Mutio,  a  Latin 
poet,  died  1520. 

AURENG-ZEB,  the  great  mogul,  a  famou 
tonqueror,  but  detestable  parricide  who  poison- 
f'A  his  father  to  possess  liis  throne,  died  1707 
aged  near  100. 

AUREOLUS,  Manius  Acilius,  from  a  shep 
llerd  became  a  general ;  he  died  267. 

AURIA,  Vincent,  a  native  of  Palermo,  dis 
linguished  as  a  man  of  letters,  died  1710. 

AURIFICUS,  cr  ORIFICUS  BONEFILTUS, 
Nicliolas,  author  of  several  religious  works  in 
the  16th  century. 

AURIGNY,  Hyacintha  Robillard  d',  regent 
of  the  college  of  Alencon,  wrote  some  chvono- 
.loglcal  m«m«irB  9n  ki8tety,^c.,  and  died  1719 


AURIGNY,  Gilles  d",  an  ingenious  Frencl) 
poet  of  the  lOth  century. 

AURILLON,  Jean  Uaptiste  Elie,  a  FrencU- 
maii,  admired  for  his  eloquence,  &.C.,  died  172W. 

\UllIOL,  Blaise  d',  known  by  some  poetical 
pieces  and  treatises  on  jurisprudence,  died  1540. 

AURISPA,  John,  patronised  by  pope  Nj- 
holas  V. 

AUROGALLUS,  Jlatthcw,  a.«.sisted  Luther 
in  translating  the  Bible  into  German,  and  died 
1543.  * 

AUROUX,  Mattliew,  a  lawyer,  author  of  a 
curious  commeiuary  on  the  costume  du  Bour- 
boniiois,  in  the  18th  century. 

AUSONIUS,  Decimus  Magnus,  a  Latin  poet 
of  the  4th  century. 

AUSSUN,  Pierre  d',  a  distinguished  officer  iu 
the  Frrnrli  service,  died  1563. 

AUSTl  N,  William,  author  of  the  "  Excellen- 
cy of  Women,"  &e. 

AUTELS,Gillaumede8,anindifferentFrencli 
poet,  (iieil  1576. 

AUTLROCHE,  Jean  Chappe  d',  a  French- 
man, distinjiuislied  for  his  early  and  rapid  pro-' 
gress  in  learning ;  he  W'ent  to  Tobolsk  to  observe 
ilic  irausit  of  Venus  over  the  sun's  disk,  June 

1761. 

AUTHON,  John  d',  historiograplier  to  Lewis 
XII.,  died  15:«. 

.^UTOMNE,  Bernard,  author  of  a  commen- 
tary oil  the  provincial  law  of  Bordeaux,  died 
hiiif.. 

AUTREAU,  Jacques  d',  a  painter  of  Paris, 
who  began  to  write  for  the  stage  at  60,  with  suc- 
cess :  he  died  1745. 

ALTVERGNE,  Anthony  d',  director  of  the 
opera  at  Paris,  and  an  eimueiit  composer,  died 
1797. 

AL'VIGNY,  N.  Castres  d',  born  in  the  Hai- 
naut,  intimate  with  1'  abbe  des  Fontaities ;  he 
wrote  much  on  historical  subjects,  and  died 
1743. 

AUXEXTIUS,  a  native  of  Cappadocia  :  he 
was  made  bishop  of  Milan,  but  was  afterwards 
e.xcomniunicaled,  and  died  374.  Another  of 
the  same  name  challenged  St.  Ambrose  to  a  pub- 
lic disputation,  which  he  rejected. 

AUZONT,  Adrian,  a  native  of  Rouen,  a  ma- 
thematician, said  to  be  the  inventor  of  the  mi- 
lometer ;  he  suggested  the  idea  of  applying  the 
telescope  to  the  astronomical  quadrant,  and  died 
1091. 

AVALOS  FERDINAND,  Francis  d',  mar- 
quis of  Pcscara,  distinguished  for  his  valour  in 
the  service  of  Charles  V.,  died  1525. 

AVALOS,  Alphonso  d',  marquis  del  Vasto, 
assisted  Charles  V.  in  Italy,  died  1540. 

AVANTIO,  John  Marion,  a  learned  civilian, 
settled  at  Padua,  died  162-2. 

AVED,  Jaques  Andre  Joseph,  a  painter  of 
eminence,  died  at  Paris,  17G0. 

AVEIRO,  Joseph,  duke  ol",  a  Portuguese  no- 
bleman, conspired  against  king  Joseph  I.,  and 
was  executed  1759. 

AVENPACA,  a  Spanish  Moor,  a  peripatetic 
philosopher  in  the  12tli  century. 

AVELAR,  a  Portuguese  painter. 

AVELLANEDA,  Alphonsus  Fernandes  d', 
a  Spanish  writer,  native  of  Tordesillas,  was 
author  of  a  Continuation,  or  Second  Part,  of 
''  Don  Quixote,"  8vo.,  1014.  It  has  been  twice 
[translated  into  English  ;  and  Pope,  in  his  Essay 
on  Criticism,  has  verified  a  tale  from  it.  The 
lime  of  his  birth  or  death  has  not  been  ascer* 
tained. 

I    AVENTIN,  J«Bn,  a  eetahrated  scholar,  an« 
46 


AY 

BUttior  of  tiie  "Annals  of  Bavaria,"  born  HP6, 
at  AbeiisDcrg,  in  tlie  country  just  naintU.  Ht- 
(lied  1534. 

AV'Er>ZOAR,  an  Arabian  physician  of  the 
IQtii  century. 

AVKRAMUS,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Florrnce, 
posj:essed  strong  powers  of  mind ;  he  died  in 
1738. 

AVERANIUS,  Benedict,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, early  distinguislied  by  advanceuient  in 
literature,  died  in  1707. 

AVERDY,  Clement  Charles  de  I',  minister 
aiid  comptroller  of  the  tinances  under  Lewis 
XV.,  piiillolined  in  1794. 

AViiKROES,  one  of  the  most  subtle  Arabian 
philosophers,  and  a  native  of  Corduba,  flourish- 
ed in  the  l-2th  century. 

AVESBURY,  Robert,  an  English  historian. 

AVICENNA,  a  celebrated  philosopher  and 
pliysician  among  the  Mahoineians,  was  born 
in  the  year  980,  and  died  in  1036.  The  nuHiber 
of  his  books,  including  his  smaller  tracts,  is 
computed  at  near  100,  the  majority  of  which  are 
cither  lost  or  not  linown  in  Europe. 

AVIE.NUS,  Rufus  Festus,  a  Latin  poet  of  the 
4tii  century. 

AVIL.l,  Louis  d',  a  general  of  cavalry  under 
Charles  V.  at  the  siege  of  Mentz,  15.52. 

AVILA,  Giles  Gonzales  d',  historiographer  to 
the  Spanish  liing,  died  1G58. 

AVILA,  John  d',  a  learned  and  pious  ecclesi 
astic  of  Toledo,  died  15G9. 

AVILA,  Saiicho  d',  bishop  of  Murcia,  &c., 
distinguished  for  his  piety,  died  16iI6. 

A  VILER,  Augustin  Charles  d',  wrote  on  ar- 
chitecture ;  he  died  1700. 

AViRON,  James  le  Batlielier,  author  of  com 
mcntaries  on  the  provincial  laws  of  Normandy 

AVISON,  Charles,  an  eminent  English  mu 
sician  and  composer,  and  author  of  a  treatist 
on  "  Musical  E.\pression,"  died  at  Newcastle, 
May  10,  1770. 

AVITUS,  Mark  Mtecilius,  emperor  of  the 
West,  on  the  death  of  Maximus,  455. 

AVOGARDI,  Lucia  Albani,  a  celebrated  Ita- 
lian poetess. 

AXERETO,  or  ASSERETO,  Blaise,  a  Ge- 
noese admiral,  defeated  and  took  prisoner  Al 
phonso  v.,  king  of  Arragon,  in  a  naval  battle 
1435. 

AXITHEA,  a  female  philosopher,  in  the  age 
of  Plato. 

AXTEL,  Daniel,  a  colonel  in  the  parlia 
jnentary  army  ;  from  a  grocer  he  became  a  sol 
dier,  was  one  of  the  officers  employed  at  the 
trial  of  the  king,  and  for  his  concern  in  his  exe 
cution,  he  suffered  death  in  16C0. 

AYESH.^,  most  beloved  of  the  wives  of  Ma 
liomet,  died  677. 

AYLESBURY,  Sir  Thomas,  a  native  of  Lon 
don,  and  a  patron  of  literature,  distingui<shed  as 
a  mathematician  and  man  of  science,  died  1657. 

AYLESBURY,  William,  son  of  the  preced 
ing.  and  tutor  to  the  young  duke  of  Bucking 
ham  and  his  brother,  died  in  Jamaica,  1657. 

AYLETT,  Robert,  a  master  in  chancery  of 
Trinitv-hall,  Cambridge,  1614. 

AYLIN,  John,  author  of  the  history  of  Friuli. 
an  Itrdian  author  of  the  14th  century. 

AYLMER,  John,  bishop  of  London,  bom  in 
Norfolk  1521.  He  preached  frequently  in  his 
cathedral,  and  had  an  admirable  talent  at  cap- 
tivating the  attention  of  his  hearers.  He  died 
at  Fulham,  the  3d  of  June,  1594,  aged  73. 

AYLOFFE,  Sir  Joseph,  bart.,  V.  P.  A.  S. 
and  F.  R.  S.,  bora  1708.  died  1781.    His  know 
46 


BA 

ledge  of  the  national  antiquilies  and  niunicipa'i 
rights  was  very  extensive. 

AY  LON,  Luke  Vasques  d',  a  Spaniard  en 
gaged  in  the  discovery  and  conquest  of  Anieri 
ca,  15-20. 

AYM.\R,  James,  a  peasant  of  Dauphine,  pra 
tended  to  discover  secrets,  &c.,  by  means  of  • 

cred  wand  ;  he  died  1706. 

AY'MON,  John,  a  Piedmontese,  embraced 
the  tenets  of  Calvin,  in  Holland,  but  returned  to 
the  Romish  church  ;  he  purloined  and  puhlisbea 
some  books  from  the  king's  library  at  Paris. 

AYRE3,  John,  an  EnglLsh  penman  of  con- 
iderable  eminence  about  1094. 

AYRMIN,  or  AYERMIN,  William,  made 
chancellor  of  England  by  Edward  ill. ;  be  waa 
also  sent  ambassador  to  Rome. 

AYSA,  a  Moorish  female,  taken  prisoner  by 
the  Spaniards  under  Charles  V-,  at  the  siege  of 
Tunis. 

AYSCOUGH,  George  Edward,  an  English- 
man ;  he  was  an  officer  in  the  foot  guards,  di.s- 
tuiguished  for  his  literary  acquirements,  and 
died  1779. 

AYSCOUGH,  Anne.    See  ASKEW. 

AYSCOUGH,  Samuel,  assistant  librarian  in 
the  Britinh  Museum,  but  chiefly  memorable  for 
his  patient  industry  in  that  most  usefr.l,  but  too 
much  despised  province  of  literature,  called  in- 
dex making.  He  published,  among  other  works, 
a  "  Catalogue  of  the  MSS.  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum ;  and  also  a  Catalogue  of  Ancient  Char- 
ters in  that  matchlesE  collection,  amounting  to 
about  16,000.  He  was  bom  at  Nottingham,  in 
1745,  and  died  in  the  British  Museum,  October 
30.  1804. 

AYSCUE,  Sir  George,  a  gallant  English  ad- 
miral, from  an  ancient  family  in  Lincolnshire  ; 
in  1666  he  commanded  the  'Royal  Prince,  the 
largest  ship  in  the  world  ;  it  was  captured  by 
the  Dutch. 

AZ ARIAH,  or  UZZIAH,  king  of  Judah,  lived 
810  B.  C,  became  an  idolater,  and  died  a  leper. 

A  Z ARIAS,  a  rabbi,  author  of  several  Hebrew 
works. 

AZEVEDO,  Ignatius,  a  Portuguese  .Tesuit,  a 
missionary  to  America,  murdered  by  pirates,;570. 

AZAICUETA,  Martin,  a  lawyer  of  Pampe- 
luna,  distinguished  as  a  professor  in  several  uni- 
versities, died  at  Rome,  iBil586. 

AZORIUS.  John,  a  native  of  Lucca,  eminent 
among  the  Jesuits,  as  a  professor  at  Alcala  and 
at  Rome,  died  1603. 

AZZI  DE  FORTI,  Faustina,  writer  of  a  vo- 
lume of  Italian  poems,  died  1724. 

AZZO,  Portius,  professor  of  law  at  Bologna, 
died  1220. 

AZZOGUIDO,  Valerius  Flaccus,  a  learned 
antiquarian  of  Bologna,  died  1728. 

AZZOLINI,  Lawrence,  secretary  to  Pope 
Urban  Will.,  and  bishop  of  Nanii,  died  1532. 

BA 

BAAHDIN,  Mahomet  Gebet  Amali,  a  learned 
Persian,  author  of  a  summary' of  civil  and  canon 
law,  which  was  enforced  through  Persia,  by 
command  of  Abbas  the  Great. 

B  AAN,  John  de,  a  Dutch  painter  of  some  emi- 
nence, patronised  by  Charles  II.  of  England,  and 
the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany  ;  he  died  1702. 

BAARSDORP,  Cornelius,  was  physician  and 
chamberlain  to  the  Emperor  Charles  V. 

BAART,  Peter,  a  Latin  and  Flemish  poet 
and  physician,  author  of  the  Flemish  Georgics 
and  otlier  poems.    Year  of  bis  death  anKnotvn 


BA 


BABA,  a  Turkish  impostor.  He  announced 
himself,  in  1260,  as  the  messenger  of  God  ;  was 
opposed  and  overpowered  by  the  Turks,  and  his 
Sect  dispersed. 

BABEK.,  a  Persian,  who,  in  823,  rebelled 
against,  and  defeated  the  caliph  Almaniori.  He 
was  conquered  and  executed  by  the  ne.\t  caliph. 

BABACOUSCHI,  a  mufti  of  Caffa,  in  the 
Taurida,  author  of  several  political  Ikeatises, 
tijed  783  of  the  hegira. 

BABEUF,  Francis  Noel,  a  native  of  St.  Cluin 
tin,  an  attorney,  afterwards  publisher  of  a  French 
revolutionary  paper,  who,  for  his  vices,  was 
deemed  a  lit  successor  to  Robespierre.  He  wa 
condemned  to  the  guillotine,  and  e.xecuted  1797, 
aged  37. 

BABIN,  Francis,  a  native  of  Angus,  and  pro- 
fessor of  divinity,  died  1734. 

BABINGTON,  Dr.  Gerva'se,  bishop  of  Wor- 
cester, born  in  Nottinghamshiro,  1550,  died  1610, 
leaving  some  esteemed  theological  works  be- 
hind him,  as  "  Notes  on  the  Pentateuch,"  &c. 

BABINGTON,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Derby- 
shire. He  conspired,  with  other  Catliolics,  to 
as3;i3sinatc  (iueen  Elizabeth,  and  release  Mary 
queen  of  Scots.  He  was  detected  and  execuieU, 
1580. 

BABUR,  grandson  of  Tamerlane,  died  1471. 

BABY  LAS,  a  bishop  of  Antioch,  put  to  death 
in  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Decius,  251. 

B.\CAI,  Ibrahun  Benomur,  died  885  of  the 
begira. 

BACALANI,  Abubecre,  author  of  a  book  ex- 
planatory of  the  Koran. 

BACCALAR-Y-SANNA,  Vincent,  marquis 
of  St.  Philip,  a  man  of  influence  under  Charles 
II.  and  Philip  V.  of  Spain,  died  1726. 

BACCALI,  a  learned  Mahometan,  surnamed 
the  ornament  of  the  doctors,  for  his  learning, 
died  562  of  the  hegira. 

BACCELLI,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Florence ; 
he  translated  the  Odyssey  into  Italian,  1558. 

BACCHETTI,  Lawrence,  professor  of  medi- 
cine and  jurisprudence  at  Padua,  died  1703. 

BACCHINI,  Benedict,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
librarian  and  historiographer  to  the  duke  of 
Mndena,  and  professor  of  Ecclesiastical  history, 
died  1721. 

BACCHYLIDES,  a  lyric  poet  of  Cos,  who 
lived  about  452  B.  C. 

BACCHYLUS,  bishop  of  Corinth  in  the  2d 
century. 

BACCIO,  Andreas,  a  native  of  Ancona,  pro- 
fessor of  medicine  at  Rome,  and  physician  to 
Pope  Sixius  v.,  died  about  IGOO. 

BAUCIO,  Francis  BartJiolomew,  a  historical 
and  portrait  painter  of  Florence,  died  1517. 

BACH,  John  Sebastian,  an  eminent  German 
musician,  who  long  stood  unrivalled  as  a  per- 
former on  the  organ,  as  well  as  a  composer  for 
that  instrument.  He  was  born  at  Eisenach  in 
1683,  and  died  at  Leipzic,  in  1754. 

BACHAUMON,  Lewis  Petit  de,  a  native  of 
Paris,  known  as  the  author  of  several  literary 
works,  died  1771. 

BACHELIER,  Nicholas,  an  architect  and 
sculptor  of  eminence,  he  %vas  a  pupil  of  Michael 
Angelo,  and  died  after  1553. 

BACHINI,  Bernardine,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
author  of  several  Latin  and  Italian  works,  died 
1721. 

BACHOVIUS,  Reinier,  a  native  of  Cologne, 
an  eminent  civilian  and  professor  at  Heidelberg, 
died  1614. 

BACICI,  John  BaptisteGauli,  a  native  of  Ge- 
aoa,  and  eminent  as  a  painter,  died  at  Rome,  1709. 


BA 

BACKER,  James,  an  eminent  Dutch  portrait 
painter,  died  1500. 

BACKER,  Jacob,  a  portrait  painter,  bom  at 
Henligen,  died  1651. 

BACKHOUSE,  William,  an  English  alcby 
mist  and  astrologer,  died  1662. 

BACKtUIYSEN,  Ludolph,  a  painter  of  Einb- 
den,died  1709. 

BACKUS,  Charles,  D.D.,  anemincntminister; 
he  settled  in  Somers,  Conn.,  1774,  and  died  1803. 

BACKUS,  Isaac,  a  distinguished  baptist  mi- 
nister of  Massachusetts,  whose  publications  are 
more  numerous  than  any  other  baptist  writer  in 
America ;  he  died  1806. 

BACKUS,  Aziel,  D.  D.,  was  pastor  of  a  church 
in  Bethlehem,  Conn.,  and  afterwards  first  presi- 
dent of  Hamilton  College ;  he  died  1816,  aged  63. 

BACLAY,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  a  wri- 
ter of  some  celebrity,  died  1621. 

BACON,  Robert,  an  English  friar,  professor 
of  divinity  at  Ctford,  and  treasurer  of  Salisbury 
cathedral,  died  1248. 

BACON,  Nathaniel,  came  to  America,  and 
causi^  an  injurious  rebellion  in  Governor  Berk- 
ley's time. 

BACON,  Roger,  a  learned  monk  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan order,  descended  of  an  ancient  family, 
born  near  Ilchester,  in  Somersetshire,  1214.  His 
discoveries  were  little  understood  by  the  gene- 
rality of  mankind  ;  and  because,  by  the  lielp  of 
mathematical  knowledge,  he  performed  things 
above  common  understanding,  he  was  suspecttd 
of  magic.  He  was  persecuted  particularly  by 
his  own  fraternity ;  they  would  not  receive  hia 
works  into  their  library,  and  at  last  had  inter- 
est enough  with  the  general  of  their  order  to  get 
him  imprisoned  ;  so  that,  as  he  confesses  him- 
self, he  had  reason  to  rejjent  of  his  having  taken 
such  pains  in  the  arts  and  sciences.  At  the 
particular  desire  of  Pope  Clement  IV.,  Bacon 
collected  together  and  enlarged  his  several 
pieces,  and  sent  them  to  him,  in  1267.  This  col- 
lection, which  is  the  same  that  himself  entitled 
"  Opus  Majus,"  or  his  Great  Work,  is  still  ex- 
tant. When  Bacon  had  been  ten  years  iu  prison, 
Jerom  d'Ascoli,  general  of  his  order,  who  had 
condemned  his  doctrine,  was  chosen  pope,  and 
assumed  the  name  of  Nicholas  IV.  Toward 
the  latter  end  of  his  reign.  Bacon,  by  the  inter- 
position of  some  noblemen,  obtained  his  release, 
and  returned  to  Oxford,  where  he  spent  the  re- 
mainder of  his  days  in  peace,  and  died  in  the 
college  of  his  order,  11th  June,  1294.  Dr.  Freind 
ascribes  the  honour  of  introducing  chymistry 
into  Europe  to  Bacon,  who,  he  observes,  speaks 
in  some  part  or  other  of  his  works,  of  almost 
every  operation  now  used  in  chymistry.  He  was 
a  miracle  of  the  age  that  he  lived  in ;  and  the 
greatest  genius,  perhaps,  for  mechanical  know- 
ledge, that  ever  appeared  in  the  world  since 
Archimedes. 

BACON,  Sir  Nicholas,  lord  keeper  of  the 
great  seal  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  was 
descended  of  an  ancient  family  in  Sufibik,  born 
in  the  year  1510,  and  died,  lamented  by  her  ma- 
jesty and  the  nation,  on  the  20th  of  Feb.,  1578-9. 

BACON,  Anne,  wife  of  Sir  Nicholas,  a  lady 
cininent  for  learning,  piety,  and  virtue,  died 
about  the  beginning  of  the  roign  of  James  I. 

BACON,  Francis,  viscount  of  St.  Albans,  lord 
high  chancellor  of  England,  and  one  of  the  great- 
est and  most  universal  geniuses  that  any  age  or 
country  has  produced,  was  son  of  Sir  Nicholas- 
Bacon,  lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal,  and  bom  at 
York  House,  in  the  Strand,  on  the  22d  of  Janu- 
ary, 1561,  His  estraordiaarv  parts,  even  when 
47 


BA 

a  boy,  were  so  conspicuous,  that  before  he  was 
full  16,  liis  father  called  him  from  the  university 
to  attend  into  France  the  queen's  ambassador, 
Sir  Aniyas  Pawlet,  whose  esteem  and  confi- 
dence he  gained  to  such  a  degree,  that  he  was 
soon  after  charged  by  him  with  a  commission  to 
the  queen,  whicli  he  executed  wiiii  great  ap- 
probation, and  returned  ajiain  to  France,  to  fin- 
ish his  travels.  During  his  slay  in  tliat  king- 
dom his  father  died,  without  maUing  that  sepa- 
rate provision  for  him  v^hicll  he  liad  intended: 
this  obliging  him  to  think  of  some  protession 
for  a  subsistence,  he  applied  himself,  more 
through  necessity  than  choice,  to  the  study  ol 
the  common  law,  and  for  that  purpose  seated 
hunaclf  in  Gray's  Inn.  At  the  ace  of  26  he  was 
chosen  by  that  honourable  society  for  their 
Lent  reader,  and  afterwards  their  double  reader. 
On  the  23d  of  July,  1C03,  he  received  the  honour 
of  knighthood  ;  and  on  the  25lh  of  August,  1604, 
was  constituted  by  patent  one  of  the  king's 
learned  counsel.  In  1613,  he  succeeded  Sir 
Henry  Hobart,  advanced  to  the  place  of  chief 
justice  of  the  common  pleas,  as  attorney  gene- 
ral. June  9,  1616,  he  was  raised  to  tlie  dignity 
of  a  privy-counsellor,  while  he  was  still  in  the 
office  of  attorney-general :  and  as  he  had  now 
more  leisure  from  private  causes,  he  was  de- 
sirous to  dedicate  more  time  to  public  service ; 
and  therefore  made  an  ofler  to  the  king  of  a  new 
"  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  England."  March  7, 
1617,  upon  the  chancellor's  voluntary  resigua 
tion  of  the  seals,  they  were  given  to  Sir  Franci: 
Bacon,  with  the  title  of  lord  keeper.  On  the 
4th  of  January,  1618,  he  was  constituted  lord 
high  chancellor  of  England,  and  on  the  11th  of 
July  following,  created  baron  of  Verulam,  in 
Hertfordsliire.  In  1620,  amidst  all  the  variety 
ef  weighty  business  in  which  his  high  ofBce  ne- 
cessarily involved  him,  he  published  the  most 
finished  and  important,  though  the  least  read,  of 
all  his  philosophical  tracts,  the  "Novum  Orga- 
num  Scientiarum."  The  next  year  he  was  ac- 
cused of  bribery  and  corruption ;  and  the  house 
of  peers,  on  the  3d  of  May,  1621,  gave  judgment 
against  him,  "  that  he  should  be  fined  40,000/., 
and  remain  prisoner  in  the  tower  during  the 
iing's  pleasure  :  that  he  should  for  ever  be  in- 
capable of  any  office,  place,  or  employment  in 
the  state  or  cominfinweahh ;  and  that  he  should 
never  sit  in  parliament,  or  come  within  the 
verge  of  the  court."  But  he  was  soon  restored 
to  his  liberty,  and  his  fine  remitted,  and  was  sum- 
moned to  the  first  parliament  of  King  Charles. 
After  this  sentence,  he  retired  from  civil  attairs, 
and  for  five  years  gave  himself  wholly  up  to 
writing.  lie  died  April  9,  1626,  and  lies  buried 
in  St.  Michael's  church,  at  St.  Alban's,  where  a 
monument  was  erected  for  him  by  Sir  Thomas 
Meautys,  once  his  secretary,  and  afterwards 
clerk  of  the  council.  His  works,  collected  into 
5  vols.  4to.,  were  beautifully  and  accurately 
printed  by  Mr.  Bowyer  and  Mr.  Strahan,  in  1765. 

BACON,  Anthony,  brother  to  the  chancellor, 
distinguished  for  his  acquaintance  with  politics, 
died  before  his  brother. 

BACON,  Sir  Nathaniel,  knight  of  tlie  bath,  a 
painter  of  the  Flemish  school. 

BACON,  Phanuel,  rector  of  Balden,  in  O.vford- 
shire,  and  vicar  of  Bramber,  in  Sussex,  was  a 
famous  punster,  and  an  ingenious  poet.  He 
published,  in  1757,  five  dramatic  pieces,  called 
"  The  Taxes,"  "  The  Insignificaiits,"  "  The 
Trial  of  theTime- killers,"  "  The  Moral  Uuack," 
and  "  The  Oculist ;"  and  died  at  Balden,  Janu- 
ary 2, 1783. 
48 


BA 

BACON,  John,  a  celebrated  sculptor,  bom  in 
London,  November  24,  1740  ;  was  apprenticed 
to  a  painter  of  porcelain  china,  at  Lambeth ; 
but,  observing  tlie  models  of  diflerent  sculptors 
which  were  sent  to  a  neighbouring  potter's  to 
be  burnt,  he  conceived  a  strong  inclination  to 
pursue  the  art  of  sculpture,  and  his  progress 
was  as  rapid,  as  the  decision  was  sudden.  He 
studied  at  the  Koyal  Academy  on  its  first  insti- 
tution, in  J76S,  and  in  a  few  years  afterwards 
was  elected  royal  academician.  Of  the  nunier- 
ous  moimments  erected  by  him,  the  most  di»- 
tinguished  are,  those  of  Lord  Chatham,  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  and  of  Mr.  Howard  and  Dr. 
Johnson,  in  Si.  Paul's  Cathedral.  He  died  Au- 
Kust  7, 1799. 

BACONTHORPE,  John,  a  monk  of  Norfolk, 
died  1346. 

BACOUE,  Leo,  a  protestant  of  Gascony,  con- 
verted to  popery,  and  made  bishop  of  Paniiers, 
died  1694. 

BACCiUERRE,  Benedict  de,  a  physician  and 
medical  aullior. 

BACCIUET,  advocate  to  the  king  of  France, 
died  1597. 

BACTISHUA,  George  Ebn,  a  Christian  phy- 
sician of  celebrity  at  the  court  of  Almansor. 

BADAKSCHI,  a  Persian  poet,  under  the  ca- 
liph Moctafi. 

BADASCH,  a  commentator  on  the  Arabic 
grammar,  died  52P  of  the  hegira. 

BADCOCK,  Sanmcl,  an  eminent  critic  and  m. 
controversialwriter,  was  born  at  South  Moulton,  ^^^ 
in  Devonshire,  in  the  year  1747,  and  destined  to 
the  clerical  character.  We  find  him  in  very 
early  life,  at  about  the  age  of  19,  at  the  head  of 
a  very  considerable  Presbyterian  congregation 
at  Barnstaple,  in  Devonshire.  From  this  situa- 
tion, however,  he  removed,  and  was  elected 
minister  of  South  Moulton,  about  12  miles  from 
his  first  situation  ;  and  in  this  retirement  his  ac- 
tive mind  turned  its  views  to  the  more  public 
departments  of  literature.  During  the  progress 
of  the  London  Review,  he  occasionally  cones- 
ponded  with  Dr.  Kenrick,  and  contended  with 
that  acute  and  intelligent  sceptic  on  different 
points  of  Christianity.  He  occasionally,  also, 
wrote  some  articles  in  his  Review,  which  are 
yet  distinguishable  by  their  spirit  and  intelli- 
gence. He  was,  before  this  period,  an  occasional 
correspondent  in  the  Westminster  Magazine; 
and  we  afterwards  find  him  more  frequently 
corresponding  with  the  Gentlenian's  Magazine, 
the  London  Magazine,  the  General  Evening 
Post,  and  the  St.  James'  Chronicle.  But  the 
creat  scene  of  his  public  warfare  was  in  the 
Monthly  Review.  About  tliree  years  before  his 
death,  which  happened  on  the  19th  of  May,  17t6, 
he  conformed  to  the  established  church. 

BADDELY,  Robert,  an  excellent  low  come- 
dian, many  years  attached  to  Drury-lane  thea- 
tre, died  November  20,  1794.  By  his  will  he 
left  to  the  theatrical  fund  his  cottage  at  Hamp- 
ton, in  trust,  that  they  should  elect  to  reside  in 
it  such  four  of  the  fund  pensioners  as  might  not 
object  to  living  sociably  under  the  same  roof. 
In  this  house  arc  two  parlours  for  their  joint  in- 
dulgence, and  four  separate  bedchambers.  Tliia 
bequest  is  an  instance  of  his  benevolence,  and 
of  his  respect  for  his  profession ;  but  the  manner 
in  which  it  was  done  is  even  more  honouralilo 
to  him  than  the  donation  itself  That  the  de 
cayed  actors  who  are  to  be  chosen  by  the  fund 
committee  as  tenants  for  this  house,  might  not 
appfar  like  dependants  on  charity,  in  the  eyes 
0  of  the  ncigliboiuhood,  be  left  also  a  ceitain  sum 


BA 

to  be  distributed  by  those  tenants  to  the  poor  of 
the  vicinity.  The  sincularny  of  Mr.  B.'s  miiui 
is  further  observable,  in  his  leaving  3  pounds 
annually  for  a  iwelftli-cake,  to  be  dislributed  in 
the  green-room. 

BADEM,  James,  professor  of  eloquence,  &c., 
in  the  university  of  Copenliagen,  published  a 
"  German  and  Danish  Dictionary,"  and  a  trans- 
lation of  "Tacitus"  into  the  Danish  language, 
that  is  said  to  rival  tlie  original  for  precision, 
taste,  and  purity  of  diction.  He  died  November, 
1804. 

BADENS,  Francis,  a  historical  and  portrait 
painter  of  Antwerp,  died  1003. 

BADEW,  Richard  de,  was  chancellor  of 
Cambridge,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  acollege, 
now  called  Clare-hall,  l(i3G. 

B  ADILE,  Anthony,  an  admired  Italian  paint- 
er, died  1.5G0. 

BADUEL,  Claude,  a  protestant  divine  and 
professor  in  Switzerland,  died  1561. 

B/ERSIUS,  or  VEKENSTIL,  Henry,  a  ma- 
thematician and  painter,  of  Louvain,  in  the  Itith 
centurv. 

BAERSTRAT,  a  Dutch  painter,  died  1687. 

BAl^KARKAH,  Abu  Zohal,  a  commentator 
on  Buiiid. 

BAGDEDIN,  Mabommed,  an  Arabian  ma- 
thematician of  the  lOlli  century. 

B/VGE,  Robert,  an  English  novelist  of  consi- 
derable merit,  died  1801. 

BAGFORD,  John,  a  celebrated  antiquary, 
and  collector  of  old  English  books,  prints,  &e. 
lie  had  been  in  Iiis  younger  days  a  shoemaker, 
afterwards  a  bookseller ;  and  lastly,  for  the 
many  curiosities  wherewith  he  enriched  the  li- 
brary of  Dr.  John  Moore,  bishop  of  Ely,  his 
lordship  got  hini  admitted  into  the  Charter- 
house. He  died  on  the  15th  of  May,  1716,  aged 
65  years. 

BAGGER,  John,  a  native  of  Lunden,  and  bi- 
shop of  Copenhagen,  died  1693. 

BAGI,  Zadeh,  a  commentator  on  the  Koran, 
died  1013  of  the  hegira. 

BAGLIONI,  Jobn  Paul,  a  native  of  Perugia. 
He  usurped  the  sovereignty  of  his  country,  and 
was  dispossessed  by  Cssar  Borgia,  and  after- 
wards beheaded  by  Leo  X.,at  Rome,  1.520. 

BAGLIVI,  George,  professor  of  anatomy  at 
Rome,  died  1706. 

BAGNIOLI,  Julius  Ciesar,  an  Italian  poet, 
died  about  IGOO. 

BAGOAS,  an  Egyptian  eunuch,  put  to  death 
356.  B  .C. 

BAGOT,  Lewis,  L.  L.  D.,  canon  and  dean  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  bishop  of  Bristol,  of 
Norwich,  and  of  St.  Asaph  ;  he  died  1802. 

BAGSHAW,  William,  a  native  of  Tidswell, 
an  eloquent  and  popular  preacher,  died  1703. 

B.AGSHAW,  Edward,  M.  A.,  a  teacher  at 
Westminster,  under  Busby ;  he  was  imprisoned 
for  nonconformity,  and  died  in  Newgate,  1671. 

BAGURI,  a  Mahometan  writer,  died  679  of 
the  hegira. 

BAHA,  a  mus=iulman,  surnamed  the  orna- 
ment of  justice  and  religion,  and  regarded  as  a 
saint,  died  8,57  of  the  hegira. 

BAIIALI,  a  Mahometan  author,  died  321  of 
tlie  hegira. 

BAHAR-AL-HEFAH,  or  the  sea  of  meino- 
ty,  an  author,  died  2.55  of  the  hegira. 

BAHIER,  .Tohn,  born  at  Chalillon,  a  priest, 
and  author  of  Latin  verses,  died  1707. 

BAHRAM,  a  general  under  Chosroes  I. 
whom  he  deposed.  He  was  afterwards  put  to 
death. 


G 


BA 

UAHKUT,  Charles  Frederick,  M.  A.,  anun- 
pririciplrd  and  litenlious  deist,  died  179!i. 

BAL\N,  or  BAI<)N,a  native  of  Goa,  who 
embraced  Christianity,  and  was  ordaim  d  priest 
at  Rome.     He  translated  the  .^neid  inio  (Jn.eh;. 

BAIER,  John  William,  a  divine  of  .\urcin- 
licTg,  and  professor  of  divinity,  at  Halle,  died 
16114. 

BAIER,  Jean  Jaqiics,  born  at  Lena,  an  emi 
Mont  physician,  professor  of  physiology  and  pre- 
sident of  a  college  of  physicians  at  Altorf,  died 
1735. 

RAIF,  Lazaru.s,  abbot  of  Charrou.v,  and  am- 
bassador from  Francis  I.  to  Venice,  died  1545. 

BAIL,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Abbeville,  flour- 
isbed  as  a  writer  in  the  17th  century. 

BAILEY,  Nathan,  the  author  ofa  well-known 
"  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language,"  2  vols. 
3vo.,  and  editor  of  school  editions  and  transla- 
tions of  several  of  the  ancient  classic  poets  and 
historians.  He  resided  principally  at  Slepney, 
and  died  June  27,  1742. 

BAILIES,  William,  a  Prussian  physician  of 
rear  eminence,  about  17.57. 

BAILLET,  Adrian,  a  French  divine,  theolo- 
aical,  historical  and  biographical  writer,  born 
I(i4i).  He  wrote  "  A  History  of  Holland  from 
1609  to  1679,"  4  vols.  12nio"  "  Lives  of  tlie 
r'aints,"  3  vols,  folio  ;  "  Jugemens  des  Savans," 
t  vols.  12mo.  &c.  &c.,  and  died  1700. 

BAILLI,  Roche  Le,  or  Riviere,  physician  to 
Henry  IV.  of  France,  died  1605. 

BAILLIE,  Robert,  a  native  of  Glasgow  ;  an 
(luinent  clergj'inan,  distinguished  for  his  firm 
and  consistent  opposition  to  episcopacy ;  he  died 
1G62. 

BAILLON,  William  de,  a  French  physician, 
celebrated  for  bis  charity  as  well  as  his  profes- 
sional skill,  died  1616. 

BAILLY,  James,  a  French  writer,  bom  at 
Versailles,  died  1768. 

BAILLY,  John  Sylvain,  a  celebrated  French 
astronomer.  He  published  several  valuable  trea- 
tises on  that  science  ;  afterwards,  as  mayor  of 
Paris,  lie  incurred  the  displeasure  of  Robespierre, 
und  lost  his  head  by  the  guillotine,  1793. 

B.\1LLY,  David,  a  historical  painter  of  cele- 
britv,  born  at  Levden,  died  1630. 

BAUiLY,  Janies,  a  French  painter,  died  1679. 

BAINBRIDGE,  John,  a  physician  and  astro- 
nomer of  Ashby  de  la  Zouch,  afterwards  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy  at  Oxford,  where  he  had  a 
liiali  reputation;  be  died  1643. 

B  AITHOSUS,  founder  of  a  sect  called  saddu- 
cees,  which  denied  a  resurrection  and  future 
state. 

BAIUS,  DE  BAY,  Michael,  a  native  of  Me- 
lin  ;  a  man  of  talents  and  learning,  and  divinity 
professor  of  Louvain.     He  died  1.589. 

BAJARD,  Andrew,  anItaUan  poetof  Parma, 
in  the  15th  century. 

BAJAZET  I.,  sultan  of  the  Turks,  a  re- 
nowned warrior,  but  a  tyrant.  Being  conquer- 
ed by  Tamerlane,  and  exposed  by  him  in  an 
iron  Caere  (the  fate  that  he  had  destined  for  his 
adversary,  if  he  bad  been  the  victor),  he  dash- 
d  his  head  against  the  bars  of  his  prison  and 
killed  himself,  in  1403. 

BAJAZET  n.  succeeded  his  father  Mahomet 
II.,  1431.  He  extended  the  boundaries  of  his 
kingdom,  but,  by  the  perfidy  of  his  son, Selim, 
was  dethroned  and  poisoned  in  1512. 

RAKER,  Sir  Richard,  author  of  the  "  Chr» 
nicle  of  the  kiiicsof  England,"  born  at  Sissing- 
hurst,  in  Kent,  about  l.)68.  He  married  a  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  George  Manwaring,  of  Ightfield,  m 
4^ 


ISA 


BA 


Shropshire,  knighf ;  and  liaving  boeomo  surety 
for  some  of  Uiat  fnniily's  debts,  was  thereby  re- 
duced to  poverty,  and  thrown  into  the  Fleet  pri- 
son, wlirre  iie  died,  Feb.  18,  1G41-5,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Bride's  church,  FIcel-street. 

BAKER,  David,  an  Enjjlisli  Benedictine,  who 
was  convened  from  Atlieism  to  Christianity 
dicdlf41. 

BAKKR,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Ilton,  and  vicai| 
of  Bishop's  Nvinmet,  Devonshire;  he  diedld'JO. 
BAKEK,  Thomas,    a  very  ingenious    and 
learned  antiquaiv,  was  born  at  Crook,  in  tlie 
c«untvof  Durham,  ff'pt.  14,  IfioG,  und  died  m 
the  oriiceof  commoner  maiter of  St.  John's  col- 
Irce  Cambridpc,  .Inly  2,  1740.     The  principal 
work  that  he  prinlod,  was  "  Reflcctionson  learn- 
in?,  showing  the  inMilticiency  thereof  in  its  se- 
Vf'ral  particulars  in  order  to  evince  the  useful- 
rciwand  necrssity  ot'Rf>veIation:  London,  1709- 
10"  which  went  throu).'h  eight  editions;   and 
Mr.Boswell,  in  his"  Method  of  Study," .ranksj 
it  amoni;  the  Enslish  classics  for  purity  of  style. 
BAKER,  Henry,  an  ingenious  and  diligent 
naturalist,  horn  in  Fleet-street,  London,  either 
near  the  end  of  the  17lh,  or  in  the  bcpmnmg  of 
the  18th  century.    Beinc  of  a  philosophical  turn 
of  mind,  and  having'  dilijrently  attended  to  the 
methods  which  mi^'ht  be  "practicable  and  usefuli 
in  the  cure  of  staininerine,  and  especially  in! 
teachinc  denf  and  dumb  persons  to  speak^hei 
made  this  the  emplovment  of  his  lite.    In  1774,| 
Sir  Godfrey  Copley's  srold  medal  was  bestowedj 
upon  hira,  for  havuij-'.  bv  bis  microscopical  ex- 
periments on  the  ci  vstalizations  and  configura- 
tions of  saline  panicles,  produced  the  most  ex-| 
Waordinarv  discovery  during  that  year.  Having; 
led  a  very  useful  and  honourable  life,  he  died 
at  his  apartments  in  the  Strand,  on  the  25th  of 
Nov.  1774.  being  then  above  70  years  of  age. 
His  principal  publications  are"  The  Microscope 
made  Easy,"  and  "  Employment  for  the  aiicro- 
scope."  . 

BAKER,  William,  a  learned  printer,  in  Fen-| 
church-street,  born  at  Rending,  1744,  was  the| 
son  of  an  eminent  schoolmaster  in  that  town.' 
From  his  youth  he  was  ereatly  addicted  to  study , 
and  his  friends  favoured  his  inclinations  by| 
making  him  a  printer.  His  modesty  was  equal 
to  his  learning,  and  was  truly  Oiay's  "  flower 
born  to  blush  unseen."  Hisdiffidence  prevented 
his  appearing  ninch.  before  the  public  as  a  writer ; 
and  his  onlv  publications  are  "  Peregrinations  Iml. 
of  the  Mindi"  a  series  of  essays  in  the  manner 
of  the  Rambler;  and  " Theses Grajca-.et  Latina> 
Selecta"."  He  died  in  London,  Sept.  29,  1785,  in 
the  44th  year  of  his  age ;  and  an  elegant  Latin 
epitaph  to  his  memory  is  placed  on  the  tomb  of 
his  family,  in  the  churchyard  of  St.  Blary,; 
Reading.  ,      .  I 

BAKER,  Sir  Gcoree,  oorn  1722,  was  physi- 
cian to  king  George  III.  and  his  queen,  and  pre-! 
sident  of  the  college  of  physicians.  He  wrote 
a  number  of  e.\cellent  tracts  and  dissertations 
on  medical  subjects,  and  died  June  15,  1809. 

BAKEWELL,  Robert,  the  most  succescful 
experimental  fanner  and  cattle-breeder  ever 
known  in  England,  was  born  1726,  at  Dishiey, 
in  Leicestershire.  Having  remarked,  that  do- 
mestic animals  in  general  produce  others  pos- 
sessing qualities  nearly  similar  to  their  own,  he 
conceived  that  he  had  only  to  select  from  all  the 
most  valuable  breeds  such  as  promised  to  return 
the  greatest  possible  emolument  to  the  breeder 
and  that  he  should  then  be  able,  by  careful  atten 


animals,  p()SKes.sing  a  niaximiun  of  advantage. 
A  selection  on  this  principle  tVom  dili'crent  parts 
of  England,  was  Ibi;  original  Scock  from  which 
he  afterwards  i)ropagated  his  own.  About  1760, 
Mr.  Bakewellbold  his  sheep  by  private  contract, 
at  not  more  than  two  or  three  guineas  each. 
Some  time  afterwards,  he  began  to  let  some  of 
his  rams,  and  for  a  few  seasons  received  only 
15s.  or  a  guinea  a-piecc  for  them ;  but  as  the 
fame  of  his  breed  e.\tendod  itself,  he  advanced 
his  prices,  and  by  the  year  1770  was  enabled  to 
let  some  of  iiis  rams  for  the  season  for  25  gui- 
neas. After  that  time,  the  prices  and  credit  of 
his  stock  progressively  increased  ;  and  at  last, 
single  rams  were  let  for  the  season  for  the  enor- 
mous price  of  400  guineas,  and  upwards.    It  is 
a  fact  that  has  no  other  example,  that  one  ram, 
called  the  Two  Pounder,  produced,  in  one  sea 
son,  the  sum  of  800  guineas,  independent  of 
ewes  of  Mr.  Baltewell's  own  stock  ;  which,  at 
the  same  rate,  would  have  made  a  total,  the 
produce  of  a  single  ram,  of  1200  guineas.    The 
race  of  Dishiey  sheep  are  known  by  the  fineness 
of  their  bone  and  flesh,  the  lightness  of  the  offal, 
their  disposition  to  quietness,  and  consequently 
to  mature  ai)d  fatten  with  less  food  than  other 
sheep  of  equal  weight  and  value.  Mr.  Bakewell 
improved  his  black  horse's  by  an  attention  to  l)ie 
form  whi'ch  is  best  adapted  to  their  use.    His 
stallions  liave  been  let  for  tlie  season  for  100 
guineas,  and  upwards.    Many  anecdotes  are  re- 
lated of  his  humanity  toward  the  various  orders 
of  animal.^.  He  continually  deprecated  the  atro- 
cious barbarities  practised  by  the  butcliers  and 
drovers ;  showing,  by  examples  on  his  own  farm, 
the  most  pleasing  instances  of  docility  in  liie 
animals  under  his  care.     This  extraordinary 
man,  more  deserving,  in  our  opinion,  of  Uie 
civic  wreath  than  the  warrior  or  the  statesman, 
died  Oct.  1, 1795,  on  thespot  where  he  first  drew 
breath. 

BAKHTJISEN,  Ludolph,  a  painter  and  en- 
graver of  Enibden,  who,  by  the  force  of  genius, 
raised  liiniself  to  a  high  rank.    He  died  1709. 

BALAAM,  son  of  Beor,  a  celebrated  prophet 
of  Pelhnr,  in  Mesopotamia,  killed  with  Balak, 
king  of  Moab,  in  battle,  1450  B.  C. 

B^AL.\MIO,  Ferdinand,  a  native  of  Sicily, 
physician  to  pope  Leo  X.,  about  1555  ;  eminent 
for  his  literary  acquirements. 
BALASSI,  Mario,  a  painter  at  Florence,  died 


BALATHI,  Abulfedi  Othman  Ben  Issa,  au- 
thor of  a  treatise  on  the  characters  of  alphabets. 

BALBI,.Iohn,  orJanua,  a  Genoese  dominican, 
and  an  autlior  of  some  celebrity. 

BALBINUS,  Decimus  Ca'lius,  emperor  of 
Rome,  murdered  by  his  soldiers,  237. 

BALBO,  Jerome,  bishop  of  Goritz,  died  at 
Venice,  15,35. 

BALBOA,  Vasco  Nuques  dc,  an  enterprising 
Casliliaii.  He  was  among  the  early  American 
adventurers,  and  built  a  town  on  the  coast  of 
Darien.  He  was  afterwards  fal.sely  accused  of 
felony  by  a  Spanish  governor,  and  exec  ited 
1517. 

BALBUENA,  Bernard  de,  a  Spanish  poet, 
born  at  Toledo.  He  settled  in  America,  where 
he  died,  when  bishop  of  Porto  Rico,  1627. 

BALCANaUAL,  Waller,  chaplain  to  James 
I.,  master  of  the  Savoy ,iand  Dean  of  Rochester 
and  Durh.nm,  died  1045. 

BALCHEN,  John,  a  celebrated  English  ad- 
miral, shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Scilly.  in  the 


tion  to  procressive  improvement's,  to  produce  ail  Victory,  a  first-rate,  when  upwards  of  1100  per 
race  of  sheep,  horsea,  horned  catUe,  or  otherllsons  perished  wiiti  Jiim,  1744, 
50 


BA 


BALDE,  James,  a  German  poet,  surnaiiied) 
the  Horace  of  his  couutrv,  died  Itj68. 

BALDfilllC,  bisliop  of  Noyon  in  tlie  ]2lli 
conlury.  Anotlierof  the  same  name  was  bishop 
oi'  Dol. 

KALDI,  Lazarro,  a  native  of  Tuscany,  dis- 
tinsuislicd  as  a  painter,  died  1703. 

B.\LDIN(;i;K.  Enu:=l  Gottfried,  a  German 
physician  and  professor  of  medicine  at  Jlarpurg.: 
died  1*)4.  I 

BALDINI,  John  Anthony,  a  nobleman  of  Pla- 
ceiitia,  ambassador  at  various  courts  of  Europe,! 
and  at  lliu  <.'oiis?rcs.-i  of  Utrecht,  died  1735.  j 

BALDiNUCCl,  Philip,  a  Florentine;  well  ac 
quaiuted  wiiii  painting  and  sculpture,  on  whicli 
subjects  lie  wrote  several  valuable  treatises,  died 

BALDOCK,  Robert  de,  an  ecclesiastic  and 
favourite  of  Edward  U.,  died  in  Newgate. 

BALDOCK,  Ralph  de,  bishop  of  London,  and 
chancellor  of  tlie  realm  under  Edward  I.,  died 
1313. 

BALDUS,  or  BALDI,  Bernard,  a  native  of 
Urbino,  and  abbot  of  Guastalla,  distinguished 
for  his  learning  and  his  various  publications 
died  1617. 

BALDUS  DE  UBALDiS,  a  ci^lian  of  Pe- 
rugia, and  writer  on  the  canon  law,  died  1433. 

BALDWIN  I.,  count  of  Flanders,  a  distin- 
guished leader  of  the  Crusades,  who,  for  his 
bravery  and  virtue,  was  made  emperor  of  the 
East.  He  was  afterwards  taken  prisoner  by' 
tlie  Greeks  and  Bulgarians,  confined  for  a  longi 
time,  and  put  to  death  1-207. 

BALDWIN  II.,  the  last  Latin  emperor  of 
Constantinople.  After  losing  liis  capital,  he 
fled  to  Negiopont,  to  avoid  falling  into  the  hands 
of  his  enemy,  and  thence  to  Italy,  where  lie  died, 
1273. 

BALDWIN  I.,  king  of  Jerusalem,  succeeded 
his  brother,  Godfrey  do  Bouillon,  on  the  throne,! 
and  after  a  victorious  reign,  died  1118,  and  was] 
buried  on  Mount  Calvary. 

BALDWIN  II.,  king  of  Jerusalem,  succeed- 
ed Baldwin  I.,  was  taken  prisoner,  and  diedi 
1131. 

BALDWIN  in.,  king  of  Jerusalem,  son  ofj 
PulU,  of  Anjou,  died  1163. 

BALDWIN  IV.,  king  of  Jerusalem,  succeed- 
ed his  father,  Amaury,  1174  ;  he  died  1185. 

BALDWIN,  Francis,  a  native  of  Anas,  an 
eminent  civilian  and  professor  of  law  at  Paris, 
Stra.?burg,  fee,  died  1573. 

BALDWIN,  Martin,  first  bishop  of  Ipres, 
lived  about  1570. 

BALDWIN,  Frederick,  a  native  of  Dresden, 
died  1027. 

BALDWIN,  a  native  of  Exeter,  and  primate 
of  England.  He  attended  Richard  I.  in  his  cru- 
sade, and  died  in  the  holy  land,  1191. 

B.'\LDWIN,  Ebenczer,  a  worthy  minister  of 
Danbury,  Conn.,  who,  at  his  death,  1770,  be 
^lueathed  300Z.  to  his  society.  He  was  31  years 
of  aee. 

BALDWIN,  Abraham,  president  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Georgia,  member  of  the  convention 
which  adopted  the  constitution,  1787,  and  se- 
nator, in  all  which  offices  he  was  distinguished  ; 
he  died  1807. 

B.\LE,  Robert,  a  native  of  Norfolk,  prior  ofj 
the  Carmelites  of  Norwich,  where  he  died  1503. 

BALE,  John,  bishop  of  Ossory,  in  Ireland, 
born  at  Cove,  a  small  village  in  Suffolk,  was 
bred  up  in  the  Romish  religion,  but  became  af- 
terwards a  protestant.  His  conversion,  how- 
ever, greatly  exposeel  him  to  tlie  persocittion  of 


BA 

the  Eomifch  clergy,  and  he  must  have  felt  their 
resentment,  had  he  not  bo.ii  |u-otected  by  lord 
Cromwell;  but,  upon  the  death  of  tliis  noble- 
man, he  was  obliged  to  fly  to  Ijollaiid,  where  he 
remained  si.x  years,  and  diaing  that  time  wrote 
several  pieces  in  the  English  language.  He  was 
recalk-d  into  England  by  iOdward  \'I.,  and  pre- 
sented to  the  living  of  l;i>iiuii's-st<iko.  in  the 
county  of  Souiliampton.  Tile  15:h  of  Au;!Ust, 
1532,  he  was  noniiiiated  to  the  Bte  of  O-iSory, 
and,  upon  his  arrival  in  Ireland,  Untd  bit  utmost 
endeavours  to  reform  the  manners  of  hit<  diocese, 
to  correct  the  vices  of  the  priests,  to  abolish  the 
mass,  and  to  establish  the  use  of  the  ne«-  book 
of  common  prayer  set  forth  in  England  ;  but  all 
his  schemes  of  this  kind  having  proved  abortive 
by  the  death  of  king  Edward,  and  the  accession 
of  queen  Mary,  he  became  greatly  exposed  to 
the  outraL'ea  of  the  papists  in  Ireland,  and  again 
tied  to  the  continent.  On  the  accf.^^ion  of  queen 
Elizabeth,  he  returned  from  exile,  but  did  not 
choose  to  CO  again  to  Ireland,  being  satisfied 
with  a  prebend  of  Canteibury,  in  which  city  he 
died,  Nov.,  15ti3,  aged  67,  and  was  buried  in  the 
cathedral  of  that  place.  This  predate  has  left  a 
celebrated  Latin  work,  containing  the  lives  of 
the  most  eminent  writers  of  great  Britain.  He 
was  also  one  of  the  earliest  of  our  drainatic 
writers.    Twenty  of  his  plays  are  recorded. 

BALECHON,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  engraver, 
born  at  Aries,  died  1765. 

BALEN,  Matthias,  a  native  of  Dordt,  born 
1611. 

BALEN,  Hendrick  Van,  an  eminent  paint&r 
of  Antwerp,  died  1632. 

BALES,  Peter,  a  very  extraordinary  person 
in  his  way,  and  fit  to  be  noticed  in  a  work  of 
this  nature.  He  was  a  most  famous  master  in 
the  art  of  penmanship,  or  fair  writing,  and  one 
of  the  first  inventoi-s  (for  there  seems  to  have 
been  more  than  one)  of  short-liand  writing.  He 
was  bom  in  1.547,  and  is  recorded  for  his  skill  in 
microgiapliv,  or  miniature-writing,  in  II0II1115- 
shed's  Chronicle,  anno  1575.  Mr.  Evelyn  also 
has  celebrated  his  wonderful  skill  in  tliis  delicate 
operation  of  the  hand,  informing  us,  that  in  the 
vear  1575  he  wrote  the  Lord's  prayer,  the  cree^, 
decalogue,  with  two  short  prayers  in  Latin,  his 
own  name,  motto,  day  of  the  month,  year  of 
the  Lord,  and  reign  of  the  queen,  to  whom  he 
presented  it,  at  Hampton  Court,  all  within  the 
circle  of  a  single  penny,  inchased  in  a  ring  and 
borders  of  gold,  and  covered  with  a  crystal,  so 
accurately  written  as  to  be  ver>'  plainly  legible, 
to  the  great  admiration  of  her  majesty,  the  whole 
privy-council,  and  several  ambassadors  then  at 
court.  He  was  farther  very  dexterous  in  imitat- 
ing hand-writing,  and,  about  15B6,  was  employ- 
ed by  secretary  Walsingham  in  certain  political 
manceuvres.  He  published  in  1590  a  work  call- 
ed the  "  Writing  Schoolmaster,  in  three  parts ; 
the  1st,  teaching  swift  writing,  the  2d,  true  writ- 
ing, the  3d,  fair  writing."     lie  died  about  1610. 

BALESTRA,  Anthony,  a  historical  painter 
of  Verona,  died  1720. 

BALEY,  Walter,  fellow  of  tlie  New  College, 
Oxford,  and  professor  of  physic  there,  after- 
wards physician  to  queen  Elizabeth,  died  1592. 

BALGUY,  John,  an  eminent  English  divine, 
a  theological,  controversial,  and  metaphysical 
writer,  born  at  Sheffie'd,  1686,  died  .it  Harrow- 
Tate,  1748.  He  was  the  friend  of  Clarke  and 
Hoadley,  and  was  associated  with  them  in 
maintaining  the  cause  of  rational  religion  and 
Christian  liberty. 

BALGUY,  ThoRiaa,  II.  D.  son  of  tlie  pre- 
51 


B,V 

ceding,  aiclidoacon  of  V\  inclioster  and  pr(  bond 

ary  oi  that  cailiwUal,  a  puwerlul  uliaiiipioii  in 

the  caiis-i'  of  morality  and  religion,  and  of  the 
mos;  diiinlerfstcd  /.tal,  having  dcrliiied  tin!  bi- 
slioj)ric  of  Gloucester,  which  wai  ofl'erud  (o  hiui 
by  the  king  in  1781.     Ur.  U.dicd.Iaii.  I'J,  K'J5. 

BALI,  ftleula;  Bali,  a  luuj-suluian,  who  wioir 
on  thH  jurisprudence  of  his  countrj',  died  977  of 
the  hegua. 

BALIOJj,  John  de,  founder  of  Baliol  College, 
Oxford,  which  was  begun  by  him  in  ISti,").  and 
afterwards  pcrfecied  by  his  widow.  During 
the  contest  between  Henry  HI.  and  his  barons 
he  fninly  adhered  to  the  kini.',  and  died  in  1209. 
BALIUL,  John  de,  kins  of  Scotland.  Being 
opposed  in  his  claims  to  the  crown  by  Bruce,  re- 
ference was  made  lo  Edward,  king  of  England, 
who  decided  in  )iis  favour.  Afterwards,  in  a 
wa.-  with  Etl«\ir(!,  he  lost  the  battle  ol'  Dunbar, 
and  retired  to  Frrince,  where  he  died  J314. 

BALKINl  YEL,ALEDI)1\,  author  of  abook 
on  Mahometan  jurisprudence,  &.C. 

BALIj,  Joh.i,  an  English  divine,  minister  and 
teacher  of  VVhitmore,  in  Staffordshire,  died 
IWO. 

BALLENDEN,  or  BULLANDEN,  sir  John, 
an  elecant  Scottish  writer  of  the  16th  century. 
He  translated  into  the  Scots  language  Hector 
Bceliuss  History,  which  vias  extremely  well  re- 
ceived both  in  Scotland  and  England,  £ind  died 
at  Eonu!,  1550. 

BALLARD,  George,  bom  at  Campden,  in 
Gloijcet^tershire,  was  one  of  those  singular  ge- 
niuses that  shoot  forth  without  culture-  He 
was  brought  up  to  the  profession  of  a  habit- 
malier.  Upon  a  discover)'  of  his  abilities,  lord 
Chedworth  and  some  other  gentlemen  oflered 
him  a  pension  of  lOQl.  per  aniiiim,  but  he  would 
only  accept  GO/.  He  published  "  Memoirs  of 
British  Ladies  eminent  for  Learning  or  Abiii 
ties,"  and  died  young,  in  17.55,  supposed  to  be 
owing  to  too  intense  application. 

BALLEBINI,  Peter  and  Jeroijie.two  bro- 
thers, ecclesiastics,  who  devoted  lliemselves  to 
literaty  pursuits  and  publisln  d  several  valuable 
works,  were  both  living,  17.58, 

BALLEXF?:K1),  a  native  of  Geneva,  author 
of  several  medical  works,  died  1774. 

BALIJ,  Joseph,  of  Palermo,  canon  of  Bari, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  died  11)40. 

BALLIANI,  John  Baptist,  a  native  and  Se- 
nator of  Genoa,  author  of  a  work  on  the  mo- 
tion of  bodies,  died  10G6. 

BALiLlN,  Clauile,  a  goldsmith  of  Paris,  an 
artist  of  great  celebrity,  died  1678. 

BALSAMON,  Tlieodore,  a  Patriarch  of  Au- 
tioch.  died  1214. 

BALSHAM,  Hugh  de,  bishop  of  Ely,  died 
1280. 

BALTHASAR,  Christ  ipher,  king's  advocate 
at  Auxerre,  and  author  of  several  protestant 
woiks,  about  1659. 

B.VLTHAZ.'\RlNI,sumamed  Beaiijoyeu.T,  an 
'talian  nuisician,  who  composed  several  ballads 
and  pieces  of  music,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III. 

BALTUS,  John  Francis,  a  Jesuit  of  Metz, 
and  librarian  of  Rheinis,  died  174H. 

B.\LI,'E,  John,of  Poitou,  bishop  of  Evtcux 
and  of  .\rras,  cardinal  and  legate  to  the  pope  in 
France,  died  1491. 

B.-VLZl'E,  Stephen,  a  French  writer,  and  au- 
tlior  of  the  "  Lives  of  the  Popes  of  Avignon," 
born  1631,  died  1718. 

B.SLZAC,  John  Lewis  Guez  de, historiogra- 
pher of  France,  and  counsellor  of  state,  was 


BA 

iceui  a.s  a  writer  (especially  for  his  Letters, 
which  went  through  several  editions) :  atid 
died  1654. 

BAMBOCIIE,  a  nickname  given  to  Peter  de 
Laer,  a  painier,  lor  his  deformity,  he  died  1673. 
BAMBKlDGE,thristopiier.,anaiiveofWe6t- 
iiioreland;  ambassador  from  Henry  VIII  to  pope 
Julius  II.,  a  cardinal  and  archbishop  of  York 
died  1514 

BA MPFIELD,  Francis,  pretendary  of  Exeter, 
and  minister  of  Sherburne,  died  in  Newgate 
1684. 

BANCHI,  Seraphin,  a  dominican  of  Flo- 
rence, who  saved  the  life  of  Henry  TV.,  of 
France,  for  which  he  was  made  bisliop  of  An- 
gouleme,  died  about  1(;08. 

BANCK,  Lawience,  a  Swede,  professor  of 
law  at  Norkoping,  died  1602. 

BANCROFT,  Richard,  chaplain  to  queen 
Elizabeih,  bisiiop  of  London  and  Arclibi;)hop 
of  Canterburv,  died  1610. 

BANCROFT,  John,  bishop  of  Oxford,  dieol 
1640. 

BANDARRA.  Gonzales,  aPortnguese  prophet 
and  versifier,  died  15.56. 

I  BANDELLO,  Maithev/,  a  celebrated  Italian 
novelist,  born  ai  Castelnuovo,  in  the  district  of 
Tortona,  died  in  France,  about  1561.  His  no- 
vels, like  those  of  Boccace,  are  more  reraarka- 
iblefor  the  naturalsiniplicity  with  which  they  are 
related,  than  for  the  decer.ey  of  their  incident.9. 
By  Henry  11.  he  was  made"  bishop  of  Agen,  in 
France,  15.50,  but  resigned  the  see  in  1.5.55. 

BANDINELLA,  Baccio,  a  painter  and  sculp- 
tor of  Floreiico,  died  1559. 

BANDINI,  .•\ngelo  Maria,  an  Italian  antiqua- 
ry, eminent  for  his  learning  and  his  writings, 
died  1800,  leaving  his  fortune  to  literary  and 
charitable  uses. 

BANDURI,  Anselm,  a  distinguished  monk 
of  Ragtisa,  died  1743. 

BANGUIS,  Peter,  a  Swede,  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Abo,  and  bishop  of  Wyburg,  died  1696. 
B.ANGIIISI,  Thomas,  author  of  a  Hebrew 
Lexicon,  and  professor  of  Hebrew,  tiieology, 
and  philosophy,  at  Copenhagen,  died  1661. 

BANIER,  Antliony,  a  celebrated  mythologist 
of  France,  born  1673,  died  1741.  An  English 
translation  of  his  "  Mythologj',  and  Fables  of 
the  Ancients,"  was  published  in  London,  1741, 
in  4  vols.  Svo. 

BANISTER,  John,  an  Englishman,  who  cul- 
tivatfd  the  study  of  botany  in"  Virginia,  and  was 
killed  by  falling  from  a  rock,  in  one  of  his  ex- 
cursions. 

BANISTER,  John,  a  learned  English  phy- 
sician in  the  16th  century. 

BANISTER,  Richard,  the  younger,  a  physi- 
cian of  great  skill,  of  Stamford,  England.  The 
time  of  his  death  unknown. 

BANKS,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  English  law- 
yer, chief  justice  of  the  King's  Bench,  after- 
waids  judge  of  common  pleas,  died  1664. 

B.ANKS,  John,  from  a  weaver's  apprentice, 
became  an  author,  and  wrote  a  review  of  Crom- 
well's life,  died  1751. 

BANKS,  John,  an  English  dramatic  writer. 
His  turn  was  entirely  to  tragedy,  his  merit  in 
which  is  of  a  peculiar  kind ;  for,  at  the  same 
time  that  his  language  must  be  confessed  to  be 
extremely  unpoetical,  and  his  numbers  uncouth 
and  inharmonious,  nay,  even  his  characters 
very  far  from  being  strongly  marked  or  distin- 
guished, and  his  episodes  extremely  irregular, 
yet  it  is  impossible  to  avoid  being  deeply  affected 


bora  1594,  at  Angouleme;  acquired  much  es-lat  the  representation,  and  even  at  the  reading, 
52 


UA 

of  his  tragic  pieces,  wliicli  are  seven  in  niijabiir. 
Tiio  time  of  his  biitli  and  doaih  are  iwicurtain. 

BANKS,  Rij.'lit  Hon.  Sir  Joseph,  Barf.,  and 
Kniglit  of  ihc  liatli,  a  most  eminent  patron  ol" 
literary  and  philosophical  writers,  and  many 
years  presiident  of  the  Royal  Society,  was  horn 
December  i:i,  1743,  and  educated  at  Eton  and 
O.\ford.  In  17ti5,  he  visited  the  coasts  of  New- 
foundland and  Lahrador,  for  the  purpose  of 
making  researclics  i.i  Natural  History.  In  1768, 
he  accompanied  ( 'apt.  Cook  in  his  first  voyage 
round  thu  world;  sliortly  after  his  return  fronj 
which,  .Sir  Joseph,  in  company  with  liis  friend. 
Dr.  Solander,  visited  Iceland ;  and  a  rich  har- 
vest of  new  knowledge,  and  of  specimens,  com- 
pensated for  tlic  toils  and  e.\'pensc  of  this  scien- 
tific adventure.  Sir  Joseph  died  at  his  house,  in 
Soho-sqiiare,  in  his  80th  year,  June  19,  18-20. 

B.4NKS,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  English  sculp- 
tor, born  at  Laniboth,  in  Surrey,  Deci;inher  S-i, 
1738,  and  bred  a  wood-carver,  to  A\'hicli  he 
served  an  apprenticeship  of  seven  years.  But 
when  the  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of 
Arts  held  out  rewards  for  models  and  sculpture, 
he  turned  his  mind  to  the  study  of  that  art ;  and 
having  obtained  several  premiums  from  that  so- 
ciety, and  in  1770,  the  gold  medal  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  he  was,  in  1772,  sent  to  Rome  for 
three  years,  at  the  Academy's  expense.  Tiie 
several  admirable  works  which  he  afterwards 
executed,  in  Russia,  as  well  as  in  his  own  coun- 
try, are  too  numerous  to  be  here  detailed.  We 
shall  only  mention,  therefore,  the  monument  of 
Sir  Eyre  Coote,  in  Westminster  Abbey,  and  the 
alto  reUevo  for  the  front  of  the  Shakspeare  Gal- 
lery, in  Pall  Mall.   Mr.  B  died  February  2,  1805. 

BANNES,  Dominique,  a  Spanish  ecclesiastic 
and  author,  died  1()04. 

BANNFER,  John,  a  Swedish  general  under 
Gustavus  Adolplius,  died  1641. 

B.VNaUO,  or  BANCHO,  a  Scotch  general  of 
royal  birth. 

B.-VPTIST,  John  Monnoyer,  a  native  of  Lisle, 
and  a  celebrated  painter  of  flowers,  died  1690. 

BAPTISTIN,  John  Baptiste  Struk,  a  musi- 
cian of  Florence,  died  1740. 

B  ARACK,  a  judge  of  the  Hebrews  about  1240 
B.C. 

BARAD^US,  bishop  of  Edcssa,  founder  of 
a  sect  called  Jacobites,  died  588. 

B.\RANZANO,  Rcdemptus,  a  monk,  born  in 
Piedmont,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Anncci, 
and  a  correspondent  of  the  great  Bacon,died  1622. 

BARATIER,  John  PhiHp,  a  prodigy  of  his 
kind,  was  born  at  Schwoback,  in  .^.nspach,  Ja- 
nuary 19,  1720-21 .  His  father,  who  was  pastor 
of  the  Calvinistic  church  at  Schwoback,  took 
upon  himself  the  care  of  his  son's  education, 
and  tauivht  him  languages  without  study,  and 
almost  without  his  perceiving  that  lie  w.is  learn- 
ing them,  by  only  introducing  words  of  different 
languages,  as  it  were  casually,  into  conversation 
with  liim.  By  these  means,  when  he  was  but 
four  years  old,  he  spoke  every  day  French  to  his 
mother,  Latin  to  his  father,  and  Higli  Dutch  to 
the  maid,  without  the  least  perplexity  to  him- 
self, or  the  least  confusion  of  one  language  with 
another.  The  other  language,  of  whicli  lie  was 
master,  he  learnt  by  a  metliod  yet  more  uncom- 
mon, which  was,  by  only  using  the  Bible  in  the 
language  he  then  proposed  to  learn,  accom- 
panied with  a  translation.  Thus  he  understood 
Greek  at  six,  and  Hebrew  at  eight  years  of  age  ; 
insomuch  that  he  could,  upon  the  opening  of 
the  book,  and  without  a  moment's  hesitation, 
translate  the  Hebrew  BiW^  into  Latin  or  French. 

6* 


BA 

|He  aftervvaids  applied  iiiniself  to  the  study  of 
the  fathers  and  the  councils,  of  pliilosophy,  nia- 
themalics,  and,  above  all,  of  astronomy.  This 
boy,  as  ho  really  was,  formed  schemes  /or  find- 
ing tl;  .  longitude,  which  .he  sent,  in  January, 
17:i5,  to  the  Royal  Society  at  London;  and, 
though  these  schemes  had  been  already  tried, 
and  found  insuflicicnt,  yet  they  exhibited  such 
a  specimen  of  his  capacity  for  mathcinatical 
learning,  that  the  Koyal  Society  of  Berlin  ad- 
mitted him,  the  same  year,  as  one  of  their  uiem- 
bcrs.  In  1735,  he  went  with  his  father  to  Halle; 
at  Vvfhich  university  he  was  oftered  the  degree 
of  master  of  arts,  or  (as  they  call  it)  doctor  in 
philosophy.  Baratier  drew  up  tliaf  night,  14 
theses  in  philosophy  and  tiie  mathematics ;  these 
he  sent  innnediately  to  the  press,  and  defended 
the  next  day  so  very  ably,  that  all  who  heard 
him  were  delighted  and  amazed ;  he  was  then 
admitted  to  his  degree.  He  died  at  his  father's, 
at  Halle,  the  5ih  of  October,  1740,  in  the  20tli 
year  of  his  a;e. 

BARATIER,,  Bartholomew,  author  of  a  di- 
gest of  feudal  law,  and  professor  of  jurispru- 
dence at  Pavia,  in  the  15th  century. 

BARB.'V,  Alvarez  Alonzo,  an  author  and  cu- 
rate of  St.  Bernard  do  Potosi,  died  after  1G20. 

BARBADILLO,  Alphonsus  Jerome  dcSalas, 
a  writer  of  Spanisli  comedies,  died  about  lOiJO. 

BARB.AUINO,  a  Portuguese  writer  of  some 
merit. 

BARB.\RO,  Francis,  a  noble  and  learned  Ve- 
netian, i^overnor  of  Brescia,  died  1454. 

BARB.'VRO,  Ermolao,  bishop  of  Trevisa,  and 
afterwards  of  Verona,  died  1470. 

BARBARO,  or  BARBARUS,  Hermolaus,  a 
learned  Venetian,  ambassador  to  the  emperor 
Frederick,  and  to  Pope  Innocent  VIH.,  and  pa- 
triarch of  Aquileia,  died  at  Rome,  1493. 

BARBARO,  Daniel,  nephew  to  the  patriarch, 
and  ambassador  from  Venice  to  England,  died 
in  1570. 

BARBAROS9A,  Aruch,  a  notorious  pirate, 
who  made  himself  master  of  Algiers  and  Tunis, 
^ffer  murdering  the  kings  of  both.  He  was  af- 
terwards opposed  by  the  governor  of  Gran,  and 
killed,  1518. 

BARB AROSSA,  Cheredin,  admiral  under  Se- 
lim  II.,  and  successor  to  Aruch  on  the  throne  of 
AlL'iers,  died  1547. 

BAKBAROUX,  Charles,  deputy  to  tlie  na- 
tional convention  of  France,  and  a  bitter  enemy 
to  Louis  XVI.,  executed  in  1794. 

B.\RBATELLI,  Bernardino,  a  painter,  o^f 
Florence,  dieii  1613. 

BARBAZAN,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Auxerre, 
a  laborious  student  and  author,  died  in  1770. 

BARBAZAN,  Arnaud  GuiUaume  de,  a  cour- 
tier of  Charles  Vll.  of  France,  and  a  distin- 
guished warrior,  died  1432. 

BARBE,  a  Bohemian  lady,  wife  to  the  empe- 
ror Sigismond. 

BARBE,  sumanicd  Esther,  for  her  piet}-, 
queen  of  Poland,  died  1525. 

BARBE,  another  queen  of  Poland,  died  1551. 

BARBEAU  DES  BRUYERES,  Jean  Louis, 
by  his  talents,  emerged  from  obscurity,  and  be- 
came a  distinguished  French  geographer;  he 
died  1781 

BARBERINI,  Francis,  a  most  excellent  poet 
of  Tuscanv,  in  the  13th  century. 

BARBEU  DE  BOURG,  .Tames,  a  native  of 
Mayenne,  an  eminent  physician,  died  1779. 

BARBEY,  Marc  le,  a  celebrated  physician, 
and  favourite  of  Henry  VI.  of  France,  died  about 
the  cloie  of  the  ICtta  cemiuy. 

53 


BA 

~  UAKJiKVIiAC,  John,  born  lOT'l,  at  Baricrs, 
a  city  of  Lower  Lati^ediic,  in  tiuiicu.  He 
translated  into  French  the  two  ctiiibraied  works 
of  ••Puffi^ndorf,"  hi.--  "  Law  of  Nature  and  A'a- 
tions,"and  his  "Duties of  a  MunaudCiti/.fcu;" 
wrote  ciccilent  noles  to  both  these  perlorniun- 
cee.  and  to  the  former  gave  an  introductory  pre- 
face. He  published  also,  in  17iJ4,  a  trantlaiioii 
into  Fretrcli  of  Grotius'  treatise  "Dc  Jure  Kelli 
ac  Pacis."  with  ample  and  excellent  notes,  and 
died  in  1729. 

BAKUIER  D'AUCOmi,  John,  a  native  of 
L;uicres,  and  a  lawyer  of  some  merit,  died  1G94 
BARI5IEE,  Mary  Ann,  a  native  of  Orleans. 
a)id  a  writer  of  tragedies,  died  1745. 

BARDIER,  Lewi;?,  a  favourite  of  the  Dukeof 
Orleans,  and  bishop  of  Langres,  died  1070. 

BAKBIEKI,  John  Francis,  a  historical  jiainter 
of  sonic  merit,  died  1666. 

B.\RBOSA,  Arius,  one  of  the  restorers  of 
learning  in  Spain,  and  professor  at  Salamanca, 
died  1540. 

BARBOSA,  Peter,  a  native  of  Portugal,  pro- 
fessor at  Coiinbra,  and  chancellor  of  the  king- 
dom, died  1596. 

BARBOSA,  Emanuel,  a  Portuguese  author, 
died  1638. 

E.\RBOU,  Hugh,  a  celebrated  printer  at  Ly- 
ons, about  1580. 

BARBOUR,  John,  a  Scotch  clergyman,  am- 
bassador from  Bruce  to  the  court  of  England, 
died  1378. 

BARBUD,  a  celebrated  musician  at  tin;  court 
of  Persia. 

BARCALI,  a  Mahomedan  writer,  died  9S0 
of  the  hegira. 

BARCHAM,  John,  a  learned  divine  and  an 
tiquary,  born  at  Exeter,  about  1572.  He  assisted 
Speed  in  his  History  of  England  ;  ajid  was  au- 
thor of  a  "  Display  of  Heraldrie,"  folio,  1611  ; 
but  having  composed  this  in  his  youth,  and 
thinking  it  too  light  a  subject  to  acknowledge, 
he  gave  it  to  John  Gwillim,  a  herald  of  his  ac- 
quaintance, under  whose  name  it  has  been  re- 
peatedly printed.    He  died  1642. 

BARCHUSEN,  or  BARKHAUSEN,  John 
Conrad,  a  German,  eminent  as  a  physician,  and 
lecturer  on  chymistry,  died  1717. 

B  ARCL  AY,  or  BARKL  AY,  Alexander,  a  na- 
tive of  Scotland,  rector  of  a  church  in  England, 
and  an  elegant  writer  of  the  16th  century. 

BARCLAY,  William,  a  Scotchman,  profes- 
s.Or  of  the  university  of  Pontamousson,  in 
France,  died  1605. 

BARCL.AY,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  a 
writer  of  some  celebrity,  died  1621. 

BARCLAY,  Henry,  D.  D.  sometime  mission- 
ary to  the  Blohawk  Indians,  afterwards  rector 
©f  Trinity  Church,  New- York,  died  1765. 

BARCLAY,  Robert,  an  eminent  writer,  of 
tbe  society  Of  Quakers,  born  at  Edinburgh,  1648 
In  1C7G,  his  famous  "  Apology  for  the  Quakers" 
was  published  in  Latin,  at  Amsterdam,  4to. 
He  translated  it,  however,  into  English,  and 
publi.-hed  it  in  1678.  This  work  is  addressed  to 
Charles  II.,  and  the  manner  in  which  he  ex- 
presses hiinself  to  Jiis  majesty  is  very  remarka- 
ble. Among  many  other  extraordinary  pas- 
sages, we  meet  with  the  following :  "  Tlicre  is 
no  king  in  the  world  who  can  so  experimentally 
testify  of  God's  providence  and  goodness :  nei- 
ther is  there  any  who  rules  so  many  free  people. 
so  many  true  Christians;  which  thing  rendei> 
thy  poverniuciit  more  honourable,  thyself  more 
coniidernlile,  than  the  accession  of  many  na- 
tions, fdlod  with  slavish  and  suporstitious  souls. 
54 


BA 

Thou  hasl  tabled  of  prosperity  and  adversity; 
fliou  knowest  wliat  il  is  to  be  banished  thy  na- 
itive  country,  to  be  overruled  as  well  as  to  rui« 
land  sit  upon  the  throne  ;  and,  b>  ing  oppressed, 
llhou  lia.-t  reason  to  know  how  haieful  the  oi»- 
Ipressor  is  bodi  to  God  and  nian  :  il,  alter  all 
these  warnings  and  advertisements,  thou  ilcst 
not  turn  unto  the  Lord  with  all  thy  heart,  but 
forget  him  w  ho  remembered  thee  in  thy  distress, 
and  give  up  thyself  to  follo^v  low  lust  and  vani- 
ty, surely  great  will  be  thy  condemnation." — 
iHe  did  great  service  to  his  sect  over  all  Europe, 
|by  his  writings,  and  died  l&.'S. 

BARCOCH£BAS,or  BAl!COCHAB,an  im- 
postor among  the  Jews  ;  his  Ibllowers  were  nu- 
merous, but  afterwards  destroyed  by  Julius  Se- 
verus. 

BARCOS,  Martin  de,  a  controversial  writer, 
of  Baynnne,  died  1678. 

BARD,  a  Mahomedan  writer. 

BARD,  John,  a  learned  Fiiysician,  in  the  city 
of  New- York,  several  years,  and  etecicd  praei- 
dent  of  tlie  medical  sxjcieiy  of  the  same,  died 
17'.!9. 

BARDAS,  a  chief  at  Constantinople,  guard- 
ian to  Michael  HI.,  was  put  to  death  866. 

BARDAS,  called  Seelerus,  a  general  r£u.sed  to 
the  purple  by  his  soldiers ;  time  of  his  death  un- 
known. 

BARDES.ANES,  a  Syrian  author,  and  foun- 
der of  a  sect  which  bore  his  name,  lived  about 
172. 

BARDET,  Peter,  a  French  advocate  and  au- 
thor, died  in  1685. 

BARDHADI,  a  Mahomedan  writer. 

BARDIN,  Peter,  a  native  of  Rouen,  and  au- 
thor, was  drowned  in  1637. 

BARDIN,  John,  a  French  historical  painter, 
born  at  Monthar,  in  1732,  and  died  at  Orleans,  in 
18()9.  In  1764,  he  gained  the  prize  for  p  picture 
of  Tullia  driving  over  the  body  of  her  father. 

BARDNEY,  Richard,  a  Benedictine,  died  in 
1504. 

BAREBONE,  Praise-God,  a  bigoted  zealot  of 
Cromwell's  parliament,  of  such  celebrity  as  a 
demagogue,  that  the  parliament  was  ludicrously 
called  after  him.  His  two  brothers  adopted  as 
Scripture  names,  "  Christ  came  into  the  world 
to  save,  Barebone,"  and  "  if  Christ  had  not 
died,  thou  hadstbeeii.damned,  Barebone,"  called 
by  the  wits  of  tlie  day,  by  the  two  last  words. 

BARENT,  Dieterich,  a  Dutch  painter,  died 
1592. 

BARETTI,  Joseph, born  at  Turin,  about  1716. 
He  came  over  to  England  in  the  year  1750, 
where  he  resided  (with  a  short  interval)  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life.  Baretti  had  the  good  for- 
tune to  be  introduced  to  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson, 
and  between  them  a  very  long  intimacy  had 
place.  From  the  time  of  his  arrival  in  Eng- 
land, he  subsisted  by  teaching  the  Italian  lan- 
guage, and  by  the  sale  of  his  writings.  In  1760 
he  made  a  tour  to  Italy,  through  Portugal  and 
Spain,  and  returned  to  England  after  an  absence 
of  six  years.  In  1769,  he  was  tried  at  the  Old 
Bailey  for  having  stabbed  a  man  who  violently  as- 
saulted him  in  tlie  HajTiiarket.  He  made  a  most 
admirable  defence ;  which,  added  to  the  bad  re- 
putatirai  of  his  prosecutors,  impressed  the  court 
much  in  his  favour.  He  was  acquitted  of  the 
murder,  and  of  the  manslaughter:  the  verdict 
was,  self-defence.  After  this  unfortunate  trans- 
action he  again  sat  down  to  his  studies,  and  in 
|1770  published  his  "Travels,"  for  wliich.  it  is 
said,  he  received  500/.  On  the  establislimeiit  of 
[the  Royal  Academy,  he  was  appoinitd  foreign 


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sccreuiry ,  a  post  of  more  lionour  than  profit.  He 
died  May  5, 1789,  without  a  struggle  or  sigh,  the 
moment  after  taking  aglass of  wine ;  preserving 
his  faculties  to  tlie  last  niomeht. 

BAKEZI,  a  Mahoraedan  author,  died  738  of 
the  liegira. 

BARGRAVE,  Isaac,  Chaplain  to  James  I. 
and  Charles,  died  1642. 

BABIDAH.a  Waliomedan  writer  on  Aris- 
totle. 

B.\RINI,  a  Mahomedan  wTiter. 

BARKER,  Robert,  a  pahiter,  known  as  the 
inventor  of  panoramic  exhibitions,  died  180G. 

BARKER,  Thomas,  son  of  tiie  preceding 
was  a  member  of  the  royal  society,  and  the  an- 
th«r  of  several  theological  and  other  pieces,  he 
died  in  London,  1809. 

BARKHAM,  John,  a  native  of  Exeter,  and  a 
divine  of  reputation  for  learning  ;  time  of  his 
death  unknown 

B.-VRKI,  a  Mahomedan  writer. 

BARKSDALE,  Clement,  master  of  Hereford 
school,  and  rector  of  Naunton,  died  in  1687. 

BARL.\AM,a  monk  of  Caiabria,  made  ab- 
bot of  St.  Salvador,  by  the  emperor  Andronicus, 
died  in  1348. 

BARLyEUS,  Gasparaus,  a  Latin  poet,  of 
Antwerp,  sub-pruicipal  of  the  college  atliCyden 
and  afterwards  professor  of  philosophy  at  Am 
stordain,  died  1(>48. 

BARL^EUS,  Lambert,  Greek  professor  at 
Levdtn,  died  in  Ki.'rt. 

BARIi AND,  Adrian,  anativeof  Zealand,  and 
protessur  at  Louvain,  died  in  1542. 

B.'VRLETTA,  Gabriel,  a  dominican,  of  some 
celebrity  as  a  writer  and  preacher,  born  at  Na 
pies,  about  1400. 

BARLOTTA,  Joseph,  a  Sicilian  poet  of  the 
18th  century. 

BARLOW,  William,  bishop  of  different  dio- 
ceses, under  Henry  VIII.,  and  Mary  and  Eliza- 
beth of  England,  died  1568. 

BARLOW,  Francis,  a  native  of  Lincolnshire 
a  painter,  died  1702. 

BARLOW,  Joel,  L  L.  D.,  author  of  the  Co- 
lunibiad,  was  born  at  Reading,  Conn.,  1758,  and 
educated  at  Yale  College ;  he  served  in  tlie 
American  army  a«  a  volunteer,  and  as  a  chap- 
lain. At  the  close  of  the  war,  he  went  to  France 
where  he  became  conspicuous  and  popular  as  a 
zealous  friend  of  the  revolution.  He  wa.s  ap 
pointed  American  consul  at  Algiers,  and  after- 
wards minister  from  the  U.  S.  to  France,  and 
died,  on  his  way  to  Wilna  to  meet  Napoleon. 
1812. 

BARLOWE,  Thomas,  successively  fellow  of 
Oxford,  keeper  of  the  Bodleian,  professor  of  di- 
vinity, and  bishop  of  Lincoln,  died  1C91. 

BARLOWE,  William,  remarkable  for  hav- 
ing been  the  first  who  wrote  on  the  nature  and 
properties  of  the  loadstone,  20  years  before  Gil- 
bert published  his  book  <m  that  subject.  It  was 
lie  likewise  vvho  found  out  the  difterence  be- 
tween iron  and  steel,  and  their  tempers  for  mag 
nctical  uses     He  died  in  1625. 

BARNABAS,  St.,  a  Levite,  converted  to 
Christianity,  and  a  preacher  of  the  gospel  with 
St.  P.iul :  he  was  stoned  to  death  by  the  Jews. 

BARNARD,  John,  minister,  of  Marblehead, 
Mass.  ;  the  father  of  the  commercial  enterprise 
of  that  place,  and  long  regarded  as  the  fatheri 
of  the  churches  in  New-England.  His  pnbhca-' 
»ions  are  numerous  and  valuable ;  he  died  1770. 

BARNARD,  Edward,  a  worthy  and  dis- 
tineuished  minister,  of  Haverhill,  Mass.  died' 


BARNARD,  Thomas,  a  highly  respected  mi- 
nister in  Salem,  .M;ios.,  died  ITjo. 

BARNARD,  1'heodore,  a  native  of  Amster- 
dam, and  painter  under  Titian. 

BARNARD,  John,  prebendary  of  Lincoln, 
died  in  ]Cd3. 

BARNARD,  Sir  John,  wais  in  the  year  1722 
chosen  one  of  the  representatives  in  parliament 
for  the  city  of  London  ;  a  trust  which  he  con- 
tinued to  enjoy  during  iiie  six  succeeding  parUa- 
menl.s,  and  which  he  always  discharged  with 
equal  inttgrity  and  ability.  In  1727,  he  was 
chosen  alderman  of  Dowgate  Ward.  On  the 
subject  of  the  famous  excise  scheme,  projected 
by  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  in  1733,  Sir  John  marie 
so  strenuous  an  opposition,  that,  in  conjunction 
with  other  members,  he  obliged  the  ministry 
entirely  to  lay  it  aside.  In  1737,  he  formed  a 
scheme  for  reducing  the  interest  on  the  national 
debt ;  a  project  which,  though  it  did  not  at  that 
time  succeed,  was,  nevertheless,  afterwards  car- 
ried into  execution,  to  the  great  emolument  of 
the  trading  part  of  the  nation.  In  1738,  he  served 
in  the  high  office  of  lord-mayor  of  London;  and 
in  July,  1758,  resigned  his  gown,  and  retired  to 
Clapham  ;  wlieri',  after  having  attained  to  near 
the  age  of  80,  he  died  August  29, 1766.  A  statue 
is  erected  to  his  memory  in  the  Royal  Exchange. 

BARN.-WE,  Anthuny  Peter  Joseph  Marie,  a 
deputy  to  the  national  assembly  of  France,  who 
lost  his  popularity  for  some  expressions  in  favour 
of  (he  king,  and  was  guillotined,  1793. 

BARNES,  Juliana,  prioress  of  Sopewell  nun- 
nery, eminent  for  her  accomplishments  and  pie- 
ty, died  after  1486. 

BARNES,  Joshua,  an  eminent  critic,  and  pro- 
fessor of  the  Greek  language  in  the  university 
of  Cambridge,  was  born  in  London,  1654.  He 
published  editions  of  Euripides,  Anacreon,  and 
Homer;  a  life  of  Edward  III.,  folio,  1688;  and 
several  poems,  both  in  Latin  and  English  ;  and 
died  in  1712. 

BARNES,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  an  English  dissent- 
ing minister,  of  Manchester,  and  preceptor  of  an 
academy  at  the  same  place,  died  in  1810. 

BARNES,  David  Leonard,  attorney  of  the 
United  States,  for  the  district  of  Rhode-Island, 
and  judce  of  the  same,  died  1812. 

BARNES,  Robert,  D.  D.,  employed  by  Henry 
VIII.  ;  afterwards  incurring  his  displeasure,  he 
was  burnt  at  the  stake,  1540. 

B  .\RN  EVELDT,  John  d'OIden,  an  able  states- 
man, of  Holland,  ambassador  to  England  and 
France,  condemned  on  false  charges,  and  exe- 
cuted, 1619. 

BARO,  orBARONI,  Peter,  a  native  of  France, 
who  retired  to  England  as  a  protestant,  and  re- 
sided with  lord  Burleigh  ;  afterwards  professor 
of  divinity  at  Cambridge,  died  after  1574. 

BAROCHE,  Frederick,  a  painter,  of  Urbino, 
of  great  celebrity,  died  in  1612. 

B.\RON,  Bonaventure,  a  native  of  Irelemd, 
and  divinity  professor  at  Rome,  died  1696. 

BARON,  Michael,  theRoscius  of  the  French 
theatre,  born  1652,  died  1729.  The  father  of 
Baron  also  was  an  actor,  famous  for  his  talent 
in  declamation ;  and  the  manner  of  his  death 
was  singular  :  playing  the  part  of  Don  Diego, 
in  The  Cid,  liis  sword  fell  from  his  hand,  as  the 
piece  requires  ;  and  kicking  it  from  him  with 
indignation,  he  unfortunately  struck  against  the 
point  of  it,  by  which  his  little  toe  was  pierced 
It  turned  to  a  gangrene ;  he  refused  to  suffer 
amputation,  and  died  1655. 

B.\RON,  Hyacinth  Theodore,  a  learned  phy 
jsician  of  Paris,  died  in  1756. 

J>5 


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BAKUNI,  Adiiaiine  Basile,  sister  to  Basilo 
the  poet ;  greatly  admired  lor  iier  beauty,  wit, 
and  acconiplisliiiients. 

BAKONIUS,  Catar,  a  Neapolitan  Cardinal, 
librarian  of  the  Vatican,  and  author  of  "  Eccle- 
siastical AnniUs,  from  A.  D.  1,  to  ll'J8,"  born 
15;iS,  died  16U7. 

B  AROU  D\J  SOBEIL,  N.,  a  difttinguisbed  law- 
yer at  Lyons,  put  to  death  in  17112. 

BAKOZZI,  James,  a  skilful  architect,  of  Mo- 
tlena,  who  succeeded  Michael  Angelo,  as  the 
architect  of  St.  I'eiers,  died  in  1577. 

BAKKAL,  Peter,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Grenoble, 
teacher  at  Pa,riS|  and  author  of  a  historical  dic- 
Iio):iiry,  died  in  177i2. 

BAKU  E,  Francois  Pouillain  de  la,  a  native  of 
France,  professor  at  Geneva,  died  in  ]7'i3. 

BAIiRE,  Lewis  FrancoigeJos.  de  la,  a  native 
of  'J'ournay,  author  of  some  books  on  Antiqua- 
rian hisiory,  &c. ;  he  died  in  3738. 

BARRE",  JMichel  de  la,  of  Paris,  an  eminent 
plaver  on  the  German  flute,  died  1744. 

BARRE,  Joseph,  canon  of  St.  Genevieve, 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Paris,  and  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  Germany,  died  17f»4. 

BARRE,  Madame du,  mistress  of  Lewis  XV., 
of  France,  executed  during  the  revolution  in 
1703. 

BARREAUX,  Jacques  Vallce,  a  libertine  of 
Paris  ;  lie  was  celebrated  lathcr  for  his  volup- 
tuous life,  than  for  the  productions  of  his  pen; 
died  1073. 

BARRELIER,  James,  a  dominican  friar, 
eminent  as  a  scientific  botanist,  died  1073. 

BARRERE,  Peter,  a  physician  of  Perpignan, 
died  175.1. 

BARRETT,  George,  an  eminent  self-taught 
painter,  of  Dublin,  and  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  died  1784. 

BARRETT, William,  asur,?eon,  of  Bristol.and 
author  of  a  history  of  that  city,  died  1789. 

BARRIERE,  Pierre,  a  soldier  who  attempted 
to  assassinate  Henry  IV.  of  France,  but  was  de- 
fected and  broken  on  the  wheel,  1693. 

BARRLNGTOjV,  John  Phutc,  lord  viscount, 
a  nobleman  of  considerable  learning,  and  au- 
thor of  several  books  on  religious  subjects,  was 
born  in  1678,  and  died  in  1734. 

BARRINGTON,  Daines,  son  of  the  above, 
a  celebrated  English  lawyer,  antiquary,  and 
writer  on  subjects  of  law,  politics,  natural  histo- 
ry, geography,  and  criticism,  born  1727,  died 
March  14,  1800.  His  writings  are  very  nume- 
rous, and  many  of  them  are  in  the  Philosophi- 
cal Transactions  and  the  Archreologia;  but 
those  wliich  most  distingiiished  him  as  an  au- 
thor were,  his  "  Observations  on  the  Statutes, 
chiefly  the  more  ancient,"  &c.  of  which,  two 
4to  editions  were  published  in  one  }'ear,  fnfyfi.) 

BARRINGTON,  Samuel,  son  of  lord  B.,  a 
distinguished  admiral  in  the  British  navy,  died 
1800. 

BARROS,  or  DE  BARROS,  John,  a  native 
of  Viseo,  preceptor  to  the  princes  of  Portugal, 
afterwards  governor  of  St.  George,  on  tJie  Afri- 
can coast,  and  treasurer  of  the  Indies,  under 
knig  Juan.  He  wrote  a  history  of  the  Indies, 
and  died  1.170. 

BARROW,  Isaac,  an  eminent  mathematici.in 
and  divine,  born  in  London,  1630  When  the 
King  advanced  Dr.  B.  to  the  dignity  of  master 
of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  his  majesty  was 
pleased  to  say,  "  he  had  given  it  to  the  best  scho- 
lar in  England ;"  and  he  did  not  speak  from  re- 
port, but  from  his  own  knowledge.  The  doctor 
neing  then  his  chaplain,  he  iised\)ften  to  ctm- 
56 


verse  with  him,  and,  in  his  humorous  way,  to 
call  him  an  "  tmfair  preacher,"  because  he  ex- 
hausted every  subject,  and  lelt  nothing  for  others 
to  say  alter  him.  In  1C75,  he  was  chosen  vice- 
chancellor  of  the  univett^ity.  This  great  and 
learned  divine  died  of  a  fever  the  4th  of  May, 
1077,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

BARROW,  Isaac,  a  native  of  Spiney  Abbey, 
bishop  of  Sodor,  Man,  and  St.  Asaphs,  died 
1677. 

BARRY,  Girald,  a  native  of  Pembrokeshire, 
a  clergyman,  and  author  of  a  history  of  tJie  con- 
(juesl  of  Ireland  ;   he  died  after  1215. 

BARRY,  James,  an  Irish  lawyer;  he  was  a 
baron  of  the  excluMjuer,  chief  justice  of  the 
king's  bench,  and  afterwards  lord  Santrj'  of  the 
peerages  ;  he  died  1673. 

BARRif ,  Spranger,  an  eminent EngUsh  actor, 
coteniporary  wiih,  and  a  powerful  rival  of,  Mr. 
Garrick,  born  in  Dublin,  1719,  died  in  London, 
Jan.  1774.  His  pecutiar  advantages  were  de- 
rived from  a  tine  person,  niclodious  voice,  and 
pleasing  address ,  and  his  performances  in  ama- 
tory cliaraci(  rs  were  perhaps  never  excelled. 
See  CRAWFORD. 

BARRY,  James,  an  eminent  painter,  was 
born  at  <  ork,  in  Ireland,  1742 ;  and  having  early 
discovered  great  genius  for  the  art,  he  was  pa- 
tronized by  Mr.  Burke,  and  brought  to  London, 
where  he  became  a  pupil  to  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds. When  Mr.  Burke  came  into  administra- 
tion with  the  marquis  of  Rockingham,  he  sent 
Mr.  Barry  to  Italy,  at  his  sole  expense.  After 
visiting  all  the  celebrated  schools  of  the  conti- 
nent, in  which  he  occuined  three  years,  Mr. 
Barry  returned  to  London ;  and  in  1775,  pub- 
lished "  An  Inquiry  into  the  real  and  imaginary 
Obstructions  to  the  Acquisition  of  the  Arts  in 
England."  About  two  years  after  this,  he  was 
elected  a  Royal  Academician,  and  in  1786  made 
IMofesEor  of  painting  to  the  Royal  Academy; 
but  in  1799,  on  an  alleged  addiction  to  demo- 
cratical  principles,  was  removed  from  that  of- 
fice. He  seems  soon  afterwards  to  have  taken 
disgust  at  society,  from  which  he  retired  into  a 
wretched  obscurity,  living  unattended,  and  half 
tarved,  till  some  friends  raised  about  lOOOZ., 
with  wliich  they  purchased  an  annuity  for  him; 
but  before  the  first  quarter's  payment  of  it  be- 
came due  he  died,  Mar.  22,  1806,  and  was  inter- 
red in  St.  Paul's  cathedral.  His  greatest  eftbrt 
of  art  is  a  series  of  allegorical  pictures,  which 
he  painted  gratuitously  for  the  great  room  of  the 
Society  of  Arts,  in  the  Adelphi. 

BARRY,  George,  D.  D.,  an  ominent  Scotch 
di\ine,  author  of  a  history  of  the  Orkne>-s,  died 
1803. 

B.ARRY,  John,  first  commodore  in  the  Ameri- 
can navy ;  lie  possessed  great  courage,  was  a 
patriot,  and  Christian,  and  died  1803. 

BARPUMA,  or  BARSOMA,  metropolitan 
author  of  several  books  in  Syriac. 

B  ARTAS,  Guillaume  de  Salluste  du,  a  French 
poet  of  Monfort,  in  Armagnac,  died  1590. 

BABTH,  John,  a  native  of  Dunkirk,  who,  by 
his  bravery  and  skill,  rose  to  a  high  rank  in  the 
French  navy  ;  he  died  in  1702. 

BARTHE,  Nicholas  Thomas,  a  native  of 
Marseilles ;  he  was  author  of  seme  dramatic 
pieces,  and  died  1785. 

BARTHELEMI,  Nicholas,  a  Benedictine  of 
the  15th  century,  and  author  of  some  devotional 
Latin  poems. 

BARTHELEMI,  the  Nestor  of  French  lite- 
rature, and  author  of  the  "  Travels  of  Ana- 
charsis  in  Greece,"  died  May  4, 1795.    Burins 


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tlie  doiuiiiaiioji  of"  Robespierre,  like  most  other 
men  of  learning,  he  was  imprisoned  ;  when, 
notvvilhstandiiig  his  great  age  (upwards  of  86) 
and  inlirmities,  instead  of  sinking  under  the  ri- 
gour with  which  he  was  treated,  he  exerted  him- 
self in  consoling  his  fellow-sufferers.  Soon  af- 
ter the  fall  of  Robespierre,  he  was  released,  and 
allowed  a  pension.  In  the '' Memoirs  of  the 
Academy  of  Inscriptions  and  Belles  Lettres,'" 
are  preserved  many  of  his  papers,  illustrating 
Greek  literature. 

BARTHELEMI  DES  MARTYRS,  a  domini 
can,  of  Lisbon,  archbishop  of  Braganza,  died 
In  1590. 

BARTHES  DE  MARMORIONS,  Paul  Jo- 
seph, a  French  medical  writer,  and  professor 
of  medicine,  and  chancellor  of  that  faculty,  in 
the  university  at  Montpelier ;  he  died  1806. 

BARTHIUS,  Gaspard,  of  Brandenburg,  an 
elegant  scholar,  and  perfect  master  of  most  for- 
eign languages,  died  1658. 

BARTHOLIN,  Gaspard,  professor  of  Latin, 
of  medicine,  and  afterwards  of  divinity,  at  Co- 
penhagen, died  162'.t. 

BARTHOLIN,  Thomas,  son  of  Gaspard,  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  and  of  anatomy  at  Co- 
penhagen, afterwards  librarian  to  the  univer- 
sity, and  physician  to  the  king  of  Denmark  ;  he 
died  1680. 

B.VRTHOLTN,  Thomas,  son  of  the  above, 
professor  of  law  and  history  at  Copenhagen,  and 
counsellor  to  the  king ;  he  died  in  1690.  His 
three  brothers  were  also  professors  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Copenhagen,  and  their  sister  was  an 
eminent  Danish  poetess. 

BARTHOLOMEW,  St.,  one  of  the  apostles, 
who  preached  the  gospel  in  Ethiopia,  Lycaonia, 
and  the  Indies. 

BARTHOLOMEW,  the  Martyr,  a  kind  and 
benevolent  Christian,  and  archbishop  of  Braga, 
died  1500. 

BARTLET,  John,  minister  of  St.  Thomas, 
near  Exeter,  and  author  of  some  divinity 
tracts. 

BARTLETT,  Josiah,  a  physician  in  New- 
Hampshire  ;  he  was  a  member  of  the  continen- 
tal congress  from  that  state,  and  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  independence,  and  was  after- 
wards governor  of  the  state  ;  he  died  1795. 

BARTOLI,  Cosimn,  of  Florence,  resident  ol 
duke  Cosmo  at  Venice,  in  the  16th  century. 

BARTOLI,  Daniel,  a  Jesuit  of  Ferrara,  set- 
tled at  Rome,  where  he  wrote  several  historical 
works  in  Italian  ;  he  died  in  l(i85. 

BARTOLO,  a  lawyer  of  eminence,  professor 
of  law  at  Pisa,  and  counsellor  to  Charles  IV., 
died  1359. 

BAETOLOOCI,  Julius,  acistercian  monk,  of 
Naples,  and  Hebrew  professor  at  Rome,  died 
1687. 

BARTOLOZZI,  Francesco,  a  very  eminent 
engraver,  born  at  Florence,  in  1728.  In  1764  he 
came  to  England  and  worked  forthe  printsellers, 
particularly  Mr  Boydell.  In  1769  he  was  cho 
sen  a  member  of  the  Royal  Academy.  The 
new  mode  of  stippling,  or  engraving  in  the  red 
chalk  manner,  now  becoming  fashionable,  gave 
Bartolozzi  ample  employment,  and  he  executed 
in  that  way  many  hundreds  of  prints.  The  finest 
of  all  his  works,  perhaps,  are  the  Marlborough 
Gems,  and  the  prints  for  Boydell's  Sliak- 
speare.  In  1802  lie  went  to  Lisbon,  on  an  invi- 
tation from  the  prince  regent  of  Portugal,  who 
allowed  him  a  pension ;  and  there  he  died  in 
March,  1815. 
BARTON,  Benjamin  S.,  M.  D.,  an  eminent 


H 


BA 

pliy.sician,  of  Philadelphia.  He  w^a  appointed 
professor  of  natural  history  and  botany,  and  af- 
terwards of  Materia  Medica,  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania,  and  succee<led  Dr.  Rush, 
on  his  death,  as  professor  of  the  ttieory  and 
practice  of  medicine ;  he  died  in  1815. 

B.'\RTON,  Elizabeth,  commonly  called  "  The 
holy  Maid  of  Kent,"  was  a  religious  impostor 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  and  executed  at 
Tyburn,  April  20,  1534. 

BARTRAM,  John,  a  distinguished  botanist, 
born  in  Peniisylv.inia  ;  he  was  elected  Ameri- 
can botanist  to  George  III.,  and  died  in  1777. 
Linna!us  pronounced  him  "  the  greatest  natural 
botanist  in  the  world." 

BARUCH,  the  prophet,  tlie  friend  of  Jere- 
miah, he  was  author  of  a  book  not  received  as 
canonical,  either  by  Christians  or  Jews.  He 
went  to  Babylon  with  the  Israelites  in  their  cap- 
tivity. 

BAR  WICK,  John,  a  native  of  Westmoreland, 
distinguished  for  his  zeal  in  the  royal  cause  ; 
and  his  attachment  to  Charles  I.  and  II.:  he 
was  aft(!rwar(ls  dean  of  Durham  and  St.  Paul's, 
and  died  1664. 

BARWICK,  Peter,  a  brother  of  the  dean,  an 
omiuent  physician;  he  supported  Hervey's  doc- 
trine of  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  and  died 
1705. 

BARZERINI,  aMahomedan  writer. 

BAS.  Le,  a  French  engraver  of  eminence, 
died  1765. 

BASCIII,  Matthew,  founder  of  a  new  order 
of  Franciscan  capuchins,  died  1552. 

BASEDOW,  John  Bernard,  professor  of  mo- 
ral philosophy,  at  Soroe,  in  Denmark,  from 
which  he  was  expelled  for  irreligion;  he  died 
1790. 

BASHUYSEN,  Hemy  James  Van,  profes- 
sor of  ecclesiastical  history  and  the  oriental 
languages  at  Ilanau,  and  afterwards  of  divinity 
at  Berlin,  died  1758. 

BASIL,  St.,  bishop  of  Ca;sarea,  persecuted 
by  Valens,  for  refusing  to  embrace  Arianisin, 
died  379. 

BASIL,  an  Arian,  bishop  of  Ancyra. 

BASIL  I.,  a  Macedonian.  Being  but  a  com- 
mon soldier,  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Bul- 
garians, from  whom,  however,  he  escaped,  and 
solicited  alms  to  support  him  on  a  journey  to 
C'onstaHtinople,  where  he  became  emperor  of 
the  East.  Dreaded  by  his  enemies  the  Saracens, 
whom  he  frequently  vanquished  ;  and  beloved 
bv  his  subjects  for  liis  justice  and  clemency  ;  he 
died  in  88iR. 

BASIL  II.,  emperor  of  Constantinople,  a  va- 
liant, but  cruel  and  inhuman  prince,  died  1025. 

BASIL,  an  impostor,  who  disturbed  Constan- 
tinople, by  pretending  to  be  Coustantine  Ducas, 
for  which  he  was  burned  alive,  after  934. 

BASIL,  a  physician,  %vho  became  head  of  a 
sect  called  Bogomiles,  in  Bulgaria,  and  was  con- 
demned for  his  heresies. 

BASILIDES,  a  sectary  of  Alexandria,  in  the 
2d  century,  who  enjoined  five  years  silence  on 
his  followers. 

BASILICES,  brother  of  Verina,  the  wife  of 
Leo  I.,  emperor  of  the  East ;  he  seized  and  re- 
tained the  throne  a  short  time,  during  which  the 
valuable  library  of  Constantinople,  containing 
120,000  volumes  wa.«!  burnt ;  he  died  478. 

BASILOWITZ,  Iwan,  a  hero,  who  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  Russian  empire,  and  first  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Czar,  died  l.')84. 

B  A  SINE,  wife  of  the  king  of  Thuringia,  who 
eft  her  husband  to  espouse  Childi  ric  I.,  of 
57 


BA 


France,  as  the  bravest  man  of  his  day  ;  she  was 
mother  of  Clovis  the  Great. 

BASINGSTOKE,  or  BASINGE,  John,  arcli- 
deacon  of  Lfcicesler,  author  of  "  Sermons," 
•'  Latin  Translations  from  the  Greek,"  &c. : 
he  is  supposed  to  have  introduced  the  Grenk 
numerira!  figures  into  England.  He  died  I"52. 
B.ASIRIO,  Isaac,  D.  D.,  archdeacon  ot 
Norihumberlanrt,  and  chaplain  to  Chaiies  I.; 
afterwards  prebendary  of  Durliam  ;  he  died 
1G76. 

BASIRE,  James,  an  eminent  English  engra- 
Ter,  born  Oct  6,  I7:i0,  died  Sept.  6,  !802  lie 
was  many  years  engraver  to  the  Royal  Society 
and  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries. 

BASKERVILLE,  John,  an  ngenious  English 
lct;er-fnun<ler  and  printpr,  famous  for  the  beauty 
and  elcyance  of  his  types  and  editions  ;  born  at 
Wolvcrly,  in  Worcestershire,  17013,  died  1775. 

BASKJERVILLE,  Sir  Simon,  knight,  obtained 
by  his  skill  as  a  physician,  in  London,  di?iinc- 
tion,  the  lionour  of  knighthood,  and  immense 
wealth  :  he  die.l  1R41. 

BASNAGK,  James,  a  French  refugee  in  Hol- 
land, author  of  "  A  History  of  the  Jews,"  died 
17J). 

BASNAGE,  Henry,  an  advocate  of  the  par- 
liament of  Rouen,  who,  upon  the  proscription 
of  the  piotestants,  in  France,  fled  to  Holland, 
where  he  died,  1710. 

BASTVAGE,  Benjamin,  a  protestant,  author 
of  a  treatise  on  the  church,  and  deputy  from 
the  French  churches  to  Scotland,  in  the  reign  of 
James  VI.,  died  lt)52. 

BASNAGE,  Anthony,  son  to  the  above,  mi- 
nister of  Bayeux  ;  he  was  imprisoned  for  his  re- 
licion  at  Havre  de  Grace,  and  afterwards  fled  to 
Holland,  where  he  died  in  1091. 

BASNAGE,  DIJ  FRAaUENAY,  Henry,  an 
advocate  of  Rouen,  eminent  for  eloquence, 
died  KiO.i. 

BASNET,  Edward,  dean  of  St.  Patrick,  in 
Ireland,  in  1537,  al'terwards  privy  counsellor. 

BASS,  Edward,  D.  D.,  a  scholar  and  divine  ; 
he  was  lirst  bishop  of  Massachusetts,  and  died 
in  1803. 

BASSAN,  James  Du  Pont,  a  painter,  bom 
1510,  in  the  village  of  Bassano,  in  the  republic 
ef  Venice.  He  had  great  success  in  landscape 
and  portraiture;  and  has  also  drawn  several 
night-pieces ;  but  it  is  said  he  found  great  diffi- 
culty in  representing  feet  and  hands,  and  for  this 
reason  those  parts  are  generally  hid  in  his  pic- 
tures. Anibal  Caracci,  when  lie  went  to  see 
Bassan,  was  so  far  deceived  by  the  representa- 
tion of  a  book,  drawn  upon  the  wall,  that  he 
went  to  lay  hold  of  it.  The  pieces  of  this  painter 
are  spread  over  Europe;  he  died  at  Venice,  1592. 

BASSANDYNE,  Thomas,  a  Scotchman, 
known  as  a  printer,  died  1591. 

B.XSSANl,  James  .Anthony,  a  Jesuit  of  Vi- 
cenza,  an  eloquent  preacher,  distinguished  by 
Pope  Benedict  XIV.  ;  he  died  in  1747. 

BASS-ANI,  John  Baptiste,  an  admired  Italian 
c/jinpoeer  in  the  17th  century,  master  to  Corelli. 

B ASS.\NTfN,  James,  a  Scotchman,  wlio  ac- 
quired reputation  as  a  teacher  of  mathematics  at 
Tari^,  died  1568. 

BASSELIN,  a  fuller,  of  Vire,  in  Normandy, 
in  the  15th  century,  known  for  his  popular  songs 
and  ballads. 

BASSET,  Peter,  chamberlain  to  Henry  V., 
and  author  of  an  accoimt  of  the  expeditions  of 
that  prince. 

BASSI,  TiDura,  wife  of  Joseph  Verati,  was 
honoured  with  the  degree  of  doctor  of  philoso- 
58 


BA 

phy,  for  the  great  mental  acfiuirements  dis- 
played in  her  lectures  on  thai  subject,  and  dia- 
lingnished  as  possessing  every  amiable  virtue ; 
she  died  in  1778. 

BASITII,  Khaiath,  a  Mahometan,  author  ot 
a  treatise  on  prayer. 

B ASSOMPIER  RE,  Francois  de,  marechal  of 
France,  of  a  distinguished  family  of  Lorraine, 
a  courtier  and  ambassador  of  Lewis  XIII. ;  he 
was  confined  ten  years  in  the  Bascile  by  the' 
duke  of  Richelieu,  during  which  time  he  wi-ote 
his  memoirs  ;  he  died  in  16-16. 

B.ASSVILLK,  Nicholas  John  Hugon  de,  ara- 
bai?sador  from  France  to  Rome,  where  he  was 
stabbed  1793. 

BASSUEL,  Peter,  a  distinguished  surgeon 
and  lecturer  of  Paris,  died  17.57. 

BASTA,  George,  known  as  a  warrior  in  tic 
service  of  ilu;  duke  of  Parma,  and  afterwards 
of  the  emperor,  in  Hungary,  died  1607. 

BASTARD,  Thomas,  a'poet  and  preacher  of 
England,  of  considerable  learning,  died  lOl'S. 

BASTON,  Robert,  a  Caimehte  monk,  poet 
lanroat,  and  public  orator,  at  Oxford,  died  1310. 

BASTVVICK,  Dr.  John,  a  physician,  who 
was  severely  fined  and  imprisoned  for  his  writ- 
ings against  the  clergy,  but  during  the  civil  wars, 
recalled  to  London,  and  indemnified  for  his  suf- 
ferings. 

BATE,  John,  D.  D.,  prior  of  the  Carmelites 
at  York,  distinguished  for  his  learning  ;  he  died 
in  1429. 

BATE,  George,  pJiysician  to  Charles  I.,  then 
to  Oliver  Cromwell,  "and  afterwards  to  Charles 
11.  ;  he  died  1669. 

BATE,  Julius,  a  friend  of  Hutchinson,  author 
of  a  defenceof  his  system,  andof  some  valuable 
pieces  of  criticism,  died  1771. 

BATECUMBE,  WiUiam,  a  mathematician 
who  lived  about  1420. 

BATEMAN,  William,  bishop  of  Norwich, 
and  founder  of  Trinity-hall,  Cambridge,  also 
ambassador  to  the  court  of  Rome,  died  1534. 

BATES,  William,  D.  D.,  chaplain  to  Charles 
II.,  a  nonconformist  divine  of  great  learning, 
and  the  intimate  friend  of  the  first  men  of  the 
kingdom,  died  1699. 

B'ATHALMIUSI,  an  eminent  Mahomedan 
writer,  of  the  family  of  Ali,  died  421  of  the  he- 
gira. 

BATHE,  Henry  de,  a  justice  of  the  common 
pleas,  and  afterwardschief  justice  of  the  King's 
Bench  under  Henry  III.,  died  1261. 

BATHE,  WilUa'm,  an  Irish  Jesuit,  rector  of 
an  Irish  school,  at  Salamanca,  and  a  writer  on 
music  and  divinity,  died  1614. 

B.\THURST,  Ralph,  a  Latin  poet,  physician 
and  divine  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  after 
wards  dean  of  Wells,  and  vice  chancellor  of  the 
universitv  ;  he  died  1704. 

BATIIURST,  Allen,  Earl,  an  English  noble- 
man of  distinguished  abilities,  born  November 
16,  1684.  To  uncommon  talents  he  added  many 
virtues,  integrity,  humanity,  and  generosity : 
and  to  these  virtues,  good  breeding,  politeness, 
and  elegance.  His  wit,  taste,  and  learning,  con- 
nected him  with  all  persons  eminent  in  that 
way,  as  Pope,  Swift,  Addison,  &c.  He  died  at 
his  seat,  near  Cirencester,  September  16,  1775, 
in  his  91st  year. 

BATON!,  Pompeo,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Lucca,  ennobled  by  the  emperor  Joseph,  for  his 
distinguished  merit.  One  of  his  most  valuable 
pieces,  the  death  of  Mark  Antony,  is  now 
owned  in  Hartford,  Conn.  ;  he  died  1787. 

BATSCn,  Augustus,  John  George  Chart 


BA 

a  botanist,  of  Jeiia,  was  professor  of  pliilosoptjy 
ill  the  university  of  tlial  place,  and  founder  and 
president  of  a  society  for  ilie  study  of  natural 
liistorv  :  lie  died  180'i. 

HATTAGLlNt,  Mark,  bishop  of  Nocera  and 
Cerfc/ia,  di<.'d  1717. 

BATTELY,  Ur.  John,  fellow  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, and  chaplain  to  the  primate  Sancroft,  died 
1708. 

BATTEUX,  Charles,  a  French  philosopher, 
professor  of  philosophy  in  the  royal  college, 
itKiiUber  of  the  French  academy,  &c.,  eniinont 
lor  his  erudition,  and  his  private  virtues,  and 
author  of  several  works  on  classical  literalure; 
he  died  1780. 

B.VTTfK,  Dr.  William,  a  physician  of  emi- 
Menco  in  Uxinidge  and  London,  author  of  seve- 
ral works  on  medical  subjects,  died  1770. 

BATTISHILL,  Jonathan,  an  emiuen'  musi- 
cal composer,  who  added  to  profound  know- 
ledge, groat  taste,  and  a  fine  imagination,  [lis 
"  Kate  of  Aberdeen"  will  be  celebrated  (among 
numerous  other  of  his  compositions)  as  long  as 
pure  melody  shall  be  admired  in  this  country. 
He  was  born  in  Londo.i,  May,  1738,  and  died  at 
Islington,  December  10,  1801. 

BAUAB,  a  learned  Maliomedan,  died  413  of 
the  hegira. 

BAUDELOT  DE  DAIRVAL,  Charles  Crpsar, 
advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  died  1720. 
B.AUDET,  Stephen,  an  eminent  French  en- 
graver, of  Blois,  died  1071. 

BAUDIER,  Michael,  a  native  of  Langundoc, 
historiographer  of  France  under  Louis  XV. 

B.^UDIN,  Peter  Charles  Lewis,  a  native  of 
Sedan,  a  member  of  the  French  national  assem- 
bly, and  of  the  convention.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  firmness  and  moderation,  and  died  1799. 

BAUDIUS,  Dominique,  a  native  of  Lisle,  and 
advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  author  of 
some  Latin  poems,  and  died  1613. 

BAUDOIN,  Benedict,  a  divine  of  Amiens, 
author  of  a  dissertation  on  the  shoes  of  the  an- 
cients, in  1015. 

BAIJDORI,  Joseph  du,  a  native  of  Vannes ; 
ciucated  among  the  Jesuits,  died  1749. 

BAUDOT,  de  Juilli,  Nicholas,  of  Vendome, 
a  historical  writer  of  some  merit,  died  1759. 

B.\UDAUIN,  emperor  of  Constantinople,  vid. 
BALDVVLN. 

B.AUDOUIN,  John,  a  soldier  in  the  armies  of 
France,  and  translator  of  Sallust,  Tacitus,  Slc. 
died  1G50. 

BATJDRAND,  Mich.  Anton,  an  ecclesiastic, 
of  Paris,  author  of  a  "  Dictionaire  Geograph- 
Ique"  of  merit,  died  1700. 

BAUDRICOURT,  Jean  de,  a  marechal  of 
France,  distinguished  under  Charles  VIII.  at  the 
conquest  of  Naples.  His  father  introduced  the 
fanious  maid  of  Orleans  on  the  public  stage. 

B.AUHINUS,  John,  a  physician  of  Amiens, 
afterwards  of  great  expectation  at  Basil,  died 
1592. 

BAUHINUS,  John,  son  of  the  preceding, 
physician  to  the  duke  of  Wirtemburg,  a  medi- 
cal writer  at  Basil,  died  1013. 

BAUHINUS,  Caspar,  professor  of  botany  at 
Basil,  and  physician  to  the  duke  of  Wirtemburg, 
died  1624. 

BAULDRt,  Paul,  a  native  of  Rouen,  profes- 
sor of  sacred  history  at  Utrecht,  died  1706. 

EAULOT,  or  BEAULIEU,  James,  who  tra- 
velled through  Europe  as  a  lithotomist,  and 
operated  with  great  success.  The  city  of  Am- 
Eterdam  had  a  medal  struck  in  honour  of  thisj 
buinane  man ;  he  died  1720.  j 


H.-V 

BAUME,  James  Fraacis  de  la,  canon  of  a 

hurch  at  Avignon,  author  of  a  poem  called  the 
Christiude,  ilit'd  11  o7. 

BAUME,  Nicholas  Augustedela,  a  marechal 
»f  France,  who  served  in  Germany  with  great 
repulation,  died  1716. 

BAUME,  James  de  la,  a  Jesuit  of  Paris,  diod 
1725. 

BAUMER,  John  William,  professor  of  medi- 
ine  at  J'lrfurt,  and  a  writer  on  the  natural  iiis- 
tory  of  the  mineral  kingdom,  died  1788. 

BAUMGARTEN,  Alexander  Gottlieb,  profes- 
sor of  philosophy  at  Halle,  and  afterwards  at 
Frankfort,  died  1776. 

BAUR.  John  William,  a  painter  and  engraver 
of  Strasburg,  died  1640. 

BAUR,  Frederick  William  Von,  a  Hessian 
soldier  in  the  pay  of  Britain,  made  a  general  and 
ennobled  by  Frederick  II.  of  Prussia,  and  after- 
wards an  able  engineer  and  mechanic  in  the 
service  of  Russia ;  he  died  1783. 

BAUSCU  Abu  Giafar,  a  Mahomedan  writer, 
died  546  of  the  hegira. 

BAUSSIRI,  a  Mahomedan  poet,  highly  es- 
teemed by  the  followers  of  Mahomet. 

BAUTRU,  a  celebrated  wit,  and  one  of  the 
first  members  of  the  French  academy,  was  born 
at  Paris,  in  1588,  and  died  there  in  1665.  Once, 
when  he  was  in  Spain,  having  been  to  see  the 
famous  library  of  the  Escurial,  where  he  found 
a  very  ignorant  librarian,  the  king  of  Spain 
asked  him  what  he  had  remarked.  To  wliom 
Bautru  replied,  that  "  the  library  was  a  very 
fine  one  ;  but  your  majesty  (adds  he)  should 
make  your  librarian  treasurer  of  your  finances." 
"  Why  so  V  "  Because  (says  Bautru)  he  never 
touches  what  he  is  entrusted  with." 

BAUVES,  James  de,  advocate  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  in  the  17th  century. 

BAUVIN,  Jolin  Gregory,  a  native  of  Arras, 
eminent  for  liis  knowledge  of  belles  lettres, 
died  in  1776. 

BAUX,  William  de,  prince  of  Orange,  with 
the  title  of  king  of  Aries  and  Vienna,  murdered 
at  Avignon,  in  1218. 

BAWD  WEEN,  William,vicar  of  Hooten  Pag- 
nell,  near  Doncaster,  died  Sept.  14, 1816.  This 
gentleman  was  an  excellent  Saxon  scholar,  and 
translated  vols.  I.  and  II.  of  that  valuable  na- 
tional record,  Domesday  Book,  which  was  pub- 
lished by  a  vote  of  the  British  parliament.  He 
proposed  to  print  the  whole  in  10  vols.  4to  ;  and 
the  remaining  8  vols,  are  said  to  be  prepared  for 
the  pret«.  He  left  a  widow  and  twelve  children. 

B.\XTER,  Richard,  an  eminent  nonconform- 
ist divine,  was  born  Nov.  12,  1615,  at  Rowton, 
near  High  Ercal,  in  Shropshire,  and  died  1691. 
He  wrote  a  vast  number  of  books ;  Mr.  Long, 
of  Exeter,  says  80 ;  Dr.  Calamy,  120  ;  but  the 
author  of  a  note  in  the  Biographia  Britannica 
tells  ns  that  he  had  seen  145  distinct  treatises  of 
Mr.  Baxter's;  his  practical  works  have  been 
published  in  fbur  vols,  folio.  Bishop  Burnet,  in 
the  history  of  his  own  times,  calls  fiim  "  a  man 
of  great  piety ;  and  says,  "  that  if  he  had  not 
meddled  with  too  many  things,  he  would  have 
been  esteemed  one  of  the  most  learned  men  of 
the  age ;  that  he  had  a  moving  and  pathetical 
way  of  writing ;  and  was,  his  whole  life  long, 
a  nian  of  great  zeal  and  much  simplicity ;  but 
was  unhappily  subtle  and  metaphysical  in  every 
thing. 

BAXTER,  Andrew,  a  writer  in  metaphysics 
and  natural  pliilosophy,  born  in  1G86,  at  Aber- 
deen, where  he  received  his  edncatton  at  King's 
College.  Ifis  principal  employmem  w  that 
69 


BA 

ol  a  private  tutor.  His  celebrated  v%ork,  "  An 
lii!)uiry  into  ilic  Nature  of  tlie  Human  ISoul,'" 
wai^lirst  pulilished  in  4to,  and  has  been  several 
times  reprinted.  Bisliop  Warburton  rails  it 
'•  the  most  finisiied  book  of  the  kind  that  ihr 
present  times  have  produced."  Baxter  drew 
up  for  the  use  of  his  pupils,  a  piece  entitled 
"  Matho  ;  sive  Cosmotheoria  Puerilus,  Dialo 
giis,"  &c.  which  he  afterwards  greatly  enlarged, 
and  published  in  English,  2  vols.  8vo.,  1745.  He 
died  in  1750,  after  bearing  with  the  greatest  for- 
titude a  complication  of  the  most  paiuful  dis- 
orders. 

BAXTER,  William,  an  eminent  critic  and 
granimarian,  nephew  to  the  foregoiPL',  born  a< 
lianlugany,  in  Shropshire,  1650,  died  1723.  He 
published  e.xcellent  editions  of  "  Anacreon'" 
and  "  Horace,"  wijs  author  of  a  "  Latin  Gram- 
mar," 1679,  and  of  a  Glossary  of  the  Roman 
Antiquities,"  which,  however,  goes  no  farther 
than  the  letter  A,  and  was  printed  1726.   • 

BAYARD,  James  A.,  a  native  of  Delaware, 
was  a  representative,  and  afterwards  a  senator 
in  congre.ss  from  that  state.  In  1813  he  was  ap 
pointed  one  of  the  ministers  who  negotiated  the 
treaty  of  peace  with  Great  Britain  at  Ghent; 
subsequent  to  which,  he  was  sent  as  minister 
to  the  court  of  St.  Petersburg.  He  returned  to 
the  United  States,  and  died  in  1815. 

BAYARD,  John,  speaker  of  the  house  of  ai 
sembly  in  Maryland,  was  a  member  of  the  old 
congress,  1785  ;  he  died  1807.  | 

BAYARD,  Le  Chevalier,  acelebrated  French 
warrior,  called  Tlie  knight  without  fear  or  re- 
proach, slain  at  the  siege  of  Rebec,  1524. 

BAYER,  Theophilus  Sigfred,  a  German  who 
assiduously  devoted  himself  to  ancient  and  mo- 
dern languages,  and  was  professor  of  Greek  and 
Roman  Antiquities  at  Petersburg,  died  in  1738. 
BAYEUX,  N..  an  advocate  and  poet  of  Caen, 
translator  of  Ovid,  executed  during  the  French 
revolution. 

BAYLE,  Peter,  author  of  the  Historical  and 
Critical  Dictionary,  was  born,  Nov.  18, 1647,  ai 
Carla,  a  small  town  in  the  county  of  Foix,  and 
was  a  most  laborious  and  indefatigable  writer 
In  one  of  his  letters  to  Des  Maizeaux,  lie  says 
that  since  his  20ili  year  he  hardly  remembers  to 
have  liad  any  leisure.  He  died  the  2Sth  of  De- 
cember,1700,  after  he  had  been  writing  the  great 
est  part  of  the  day.  Among  the  prnduction.- 
v.iiicli  do  honour  to  the  age  of  Lewis  XIV.,  Mr 
Voltaire  has  not  onritted  the  "  Critical  Dictiona- 
ry" of  our  author:  "  It  is  the  first  work  of  the 
kind  (says  lie)  in  v/hich  a  man  may  loam  ti 
think."  He  was  a  man  of  brilliant  parts  and 
acute  intellect;  but  his  religious  principles  sa 
vour  of  infidelity. 

BAYLE,  Francis,  professor  of  medicine  at 
Toulouse,  died  in  1709. 

BAYLEY,  Anselm,  L.  L.  D.,  an  English  di 
vine,  minor  canon  of  St.  Paul's  and  VVestmin 
stcr  Abbey,  and  sub-dean  of  the  chapel  royal 
author  of  several  theological  works,  died  in 
1794. 

BAYLEY,  Lewis,  author  of  that  most  me- 
morable book,  entitled, "  The  Practice  of  Piety ." 
He  was  born  at  Caermarthen,  in  AVales,  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  made  minister  of  Evesham,  in 
Worcestershire,  about  1611,  became  a  chaplain 
to  king  James,  and  was  promoted  to  the  see 
of  Bangor,  in  1616.  His  book  is  dedicated  "  to 
the  high  and  mighty  prince  Charles,  prince  of 


RE 

piety,  which  flourished  before  lhei,e  contiovcr- 
sifcs  were  hatched."  The  design  was  good ; 
and  the  reception  this  book  has  met  with  njdy 
be  known  from  the  astoni.shing  number  of  its 
editions.    This  prelate  died  in  1634. 

BALEY,!Matthias,  remarkabl.^  for  longevity; 
he  was  baptized,  and  died,  in  North  Carolina,  in 
178^,  aged  136. 

BAYLY,  Thomas,  sub-dean  of  Wells,  died  a 
catholic  on  the  continent,  in  the  time  of  Charles  I. 
BAYLY,  Nathan,  author  of  an  English  dic- 
tionary, and  of  some  granmiatical  works. 

BAYNARU,  Anne,  a  lady  of  great  literary 
and  scientific  ac(!uircments,  died  in  1697. 

BAYNES,  Sir  Thomas,  knifht,  a  physician, 
professor  of  music  at  Gresham  college,  died  in 
1681. 

BAYNES,  John,  a  native  of  Yorkshire,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  intense  application  lo  study, 
and  his  attachment  to  liberty,  died  in  1787. 

BAZIRE,  Claude,  a  native  of  Dijon,  raised, 
by  the  French  revolution,  from  obscurity  to  in- 
famous celebrity.  He  proposed  in  the  conven- 
tion, a  law  fixing  a  price  on  the  head  of  La 
Fayette  ;  guillotined  witli  Danton,  in  1794. 
BAZZAZ,  aMahomedan  theological  writer. 
BE,  Guillaume  C,  an  engraver  and  letter 
founder,  at  Troyes  and  at  V^enice,  where  he  ac- 
quired both  reputation  and  wealth ;  he  died  in 
1598. 

BEACH,  John,  an  episcopal  writer,  and  a 
missionary  at  Readins,  Conn 

BE.'VCON,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  pre 
bendary  of  Canterbury  under  Elizabeth. 

BEALE,  Mary ,  a  portrait  painter  in  the  reigr 
of  Charles  II.,  was  born  in  Suftblk,  1632.  in 
the  manuscripts  of  Mr.  Oldys,  she  is  celebrated 
for  her  poetry,  as  well  as  for  her  painting  ;  anfl 
is  stjled  "that  masculine  poet,  as  well  as  painter 
the  incomparable  Mrs.  Beale."  She  died  De 
cember  28,  1697. 

BEARD,  John,  a  verj'  eminent  and  popula* 
singer  on  the  English  stage  ;  married,  first,  lady 
Henrietta,  relict  of  Lord  Edward  Herbert,  and 
only  daughter  of  Lord  Waldegrave ;  secondly, 
a  daughter  of  Mr.  Rich,  patentee  of  Covent  Gar- 
den Theatre.  He  then  became  one  of  the  pro- 
prietors, and  acting  manager  of  that  house,  and 
continued  to  perform  till  disqualified  by  the  loss 
of  his  hearing.  He  died  in  his  75th  year,  Feb- 
ruary 5,  1791. 

BEATON,  or  BETON,  David,  archbishop  of 
St.  Andrews,  in  Scotland,  and  cardinal  of  the 
Roman  church,  born  1494,  lost  his  life  by  the 
hands  of  Norman  Lesly,  eldest  son  of  the  earl  of 
Rothes,  about  the  year  1.546.  This  famous  pre- 
late was  a  man  of  great  parts,  but  of  bounrile«-3 
pride  atid  ambition,  and  withal  an  eminent  in- 
stance of  the  instability  of  what  the  world  calls 
fortune. 

BEATON,  James,  nephew  of  the  archbishop 
of  the  same  name,  and  bishop  of  Glasgow  at 
25,  author  of  a  manuscript  history  of  Scotland, 
died  in  1603. 

BEATRIX,  daughter  of  the  count  of  Burgun- 
dy, and  wife  of  the  emperor  Frederick  I.,  1156. 

BE.'VTRIX,  of  Provence,  daughter  of  Ray- 
mond, count  of  Provence,  wife  of  Charles,  son 
of  Lewis  VIll.  of  France,  afterwards  king  of 
Naples  and  Sicily,  died  at  iS'orera. 

BEATSON,  Robert,  L.  L.  D.,  an  indefatiga- 
blecompiler,  authorof  "a  Political  Index  to  the 
Histories  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,"  and  of 


VVales  "  and  the  author  tells  his  highness,  that  several  other  works,  died  1818. 
"he  Irad  endeavoured  to  extract  out  of  the  chaos       BE.\TTIE,  Dr.  James,  an  ingenious  poet  and 
of  endless  controversies,  the  old  practice  of  true||  miscellaneous  writer,  born  in  Kincardinestiire 
60 


BE 


Scotland,  1735,  was  many  years  at-clioolmaster 
at  Aherdeen;  but  at  length  pronioteil  to  tlie 
chair  of  Moral  Philosophy  and  Logic  in  the  Ma- 
rischal  College.  His  principal  poems  are,  "The 
Judgment  of  Paris,"  4to.,  1765.  "The  Min- 
strel," 4to.,  1770, 1774.  "  The  Hermit,"  a  beau- 
tiful song,  and  many  odes  and  elegies.  Besides 
the.se,  he  was  author  of  "  An  Essay  on  the  Im- 
mutability of  Truth,  in  opposition  to  Sophistry 
and  Scepticism,"  4to.,  1777  ;  "  Dissertations 
Moral  and  Critical,"  4to.,  1783;  "Evidences 
of  the  Christian  Religion,  briefly  and  plainly 
stated,"  8vo.,  1786;  and  "Elements  of  Moral 
Science,"  2  vols.  8vo.,  1790,  1793.  His  prose 
writings  display  good  sense,  extensive  know- 
le<ige,  and  able  reasoning ;  his  vereification  is 
elegant.     He  died  at  Aberdeen,  August  18, 1803. 

BEATTIE,  James  Hay,  son  of  the  poet,  a 
man  of  eminent  talents,  who  was,  at  the  age  of 
19,  appointed  assistant  professor  of  moral  phi- 
losophy and  logic  at  the  Marischal  College  of 
Aberdeen,  died  1790. 

BEATUS,  Rheuanus,  a  classical  scholar  and 
writer  of  Rheinach,  died  in  1547. 

BEAU,  John  Lewis  le,  a  learned  academi- 
cian and  professor  of  Paris,  died  in  1766. 

BEAU,  Charles  le,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  also  an  eminent  scholar,  and  professor  of 
belles  lettres  at  Paris,  and  author  of  a  history  of 
the  lower  empire,  in  2iJ  vols. ;  he  died  in  1778. 

BEAUCAIRE  HE  PEaUILLON,  Francois, 
instriicter  of  Cardinal  Charles  de  Lorraine,  and 
bishop  of  Metz,  died  in  1591. 

BEAUCHAM,  Richard,  Earl  of  Warwick, 
distinguished  as  a  brave  general,  died  in  Nor- 
mandy, In  1439. 

BEAUCHAMPS,  Pierre  Francois  Godard  de, 
an  eminent  French  writer,  died  at  Paris,  in  1761. 

BEAUCHAMP,  Joseph  de,acelebrated  French 
astronomer,  born  at  Vezoul,  in  1750,  entered,  in 
1767,  into  the  order  of  Bernardines,  and  took  his 
departure  for  Asia,  in  1781,  with  his  uncle,  who 
was  appointed  bishop  of  Babylon.  In  this  voy- 
age he  steered  his  course  along  the  Tigris  and 
Euphrates,  from  Diabekir  to  the  Persian  Gulph, 
and  made  a  collection  of  medals,  inscriptions, 
and  designs  of  the  monuments  of  ancient  Baby- 
lon, as  well  as  Arabic  manuscripts,  which  he 
presented  to  the  Abbe  Barthelemy.  In  1787,  he 
made  a  second  voyage  upon  the  C.tspian  Sea  ; 
in  the  course  of  which  he  observed  the  most  im- 
portant eclipse  of  the  moon  of  which  the  histon,' 
of  astronomy  preserves  any  remembrance.  In 
1795,  he  made  a  third  voyage  ;  and  through  the 
means  of  Volney,  he  was  appointed  consul  at 
Muscate,  in  Arabia;  at  which  place,  however, 
he  never  arrived,  being  taken  by  the  English. 
The  peace  having  at  length  given  him  his  liber- 
ty, he  arrived  sick  at  Nice,  where  he  died  on  the 
30th  of  November,  1801,  at  the  moment  when 
Buonaparte  had  appointed  him  commissary- 
general  at  Lisbon. 

BEAUCHATEAU,  Franc.  Matthieu  Chatelet 
de,  author  of  several  admired  poems,  supposed 
to  have  died  In  Persia. 

BEAVER,  John,  a  Benedictine  monk  of  West- 
minster Abbey,  author  of  a  manuscript  chronicle 
of  the  affairs  of  Britain  to  his  own  time,  in  the 
14th  century. 

BEAUPILS,  Guillaume,  a  Jesuitof  An  vergne, 
eminent  as  a  preacher  and  a  man  of  literature, 
died  in  1758. 

BEAUFORT,  Margaret,  daughter  of  John, 
duke  of  Somerset,  and  mother  of  Henry  VII., 
died  in  1509.  She  founded  Ciiiist'e,  and  St. 
John's  CoUegcB  Cambridge. 


BE 

BEAIJFOUT,  Henry,  brother  of  Henry  IV 
of  England,  was  successively  bishop  of  Lincoln 
and  Winchester,  chancellor  of  England,  ambas- 
sador to  France,  cardinal,  and  pope's  legate  in 
Gonnany ;  he  died  in  1447. 

BEAUFORT,  Francois,  Vendonie  due  de,  a 
native  of  Paris,  conspicuous  in  the  civil  ware 
for  courting  the  good  will  of  the  populace,  died 
in  1609. 

BEAUFORT,  Lewis  de,  a  learned  man,  au- 
thor of  the  history  of  Gerraanicus,  &.C.,  died  in 
1795. 

BEAULIEU,  John  Baptiste  Allnisde,  a  wri- 
ting-master of  celebrity  in  Paris,  lived  about 
1681. 

BEAULIEU,  Sebastian  Pontault  de,  an  engi- 
neer, who  drew,  and  had  engraved,  the  sieges 
and  military  campaigns  of  Lewis  XIV. ;  he  died 
in  1674. 

BEAULIEU,  Louis  le  Blanc  de,  theological  pro- 
fessor of  Sedan,  died  in  1675. 

BEAULIEU,  N.  Baron  de,  commander  of 
the  Austrian  armies  in  Italy,  opposed  and  con- 
quered by  Buonaparte,  died  about  1796. 

BEAUMANOIR,  Jean  de,  called  marechal 
de  Lavardin,  rose  by  his  merit  to  high  military 
dignities,  died  in  1614. 

BEAUMARCHAIS,  Peter  Augustin  Caron  de, 
an  eminent  Fvench  dramatist,  born  at  Paris, 
1732,  and  bred  a  vvatch-maker,  died  at  Paris,  of 
apople.xy.  May,  1799. 

BEAUME,  Antony,  a  native  of  Senlis,  and 
a  distinguished  French  chymist,  was  a  member 
of  the  academy  of  sciences,  and  of  the  national 
institute,  died  in  1805.  His  writings  are  nu- 
merous and  valuable. 

BEAUMELLE,  Laurent  Angliviel  de  la,  a  na- 
tive of  France  of  great  literary  reputation,  li- 
brarian to  the  king,  and  a  respectable  writer, 
died  in  1773. 

BEAUMONT,  Sir  John,  a  poet  of  some  emi- 
nence, descended  from  an  ancient  family  at 
Grace-Dieu,  in  Lf^icestershire,  was  born  1582. 
His  "  Bosworth  Field,"  Mr.  Headly  tells  us, 
merits  a  republication,  for  tiie  easy  flow  of  its 
numbers,  and  the  spirit  with  which  it  is  written. 
It  was  first  published  by  his  son,  together  with 
the  rest  of  his  poems,  in  ]2mo,  1C29.  He  was 
created  a  baronet  by  king  Charles,  in  1026,  and 
died  two  years  after. 

BEAUMONT,  Francis,  brother  of  the  fore- 
going, a  celebrated  dramatic  writer,  born  at 
Grace-Dieu,  in  Leicestershire,  about  the  year 
1586,  died  in  1615,  before  he  was  30  years  of 
age,  and  was  buried  in  the  entrance  of  St.  Be- 
nedict's chapel,  within  St.  Peter's,  Westmin- 
ster. Beside  the  plays  in  which  he  was  jointly 
concerned  with  Fletcher,  he  wrote  a  little  dra- 
matic piece,  and  other  poems,  printed  together 
in  16.53,  8vo.  Beaumont  was  esteemed  so  gooj 
a  judgeof  dramatic  compofiilion,  that  Ben  Jon- 
son  submitted  his  writings  to  his  correction,  and, 
it  is  thought,  vi'as  much  indebted  to  him  for  the 
contrivance  of  his  plots.  Every  thing  respect- 
ing this  poet,  that  could  be  collected  by  the  most 
diligent  research,  will  be  found  in  Mr.  Nichols 
valuable  "  History  of  Leicestershire." 

BEAUMONT,  Joseph,  regius  professor  of  di- 
vinity ai  Cambridge,  and  author  of  Psyche,  and 
other  poems,  died  in  1699. 

BEAUMONT  DE  PEREFIX,  Hardonin,  arch- 
bishop of  Paris,  preceptor  to  Ii«wis  XIV.,  and 
author  of  a  valuable  history  of  Henry  IV. ; 
died  in  1670. 

BEACJMONT,Mad.  le  prince  de,a  lively  writer 
of  romancne,  letters,  naemoirs,  &c.  died  in  178tl 
61 


BE 

BEAUMONT,  Eliasdt,  a  native  o''  Norman 
dy,  wan  educated  for  the  bar,  but  devoted  liis 
time  to  literary  pursuits :  an  au'  lior  of  some 
merit;  lie  died  in  1783. 

iiEAUMOJNT,  John  Lt^w's  Moreau  de,  an 
able  political  writer,  of  Nai'.tes,  died  in  1785. 

BEAUMONT,  Gnill:  Rob.  I'hil.  Jos.  Jean  de, 
an  ecclesiastic,  of  Uoue,ii,  known  as  a  theolo- 
gical writer,  died  in  1761. 

BEAUNE,  Jacques  de,  baron  of  Saniblancai, 
minister  of  the  ,,riories  under  Francis  I.,  un- 
justly conde  iied  and  executed,  by  the  j)erfidy 
of  the  queen-mother,  in  1527. 

B  AdNE,  Kenaud  de.  a  native  of  Tours, 
vchbishop  of  Bourges,  and  afterwards  of  Sens, 
died  in  ICUG. 

BEAUNE,  Florimont  de,  counsellor  of  Blois, 
the  intimate  friend  of  Descartes,  and  an  enii 
iicnt  mathematician,  died  in  1652. 

BEAURAIN,  Jean  de,  a  native  of  Artois, 
known  as  a  neftotiator  and  geographer ;  made 
geographer  to  Lewis  XV.,  at  the  age  of  25 ;  he 
died  in  1771. 

BEAURIEU,  Gaspard  Guillard  de,  a  French 
writer,  died  in  1795. 

BEAUSOBRE,  Isaac  de,  a  very  learned  di 
vine  and  ecclesiastical  writer,  of  French  ovigi 
nal,  born  at  Niort,  March  8,  1659,  died  June  5, 
17:^8. 

BEAUSOBRE,  Louis  de,  a  native  of  Berlin, 
distinguished  for  his  literature  and  as  the  friend 
of  the  Prussian  monarch  ;  he  died  in  1783. 

BEAUVAIS,  Guillaume,  of  Dunkirk,  author 
of  a  history  of  the  Roman  emperors  by  medals, 
died  1773. 

BEAUVAISjCharles  Nicolas,  of  Orleans,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  physician,  and  as  a  violent  and 
seditious  member  of  the  national  assembly ,died 
in  1704. 

BEALTVAIS,  John  Baptiste  Charles  Marie  de, 
bishop  of  Senez,  eminent  as  an  eloquent  preach 
er,  died  in  1789. 

BEAUVAU,  Lewis  Charles  marquis  de,  a 
distinguished  Frerich  general,  died  in  1744. 

BEAUVILLIERS,  Francis  de,  duke  of  St 
Aignan,  author  of  some  prose  and  poetical  pie- 
ces, died  in  1687.  His  son  was  preceptor  to  the 
father  of  Lewis  XIV.,  and  died  in  1714. 

BEAUZBE,  Nicolas,  a  distinguished  gram- 
marian, died  in  1789. 

BEBELE,  Henry,  professor  of  eloquence  at 
Tubingen  ;  he  was  an  able  Latin  scholar,  and 
received  tlie  poetical  crown,  in  1501, from  Maxi- 
milian I. 

BECAN,  Martin,  a  zealous  Jesuit,  confessor 
to  Ferdinand  II.,  died  in  1624. 

BECCADELLI,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Bologna, 
ambassador  at  Venice,  preceptor  to  Ferdinand, 
son  of  the  duke  of  Tuscany,  and  archbishop  of 
Ragusa ;  he  died  in  1572. 

BECCADELLI,  Antonio,  a  native  of  Paler- 
mo, professor  of  belles  lettres  at  Pavia,  was 
crowned  with  the  poetic  laurel  by  the  emperor 
Sigisraund,  and  ennobled  by  Alphonso  king  of 
Naples;  he  died  in  1471. 

BECCAFUMI,  Dominique,an  eminent  painter 
of  Genoa,  died  in  1549. 

BECCARI,  Augustine,  a  native  of  Ferrara, 
was  the  first  Italian  who  wrote  pastorals ;  he 
died  in  1560. 

BECCARI  A,  John  Baptist,  a  learned  monk, 
of  Mondovi,  teacher  of  philosophy,  at  Rome  and 
Palermo,  and  preceptor  to  the  royal  family  at 
Turin  ;  he  died  in  1781. 

BECC.'\RIA,  James  Bartholomew,  a  pliysi 

cian  and  professor  of  natural  philosophy  in  the 

62 


BE  

university  of  Bononia ;  his  writings  on  philoso- 
phical and  medical  subjects  are  numerous  and 
highly  esteemed ;  he  died  in  1766. 

HECCARlA,  marquis,  a  c(tlebraled  writer 
"  On  crimes  and  Puniwhrnents,"  born  at  Milan, 
in  1735,  died  Nov.  29,  1794. 

BECCUTI,  Francis,  an  Italian  poet,  sur- 
nained  11  Cappeta,  professor  of  law  in  his  native 
town  of  Perugia  ;  he  died  in  1509. 

BECERRA,  Gaspard,  a  Spanish  sculptor  and 
painter,  the  pupil  of  Raphael,  died  in  1570. 

BECKER,  John  Joachim,  physician  to  the 
electors  oi  Mentz  and  Bavaria;  his  discoveries 
in  chymistry  and  nieclianics  were  numerous  and 
important;  he  died  in  1685. 

BECKER,  Daniel,  physician  to  the  elector  of 
Brandenburg,  died  at  Konigsburg,  his  native 
city,  in  1760. 

BECKET,  Thomas,  archbishop  of  Canterbu- 
ry, in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, 1119,  and  assassinated  in  the  cathedral 
church  of  Canterbury,  on  the  29th  of  December, 
1171.  The  miracles  said  to  be  wrought  at  his 
tomb  were  so  numerous,  that  we  are  told  two 
large  volumes  of  them  were  kept  in  that  church. 
His  shrine  was  visited  from  all  parts,  and  en- 
riched with  the  most  costly  gifts  and  offerings. 
Though  canonized,  however,  Ise  was,  in  truth, 
memorable  only  for  his  pride,  insolence,  and  in- 
gratitude to  his  sovereign,  Henry  IJ.,  to  wliich 
lie  fell  a  sacrifice. 

BECKFORD,  V\'illiam,  a  patriotic  chief  ma- 
gistrate of  tlie  city  of  London,  who  died  in  that 
office,  with  whicli  he  had  been  for  the  second 
time  invested,  June  21,  1770,  aged  65.  lla  show- 
ed himself  the  steadfast  friend  of  his  king  and 
country,  and  was  the  only  man  of  his  time  w  ho, 
with  firnmess,  yet  with  hutnility,dared  tell  a  king 
upon  his  throne  (surrounded  by  his  couruers) 
the  plain  and  honest  truth  ;  whereby  he  vindi- 
cated the  loyalty,  while  he  evinced  the  inde- 
pendent spirit  of  the  city  of  London.  Convinced 
that  our  liberties  belong  to  posterity  as  well 
as  to  ourselves,  he  resolved  thai  the  share  com- 
mitted to  his  trust  should  not  expire  in  his  hands. 
As  a  citizen,  he  was  eminently  endowed  witli 
the  virtues  of  humanity  and  affability ;  as  a  sena- 
tor, (member  for  London,)  watchful  over  the 
rights  of  the  people ;  and  as  a  magistrate,  ume- 
mittingly  active  in  seeing  those  rights  legally 
executed.  That  his  character  might  be  ever 
held  in  the  most  honourable  and  grateful  re- 
membrance, the  corporation  erected  his  statue 
in  their  Guildhall,  and  recorded  in  the  inscrip- 
tion the  magnatumous  speech  which  he  is  said 
to  have  addressed  to  the  king  in  vindication  of 
the  people's  right  to  remonstrate  to  the  throne. 

BECKINGHAM,  Charles,  an  eminent  dra- 
matic writer  ;  two  of  his  pieces,  Henry  IV.  of 
France,  and  Scipio  Africanus,  were  highly  ap- 
plauded ;  he  died  in  1730. 

BECKINGTON,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Bath 
and  Wells,  in  the  15th  century. 

BECQUET,  Anthony,  a  Celestine  monk,  a 
man  of  learning,  who  wrote  the  history  of  his 
order,  and  died  in  1730. 

BECTASH,  Culi,  a  learned  Mahomedan 
writer. 

BECTOR,  Claude  de,  abbess  of  St.  Honore 
de  Tarascon,  eminent  for  her  knowledge  of  La- 
tin, and  her  style  of  writing  ;  she  died  in  1547. 

BEDA,  Noei,  a  violent  ecclesiastic  of  Picardy, 
died  in  exile,  in  1537. 

BEDA,  or  BEDE,  sumamed  the  Venerable, 
an  English  monk,  an  eminent  writer  of  ecclesi- 
astical history,  was  born  073,  at  Weariuouth  in 


BE 

the  bishopric  of  Durham,  and  died  in  735.  Hi 
ecclesiasiical  Iiistory  of  England  commences  at 
the  invasion  of  Julius  Cassar,  and  terniinaits 
A.  O.  723. 

BF.DDOES,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian and  medical  writer;  who  more  particularly 
distinguished  himself  by  his  perseverance  in 
niakinj;  experiments  to  cure  consumptions  by 
the  application  of  pneumatics.  He  was  horn 
at  Shllfnal,  Shropshire,  about  the  yeai  n!Ji,  aad 
died  at  Clifton,  near  Bristol,  Dec.  24,  1808.  His 
principal  work  is  "  Hygeia ;  or  Essays,  Moral 
and  Medical,  on  the  Causes  atfecthig  the  per- 
sonal state  of  the  middling  and  affluent  classes." 
3  vols.  8vo.,  lHO-2. 

BEDELL,  William,  a  very  famous  bishop  of 
Kilmore,  in  Ireland,  born  1570,  at  Black  Notley, 
in  Essex ;  died  1()41. 

BEDERIC,  Henry,  a  monk,  distinguished  for 
his  learning  and  eloquence,  lived  about  1380. 

BEDFORD,  Hilkiah,  a  quaker  of  Lincoln- 
shire, and  afterwards  a  stationer  in  London, 
died  in  17'i4.  His  son  of  the  same  name  was  a 
clergyman  and  writer  of  some  merit ;  he  died  in 
1773. 

BEDFORD,  Thomas,  son  of  Hilkiah,  was  a 
nonjuring  priest  of  some  reputation  ;  he  died 
in  1773.  ,   , 

BEDFORD,  Arthur,  a  pious  and  learned  cler- 
gyman of  the  churcli  of  England,  born  at  Tid- 
deuhani,  Gloucestershire,  Sept.  16G8.  A  favour- 
ite subject  of  literary  labour  with  Mr.  Bedtord 
was,  the  reformation  of  the  drama  and  the 
stage.  In  his  "  Evil  and  danger  of  Stage  Plays," 
being  a  serious  remonstrance  in  behalf  of  the 
Christian  religion,  against  the  horrid  blasphe 
mies  and  impieties  which  are  still  used  in  the 
English  play-iiouses,  &c.,  he  shows,  that  he  had 
so  completely  perused  the  whole  range  of  the 
English  drama,  as  to  produce  "  seven  thousand 
instances,  taken  out  of  plays  of  the  present  cen- 
tury, and  especially  of  the  last  five  years,  in  defi- 
ance of  all  methods  hitherto  used  for  their  refor- 
Biation  :"  and  he  has  also  given  a  catalogue  of 
"  above  fourteen  hundred  texts  of  Scripture, 
which  are  mentioned,  either  as  ridiculed  and 
exposed  by  the  stage,  or  as  opposite  to  their  pre- 
sent practices."  Mr.  Bedford  also  published, 
besides  many  "  Sermons"  and  other  ivorks, 
"  Scripture  Chronology,  demonstrated  by  Astro- 
nomical Calculations,  in  eight  books,  fol.  1741," 
which  Dr  Waterland  characterizes  as  a  very 
learned  and  elaborate  work.  He  died  chaplain 
to  Haberdasher's  Hospital,  Sept  15,  1745.  See 
COLLIER,  Jeremy. 

BEDFORD,  John,  duke  of,  third  son  of  Henry 
IV.,  was  a  distinguished  general  of  the  English 
armies  in  France,  during  the  minority  of  Henry 
VI. ,  whom  he  proclaimed  king,  at  Paris;  he 
died  at  Rouen,  in  1435. 

BEDFORD,  vid.  RUSSEL,  Francis. 

BEDLOE,  William,  a  low  adventurer,  only 
known  for  the  pretended  discovery  of  a  popish 
plot,  for  which  the  house  of  commons  voted 
himSOOi;  he  died  in  1G80. 

BEDOS  de  CELLES,  Francis,  a  Benedictine 
of  St  Manr,  died  in  1779. 

BEDREDDIN,  Baalbeki,  a  physician  and  wri- 
ter of  Balbec,  in  fhe  7th  century  of  the  hegira. 

BEEK,  David,  a  Flemish  painter,  vid.  BEK. 

BEEKM.\N,  John  Anthony,  a nativeofilano- 
ver,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Gottingen  for 
45  years ;  he  died  in  1811. 

BEGA,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  painter,  born  at 
Haerlem,  died  in  1G64. 

BEQER,  Laurence,  of  Heidleberg,  librarian 


BE 

to  the  elector  of  Brandenbnri;.  aurlior  ol  severU! 
books  on  antiquities  and  medal.s;  In;  died  1705. 

BEGEYN,  Abraham,  a  Dutch  painter  to  the 
liing  of  Prussia,  born  1650. 

BEGON,  Micliael,  a  lawyer,  distinguished 
himself  in  the  marine,  and  as  governor  of  the 
French  West  India  islands,  died  in  1710. 

BEGUIliLET,  Edmund,  advocate  of  the  par- 
liament of  Dijon,  author  of  a  treatise  on  agri- 
culture, died  in  178ti. 

BEHAIM,  Martin,  of  Nuremberg,  a  man  of 
strong  powers  of  mind,  who  formed  the  first 
idea  of  a  new  world.  He  is  said  to  have  actu- 
ally sailed  on  a  voyage  of  discovery,  in  14t;0, 
and  to  have  visited  tha  Brazils,  and  on  his  return 
to  have  constructed  u  globe,  illustrative  of  his 
voyage,  which  is  still  to  be  seen  at  Nuremberg. 
This  however  is  not  well  authenticated  ;  he 
died  at  Lisbon,  in  1506. 

BEHN,  Aphra,  a  celebrated  English  poetess 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  and  ll.  She  wrote  17 
plays,  some  histories  and  novels :  she  died  April 
Ifi,  1689,  and  was  buried  in  the  cloisters  of  Vv''est- 
minster  Abbey.  Her  works  are  extremely  witty, 
but  not  remarkably  chaste. 

BEICH,  .Toacliim  Francis,  a  painter  of  Swabia, 
whose  pieces  are  much  admired,  died  in  1748. 

BEIDHAVI,  a  jtidge  of  Scliiraz,  in  Persia, 
died  in  685  of  the  hegira. 

BEIERLINCK.  Lawrence,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Antwerp,  dhd  1627. 

BEIN.\SCHI,  John  Baptist,  a  painter,  of  Pied- 
mont, knighted  for  his  great  merit,  died  in  1688. 

BEITH.\R,  Ben,  an  African  writer,  died  in 
04!)  of  the  hegira. 

BEK,  David,  a  native  of  Delft,  iii  the  Nether- 
lands, and  a  pupil  of  Vandyk,  was  eminent  as 
a  painter  at  all  the  courts  of  Europe,  most  of 
which  he  visited ;  he  died  in  1656. 

BEKKER,  Balthasar,  a  Dutch  divine,  known 
as  a  writer  on  theological  subjects,  and  as  the 
author  of  a  treatise  on  comets,  died  in  1698. 

BEL,  John  James,  an  ironical  and  satirical 
writer  of  merit,  in  France,  died  in  1738. 

BEL,  Mathias,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Hungary, 
ennobled  by  Charles  VI.  for  his  literary  works, 
died  in  1749. 

BEL,  Charles  Andrew,  son  of  the  preceding, 
professor  of  poetry  at  Leipsic,  witli  the  title  of 
counsellor  of  state,  died  in  1782. 

BELCAMP,  John  Van,  a  Dutch  painter,  died 
in  1653. 

BELCHER,  Samuel,  a  good  scholar,  and  first 
minister  of  Newbury,  Massachusetts,  died  afteir 
the  year  1712. 

BELCHER,  Jonathan,  governor  of'Massa- 
chuseits  and  New-Hampshire,  in  1730,  after- 
wards governor  of  New- Jersey,  died  in  17.57. 

BELCHER,  Jonathan,  son  of  Governor  Bel- 
cher, lieutenant  governor  of  Nova  Scotia,  after- 
wards chief  justice  of  that  province  ;  he  died  in 
1770. 

BELCHIER,  John,  an  eminent  English  sur- 
geon and  anatomist,  born  at  Kingston,  Surrey, 
1706,  died  1785,  equally  beloved  for  his  humani 
ty,  and  respected  for  his  skill. 

BELESIS,  a  Chaldean,  made  goyfirnor  of 
Babylon  by  Arbaces,  king  of  Media,  770  B.  C. 

BELGRADE,  James,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Udina, 
eminent  as  a  poet,  mathematician,  and  anti- 
quary, died  in  1789. 

BELIDOR,  Bernard  Forest  de,  an  eminent 
French  engineer,  professor  of  the  academies  of 
Paris  and  Berlin,  died  in  1761. 

BELING,  Richard,  a  native  of  the  county  of 
Dublin,  a  catljolic,  and  a  leading  ofiicer  in  th« 
63 


BK 


BE 


rebellion  of  1641,  afterwards  reconciled  to  go-  khe  Sorbonne,  translator  of  Herodotus  and  oiliej 


vernraent,  and  restored  to  his  estates,  died  in 
1677. 

BELISARIUS,  a.  famous  Roman  general  un- 
der the  emperor  Justinian,  memorable  for  his 
signal  and  momentous  victories,  but  still  more 
60  for  his  misfortunes  ;  being  dismissed  from  all 
tiis  employments  by  his  ungrateful  master,  and 
reduced  to  be?  alms  at  the  gates  of  Constanti- 
nople.    Hu  died  .jOJ. 

BELK N.AP.Jeiemy,  minister  in  Dover,  N.H., 
and  afterward.s  of  a  church  in  Boston,  was  author 
of  a  history  of  New-Hampshire,  and  an  Ameri- 
can biography.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Mass.  His.  Soc,  and  died  in  1798. 

BELL,Beaupie,  a  distinguished  antiquarian, 
of  Norfollv,  Eng.,  died  at  an  early  age  ;  the  pre- 
cise time  unknown. 

BELL.William,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine,  was 
chaplam  to  Amelia,  daughter  of  George  II.,  and 
prebendary  of  Westminster  Abbey;  he  died  in 
181H.  He  gave  15,000i.  to  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  toward  founding  scholarships  for 
Uie  orphan  sons  of  indigent  clergymen. 

BELL,  John,  an  eminent  surgeon  of  Edin- 
burgh, died  at  Rome,  April  15,  1820 ;  leaving 
many  valuable  works  on  anatomy  and  surgery. 

KELLAMONT,  Richard,  earl  of,  governor 
of  New  York,  Massachusetts,  and  New-Hamp- 
shire. During  his  adniiiiistration,  Captain  Kidd 
was  sent  to  England  for  trial.    He  died  in  1701. 

BELL.-ViMV,  Thomas,  of  Kingston-upon- 
Thames,  after  being  engaged  in  trade  in  Lon- 
don 20  years,  relinquished  busine-as  for  literarj- 
pursuits,  and  published  "  Sadaski,"  a  novel, 
and  several  other  works ;  he  died  1800. 

BELLAMY,  Josuph,  D.  D.,  a  divine  of  New 
England,  settled  in  Bethlehem,  1740,  a  teacher 
of  candidates  for  the  ministry,  and  distinguished 
for  several  religious  works. 

BELLARMIN,  Robert,  an  Italian  Jesuit,  and 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  controversial  writers 
of  his  time,  born  in  Tuscany,  1.542,  died  1621. 

BELLAY,  William  du,  an  able  French  gene- 
ral and  negotiator  in  the  service  of  the  king  of 
France,  afterwards  viceroy  of  Piedmont,  died  in 
1543. 

BELLAY,  John  du,  bishop  of  Bayonne  and 
of  Paris,  was  engaged  as  a  negotiator  between 
Henry  VHL  of  England  and  the  pope,  with  re- 
spect to  his  divorce ;  he  was  afterwards  a  car- 
dinal, and  died  at  Rome,  in  1560. 

BELLAY,  Martin  du,  a  faithful  and  success- 
ful agent  of  Francis  I.  of  France,  died  in  1559. 

BELL.\Y,  Joachim  du,  a  French  poet,  born 
in  the  year  1524,  of  a  noble  family.  The  sweet- 
ness of  his  verse  procured  him  the  name  of  the 
French  Ovid.  He  was  the  patron  of  the  cele- 
brated Rabelais,  and  died  at  Rome,  1560. 

BELLE,  Etienne  de  la,  an  anist  in  engraving 
and  drawing,  died  at  Florence,  in  1664 

BELLE,  Alexis  Simon,  a  painter  patronized 
by  the  king  of  France,  died  in  1734. 

BELLEAU,  Remi,  one  of  the  seven  poets, 
called  the  Pleiades  of  France,  excelled  as  a  pas- 
toral writer  ;  he  died  in  1577. 

BELLECOUR,Colson,a  distinguished  French 
comic  actor,  died  in  1786.  His  wife,  who  was 
equally  celebrated,  died  in  1799. 

BELLEFORET,  Francis  de,  a  French  histo 
rian,  born  at  Sarzan,  in  Guienne,  1.530, died  1583. 

BELLEGARDE,  Jean  Baptist  Morvan  de,  a 
Jesuit  of  Nantes,  expelled  for  being  a  Cartesian, 
died  in  1734 

BELLErCDEN.     See  BALLANDEN. 

BELLENGER,  Francis,  a  learned  doctor  of 
64 


authors,  died  in  1749. 

BELLET,  Charles,  a  learned  and  benevolent 
man,  died  at  Paris,  in  1771. 

BELLET,  an  eminent  physician  and  medical 
writer,  died  in  1778. 

BELLIEVRE,  Ponipone  de,  a  native  of  Ly 
oiis,  distinguished  as  a  negotiator  at  the  court 
ol  France,  counsellor  and  chancellor  of  France, 
died  in  disgrace,  1607. 

BELLIN,  Geniil,  a  Venetian  painter,  born 
1421,  died  1501. 

BELLIN,  John,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
eminent  as  a  painter,  and  one  of  the  first  who 
painted  in  oil,  died  in  1512. 

BELLIN,  James,  a  learned  and  laborious  geo 
graphical  enguieer  ol  Paris,  died  in  ll'iZ. 

BELLINGHAM,  Ricliard,  a  native  of  Eng- 
land, a  man  of  integrity,  elected  governor  of 
Massachusetts  several  times  ;  he  died  in  1672. 

BELLINI,  Laurence,  a  physician  of  Florence, 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Pisa,  patronized  by 
the  grand  duke,  Ferdinand  II. ,  his  writings  are 
numerous  and  admired  ;  he  died  in  1703. 

BELLOCGi,  Ptter,  valet  de  chambre  to  Lewis 
XIV.,  better  known  for  his  wit,  physiognomy, 
and  his  satirical  writings.  He  was  the  friend 
of  Moliere  and  Racine,  and  died  in  1704. 

BELLOl,  Peter,  a  native  of  Montnuban,  and 
an  advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Toulouse, 
honoured  and  promoted  by  Henry  IV. 

BELLOl,  Peter  Laurence  Bnyrette  du,  a  co- 
median and  tragedian  of  France,  who,  by  his 
pieces,  obtained  the  applauses,  not  only  of  the 
king,  but  of  the  whole  French  people,  died  in 
1775 

BFLLONI,  Jerome,  a  banker  at  Rome,  en- 
nobled by  Poi)e  Benedict  XIV.  and  author  of 
a  valuable  essay  on  commerce,  died  in  1760. 

BELLORI,  John  Peter,  a  celebrated  antiqua- 
rian of  Rome,  died  in  1696. 

BELLOTTI,  Peter,  an  admired  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  of  Venice,  died  in  170O. 

BELLUCCI,  Anthony,  a  painter,  born  at  Ve- 
lice,  ill  1664,  and  employed  in  tlie  service  of  the 
emperor  Joseph. 

BELOE,  WilUam,  an  estimable  divine,  critic, 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  and  for  several  years 
one  of  the  Ubrarians  of  the  British  museum,  was 
born  at  Norwich,  and  died  at  Kensington,  April 
11,  1817,  in  his  60th  year.  His  w^orks  are  very 
numerous  ;  but  those  by  which  he  most  distin- 
guished himself  were,  "  A  Translation  of  Hero- 
dotus," another  of  "AulusGellius,"  and  "Anec- 
dotes of  Literature  and  Scarce  Books,"  6  vols. 
8vo. 

BELON,  Peter,  M.  D.,  travelled  in  Judea, 
Greece,  and  Arabia,  and  published  an  account 
of  his  travels ;  he  also  wrote  on  natural  history; 
he  was  assassinated  in  1564. 

BELOT,  John  de  Blois,  an  advocate  of  Paris, 
and  of  the  privy  council  of  Lewis  XIV. 

BELSUNCE,  the  benevolent  bishop  of  Mar- 
seilles, worthy  to  be  recorded  as  the  friend  and 
benefactor  of  mankind.  During  the  plague  ot 
1720,  he  was  constantly  visiting  his  poor  flock, 
to  w  liom  he  became  a  physician  and  an  almo- 
ner, as  well  as  a  spiritual  director.  He  died 
1755,  with  the  blessings  of  all  good  men  upon 
him. 

BELUS,  founder  of  the  Babylonian  empire, 
1322  B.  C.  He  was  deified  by  his  son  and  suc- 
cessor, Ninus. 

FELYN,  a  Britii^h  prince,  who  is  said  to  have 
served  under  the  fiunous  Caractacus. 

BELYN  O  LEYN,  a  British  chief,  illtisttiouB 


BE 


ftir  his  visorous  oppusition  to  the  attacks  of  Ed- 
win, ill  WO. 

UEMliO,  Peter,  a  Venetian  cardinal,  histo- 
rian, ami  poet,  l)orn,  1470,  ilied  1517. 

BE.Mii,  or  RESME,  a  domestic  of  the  Guises, 
born  in  Rohemia.  He  murdered  Coligni,  for 
wliicli  he  was  rewarded  by  tlie  cardinal  de  Lor- 
raine with  the  hand  of  one  of  his  daughters  ;  he 
was  afterwards  killed  by  the  Trotestants  in  1575. 

BEN  BOW,  John,  a  celebrated  English  admi- 
ral, born  1650,  died  of  his  wounds,  I'iO-i. 

liENBOW,  John,  son  of  the  admiral,  was 
shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  M.adagascar,  and 
livrtd  a  Ion?  time  among  the  natives  ;  he  after- 
wards escaped,  and  dioil  soon  after  his  return. 

BE.VCI,  or  BEiVCIO,  a  Jesuit  of  Italy,  author 
of  several  poems,  died  in  ]5'J4. 

I5ENCIRENNI,  Joseph,  died  at  Florence,  July 
31, 1808,  ;iged  80.  He  had  distinguishi'd  liimsclf 
bolh  in  the  belles  lettres  and  public  affairs  ;  had 
tilled  several  important  situations,  and  had  been 
director  of  the  sallery  at  Florence,  lie  wrote 
a  "  Historical  Essay"  on  that  gallery,  several 
eulotfies  of  illustrious  persons  in  Tuscany,  and 
a  "  Life  of  Dante,"  which  is  in  hi^h  estimation. 

BENDA,  George,  a  native  of  Bohemia,  was 
«listiMCuishcd  for  his  musical  talents.  He  died 
in  17ii5. 

BENDISH,  Bridget,  wife  of  Thomas  Bendish. 
Esq.,  was  the  daughter  of  General  Ireton,  and 
firand-daughter  of  Oliver  Cioinwcll.  In  many 
points,  her  character  strongly  resembled  his. 
She  possessed  strong  powers  of  mind,  and  a 
princely  dignity  of  manners,  which  ensured  re- 
spect and  admiration,  but  she  died  in  obscurity 
in  1727. 

BENDLOWES,  Edward,  .author  of  many 
poetical  pieces,  was  horn  in  UiK!,  and  died  in 
great  want,  arising  from  imprudence,  in  IRSG. 
He  was  a  great  patron  of  the  poets  of  liis  time, 
as  may  be  seen  by  the  many  dediintious  and 
poems  addressed  to  him.  The  chief  po(!m  writ- 
ten by  himsslf,  however,  is  entitled,  "Theophi- 
la;  or.  Love's  Sacrifice,"  folio,  16,j'2. 

BENEDETTO,  le,  or  BENEDICT  CASTIG- 
HONE,  a  native  of  Genoa,  known  as  the  pupil 
of  Pagi  Ferrara  and  Vandyke,  and  eminent  as 
a  painter  and  engraver,  died  in  1670. 

BENEDICT,  a  celebrated  abbot  of  theTth  cen- 
tury, of  a  noble  Sa.\on  family.  He  introduced 
many  improvements  in  architecture  into  Eng- 
landj  from  the  continent.  He  fotinded  two  mo- 
nasteries, and  was  canonized  after  his  death. 

BENEDICT  I.,  pope,  surnamed  Bonosus, 
succeeded  ,Tohn  HI.,  and  died  in  578 

BENEDICT  II.  succeeded  Leo  11.  in  the  pa- 
pa! chair  r>84,  and  di,id  in  085. 

BENEDICT  HI.  was  made  pope  after  Leo 
IV. ;  he  died  in  858. 

BENEDICT  IV.  died  in  903. 

BENEDICT  V,  was  elected  pope  in  opposi- 
tion to  Leo  VIII. :  he  was  carried  to  Hamburg 
by  the  emperor  Otho,  where  he  died  in  905. 

BENEDICT  VI.  was  strangled  by  his  rival, 
antipope  Boniface,  in  974. 

BENEDICT  VII.,  successor  to  Bonus  11.,  died 
in  9HH. 

BENEDICT  VIII.  was  opposed  by  Gregory, 
and  successfully  supported  by  the  emperor. 
Henry  II. ;  he  was  an  able  politician,  and  a 
brave  warrior ;  he  utterly  exterminated  the 
Saracens,  who  had  invaded  Italy  in  1016,  and 
died  1004. 

BENEDICT  IX.  was  elected  pope,  when  only 

12  vears  old,  by  the  intrigues  of  his  father, 

the  t'tike  of  Tusculura,  and  compelled  to  abdi- 

T  fi 


BE  

cate  by  the  Romans  on  accotmt  of  his  debauch- 
ery ;  he  died  UM. 

BKNEDK:T,  X.,  antipope,  was  placed  in  the 
papal  chair  by  some  factious  Romans,  but  liis 
election  was  disputed,  and  Nicliolas  11.  chOBeii 
in  his  place  ;  he  died  1059. 

BENEDICT  XI.,  Nicholas  Bacosin,  chosen 
pope  after  Boniface  VIH.,  was  poisoned  by  his 
cardinals  iii  i:!0D. 

BENEDICT  XII.,  James  de  Nouveau,  sur- 
named the  Bakrr,  a  doctor,  of  Paris,  and  cardi- 
nal, elected  to  the  chair,  in  I'SM.  His  conduct 
was  firm  and  dignified,  and  entitled  him  to  uni- 
versal resDoct ;  lie  died  in  l.'t4'2. 

BENEr3lCT,  XHI.,  a  native  of  Rome,  of  the 
noble  family  of  Ursini ;  was  a  domimcau  of  Ve- 
nice, and  bishop  uf  Bcnevento,  where  his  palare 
was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  and  he  narrow- 
ly escaped  ;  he  was  chosen  pope  Vri-l,  died  173tt. 

BENEDICT,  XIV.,  archbishop  of  Theodosia 
and  Bologna,  and  a  cardinal,  was  elected  pope, 
1740.  He  was  the  munilicent  patron  of  learned 
men,  encouraged  the  fine  arts,  a-.id  was  a  vigi- 
lant, impartial,  and  distinguislied  prelate  ;  he 
died  in  1758. 

BENEDICTUP,  Ale.xandcr,  an  Italian  anato- 
mist, of  the  15th  century. 

BENEFIELD,  Sebastian,  D.  D.,  an  Engli.^h 
divine,  and  tlieological  writer,  and  professor  of 
di\'inity  at  O.vlbrd,  died  in  1030. 

BENEZET,  St.,  asliepherd  of  Vivarais,  who 
pretended  to  be  inspired  to  build  the  bridge  of 
A  vii'non,  four  arclies  of  which  only  remain,  dieli 
in  1 184. 

BENEZET,  Anthony,  a  native  of  France, 
belonged  to  the  society  of  Friends ;  teacher  of 
the  Frieiids'  English  school  in  Philadelphia,  af- 
terwards of  the  blacks  ;  he  died  in  1784. 

BENHAD.'\D  I.,  king  of  Damascu.s  or  Syria, 
940,  B.  C. 

BENHAD.AlD  II.,  son  and  successor  of  the 
preceding,  900  B.  C  ,  slain  by  his  minister  Ha- 
zael,  wlio  succeeded  him. 

BENHADAD  III.,  succeeded  his  father,  Ha- 
zael,  S.IG  B.  C,  he  was  defeated  and  ruined  by 
Josi.ah,  king  of  Judah. 

BENI,  Paul,  a  native  of  the  island  of  Candia, 
and  proibseor  at  Padua,  died  i.T  102.5. 

BENINI,  Vincent,  a  native  of  Coloqua,  phy- 
sician at  Padua,  died  in  1764. 

EENTVIENI,  Jerome,  an  admired  poet  of 
Florence,  died  in  1519. 

BENJx\MIN,  youngest  of  the  twelve  sons  of 
Jacob,  born  about  1738  B.  C,  he  died  in  Egypt, 
aged  111  years. 

BENJAMIN,  a  rabbi,  of  Navarre,  who  travel- 
led over  the  world  to  e.xamine  tlie  synagogues 
and  ceremonies  of  liis  nation,  died  in  1173. 

BENNAVIDIO,  Marcus  Mantua,  professor  of 
law  at  Paihia,  highly  esteemed  by  Charles  V. 
and  |wpc  Pius  IV. ;  he  died  in  1582. 

BENNET,  Henry,  earl  of  Arlington,  a  xeal- 
ous  royalist,  during  the  civil  wars,  was,  after  the 
restoration,  minister  to  Madrid,  and  .secretary  of 
slate  to  Charles  II.,  and  afterwards  his  chainber 
lain :  he  died  in  1685. 

BENNET,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  native  of  Salisbu 
ry,  was  an  eloquent  and  popular  preacher,  at 
Colche.ster,  and  afterwards  in  I.,onduii ;  he  died 
in  1728. 

BENNET,  Christopher,  a  distinguished  phy- 
sician, of  London,  and  a  writer  on  medical  sub- 
jects, died  fn  10.55. 

BENNET,  Robert,  B  D.,  rector  of  Waddes- 
den,  Bucks,  .author  of  a  ilieological  concord- 
ance, died  in  1G87. 

65 


RK 

BEiNNET,  Uicliaril,  siicietdwi  Sir  William 
Berkley  as  governor  oi"  tin;  colony  of  Virginia 
niid  retaiiifcrt  tiie  place  until  1054,  when  lie  wm 
appointed  an  aL'ciit  of  the  colony  to  England. 

BE.NOJT,  Elie,  a  protuslantniinistor  of  Paris, 
who  fled  l<i  Holland  on  tlie  rovocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nauti'i- ;  he  died  in  1728. 

BEi'IOIT,  father,  a  I'jarned  Rlaronite,  cdiica- 
led  at  Koine,  was  profe^^sor  of  Hebrew  at  Pisn, 
.ind  died  in  174'J. 

BEJ\SERAI>i;,  Isaac  de,  a  French  poet  of 
the  17ili  century,  hi.rn  at  Lyons,  near  Rouen, 
died  ir,90. 

BKNHON,  Dr.  George,  a  very  distinguished 
pastor  among  the  Enelioli  dissenters,  was  horu 
iitGrcHtf-alkpld,inCnniberland,  1091),  and  diedi 
J7fi3.  lu  17-10  he  beciunc  colleague  with  Dr.' 
Lardner,  at  C'rutched  Fiiars,  and,  on  his  death, 
had  the  .^ole  pastorship  intrusted  to  him.  Of  hi.s 
A'ritines,  the  principal  are  "  A  Defence  of  the 
Reasonableness  of  Prayer  ;"  "  An  Illu^ration 
of  such  of  St.  Paul's  Epistles  as  Mr.  Locke  had 
not  E.xplained  ;"  "  A  History  of  the  First  Plant- 
inc  of  Christianity,"  2  vcds.  4lo.  "  Tracts  on 
Pei.^erulion  ;"  and  "  A  life  of  Christ." 

BENT,  John  Van  de,  a  native  of  Amsterdam, 
whose  land.scapes  are  much  admired ;  he  died! 
in  lorifl. 

BENTHA5I,  Thomas,' bishop  of  Litchfield 
and  Coventry,  under  Elizabeth,  died  in  1578. 

BKXTHAM,  Edward,  an  English  divine,] 
professor  of  divinity  at  Oxford,  died  in  1776. 

BEXTHAM,  James,  prebendary  of  Ely,  and 
rector  of  Bow  Krickhill,  in  the  county  of  Buck- 
ingham, well  known  in  the  learned  world  as 
author  of  "  The  History  and  Atitiriuities  of  the 
Conventual  and  Cathedral  Church  of  Ely;" 
lie  was  born  in  El  v,  1718.  and  died  Nov.  17, 1794. 

BENTICK,  William,  first  ear!  of  Portland, 
the  early  and  devoted  friend  of  William  of 
Orange,  came  with  him  to  England,  and  was  by 
hijii  ennobled;  in;  died  in  ITO'J. 

BKNTICK,  William  Henry  Cavendish,  third 
duke  of  Fortiand,  chancellor  of  tlie  university 
of  0.\ford,  secretarj'  of  stale  ibr  the  home  de- 
partment, and  first  lord  of  the  treasury,  died 
1609. 

BENTrVOGLTO,  Guy,  cardinal,  born  at 
Ferrara,  in  1579,  died  1044.  He  h:is  left  several 
works  ;  the  most  remarkable  of  which  are,  liisj 
"  History  of  the  Civil  Wars  of  Flanders,"  his 
••  Account  of  Flanders,"  and  his  "  Letters  and 
Memoirs." 

EENTFV'OGLIO,  HercTiles,  distinguished  asl 
a  poet,  was  a  native  of  Bologna,  esteemed  andi 
fiatronised  by  the  duke  of  Ferrara,  his  relation, 
ilii'd  in  1583. 

BENTLET,  Richard,  an  eminent  critic  and 
divine,  born  at  Wakefield,  Yorkshire,  in  IfiW,! 
died  1742.  His  literary  character  is  known  in, 
ail  parts  of  Europe  wherever  learning  is  known.  I 
In  his  private  character,  he  was  hearty,  sin-! 
cere,  and  warm  in  his  friendships :  loved  hos- 
pitality and  respect ;  nr.d  in  conversation,  he! 
te'nipered  the  hard-mouthed  severity  of  the  critic! 
witli  a  pecnliarstrain  of  vivacity  and  pleasantry.; 
BENTLEY,Thnmas,nephcw  to  the  preceding,' 
author  of  "  The  Wishes,"  a  comedy,  and  other 
d»amatic  pieces,  died  1782.  ' 

BEXTLEY,  William,  D.  D.,  a  minister  of  a 
I'burchin  Salem,  was  distinguished  as  a  scholar, 
philosopher,  and  politician.  He  edited  the  Es- 
sex Register  nearly  twenty  years,  and  died  in 
1819.  I 

BENVENUTI,  Charles,  a  Jesuit,  of  Leghorn, 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Rome,  died  in  1789. 
66 


BE 

.  IJENW'ELL,  William,  an  able  ami  distin- 
CHlshi'd  English  divitie,  and  an  elegant  scholar, 
died  in  l"9(i. 

BENYOWSKY,  Count  Mauritius  Augiistiia 
de,  an  extraordinary  adventurer,  born  in  1741, 
at  Verbowa,  in  Hungary,  and  killed  at  the  isle 
of  France,  May  23,  '1786.  His  very  eventful 
life  has  been  published  in  2  vols.  4to  ;  but  a 
good  abstract  of  it  will  be  found  in  Mr.  CInI- 
mer's  Biographical  Dictionary,  32  vols.  8vo. 
Our  limits  preilnde  even  an  analysis  of  it. 

BF.XZELll  S,  Eric,  an  obscure  native  of 
West  Gothland, who,  by  his  great  merit,  became 
tutor  to  the  sons  of  the  ciiancellor  of  Sweden, 
and  archbishop  of  Upsal ;  he  died  in  1709. 

BENZIO,  Trifone,  an  elegant  Italian  poet_, 
called  by  his  cotemporaries  tlic  Socrates  oi 
Koine  ,  he  died  about  1.J70. 

BEOTEO,  Angelo,  snmamed  Ruzzante,  a 
poet,  boni  at  Padua,  died  in  1542. 

BLKAULD,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Orleans,  of 
the  Ititli  century,  eminent  for  his  great  learning, 
and  his  aciiuaiutance  with  Erasmus  and  other 
learned  men. 

BERCHET,  Peter,  a  French  painter,  died  in 
1720. 

BBRCHEUR,  Peter,  a  benedictine,  translator 
of  Livy,  bv  order  of  king  John  of  France,  died 
in  13fi2. 

BEKENGARIUS,  Jacobus,  a  surgeon,  emi- 
nent for  an  original  mode  of  practice,  in  parti- 
cular c.-<ses,  died  in  1527. 

BEKENGER,  archdeacon  of  Angers,  died  in 
1088. 

BERENGERI,sonofEl)erard,dukeofFriulo, 
caused  himself  to  be  proclaimed  king  of  Italy, 
and  afterwards  emperor  of  Germany ;  he  was 
opposed  by  rivals  during  his  reign,  and  finally 
a.ssa.«sinated  in  924.  His  grandson,  Berenger  U., 
kine  of  Iialv,  died  in  9C6. 

BEREXGEK,  Peter,  a  disciple  of  Abelard, 
and  opposer  of  St.  Bernard. 

BERENICE,  daughter  of  the  king  of  Judea, 
and  wife  of  Polemon,  king  of  Cilicia. 

BERENICIUS,  a  knife  grinder  and  chimney 
sweep,  in  Holland,  1G70,  wonderful  for  his  re- 
tentive memor}-.  He  could  repeat  by  heirt 
Virgil,  Horace,  Homer,  Aristophanes,  Cicero, 
:  and  could  translate,  extempore,  into  Latin  and 
Greek. 

!  BERETIN,  Peter,  a  native  of  Tuscany,  emi- 
nent lis  a  painter,  died  in  1C69. 

BERG,  Matthias  Vanden.  a  painter,  the  drs- 
ciple  of  Rubens,  died  in  1G87. 
i     BERG,  John  Peter,  a  divine,  born  at  Bremer,, 
died  in  If  Of). 

i     BERGA.MO,  James  Philip  de,  an  Augustine 
monk,  amthor  of  aLatin  chronicle  of  the  world, 
from  the  creation  to  his  own  time,  1434. 
I     BKRGHFM,  Nicolas,  a  painter  of  Haerlem, 
■  died  in  l(if'4. 

BERGIER,  Nicolas, historiographer  of  France, 
and  author  of  a  history  of  the  great  roads  of  the 
RoiiKin  empire,  died  in  1G23. 

BERGIER,  Nicolas  Sylvester,  a  principal  of 
the  college  of  Besancon,  professor  of  theology, 
and  canon  of  Paris  cathedral :  and  had  he  cho- 
sen, niiL'ht  have  obtained  higher  preferments  : 
he  died  in  1790. 

BERGLER,  Etienne,  a  learned  German  cri- 
tic of  tlie  18th  century ;  he  died  a  Mahometan, 
in  Turkev. 

BERGIMAN,  Torbem,  a  distinguished  phy- 
sician and  chymist,  of  Sweden,  afterwards  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  and  natural  philosophy, 
and  rector  of  the  university  at  Upsal,  died  1781 


HE 

ttiuniatics  .'iiicl  natural  pUilosopliy,  and  rectoi 
of  tlii^  luiivoisity  at  ITjisal,  ilied  in  J7H4. 

BKKHi.MU),  (laiKje,  proressorofpliilosopliy 
at  l':iilii;i  ami  I'isa,  died  iultjf)3 

BKltlMG,  Vitus,  professor  at  Copeiiliagen, 
liistorioi^rajilier  to  tliu  kiiiH,  and  eminent  as  a 
Latin  poet,  in  tliu  IVtli  century 

BEiilXc;,  Vitus,  a  native  of  Denmark,  and 
r.oniniodoro  in  the  service  of  Russia.  lie  was 
employed  in  explorins  tlie  north  coasts  of  Anie- 
rica,  where  he  died,  after  liaving  made  some  im- 
portant discoveries.  Bering's  island  and  strait, 
Jleilve  til  ■  name  from  him. 

BEUKF.hEV,  Dr.  Georjie,  tlie  learned  and 
ingenious  hishop  of  Cloyne,  in  Ireland,  v.-as  born 
in  that  kimidom,  at  Kilerin,  near  Tliomastown, 
the  l-3th  of  .March,  l(i84,  and  died  Jan.  J4,  1753. 
The  e.xcelltiice  of  his  moral  character  is  con- 
spicuous in  his  writings,  whicli  were  chiefly  in 
rteferice  of  the  Uliristiau  religion  against  Athe- 
ists and  Infidels.  His  philosophical  discoveries, 
particularly  of  the  medical  virtues  of  tar- water, 
were  nf  great  scr\  ice  to  manki\Kl.  Dr.  li.  was 
certainly  a  very  amiabU;,  as  well  as  a  very  great 
man ;  and  Pope  is  scarcely  thought  lo  have  said 
too  much  when  he  ascribes  to 

"Berkeley  every  virtue  under  Heav'n." 

BERKELEY,  George,  L.  L.  D.,  second  son 
of  the  bishop  of  Cloyne,  was  an  eminent  Eng- 
Jish  divine,  chancollor  of  Brecknock,  and  pre- 
bendary of  Canterbury  cathedral ;  he  died  1795. 

BERKELEY,  George,  earl  of,  a  privy  coun- 
sellor of  Charles  li.,  descended  from  the  royal 
faniilv  of  Denmark,  died  in  1698. 

BERKELEY,  Sir  William,  vice  admiral  of 
the  white,  fell  in  a  dreadful  engagement  with 
the  Dutch  in  1GG6. 

BERKELEY,  George,  bishop  of  Cloyne,  in 
IrelHiHl,a  distinguished  benefactor  of  Yale  Col- 
lege ;  an  author  of  great  reputation,  denied  the 
e.vistonce  of  matter ;  visited  America,  but  died 
in  Ireland,  in  175^. 

BEIMvJIFA'DE.V,  .lob  and  Gerard,  two  Dutch 
painter.',  of  Haerlem,  the  first  of  whom  was 
drowiii=il  in  10(18,  the  other  died  in  lOtC!. 

BERKLEY,  Sir  William,  a  native  of  London, 
was  governor  of  the  colony  of  Virginia,  and 
wrote  an  account  of  the  country ;  he  died  in 
England,  in  1077. 

BERKLEY,  William,  royal  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia, nearly  forly  years ;  in  general  "  an  excel- 
lent governor,"  although  atraclied  to  the  royal 
jireroirative ;  he  died  in  En;:land,  in  1677. 

BERKLEY,  Norlxirue,  baron  de  Botetourt,  a 
governor  of  Virginia,  and  patron  of  William 
and  Marv  College  :  he  died  in  1770. 

BERKENHOUT,  Dr.  John,  distingnisliod 
in  the  literary  world  for  his  productions  in 
various  sciences.  He  had  experienced  many 
ditferent  situations  in  life,  having  in  his  youth 
been  a  captain  both  in  the  Prussian  and  English 
service  ;  and  in  the  year  1765,  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  M.  D.  at  Leyden.  He  went  with  the 
commissioners  to  America,  where  he  was  im- 
prisoned by  the  congress;  on  which  account  he 
aftirrwards  enjoyed  a  pension  from  government, 
and  died  April  3,  1791,  ased  60. 

BERNAERT,  Nicasuis,  a  Dutch  painter,dicd 
in  1603. 

BERNARD,  St.,  one  of  the  fathers  of  the 
church,  born  1001,  in  the  village  of  Fontaine, 
in  Burgundy,  died  11.53,  after  having  founded 
160  monasteries,  wrought  innumerable  miracles, 
and  become  one  of  the  great  saints  of  xhe  Ro- 
mish communion. 


BE 

BERNARD,  Sir  Thomas,  a  philanthropist, 
born  at  Lincoln,  1750.  He  was  bred  to  the  mw. 
and  in  l'/^5  was  appointed  treasuror  to^lie 
Foundling  Hospital ;  the  estates  belongingUo 
which,  were  vastly  improved  by  his  manage- 
ment. He  was  the  chief  institutor  of  "Tit 
Society  for  bettering  the  condition  of  the  Poor.7 
lie  also  promoted  various  other  societies  amli 
charities,  iiartituiarly  the  Royal  Institution,  the' 
British  Gallery,  &c.  &c.,  and  died  at  Leaming- 
loti,  Spa,  Warwickshire,  1818. 

BERN.VRD,  of  Menthon,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Savoy,  founder  of  two  monasteries  in  the  pass- 
is  of  ihe  Alps,  for  the  relief  of  pilgrims  and 
tiavellors,  which  still  remain  as  monuments  of 
his  benevolence  ;  born  in  923. 

BERNARD,  Edward,  Savilian  professor  of 
astronomy,  at  Oxford,  which  he  resigned  for  the 
living  of  Brightwell,  was  distinguished  early  in 
life,  for  his  profound  classical  actiuireraents,  and 
his  intense  ajjplication  to  his  studies  ;  a  charac- 
ter which  he  maintained  till  his  deatJi  in  1096. 

BERNARD,  .lames,  of  Geneva,  professor  at 
the  Hague,  and  afterwards  minister  at  Leyden, 
died  in  1718. 

BERNARD,  Catherine,  a  native  of  Rouen, 
wrote  poetry  with  ease  and  elegance,  and  ob- 
tained the  poetical  prize,  at  the  French  acade- 
my, 3  limes,  and  a  pension  from  Lewis  XIV. ; 
she  died  in  171-2. 

BERNARD,  a  hermit,  who,  at  the  close  of  the 
10th  century,  alarmed  the  public  by  predicting 
the  immediate  end  of  the  world. 

BERNARD,  Francis,  gov.  of  New-Jersey, 
afterwards  of  Massachusetts.  His  zeal  for  the 
authority  of  the  crown,  contributed  to  hasten 
t'lc  revolution.  He  was  recalled,  and  died  in 
1779. 

BERNARD,  Sir  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  for  many  years  employed  in  the  manage- 
ment of  different  charities,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  a  constant  attention  to  tlieir  improve- 
ment, no  less  than  by  his  pure  philantiiropy ; 
he  died  in  1818 

BERNARD,  a  painter  of  eminence  at  Brus- 
sels, in  the  16th  century. 

BERNARD,  Peter  Joseph,  a  native  of  Greno- 
ble, author  of  some  operas,  and  other  lighter 
pieces,  which,  for  their  ease  and  elegance,  pro- 
cured him  the  name  of  le  gentil  Bernard.  He 
lieil  in  1775. 

BERNARD,  Dr.  Francis,  physician  to  Jamea 
H.,  eminent  for  his  learning,  and  for  his  valua- 
ble collection  of  books,  died  in  1697. 

BERNARD,  Richard,  an  English  clergyman, 
author  of  a  valuable  concordance  of  the  bible, 
died  in  1641. 

BERNARD,  Samuel,  a  historical  painter, 
ied  at  Pari^',  in  1687.     His  son,  of  the  same 
name,  was,  ou  account  of  his  riclics,  called  the 
Luculkis  of  his  .age. 

BERNA'ID,  John  Baptiste,  an  ecclesiastic, 
died  1772. 

BERNARDI,  John,  an  artist  of  Italy,  of  ex- 
traordinary skill  in  cutting  crystals,  died  in 
1,555. 

BERNARDINE,  an  ecclasiastic,  and  very 
popular  preacher,  born  at  Massar.  He  was  the 
founder  of  300  iiKmasteries  in  Italy,  land  was 
canoni7.e<l  by  pope  Nicholas  ;  he  died  in  1444. 

BERN.\ZZ,\NO,  an  eminent  painter,  of  Mi- 
lan, til  the  IGth  century ;  a  fruit  piece  of  his  is 
said  to  have  been  destroyed  by  the  frequent 
peeking  of  birds. 

BERNERS,  Juliana,  prioress  of  Sopeweil 
nunnery,  near  St.  Alban's,  one  of  the  earliest 
67 


bt: 


BK 


fcnjalf  writers  in  Eiicluiid,  was  dauyliUr  ol"Sir|!a;e  ol  Alexaiidoi  tlie  Great,  wrott  a  liisturj'  (if 


James  Berners,  of  II'  ding  Beriicrs,  in  E 
(who  was  beheaded  in  the  reign  of  Kichard  11.)  I 
She  waa  very  beautiful,  of  preal  spirit,  and  loved 
»!iasculine  exercises,  such  as  hawkinj.',  hunting, 
ice. ,  and  so  llioiouj;hly  was  slie  skilled  in  theui, 
thatshe\vrotelreati.<esol  hunting,  hawkint;,  and 
heraldry,  printed  at  St.  Alban's,  folio,  148ti.  She 
was  born  about  the  beginning  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury, but  the  time  of  her  decease  is  unknown. 
Nothing  can  more  strongly  mark  the  barbarism  of 
the  times  in  which  she^ived,  than  the  Indelicate 
♦"xpressions  used  by  this  lady,  equally  incompati- 
ble wilh  her  sex  and  profession. 

BERNI.V,  or  BEKNI.  Francis,  an  ecclesiastic, 
of  Florence,  distinguished  for  his  satirical  poems, 
died  in  154:'. 

BERNIER,  Francis,  sumamed  the  Mogul,  on 
acconni  of  his  voyases  and  residence  in  the  Mo- 
gul's countri',  horn  at  Angers,  in  France,  died  at 
Par^s,  IGm 

BERNIER,  John,  a  native  of  Blois,  physician 
to  some  of  the  roval  famiiv,  died  in  IHCS. 

BERNINI,  orBERNIN,  John  Lawrence, 
commonly  called  Cavaliero  Bcrnin,  horn  at 
Naples,  was  famous  for  his  skill  in  painting,, 
sculpture,  architecture,  and  mechanics;  and 
died  at  Rome,  1660. 

BERNIS,  cardinal,  one  of  the  most  remarka- 
ble men  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XV.,  as  a  courtier, 
a  man  of  letters,  and  a  negotiator,  was  born  1714, 
and  died  at  Rome,  November,  1794. 

BERNOULLI,  James,  a  native  of  Basil,  was 
a  celebrated  mathematician  and  professor.  His 
discoveries  in  mathematics,  particularly  the  pro- 
perties of  the  curve,  have  immortalized  his 
name  ;  he  died  in  1705. 

BERNOULLI,  John,  brother  to  James,  was 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Groningen,  and  af- 
terwards at  Basil,  where  he  died  in  1748.  He 
was  equally  disliiiguished  as  his  brother,  and; 
eii.ioyed  fhe-friendship  of  Newton,  Leibnitz, | 
and  the  other  great  men  of  Europe. 

BERNOUILLI,  Daniel,  a  very  celebrated 
philosopher  and  mathematician,  born  at  Gro- 
ningen, February  9,  1700,  died  in  March,  1782.! 
He  was  extremely  respected  at  Basil ;  and  toj 
bow  to  Daniel  Bernouilli  when  they  met  him  iin 
the  streets,  was  one  of  the  first  iessoiis  whichj 
every  faiher  gave  his  children. 

BEIlNSTORFF,John  IlartiiiffErneft.  count,! 
descended  from  a  noble  family  in  ll.inover ;  af-j 
ter  tiavolling  over  Europe,  be  sculcd  in  Den- 
mark, where  he  became  the  friend  and  favourite 
of  Christian  VI..  his  ambassador  abroad,  and 
finally  liis  prime  minister,  hi  this  situation,  he; 
successfiiUy  devoled  the  whole  energies  of  his; 
powerful  mind  to  the  iniprovcraeniof  his  adoptedl 
country,  and  after  a  life  devoted  to  ihe  prosperity  j 
and  honour  of  Denmark,  died  at  Hamburg,  1772. 

BEKNSTORFF,  count  de,  a  celebraieu  stales 


Chaldea,  some  fragments  of  which  are  pre»trved 
in  Jo.sephus. 

BKBCiUIN,  Arnaud,  a  French  miscellaneous 
writer,  whose  priiuipal  works  are  well  known 
in  tlii;  country,  was  born  at  Bordcau.t,  about 
1740,  and  died,  December  21,  ]7'.ll.  He  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  "  Idyls,"  but  is  nmch 
better  kntwii  among  us  by  his  "Ami  des  Enfans, 
(The  Children's  Friend,)"  which  has  been  trans- 
lated into  many  languages,  and  was  honouied 
with  the  prize  given  by  the  French  acadeniy  tor 
the  most  useful  book  that  appeared  in  17H4. 

BERQUIN,  Lewis  dt,  a  gentleman  of  Artois, 
known  as  a  courtier  at  the  co  irt  of  France,  was, 
as  a  protestant,  twice  imprisoned  by  the  papists, 
and  finally  strangled  and  burnt  in  1569.  He  was 
tlie friend  of  Erasmus. 

BERKETOUl,  Nicholas,  a  painter,  died  in 
16S2.    His  historical  pieces  are  much  adniirefl, 

BERRIMAN,  William,  D.  H:,  chaplain  to 
the  bishop  of  London,  and  rector  of  St.  An- 
drew, Undershaft,  died  in  1750. 

BKRRUYER,  Joseph  Isaac,  a  Jesuit,  died  in 
1758.    liis  writings  are  on  theological  subjtcfs. 

BERRY,  Sir  John,  was  a  distinguished  naval 
officer  of  England,  who  saved  James  II.,  when 
duke  of  York,  from  shijjwreck,  at  tlie  nioutlt  of 
the  Hiimber  ;  he  died  in  1601. 

BERRYAT,  John,  a  physician  at  Paris,  died 
in  1754. 

EERSMANN,  George,  a  German ;  among 
other  works,  he  translatwl  the  Psalms  of  David 
into  Latin  verse  ;  be  died  in  1611. 

BERTAUD,  John,  chaplain  to  Catherine  de 
Medicis,  and  bishop  of  Seez,  died  in  1611. 

BERTHEAU,  Charles,  a  French  protestant, 
admitted  minister  at  tlie  svnod  of  Vigan,  died  in 
1732. 

BERTHET,  John,  a  learned  Jesuit  of  Pro- 
vence, died  in  16!)2. 

BERTHIER,  Guillaume  Francois,  a  Jesuit, 
known  as  the  conductor  of  the  Journal  of  Tre- 
vau.\  for  many  years ;  afterwards  librarian 
royal,  and  preceptor  to  Lewis  XVJ.  and  his  bro- 
ther; he  died  in  ]7f-2. 

BERTHOLET-FLAMEEL,  Bartholomew,  a 
painter  of  Leige,  settled  at  Paris,  died  in  1675. 

BERTHOLON,  N..  aneminentFronch  writer, 
professornf  medicineal  Montpelier,  died  in  1799. 

BEKTHUUD;  Ferdinand,  an  eminent  me- 
chanic, born  at  Plancemont,  in  Neufchatel,  died 
in  ](*07. 

BERTI,  John  Laurence,  a  learned  Augustine 
monU.of  Tuscany,  author  of  several  voluminobs 
French  works,  died  at  Pisa,  in  17fi6. 

BERTIER,  John  Stephen,  a  native,  aHj  au- 
thor, of  Provence,  died  in  1783. 

BERTIN,  Nicholas,  a  painter,  born  at  P.Tris, 
patronised  by  Lewis  XIV.  and  the  duke  of  Ba- 
varia, died  in  I'^H.    His  pieces  wliich  are  pre- 


man,  and  manv  vears  prime-minister  of  Den-  served,  possess  great  merit, 
mark,  was  borii  in  Denmark  1735:  he  concili-  BERTIN, Exupere Joseph,  a nativeof  France, 
atcd,  in  his  high  ofiii:e,  the  love  and  esteem  of  for  some  tinje  physician  to  the  hospodar  of  Wal- 
all  men,  and  died.  June  21, 1797.  '  lacliia  :  he  returned  io  France,  and  there  pub- 

BEHOAT.DT'S,  Philip,  of  a  noble  family  of  jihshedjus  Osteology  ;  he  died  in  1781 
Bologna,  was  professor  of  belles  lettres  tliere, 
till  his  death  in  150.5. 

BEROAI.DUS.  Philip,  librarian  to  the  Vati- 
can under  Leo  X.,  was  a  succp.=sful  writer  of 
paneuvrifs,  epiirams.  &c. ;  he  died  in  1518. 

BTROALDUS,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Paris, 
died  a  Calvinisf,  at  Geneva,  in  1.584. 

BERO  ALDUS,  Francis,  son  of  Matthew,  died 
in  1612. 

LEROSUS,  priest  of  Belua,  at  Babylon,  in  the 
68 


BERTIN,  Anthony,  a  French  officer,  and  a 
poet  of  some  merit,  died  at  St.  Domingo,  in  1790. 
BKRTINAZZl,  Charles,  an  actor  of  merit  in 
the  Italian  theatre,  died  in  1783. 

BERTH'S,  Peter,  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Leyden,  afterwards  of  mathematics  at  Paris, 
ai-d  cosniographer  to  the  king  ;  he  died  in  1629. 
I  PERTON.  Peter  Montan  ie,  an  eminent  mu- 
l-ician,  settled  at  Paris,  and  emjiloyed  as  inana- 
l£er  of  Uio  cferas  tiiere,  died  in  1780. 


BE 


BE 


BERTRADE,daugh!ei-  of  the  couul  of  Mont- 
fort,  a;i(l  wife  of  ilip  coiiii!  of  Anjou,  from  whom 
she  wa-s  divorceil,  to  marry  Philip  I.  of  FraiKe. 

BKKTRAM,  Cornel.  Bouaventure,  a  nalivi; 
of  Poitou,  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Genoa  and 
Lansanne,  di«d  in  1704. 

BERTR.-^M,  Jolni,  a  farmer  of  Pennsylvania, 
who,  tiy  intense  applicution,  rose  to  ereal  emi- 
nence lis  a  botaniol.  Ijinna;us  is  said  to  have 
declared  him  the  greatest  natural  botanist  in  the 
world  ;  he  died  in  1777. 

BERTRAND,  John  Baptist,  a  physician 
known  for  his  intcresling  account  of  the  plague 
at  Marseilles,  died  in  1752. 

BERTRAND,  Nicl;olas,  a  physician  of  dis 
tinctioii  at  Paris,  died  in  1780. 

BERULLE,  Peter,  a  celebrated  cardinal,  who 
founded  the  congregation  of  the  Oratory  in 
France.  He  was  born  near  Troves,  in  Cham- 
pagne, 1575,  greatly  distinguished  himself  by  his 
piety,  his  moral  virtues,  and  his  learning,  and 
died  while  performing  mass  at  the  altar,  Octo 
ber  2,  1629. 

BERWICK,  James  Fitz  Jani,->s,  Duke  of,  a 
natural  son  of  James  n.  by  Arabella  Churchill 
born  .\ugusl  21,  lfi70.  He  was  one  of  the  great 
est  generals  of  his  age  ;  and,  fm-  liis  services  to 
the  crown  of  France,  was,  in  the  year  170lj, 
created  mareschal  of  that  kingdom.  "  It  was 
impossible,"  says  Montesquieu,  "  to  behold  him, 
and  not  to  love  virtue,  so  evident  was  traniiuil- 
lity  and  happiness  in  his  soul.  He  loved  his 
friends.  He  used  to  render  them  services,  with- 
out mentioning  them.  It  was  an  invisible  hatid 
that  served  you.  He  had  a  great  fund  of  reli- 
gion, and  was  fond  of  the  clergy,  but  would  not 
be  governed  by  tliein.  No  man  ever  practised 
religion  so  nmch,  and  talked  of  it  so  little.  He 
never  spoke  ill  of  any  one,  nor  bestowed  any 
praise  upon  those  whom  he  did  not  think  de- 
served it.  In  the  work  of  Plutarch  I  have  seen, 
at  a  distance,  what  great  men  were ;  in  him  1 
behold,  at  a  nearer  view,  what  they  are.' '  He 
died  A.  D.  1734,  in  the  field  of  glory,  being 
killed  at  the  siege  of  Philipsburgh.  He  left  be- 
hind him  his  "  Memoirs,"  avery  valuable  work. 

BERYLLUS,  a  bishop  of  Arabia  in  the  3d 
centnr}'. 

BESLER,  Basil,  of  Nuremberg,  adistinguished 
botanical  writer,  was  born  in  l.Wl. 

I5EvSLEY,  John,  a  learned  French  antiqua- 
rian, and  king's  advocate,  died  in  1644. 

B  ESOGNE,  Jerome,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
and  author  of  a  history  of  Port  Royal,  &c.,died 
in  1763. 

BESOLDE,  Christo])her,  a  professor  of  law 
at  Tubingen,  died  in  1(138. 

BESPLAS,  Joseph  Mary  Anne  Gros  de,  a 
doctor  of  the  Sorhonne,  known  as  an  eloquent 
preacher,  died  in  1783. 

BESSARION,  a  native  of  Trebizond,  titular 
patriarch  of  Constantinople,  and  a  cardinal,  il- 
lustrious as  one  of  tlie  restorers  of  karoing  in 
the  15th  century.  He  died  of  grief,  in  conse- 
quence of  being  pros-sly  insulted  by  Lewis  XI., 
while  an  ambassador  at  his  court. 

BESSET,  Henry  de,  comptroller  of  public 
works  in  France,  and  author  of  the  history  of 
the  campaign  of  Rocroi :  he  died  in  1693. 

BETHAM,  Edward,  B.  D.,  fellow  of  King's 
College,  and  afterwards  of  Eton  College,  was  a 
liberal  donor  to  the  university. 

BETHKNCOURT,  Jean  dc,  discovered  the 
Canary  Islands,  and  conquered  them  with  the 
aid  of  Henry  HI.  of  Castile. 

BETHUNE,   Pliilip  de,   ambassador   frora 


!''ranco  to  Rome,  Scotland,  and  Germany,  i 

in  1649. 

BETIS,  governor  of  Gaza,  cruelly  treated  1 
.■\lexan<lrr,  for  bravely  defAidiiig  the  jMaco. 

BETTERTON,  'i'homas,  a  famous  Englisif 
actor,  generally  styled  the  English  Roscius,  bnni*> 
in  Tothill-streel,  Westminster,  103.5,  made  liis 
tint  appearance  on  the  stage,  in  1650  or  1657,  at 
tile  opera-house,  in  Charter-house  Yard,  under 
(he  direction  of  Sir  William  D'Avenant;  and, 
iiaving,  for  many  years,  borne  away  the  palm 
from  all  his  competitors,  died  April,  1710,  ami 
was  interred  in  Wesininster  Abbey.  See  Cib- 
lier's  Apology,  Tattler,  No.  167,  and  Davies' 
Dramatic  Miscellanies,  for  a  particular  account 
of  this  eminent  man. 

BETTINELEI,  Xavier,  an  Italian  Jesuit,  was 
a  teacher  in  France,  and,  on  the  suppression  of 
his  order  became  a  prolessor  of  rhetoric  at  Mo- 
dena.     He  died  180?. 

BETTl.M,  Dominico,  an  eminent  painter  of 
Florence,  ilied  in  1705. 

BET'l't?,  J.)hii,  M.  D.,  physician  to  the  king 
after  the  restoration. 

BETUSSI,  Joseph,  an  Italian  poet,  of  Bassa- 
no,  horn  in  1520. 

BKVERIDGE,  William,  a  learned  English 
divine,  bisliop  of  St.  Asaph,  born  at  Barroxv,  in 
T.cicestershire,  1638,  died  1707,  leaving  behind 
him  many  learned  and  valuable  works. 

BEVERLAND,  Hadrian,  anative  of  Zealand, 
known  for  liis  great  abilities,  his  profligacy,  and 
the  immorality  and  obscenity  of  his  writings; 
the  time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

BEVER  LEY,  John,  abbot  of  St.  Hilda,  bishop 
of  Hexham,  and  archbishop  of  York,died  in  721. 

BEVERLY,  R.,  a  native  of  Virginia,  and  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  that  colony. 

BEVERNINCK,  Jerome  Van,  an  able  Dutch 
statesman,  ambassador  to  Cromwell,  died  in 
1690. 

BEVERWICK,  John  de,  a  distinguished  phy- 
sician, and  able  writer  of  Dordrecht,  died  in 
1647. 

BEWICK,  John,  of  great  excellence  in  the 
art  of  engraving  on  wood,  and  brother  to  Tho- 
mas Bewick,  an  artist  of  equal  or  superior  me- 
rit, still  living.  These  ingenious  brothers  have 
carried  their  art  to  a*  state  of  perfection  which 
will  not  easily  be  surpassed.  The  first  work 
that  attracted  the  notice  of  the  public,  and  at 
once  established  their  reputation,  was,  a  "  His- 
tory of  Quadrupeds,"  8vo.,  179(i,  with  figures 
on  wood.  It  was  eagerly  sought  after  by  the 
curious,  and  has  been  followed  by  many  other 
proofs  of  their  abilities,  the  last  of  which  is,  a 
"  History  of  British  Birds,"  8vo.,  1797 ;  on  wliich 
John  was  engaged  in  conjunction  with  his  bro- 
ther, when  a  consumption  carried  him  off,  De- 
lemiier  ,i,  1795. 

BEUF,  John  le,  a  learned  antiquary,  and 
member  of  the  academy  of  belles  lettres,  at  Pa- 
ris, a  writer  on  the  history  and  topography  of 
France,  died  in  1760. 

BEURS,  William,  a  celebrated  Dutch  painter 
of  flowers,  landscapes  and  portraits,  born  in 
165C. 

BEXON,  Scipio,  assisted  Buflxin  in  his  natu- 
ral history,  and  was  himself  an  author;  he  died 
at  Paris,  in  1784. 

BEYS,  Charles  de,  a  French  poet,  died  in 
1656. 

BEYSSER,  John  Michael,  in  early  life  a  tra- 
veller, afterwards  a  general  in  the  French  revo- 
lution ;  he  was  executed,  without  an  adequate 
'cause,  in  1794. 

80 


• lU 

BKZA,  Tlieodore,  a  most  zealous  pronioti-i 

ati(]  defender  of  the  reformed  thiirch,  liorii  a 

Vezclai,  in  Rureundy,  .Iiuic  04,  1510,  died  1005 
BEZIEI(.c<,  MiclAcl,  un  ccclesiaBtic,  known 

for  liis  laborious  researches  in  history  and  ami 

quity,  died  in  178-. 
BKZOUT,  Stephen,  a  writer  on  mathematics, 

navigation,  and  algebra,  died  in  178.1. 
BIANCVM,  Joseph,  a  Jesuit  and  matheraa- 

tician  of  Bologna,  died  in  10-14. 

BIAJNCHI,  Francis,  a  painter,  master  to  Cor- 
regio,  dii'd  in  lo-^O. 

BIANCHI,  Peter,  an  eminent  Roman  painter, 
died  in  1730. 

BIANCHIN,  John  Fortunatis,  professor  of 
medicine  at  Padua,  and  a  medical  writer,  died 
in  1779. 

BIANCHINI,  Francis,  a  native  of  Verona, 
eminent  for  his  creat  learning,  was  patronised 
by  pope  Alexander  VIII.,  and  received  marks 
of  respect  from  the  Roman  Senate ;  iie  died  in 
1729. 

BIANCHINI,  Joseph,  a  Veronese  orator. 

BI ANCOLELLI,  Pierre  Francois,  an  eminent 
player,  and  a  writer  of  plays,  died  in  1734. 

BIARD,Peter,asculptor  of  celebrity,  at  Paris, 
died  1009. 

BIAS,  called  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of 
Greece,  born  at  Priene,  a  town  of  Caria,  about 
570  B.  C.  Thougii  born  to  great  wealth,  he 
lived  without  splendour,  expending  his  fortant 
in  relieving  the  needy.  On  one  occasion,  cer 
tain  pirates  brought  several  young  women  to  sell 
as  slaves  at  Priene.  Bias  purcha.sed  them,  and 
maintained  tliem  until  he  had  an  opportunity  ot 
returning  them  to  tlieir  friends.  This  generous 
action  caused  liim  to  be  styled  "  The  Prince  of 
VVis^e  Men." 

BIBB,  William  V\''yatt,  a  native  of  Georgia 
and  a  physiciaii,  after  representing  his  naiive 
state  in  both  brandies  of  the  national  congress, 
was  chosen  first  governor  of  the  state  of  A  laba 
ma,  by  tlie  people,  in  1819,  and  died  the  follow- 
ing year. 

BIBIENA,  Bernardo  de,  a  Roman  of  obscure 
origin,  who,  by  his  intrigues,  promoted  the  elec- 
tion of  Leo  X.,  for  whicli  he  was  made  a  cardi- 
nal ;  he  died  in  1520. 

BIBIENA,  Ferdinand  Galli,  a  celebrated  ar- 
chitect and  painter,  of  Bologna,  patronised  by 
the  duke  of  Farnia  and  the  emperor,  died  blind 
in  1743. 

BIBLIANDEB,  Theodore,  professor  of  theo- 
logy- at  Zurich,  died  in  1504. 

BICHAT,  Marie  Frances  Xavier,  medical  pro- 
fessor at  the  Hotcl-Dieu,  Paris,  and  auilior  of  |, 
several  valuable  works  ou  medical  subjects,  died 
in  1802. 

BIDDLE,  John,  one  of  the  most  eminent  En- 
glish writers  among  the  Socinians,  was  born  at 
Wotton-under  Edge,  1015.  Though  a  pious, 
honest,  well-nieaninr  man,  he  sulfered  various 
persecutions  for  his  adlierence  to  some  singular 
notions  about  the  Trinity,  and  died  10C2.  One 
of  his  books  was  burnt  by  order  of  parliament. 

BIDDLE,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Philaiklphia, 
and  a  captain  in  the  American  navy,  was,  with 
his  crew,  blown  up,  in  an  action  witli  a  British 
C4  gun  ship,  in  1778. 

BIDL.'VKE,  John,  an  English  divine  and  poet, 
died  in  1814 ;  he  published,  besides  some  ser- 
mons, a  number  ^i  poems  &.c 

lUDLOO,  Godfrey,  an    eminent   physician 
and  anatomical  writer  of  Amsterdam,  professor 
at  the  Hague  and  ;it  Lej'den,  and  physician  to 
king  Wiiliani.  died  1713. 
70 


HIE,  Adrian  de,  a  portrait  painter,  setlied  at 
Rome,  about  HMK). 

BIEFIELD,  James  Frederick,  baron  dc,  sec- 
retary of  legation  in  the  set  vice  of  Frederick  of 
Prussia,  preceptor  to  his  brother,  and  after- 
wards a  privy  counsellor,  died  in  1770. 

BIELKE,  N.,  baron  de,  a  Swedish  gentle- 
inaii,  engaged  with  Ankersfruein,  in  the  conspi- 
racy against  the  king  of  Sweden :  wlien  delected, 
he  took  poison,  and  riled  in  1792. 

BIENXK,  John,  an  eminent  printer,  of  Paris, 
died  in  1586. 

BJ1;RVE,  N.  Marechal,marquisdc, a  French- 
man, known  ibr  his  ready  wit,  and  as  an  author 
lof  plays,  died  in  1789. 

BJE'Z,  Oudard  du,  a  native  of  Artois,  whose 
Igreat  bravery  and  pre.sence  of  mind  in  the  tield 
of  battle,  were  particularly  cu)js;iicnous.  lie 
iwas  in  tiie  service  of  Francis  1.,  aiid  died  in  Pa 
ris,  in  1553. 

BIEZELINGEN,  Christian  Jans  Van,  a  por 
trait  painter,  of  Delft,  died  in  1600. 

BIFIELD,  Nicholas,  miniater  of  St.  Peters, 
Chester,  died  in  1G20. 

BIGELOW,  Tinjothy,  a  distinguished  lawyer 
of  Massachusetts,  was  for  more  than  twenty 
years  a  representative  or  senator  in  the  legisla- 
ture of  his  native  state,  and  for  eleven  years, 
jspeaker  of  the  house  of  refiresentatives,  over 
which  he  presided  with  diguitvand  ability,  died 
1821. 

EIGNE,  Grace,  de  la,  a  poet  of  Bayeux,  ac- 
companied king  John  to  England  after  the  bat- 
itJe  of  Poictiers,  and  died  in  1374. 
I  BlfiNE,  Marquerin  de  la,  of  the  same  family 
as  the  preceding,  was  a  doctor  of  the  Sorboune, 
eminent  as  a  njan  of  letters;  he  died  in  1591. 

BIGNICOURT,  Simon  de,  a  counsellor  of 
Rheims,  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  ancient 
and  modern  literature,  died  in  1775. 

EIGNON,  Jerome,  distinguished  for  his  early 
attainments,  was  a  cjunsellor  of  state  and  ad- 
vocate general  to  the  parliament  of  Paris,  and 
an  able  statesman  ;  he  died  in  1050. 

BIGOT,  Emeri,  a  native  of  Rouen,  eminent 
for  his  learning,  and  his  acquaintance  witli 
learned  men,  died  in  1G89. 

BILDERBEK,  Cinistopher  Laurent,  a  Hano- 
verian lawyer,  died  in  1749. 

BILFINGER,  George  Bernard,  professor  of 
philosophy  at  Petersburg,  and  afterwards  at  Tu- 
bingen, eminent  for  his  writings,  died  in  1750. 

BILLAUT,  Adam,  a  joiner,  of  Neveis,  a 
man  of  strong  powers  of  mind,  and  of  consider- 
able talent  and  merit  as  a  poet,  died  in  1062. 

BILLI,  Jaqnesde,  a  naiive  of  Guise,  eminent 
for  his  learning  and  liis  poetical  talents,  died  in 
1581. 

BILLI,  Jaques  de,  a  Jesuit  of  Compiegnc,  au- 
thor of  several  valuable  mathematictd  treatises, 
died  in  1079. 

BILLINGSLEY,  Henry,  a  merchant  of  Lon- 
don, who  acquired  immense  wealth,  and  rose  to 
the  highest  city  honours,  and  was  knighted 
while  lord  mayor.  He  was  a  profound  mathe- 
matician, and  published  the  first  English  trans- 
lation of  Euclid  ;  he  died  in  1006. 

BILLIONI,  N.  Bussa,  a  celebrated  and  much 
admired  actress,  at  the  theatres  of  France  and 
Brussels,  died  in  1783. 

BILSON,  Thomas,  early  distinguished  as  a 
poet,  afterwards  as  an  able  divine  and  eloquent 
preacher,  bisliop  of  Worcester  and  Winchester, 
died  in  1016. 

BINDLEY,  James,  an  eminent  antiquarian 
and  founder  of  the  society  of  Antiquaries,  in 


VI 


BL 


England,  died  in  1818.  His  collection  of  books 
prints,  and  medals,  was  very  extensive  and  valu- 
al.lt!. 

BINGHAM,  George,  a  fellow  of  All  Soul's 
Culleijf,  Oxford,  and  rector  of  Pimpern,  in  Dor- 
set, died  in  1800.  He  wrote  and  published  seve 
ral  theological  works,  which  were  collected  in 
two  volumes,  after  his  death. 

BIXGHAM,  Joseph,  born  at  Wakefield,  ii 
Yorksliire,  ItiiiS.  He  wrote  a  learned  and  labu 
rious  work,  "  Origines  Eci"lesiastica!,  or  the  An 
liquities  of  the  Christian  Church  ;  the  first  vo- 
lime  of  whicli  was  published  1708,  in  8vo,  and 
it  was  completed  afterwards  in  9  volumes  more. 
He  died  August  17,  1723. 

BINGH.'VM,  Joseph,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  educated  at  Oxford,  where  hedied  at  the  ai^- 
of  -22,  in  consenuence  of  excessive  application.! 
Bl.VMING,  Hugh,  an  eloquent  preacher,  andi 
professor  of  moral  philosopiiy  at  Glasgow,  died 
1C54. 

BICERNS"i'AHL,  professor  of  oriental  lan- 
guages at  L'psal,  died  in  1779. 

BION,  of  Smyrna,  a  Greek  bucolic  peet,  flou- 
rished about  288  B.  C. 

BION,  a  Scythian  philosopher,  the  disciplfj 

of  Crates,   and   afterwards  of  Theophrastus,' 

about  -ilti  B.  C.  I 

BION,  Nicholas,  an  able  engineer  and  mathe-j 

matician,  died  at  Paris,  in  1733. 

BIOXDI,  Francis,  Sir,  author  of  a  valuable 
history  of  the  civil  wars  of  the  houses  of  York 
ami  Lancaster,  in  Italian. 
BIONDO,  Plavio.  vid  BLONDUS. 
BIR.\GUE,  Clement,  an  engraver  of  Milan, 
said  to  have  discovered  the  means  of  engraving 
diamonds,  lived  at  the  court  of  Philip  II.,  of 
Spain. 

BIRAGUE,  Rene  de,  a  native  of  Milan,  went 
to  France  and  became  a  favourite  of  Charlcj-j 
IV.,  who  made  him  keeper  of  the  seals,  and 
chancellor  of  the  realm  ;  although  a  cardinal 
he  died  little  respected,  in  1582. 

BIRCH,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  historical 
and  biographical  writer,  born  in  the  parish  of 
St.  John,  Clerkeawell,  London,  Nov.  23,  1705, 
of  parents  who  were  quakors.  His  death  was 
occasioned  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  and  happen 
(•d  Jan.  9,  17GG.  Of  his  various  publications, 
th^'  principal  was  "The  General  Dictionary 
Historical  and  Critical,"  in  10  vols,  folio:  the 
first  of  which  was  published  in  173!,  the  last  in 
1741. 

BIRD,  William,  known  as  an  excellent  com 
poser  of  music,  died  in  1623. 

BIREN,  John  Ernest,  a  person  of  mean  birth, 
elevated  to  the  highest  dignities  by  .Anne,  em- 
press of  Russia,  who  made  hira  her  prime  mi 
nister,  and  duke  of  Courland.  On  her  death 
he  assumed  the  reins  of  t£overnment,  but  was 
exiled,  by  the  nobles,  to  Siberia.  He  died  in 
1771. 

BIRINGCOCCIO,  or  BIRINGCUCCI,  Van- 
muccio,  an  able  mathematician  of  Italy,  author 
of  a  treatise  on  the  art  of  fusing,  and  of  casting 
metal  for  cannon,  published  in  1540. 

BIRKENHEAD,  Sir  John,  L.  L.  D.,  professor 
of  moral  philosophy  at  Oxford,  a  zealous  royal- 
ist, and  a  pop\ilar  courtier ;  he  died  in  1679. 

BIRON,  Armandde  Gonrault,  baron  de,  page 
to  queen  Margaret  of  Navarre,ro3e  through  the 
gradations  of  the  army  to  the  rank  of  marechal 
of  France.  He  distinguished  himself  in  the 
service  of  his  sovereign,  and  was  killed  by  a 
annon  ball  at  the  siege  of  Epernai,  in  1592. 
r.IRON,  Charles  De  Gonrault  due  de,  sonofl 


the  preceding,  was  admiral  and  marechal  of 
France,  and  a favouriteof  Henry  IV..  wliom-ode 
hitji  a  duke,  and  sent  him  ambassador  to  Eng- 
land.    He  was  beheaded  for  tri;ison,  in  HWi. 

BfSCAINO,  Bartholoinew,a  painter  of  Genoa, 
died  in  lf).57. 

BISCHOP,  John  de,  an  eminent  landscape 
and  historical  painter,  died  in  168*5.  Another, 
called  Cornelius,  a  painter,  di'-d  in  1674. 

BISHOP,  Samuel,  high  master  of  Merchant 
tailors'  School,  a  learned  divine  and  very  re- 
speciable  poet,  died  Nov.  17,  1795. 

BISI,  Bonaventnie,  an  admired  painter,  ot' 
Bologna,  died  in  1662. 

BiSSET,  Charles,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  served 
several  years  as  engineer,  in  Flanders,  and  wrote 
on  fortiticatioiis,  and  on  medical  subjects.  Died 
in  1791. 

BISSET,  Dr.  Robert,  a  biographer,  historian, 
and  novelist,  born  in  Scotland,  1759,  died  at 
Ifnightsbridge,  May  14,  1805.  His  principal 
literary  productions  were,  an  edition  of  the 
Spectator,  with  Lives  of  the  several  Authors  : 
a  "  Life  of  Edmund  Burke  ;"  a  "  History  of  thi; 
Reign  of  George  the  Third,"  several  novels,  and 
some  political  tracts.  His  "  History"  has  th); 
strong  merit  of  being  faithful  and  impartial.  It 
is  preceded  by  an  abie*eviewof  the  progressivt 
Improvemenl  of  England  in  Prosperity  and 
Strength,  to  the  Accession  of  George  III.,  and 
terminates  at  the  Peace  of  Amiens,  1802. 

BiT.A.UBE,  Paul  Jeremiah,  a  miscellaneou? 
writer,  born  at  Konigsberg,  was  a  member  of 
the  Berlin  Academy,  with  a  pension  from  Fre- 
derick II. ;  some  of  his  poems  have  been  trans- 
lated into  English.     He  died  1808. 

BITON,  a  matheuiaticiao,  lived  about  340 
H.  C. 

BIZOT,  Peter,  canon  of  a  church  in  Bourges, 
and  authorof  the  valuable  "  Histoire  medallique 
de  la  Hollande,"  died  in  1696. 

BIZELLI,  John,  a  historical  portrait  painter, 
died  at  Rome,  in  1612. 

BLACK,  Dr.  Joseph,  a  very  celebrated  cliy- 
mical  writer,  and  professor  of  that  science  in 
the  university  of  Edinburgh,  was  born  at  Bor- 
deaux, in  France,  about  1727,  and  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, Nov.  18IX).  His  discoveries  relative  to 
magnesia  and  other  alkaline  bodies,  have  given 
birth  to  many  important  facts  in  the  new  system 
of  chy  mistry.  \  memoir  on  the  subject  of  thesff 
bodies,  wns  read  by  him,  in  June,  1755,  before 
the  Literary  Society  of  Edinburgh,  which  has 
been  considered  as  a  model  of  composition,  rea- 
soning and  arrangement.  Many  other  important 
discoveries  have  been  communicated  by  him  in 
his  lectures,  which,  if  he  had  committed  them 
to  the  press,  would  have  more  materially  pro- 
moted the  cause  and  extension  of  science. 

BLACKBURX,  William,  an  eminent  archi- 
tect and  surveyor,  of  London,  died  in  1790.  He 
obtained  a  medal  from  the  Royal  Society,  and 
the  commendation  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  for 
the  best  drawinc  of  St.  Stephens,  Walbrook. 

BL.\CKBURNE,  Francis,  a  native  of  Rich 
nond,  was  chaplain  to  the  archbishop  of  York, 
prebendary  of  his  cathedral,  and  archdeacon  of 
Cleveland.  His  writings  corresponded  with  his 
private  sentiments  in  favour  of  the  dissenters  ; 
he  died  in  1787. 

BL\CKHALL,  Offspring,  D.  D.,  rector  of 
St.  Mary's.  London,  chaplain  to  King  William. 
and  bisliop  of  Exeter,  was  an  able  scholar,  and 
eminent  divinf  ;  he  died  in  1716. 

BLACKLOCK,   Dr.  Thomas,   an   eminent  - 
Scottisli  poet  and  divine,  whose  talents,  vorr 
71 


BL 

«;spcctable  in  tlicmselves,  were  rendered  ex- 
traciidiiiary  by  the  circumataiice  of  his  havin" 
totally  lost  his  sight  by  the  small  pox  at  six 
months  old.  He  was  horn  at  Annan,  17'21,  and 
died  at  Edinburgh,  July,  1791. 

BIjACKBIORE,  Sir  iiicliard,  a  physician,  and 
an  indefatigable  writer,  who  lias  left  a  great 
number  of  works,  theological,  poetical,  and  pliy- 
.sical.  Dryden  and  Pope  have  treated  the  poeti- 
cal ])erfornianccs  of  Sir  Richard  with  great  con- 
tempt. But,  notwithstanding  Sir  Richard  has 
been  so  much  depreciated  by  these  wits,  be  cer- 
tairdy  had  merit.  IIis"Poemon  theCreation" 
is  his  most  celebrated  performance,  and  on  llie 
recommendation  of  Dr.  Johnson,  has  lately  been 
inserted  in  tlie  "Collection  of  the  English  Poets." 
It  has  appeared  that  spleen  and  resentment  had 
been  the  cause  of  that  severity  with  which  he 
was  treated  by  Dryden  and  Pope.  Sir  Richard 
was  born  at  Corshani,  Wilts,  (in  what  year  is 
uncertain,)  and  died  October  9,  1729.     ' 

BL.ACKSTONE,  Sir  William,  an  illustrious 
English  lawyer,  born  1723.  His  father  was  a 
silkman,  in  Cheapside,  and  died  before  the  birth 
of  his  son  William,  who,  in  17.30,  was  put  to  the 
Charter-house  school,  and,  in  1735,  admitted 
upon  the  foundation  there.  November,  1738,  he 
was  entered  a  commoner  of  Pembroke  CoUcjif, 
Oxford,  and  elected  by  the  governors  to  one  of 
tlie  Cliarter-house  exhibitions.  At  the  age  of 
20,  he  compiled  a  treatise,  entitled  "  Elements 
of  Architecture,"  intended  only  for  his  own  use, 
but  much  approved  by  those  who  have  perused 
it.  Ciuitting,  however,  with  regret,  these  amus- 
ing pursuits,  he  engaged  in  the  severer  studies 
of  the  law,  and,  November,  1746,  was  called  to 
the  bar.  In  1749,  he  was  elected  recorder  of  tlie 
borough  of  Wallingford,  in  Berkshire.  .'Kpril, 
17.50,  he  became  doctor  of  laws,  and  published 
his  "  Essay  on  Collateral  Consanguinity,  rela- 
tive to  the  exclusive  claim  to  feliowsliips  made 
by  the  founder's  kin  at  All-souls."  October  20, 
1753,  he  was  unanimously  elected  Vinerian  pro- 
fessor of  the  common  law,  and  on  the  25th,  read 
his  Introductory  Lecture,  since  prefixed  to  his 
"  Commentaries."  In  1763,  he  collected  and  re- 
published several  of  his  pieces,  under  the  title 
of  "  Law  Tracts,"  in  2  vols.  8vo.  In  1763,  he 
was  chosen  solicitor- general  to  the  queen.  No- 
vember, 1764,  he  published  the  1st  volume  of  his 
lectures,  under  the  title  of  "  Commentaries  on 
■.he  Laws  of  England  ;  and  in  the  four  succeed- 
ing years  the  other  three  volumes.  May,  1770, 
ne  became  a  junior  judge  in  the  court  of  King's 
Bench  ;  and  in  June  was  removed  to  the  same 
situation  in  the  common  pleas,  which  office  he 
retained  till  his  death,  which  happened  Febru- 
ary 14,  1780. 

BLACKSTONE,  John,  an  apothecary  and 
botanist,  of  London,  died  in  1753. 

BLACKW.VLL,  .-Vnthony,  a  native  of  Derby- 
shire, and  author  of  a  most  celebrated  work,  en- 
titled "  The  Sacred  Classics  defended  and  illus- 
trated; or,  an  Essay,  humbly  offered  toward 
proving  the  purity,  propriety,  and  true  elo- 
quence of  the  writers  of  the  New  Testament." 
He  died  at  Market  Bosworth,  in  Leicestershire, 
(where  he  was  for  some  years  head  master  of 
the  free  scho<il,)  April  8,  1730. 

BLjVCKWELL,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Aber- 
deen ;  not  succeeding  as  a  physician  at  home, 
he  went  to  Sweden,  where  he  succeeded  for  a 
time,  but  being  suspected  of  a  conspiracy,  was 
tortured  and  beheaded  in  1748. 

BLACK  WELL,  Thomas,  an  eminent  Scottish 

writer,  son  of  a  inioister  at  Aberdeen,  and  born 

72 


_________  BL 

there,  August  4,  1701.  In  1737,  was  published 
at  Loudon,  but  without  his  name,  •'  An  Inquiry 
into  the  Iiife  and  Writings  of  Homer,"  8vo.,  a 
second  edition  of  which  appeared  in  1736 ;  and 
not  long  after,  "  Proofs  of  tiic  liifjuiry  into  Ho 
nier's  Life  and  Writings  ;"  which  was  a  trans- 
lation of  the  Oreek,  Latin,  Spanish,  Italian,  and 
French  notes,  subjoined  to  the  original  work. 
We  agree  with  those  who  esteem  this  the  best 
of  our  author's  performances.  In  1748,  he  pub- 
lished "  Letters  concerning  Mythology,"  8vo., 
without  his  name  also.  The  same  year  he  was 
made  principal  of  the  Marischal  College  hi  Aber- 
deen. March,  1752,  lie  took  the  degree  of  doctor 
of  laws;  and,  in  the  year  following,  came  out  tlie 
1st  volume  of  his  "  MHiiioirs  of  tiie  court  of  Au- 
gustus," 4to.  The  2d  volume  appeared  in  1755; 
and  the  3d,  which  was  piwlhumous,  and  left  in- 
complete by  the  author,  wa.s  fitted  for  the  press 
by  John  Mills,  E.^q.,  and  published  in  ]7t>4.  He 
died  March  1,  1757. 

BLACKWOOD,  Adam,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
eminent  as  a  poet,  civilian,  and  divine,  but  par 
ticularly  us  the  warm  advocate  of  Mary,  queen 
of  Scots;  he  published,  in  1757,  an  account  of  her 
martyrdom,  addressed  to  the  princes  of  Europe, 
and  dud  at  Poictieis,  in  1613. 

BL.'VDEN,  Martin,  a  gentleman  of  Abrey 
Hatch,  in  Essex,  formerly  a  lieutenant-colonel 
in  Ciucen  Anne's  reign,  but  more  distinguished 
by  a  translation  of  "  Cssar's  Commentaries," 
which  he  dedi^-ated  to  his  ijeneral,  the  great  dul<e 
of  Marlborough.     He  died  in  1740. 

BLAEU,  or  JANSSEN,  William,  a  learned 
printer,  the  friend  of  Tycho  Brahe,  died  in  1633. 

BLAGRAVE,  John,  an  eminent  mathema- 
tician, who  flourished  in  the  10th  and  17th  cen- 
turies, and  died  1011. 

BLAGllAVE,  Joseph,  a  famous  astrologer 
of  Reading,  Eng.,  died  in  1088. 

BLAIR,  John,  chaplain  to  Sir  William  Wal 
lace.  He  wrote  an  elegant  Latin  poem  on  liis 
death,  and  died  in  the  reign  of  Robert  Bruce. 

BLAIR,  James,  M.  A.,  aminister  of  the  epis- 
copal church  in  Scotland,  was  sent  by  tlie  bishop 
of  London  as  a  missionary  to  Virginia,  in  1(J85. 
He  procured  a  patent  for  the  erection  of  a  college 
there,  and  was  its  first  president  for  nearly  50 
years  ;  he  was  also  president  ol  die  council  ol 
Virginia,  and  died  in  1743. 

BLAIR,  Samuel,  a  learned  minister  in  Penn- 
sylvania, for  several  years  at  the  head  of  an 
academy  at  Fog's  manor,  Chester,  died  about 
1751. 

BLAIR,  John,  brother  and  successor  of  Sam- 
uel Blair  in  the  church  and  seminary  at  Fog's 
manor,  afterwards  professor  ol'  divinity  in  New- 
Jei-sey  College. 

BLAIR,  John,  one  of  tlie  associate  judges  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  Stales,  died  in 
1800. 

BL.'MR,  John,  president  of  the  council  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  a  judge  in  that  colony,  died  1771. 

BL-AIR,  Patrick,  a  surgeon  at  Dundee,  who 
first  acquired  some  reputation  by  the  dissection 
of  an  elephant,  and  afterwards  by  his  essays  on 
botany ;  time  of  his  death  unknown. 

BL.AIR,  Robert,  an  elegant  poet,  born  about 
the  beginning  of  the  last  century.  He  received  his 
education  in  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  and 
was  ordained,  in  1731 ,  minister  of  Athol  Stane- 
ford  in  East  Lothian,  where  he  resided  till  his 
death,  in  1746.  His  poem,  cabled  "  The  Grave," 
has  been  extremely  popular,  and  passed  througli 
many  editions. 

BLAIR  Dr  John  an  eminent  divine,  born  in 


Sciitlaiid,  but  settled  in  Kii^'laiid,  vvliero  lie  pie- 
soiited  llio  world  with  a  very  valuable  publica-i 
tiou,  under  the  title  of  "  The  Chronulogy  and 
History  of  the  World,  from  the  Creation  to  the 
Year  of  Christ  HSj,  illustrated  lu  5(i  tables." 
In  1768,  be  published  an  improved  edition  of  his! 
"  Cronotogical  Tables  ;"  to  vvllich  were  annexed 
"  Fourteen  Maps  of  Ancient  and  Modern  Geo- 
graphy, for  ilUistratin;;  the  Tables  of  Chrono- 
logy and  History,     lie  died  June  24,  1782. 

BLAIR,  Dr.  Hugh,  a  celebrated  Scottish  di- 
vine, was  the  son  of  a  respectable  merchant  in 
Edinburgh,  and  born  in  that  city,  April  7,  1718. 
On  the  15th  of  June,  17.58,  he  was  made  one  of 
the  ministers  of  the  high  church  of  Kdinburgh  ; 
and  his  subsequent  ministerial  labours  and  con- 
duct in  that  conspicuous  and  difficult  station,  for 
a  period  of  more  than  4U  years,  amply  evinced 
the  propriety  of  the  choice.  As  an  author.  Dr. 
Blair  is  well  known  by  his  "  Lectures  on  Rheto. 
ric  and  the  Belles  Lettres,"  delivered  in  his  of- 
fice asregius  professor  in  the  universiiy  of  Edin- 
burgh. These  are  eminently  distinguished  by 
laborious  investigation,  sound  sense,  relined 
taste,  and,  above  all,  by  that  lucidus  ordo  which 
always  proves  a  writer  to  be  master  of  his  sub- 
ject. In  short,  this  work  may  justly  be  said  to 
have  established  an  unequivocal  and  sure  stand- 
ard of  taste.  His  "Sermons,"  however,  of 
which  five  volumes  are  before  the  public,  have 
experienced  a  success  unparalleled  in  the  annals 
of  pulpit  eloquence,  though  justly  merited  by 
their  purity  of  sentiment,  justness  of  reasoning, 
and  grace  of  composition.  They  liave  circu- 
lated in  numerous  editions,  whereverthe  Entrlisli 
tongue  extends,  and  have  been  translated  into 
almost  all  the  languages  of  Europe.  Dr.  Blair 
died  December  27,  1800. 

BLAIZE,  a  bishop,  martyred  by  the  emperor 
Dioclesian  ;  but  more  celebrated  as  the  inventor 
of  wool  combing. 

BLAKE,  Robert,  a  famous  English  admiral, 
born  August  15, 1599,  at  Bridgewater,  in  Somer- 
setshire, where  he  was  educated  at  the  grammar 
school.  Having  served  some  years  in  the  par- 
liament array,  he  was,  in  February,  164*^-9,  ap- 
pointed to  command  the  fleet,  in  conjunction 
with  Colonel  Deane,  and  Colonel  Popham. 
During  nine  years  actual  service  in  the  navy, 
he  performed  exploits  that,  for  the  skill  with 
which  they  were  conducted,  and  the  success 
that  attended  them,  were  never  surpassed  till 
the  days  of  Howe,  St.  Vincent,  Duncan,  and 
Nelson.  He  died  as  the  fleet  was  entering  Ply- 
mouth,the  17th  of  August,  1^557,  aged  .58.  His 
body  was  conveyed  to  Westminster  Abbey,  and 
interred  with  great  funeral  pomp  in  Henry  the 
Vllth's  chapel ;  but  removed  from  thence,  in 
1661,  and  re-interred  in  St.  Margaret's  church- 
yard. 

BLAKE,  John  Bradley,  a  native  of  London, 
after  acquiring  a  profound  knowledge  of  chy- 
mistry  and  mathematics,  and  of  his  favourite 
study,  botany,  went  to  China  in  the  service  of 
the  India  company,  where  he  collected  nnd  sent 
to  Europe,  all  the  valuable  seeds  and  plants  of 
the  country  ;  he  also  began  a  collection  of  ores 
and  fossils,  but  his  application  destroyed  his 
■health,  and  he  died  in  1773. 

BLAKE,  .lames,  a  preacher,  native  of  Dor- 
chester, Massachusetts,  author  of  a  volume  of 
sermons  o/  merit,  died  1771. 

BL.^KE,  Joseph,  governor  of  the  province  of 
South  Carolina,  in  1694.  He  contributed  much 
to  the  prosperity  of  the  colony,  by  the  wisdom 
»f  his  administration. 


K 


BL 

I!L.\  JIONT,  Francis  Colin  de,  a  French  mu 

sician,  diid  in  1700. 

BLAMPIN,  Thomas,  a  learned  ecclesiastic 
of  Picardy,  died  in  1710. 

BLANC,  John,  a  noble  of  Perpignan,  Knowrt 
for  his  brave  defenctt  of  his  native  town,  against 
the  French  besieging  army,  in  1474. 

BLANC,  Francois  Le,  author  of  a  valuable 
book  on  the  coins  of  France,  died  in  1098. 

BLANC,  Claude  Le,  a  minister  of  France,  con- 
fined two  years  in  the  Baslile,  on  mere  suspi- 
cion of  malpractices,  was  released,  and  died  in 
1T28.  His  brothers  were  bishops  of  Avranclies 
and  of  Sarlat. 

BLANC,  Thomas  Le,  a  Jesuit  of  Vitri,  died 
at  Rheims,  in  1009. 

BLANC,  John  Bernard  Le,  an  ingenious  and 
learned  man,  historiographer  to  the  Delia  Crusca 
academy,  died  in  1781. 

BLANC,  Antony  de  Guillet  de,  professor  of 
rhetoric  at  Avignon,  and  afterwards  of  ancient 
languases  at  Paris,  died  in  1799. 

BLANC,  N.,  an  eminent  French  artist,  died 
in  1S02. 

BLANCH,  N.  Le,  a  young  woman  who  was 
found  wild  at  Sogny,  near  Chalons,  in  1731, 
when  about  10  years  of  age.  She  was  placed 
in  a  convent,  where  slie  became  a  nun,  and  died 
in  1760. 

BLANCA,  Francis  Le,  a  Frenchman,  author 
of  a  general  account  of  the  moneys  of  France, 
published  by  order  of  Lewis  XIV. ;  he  died  iii 
1098. 

BLANCHARD,  James,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Paris,  in  1600,  died  1&38. 

BLANCHARD,  Francois,  a  lawyer  of  Paris, 
died  ill  1650. 

BLANCHARD,  Guillaume,  .son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, equally  eminent  as  a  lawyer,  died  in 
1724. 

BLANCHARD,  Elias,  a  native  of  Langres, 
eminent  for  his  learning,  died  in  1755. 

BLANCHARD,  John  Baptist,  professor  of 
rhetoric  in  the  Jesuits  college,  at  Metz,  and  at 
Verdun;  wrote  the  Temple  of  the  Muses,  and 
died  in  1797. 

BLANCHE,  daughter  of  Alphonsoof  Castile, 
married  Lewis  VIII.,  of  France.  After  liia 
death,  and  during  the  minority  of  her  son,  she 
was  made  regent  of  the  kingdom,  which  she 
governed  with  spirit  and  ability ;  she  died  in 
1252. 

BLANCHE,  a  native  of  Padua,  who  destroy- 
ed herself,  rather  than  submit  to  the  embraces 
of  her  conqueror,  1233. 

BLANCHE  de  BOURBON,  wife  of  Peter, 
king  of  Castile,  by  whom  she  was  imprisoned 
and  poisoned,  1361. 

BLANCHELANDE,  Philibert  Francis  RoiJ- 
xelle,  de,  a  native  of  Dijon,  distinguished  in  the 
American  war,  and  at  the  taking  of  Tobago, 
died  -n  1793. 

BLANCHET, Thomas,  an  eminent  historical 
and  portrait  painter,  of  Paris,  died  in  1689. 

BLANCHET,  Abbe,  censor  royal,  and  libra- 
rian of  the  king's  cabinet ;  he  retired  from  pub- 
lic life  to  solitude,  and  died  in  1784. 

BLANCOF,  John  Teiiniz,  a  painter,  born  at 
Alcinaer ;  his  sea-pieces  and  landscapes  are 
much  admired  :  he  died  in  1  70. 

BLAND,  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Nathan  Bland, 
alinendraper.of  London,  eminent  for  her  learn- 
ing, and  acquaintance  with  the  Hebrew. 

BL.^ND,  Hichard,  a  poHtical  writer  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  principal  member  of  the  house  of 
burgesses,  at  the  close  of  1770. 

>:  7f5 


BL 

BLAND,  Tlicndorie,  a  patriot  and  statesman, 
colonel  in  the  \\ar  of  the  revolution,  member  of 
Uie  state  leirislature  of  Virginia,  Ice,  died  in 
1790. 

BLANDRATA,  George,  an  Italian,  who  es- 
poused tliu  doctrines  of  Arius,  with  respect  to 
the  Trinity.  To  avoid  the  iiiquisiiion,  he  fled 
to  Poland,  where  the  king  made  him  a  privy 
couDHellor.  He  was  afterwards  strangled  by  his 
nephew,  in  loiKl. 

BLASCO  MNNnS,  a  Spaniard,  who,  by 
eeiaing  the  isthmus  of  l)arien,)aciliiuifd  the  pro- 
gress of  Pizarro  to  thecon((uest  of  Fern.  He 
was  beheaded  on  pretence  oi  anjbitious  views. 

BLAUKER,  Ambrose,  a  follower  of  Luther, 
whose  duetrines  he  spread  in  France  and  Ger- 
majiy,  died  in  1567. 

KIJAVET,  N.,  a  musician  in  the  opera  at 
Paris,  distinguished  by  his  taste,  and  the  supe- 
rior m«Tit  of  his  pieces,  died  in  1768. 

BLAVNEY,  Benjamin,  D.  D.,  an  eitiinent 
Enslish  divine,  and  professor  of  Hebrew,  ai 
Oxford,  died  in  1801.  He  was  distinguished  as 
an  able  biblical  critic,  and  writer. 

BH'.DD  VN,  joint  king  of  North  Wales,  with 
iiis  brother  Rhivvallon,  became  sole  monarch  in 
10*iS,  and  fell  in  battle  four  years  after. 

BLEDDYN,  a  British  bard  of  the  13th  cen- 
lurv.  some  of  whose  pieces  are  still  preserved. 

BLEDRI,  a  bishop  of  LandalT,  called  the 
wise,  from  his  great  learning  ;  he  died  niucli  re- 
spected, in  10-23. 

BLEECKER,  Ann  Eliza,  a  lady  of  some  lite- 
rary celebrity,  born  in  New-York,  1752. 

BLEEK,  Peter  Van,  an  eminent  painter,  died 
in  nr>4. 

BI.EGNY,  Nicliolas  de,  an  eminent  French 
surgeon,  who  lectured  and  wrote  on  subjects 
connected  with  his  profession  ;  he  died  at  the 
close  of  the  17th  centurv. 

BLEGWRYD,  brother  to  Morgan,  the  Gla- 
morgan chief,  was  chancellor  of  Landalf,  and  a 
man  of  great  learning  ;  he  went  to  Rome  in  92G, 
with  Howcl,  surnanied  the  Good. 

BLESS,  Henry,  an  admired  landscape  painter, 
born  at  Bovine,  died  in  1*50. 

BLETERIE,  John  Philip  Rene  de  la,  bom 
at  Rennes,  entered  early  into  the  congregation 
of  the  Oratory,  and  was  there  a  distinguished 
professor.  From  Ihence  he  went  to  Paris,  where 
his  talents  procured  him  a  chair  of  eloquence 
in  the  College  Royal,  and  a  place  in  the  Acade- 
my of  Belles  Lettres.  He  pubUshed  several 
works,  whicli  have  been  well  received  by  the 
public,  and  died,  at  an  advanced  age,  in  1772. 

BLINMAN,  Richard,  first  minister  of  New- 
London,  Conn.,  1648;  author  of  a  work  in  an- 
swer to  Sir.  Panvers,  on  Baptism. 

BLOCK,  Dr.  Marc  Eleazer,  a  Jewish  physi- 
cian, and  very  celebrated  ichthiolosist,  born  a 
Anspach,  in  1723,  died  at  Carlsbad,  .August  (i, 
17"J9.  His  "  Natural  History  of  Fishes,-' with 
coloured  plate^,  in  large  4to,  is  one  of  the  most 
admirable  publications  of  the  time. 

BLOCK,  Daniel,  a  portrait  painter  of  Pome- 
rania,dii,d  in  1661.  One  of  his  brothers  excelled 
as  an  architect,  the  other  as  a  historical  painter 
BLOCKLAND,  Anthony  de  Montfort,  an  ele 
gam  painter,  died  in  1583.  His  brothers,  Peter 
and  Herbert,  were  his  pupils,  and  were  also  dis- 
tin^'uished  as  painters. 

B1..0EM  ART,  a  painter,  born  at  Gorcum,  in 
Holland,  l."ifj7.  and  died  16-17      A  vast  number 

of  prints  have  been  engraved  after  his  works. 

BLOE.ME.V,  John  Francis,  an  eminent  Flem- 
ish painter,  died  at  Rome,  in  1740. 
74 


BL 

BLOND,  Jean  Le,  a  poet  of  inferior  merit,  in 

the  Kjih  century. 

BLOND,  James  Christopher,  a  painter,  of 
Frankfort,  on  Uic  Maine,  who  invented  a  mode 
of  engraving  in  colours  ;  be  died  in  1741. 

BLONDEAU,  Claude,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  at  llie  close  of  the  17th 
century. 

BLONDEL,  David,  a  protestant  minister, 
born  at  (^halons,  wiiose  writings  on  theological 
subjects,  are  highly  valued.  Ho  was  profestor 
of  history  at  .liiisterdam  after  Vossius,  and  died 
in  1655. 

BLONDEL.  Francis,  eminent  for  his  know- 
ledge of  ieon.eiry  and  belles  lettres,  was  profes- 
or  of  mulheiriatics  and  architecture,  and  jire- 
ceptor  to  1  he  daujihin  of  Franc<' ;  he  died  in  1086. 

BLONDEL,  John  Francis,  nephew  ol  Fran- 
cis, was  eiiually  eminent  as  an  architect,  and  as 
a  writer  on  architecture;  he  died  in  1774. 

liLONDEL,  Peter  James,  a  native  of  Paris, 
and  a  v.  riier  on  the  trulti  of  the  christian  reli- 
■lion,  dii-d  in  1730. 

BLOxX  DEL,  Lawrence,  autlior  of  some  books 
on  devotion,  died  in  1740. 

BLONDEL,  N.,  a  physician,  and  author  of  a 
treatise  on  the  mineral  waters  of  Segrai,  &c., 
died  in  17.5!). 

BLONDIN,  Peter,  a  native  of  Picardy,  emi- 
nent as  a  botanist,  died  in  1714 

BLONDUS,  Flavius,  an  Italian,  secretary  to 
Pope  Eugenius  IV.,  and  his  two  successors,  died 
in  1463. 

BLOOD,  Thomas,  an  English  adventurer, 
who  contrived  a  plot  for  stealing  the  regalia 
from  the  tower,  and  was  actually  taken  witli  the 
crown  in  his  possession  ;  he  died  1680. 

BLOOT,  Peter,  a  Flemish  painter,  died  in 
1667. 

BLOSIUS,  or  DE  BLOIS,  Lewis,  a  Benedic- 
tine, abbot  of  Liessies,  in  IJainauIt,  refused  the 
archbishopric  of  Cambrav,  and  died  in  1566. 

BLOUNT,  Thomas,  an  English  barrister  at 
law,  distinguished  for  his  talents  and  learning, 
and  as  a  respectable  w.nter,  died  in  1679. 

BLOUNT,  Sir  Henry,  after  completing  his 
education  at  Oxford,  travelled  over  Europe  and 
a  part  of  .'Vsia,  and,  on  his  return,  published  an 
account  of  part  of  his  travels,  was  tutor  to  the 
princes,  and  a  zealous  royalist ;  he  died  in  1682. 

BLOUNT,  Charles,  younger  son  of  Sir  Henry, 
was  distinguished  as  a  zealous  advocate  for  li- 
berty, and  as  a  man  of  great  learning.  His  writ- 
ings, some  of  winch  prove  him  a  deist,  are  nu- 
merous. He  died  of  wounds  inflicted  on  him- 
self, in  1693. 

BLOUNT,  William,  governor  of  the  territory 
south  of  the  Ohio,  and  a  member  of  the  United 
States'  senate,  from  which  he  was  expelled  in 
1797  ;  he  died  at  Knoxville,  in  1810. 

BLOCTNT,  Sir  Thomas  Pope,  an  eminent 
English  writer,  born  at  Upper  Holloway,  in 
Middlesex,  September  12,  1649.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  learning,  and  well  versed  in  the  best 
writers :  of  which  he  gave  a  proof  in  his  famous 
work,  "  CensuriaCelebriorum  Authorum,"  ice. 
He  wrote  also  a  work  on  poetry,  "  De  Re  Poeti- 
ca,  or  Remarks  upon  Poetry  ;  with  characters 
and  censures  of  the  most  considerable  poets, 
whether  ancient  or  modem,  e.vtracted  out  of  the 
best  and  choicest  critics  ;"  lie  died  in  1697. 

BLOW,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  musician,  bom 
at  Collineham,  in  Nottinghamshire,  about  the 
year  1648.  In  1674,  he  was  appointed  master 
jof  the  children  of  the  Royal  Chapel ;  in  1685, 
Icomposcr  to  his  majesty ;  in  1687,  almonct  and 


master  oftliu  chorisieis  ol'  ril.  Paul's  cathedral.  |    BOCCALINI,  Trajan,  a  satirical  wit,  born  at 
Upon  tli-i  decease  ut'Purcell,  ill  Itiiij,  he  Ijfcaiiie  ;Roine,    '  •     • 


ort;anist  of  WLstiniiister  Abbey.  Ue  tlje<l  Ucto- 
bcr  1, 1708,  and  was  buried  in  tlie  nonli  aiule  of 
Westmijislrr  Ablii.y. 

BL(JVV'Kflt5,  'J'hoiiias,  a  good  scholar,  and 
niiiiislcr,  in  IJcverly ,  MassadiiisotLs,  (In-d  in  1709 
BLUCHKU,  Geiibarai  Lobrtcht,  [Miice  \  on, 
a  most  celebrated  Prussian  lield  marshal,  born 
at  Koslock,  December  16,  174-2,  disani^nislied 
Jiiniseir  by  his  great  skill  and  success  in  military 
tactics.  He  cro.5sed  the  Rhine,  .lanuary  I,  ldl4, 
and  entered  the  French  territory.  A  decisive 
victory  at  Laon,  February  9,  ojiened  the  way  to 
.  Paris,  which  was  entered  by  the  allied  sove- 
reigns, .March  3i.  He  went  in  the  company  ol' 
tile  monarclis  to  England,  where  the  enthusiasm 
of  the  peoi)le  allbrded  Jiini  the  most  brilliant  tri- 
umph. The  landing  of  Buonaiiarle  from  Elba 
auaiii  called  him  to  the  field  ;  ivhen  he  greatly 
assisted  in  deciding,  on  tlie  IHth  of  June,  1815, 
the  eventful  battle  of  Waterloo,  and  the  fate  of 
Napoleon.  Then,  with  the  same  ra|iidity  as  he 
had  conquered,  he  followed  up  his  victory,  and 
the  second  time  obtained  peace  in  Paris.  Al 
most  all  the  great  powers  in  Europe  honoured 
him  with  orders  of  knighthood.  His  own  sove- 
reign named  him,  in  ineinory  of  the  tirst  of  his 
victories.  Prince  of  Wahlsstadt,  with  a  suitable 
donation,  and  bestowed  on  him,  exclusively,  a 
particular  mark  of  honour:  viz.,  anironcio.ss 
surrounded  with  golden  rays ;  declaring,  that 
"  he  knew  very  well  that  no  golden  rays  could 
heigliten  the  splendour  of  Jiis  services ;  but  that 
it  gave  liim  pleasure  to  make  his  sense  of  tlieni 
evident  by  a  suitable  mark  of  distinction."  Ue 
had  been  45  years  in  the  army  ;  and  his  celerity 
in  the  field  obtained  him  the  name  of  "Marshal 
Forwards."  He  died  at  Kriblowitz,  almost  in 
Die  presence  of  his  king,  who  attended  him  in 
his  last  sickness,  September  12,  1819. 

ijLUM,  Joachin,  Christian,  a  German  poet, 
who  retired  fnmi  jiublic  aft'air?  to  devote  him- 
self to  the  muses ;  he  died  in  1790. 

BLiriWEU,  Doiu.  Raphai'l,  an  eminent 
preacher,  born  in  London,  of  French  parents, 
went  to  Lisbon,  where  he  wrote  a  Portuguese 
and  Latin  dictionary;  he  died  in  1734. 

UOADICEA,  queen  of  the  Iceni,  in  Britain,  a 
most  intrepid  heroine,  who,  being  defeated  and 
ill-used  hy  the  Romans,  after  having  behaved 
with  exemplary  bravery,  despatched  herself  by 
poison,  -A.  D.  59. 

BO.\TE,  Gerard,  a  Dutch  physician,  wlio 
settled  in  Ireland,  and  wrote  a  natural  history 
of  the  country. 

BOBART,  a  German,  first  keeper  of  tlie  bo- 
tanicHl  garden  at  Oxford,  died  in  1079. 

BOCCACE,  John,  an  eminent  writer,  born  at 
Certaldo,  in  Tuscany,  131.3,  died  1375.  He  left 
several  works,  some  in  Latin,  and  some  in  Ital- 
ian ;  but,  of  all  his  compositions,  his  "  Decame- 
ron is  the  most  famous;  it  was  received  so  fa- 
vourably by  foreign  nations,  that  every  one 
would  have  it  in  their  own  tongue;  and  it  was 
sought  after  so  much  the  more  eagerly,  as  pains 
were  taken  to  suppress  it ;  his  stories'  being  too 
licentious,  and  satirical  on  the  monks. 

BOCCACT,  orBOCCACIiXO,  Camillo,  a  por- 
trait and  historical  painter,  of  Cremona,  died  in 
1546. 

BOCCAGE,  Marie  Anne  Lepage  du,  a  cele- 
brated French  poetess  and  dramatic  writer,  often 
mentioned  by  Lord  Chesterfield  in  his  letters  to 
his  son,  was  born  at  Rouen,  October  23,  1710, 
and  died  at  Paris.  August  ie02. 


jRome,  about  the  beginning  of  tJie  17th  century. 
Uiis  "  Kaggnagli  di  J'arnasso"  litis  been  trans- 
jlated  into  English,  and  many  other  languages 
'lioccalini  was  assassinated  at  Venice,  being 
beaten  to  death  with  sand  bags. 

HOCCAMA///A,Angelus,bishopof  Catania, 
in  Sicily,  died  in  l-JOti. 

BOcifiERliM,  LevvLs,  a  native  of  Lucca, 
distinsnislied  as  it  composer  of  music,  died  at 
Madrid,  in  ISOti. 

BOCCHl'S,  a  king  of  Mauritania,  who  he 
tiayed  hissoninlaw,  Jugiirtha,  to  the  Romans, 
100  B.  C. 

BOCCIARDI,  Clemente,  a  painter,  of  Genoa 
lied  ill  Iti.'iH. 

BUCCOLD,  Jolin,  a  fanatic  tailor,  commonly 
called  John  of  Leyden.  In  company  with  John 
Matthias,  a  baker,  of  Haerlom,  at  the  head  of 
his  followers,  seized  Munster,  assumed  the  of- 
fice of  king  and  of  prophet,  and  began  to  reform 
the  laws,  and  new-model  the  go\  ernmcnt ;  he 
was  ai  last  taken  and  put  to  deatJi,  in  the  28th 
year  of  his  age. 

BOCC(.>JS'l,  Sylvio,  a  celebrated  natural  his 
torian,  born  at  Palermo,  in  Sicily,  1633,  died 
December  23, 1704.  He  left  many  curious  works. 

BUCCORIS,  a  king  of  Egypt,  who  is  said 
to  ha^'e  driven  the  Jews  from  his  dominions,  to 
cure  himself  of  the  leprosy,  according  to  an 
oracle. 

BOCHAPiT,  Samuel,  a  learned  French  pro- 
testant,  born  at  Rouen,  in  Normandy,  1599,  died 
suddenly,  while  he  was  speaking  in  the  acade- 
my of  Caen,  (of  which  he  was  a  member,)  May 
0,  16(;7. 

BOCHEL,  Lament,  an  advocate  of  the  par- 
liament of  Paris,  whoso  works  on  law  and  his- 
tory are  valued  by  learned  men  in  France,  died 
in  1C29. 

EOCHIUS,  John,  born  at  Brussels,  in  1.5.55. 
He  was  a  good  Latin  poet,  and  thence  srjled  the 
Virgil  of  the  Low  Countries.  He  died  January 
13,  lliOP. 

BOCKHORST,  Jolm  Van,  an  eminent  por- 
trait and  historical  painter,  born  about  1010. 

BOCQUILLOT,  Lazaru.s  Andrew,  an  advo- 
cate of  Dijon,  afterwards  an  ecclesiastic,  eirii- 
nent  for  his  learning  and  piety,  died  in  1725. 
He  wrote  the  life  of  Chevalier  Bayard,  &c. 

BODIN,  John,  a  native  of  Anders,  who  ac- 
quired reputation  and  the  notice  of  his  sovereign, 
by  his  wit  and  merit.  He  settled  al  Laon,  where 
lie  rose  to  eminence  as  a  lawyer  and  public 
peaker;  he  died  1596.  His  vviitmgs  are  nu- 
merous and  respectable. 

BODLEY,  Sir  Thomas,  from  whom  the  Bod- 
leian library  at  Oxford  takes  its  name,  was  bom 
at  Exeter,  March  2, 1544.  In  1585,  he  was  made 
gentleman  usher  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  From 
this  time  till  1597,  he  was  lionourahiy  and  suc- 
cessfully employed  in  embassies  and  negotia- 
tions with  foreign  powers;  and  on  his  fmal  re- 
vocation, in  that  year,  he  set  about  the  noble 
work  of  restoring  the  public  library  at  Oxford, 
which  in  two  years  time  he  bvonght  to  a  good 
degree  of  perfection.  He  furnished  it  witli  a 
large  collection  of  books,  purcliased  In  foreign 
countries  at  a  great  expense  :  and  this  collection 
n  a  short  time  became  so  greatly  enlarged,  by 
the  generous  benefactions  of  several  noblemen, 
bishops,  and  others,  that  neither  the  shelves  nor 
he  room  could  contain  them.  Wlioreiiiion, 
Bodley  offering  to  nialve  a  considerable  addition 
to  the  building,  the  motion  was  readily  embraced, 
and  July  19,  IGIO,  tlie  first  stone  of  the  new 
"5 


BO 

foundation  was  laid  with  great  solemnity,  and 
a  speech  made  upon  tlie  occasion.  Bin  iio  did 
not  live  to  see  this  part  of  his  plan  completed, 
though  he  left  sufficient  to  do  it,  with  some  of 
his  friends  in  trust.  !sir  Thomas  died  January 
28,  lbl'2,  and  was  huried  with  great  solemnity  at 
tUe  upper  end  of  Merton  College  rlioir.  An  an 
nual  speech  in  his  praise  is  still  made  nl  Oxtbrd, 
Jioveinbet  tJ ;  at  wliici)  time  is  the  visitation  of 
the  library. 

BCECE,  or  BCETHIUS,  Hector,  a  native  of 
Dundee.     Vid.  BCETllIUS. 

BCECLER,  John  Henry,  professor  of  history 
at  Slraaboiir;;,  v.  an  honoured,  for  his  great  learn- 
ing, by  Lewis  XIV.,  and  Christina  of  Sweden, 
who  made  him  her  historiographer ;  he  died  in 
lG8t;. 

BODHMEN,  Jacob,  a  Teutoiiic  philosopher, 
and  noted  visionary,  bom  in  a  villaL'e  of  Ger- 
many, near  Gorlitz,  1575,  died  Koveniber  J8, 
1624. 

BCEHMER,  George  Ralph,  professer  of  bota- 
ny and  ai.'aloniy  at  Wiuenibcrg,  died  in  1803. 

BGERHAAVE,  Herman,  an  illnstrious  i>hy- 
sician  and  professor  at  Leyden,  born  Deceniber 
31,  ]fiC8,  at  Voorhoot,  a  small  village  in  Holland, 
about  two  miles  from  that  city ;  died  Sepieui- 
ber  23,  17.'<8.  No  professor  was  ever  attended, 
in  |)ublic  as  well  as  private  lectures,  by  so  grea; 
a  number  of  students,  from  such  distant  aiid 
different  parts,  for  so  many  years  successively 
none  heard  liini  witliout  conceiving  a  veneralioi; 
for  his  pe.son,  at  the  same  time  that  they  ex- 
pressed their  surprise  at  his  prodicious  attain- 
ments ,  and  it  may  be  justly  affirmed,  that  none 
in  so  private  a  station  ever  attracted  a  more  uni 
veisal  esteem.  So  unmoved  was  he  by  detrac- 
tion, (from  which  the  best  of  men  are  not  ex- 
empt,) that  he  used  to  say,  "  The  sparks  of 
calumny  will  be  presently  extinct  of  themselves, 
unless  you  blow  them." 

BCeL,  Peter,  a  Flemish  painter,  pupil  to  Com. 
dc  Waal,  at  Rome,  died  in  1680. 

BCTITHIE,  Etienne  de  la,  eminent  as  a  scho- 
lar and  translator  of  Plutarch  and  Xenophon ; 
lie  died  near  Bordeaux,  in  15G3. 

BCETHIUS,  or  BCETItIS,  Flavius  Anicius 
IHanlius  Torquatus  Severinus,  a  prose  as  well 
as  poetical  writer  of  the  (Jth  century,  born  ot 
one  ot  the  noblest  families  in  Rome.  Having 
remonstrated  with  groat  s-piritaeaint  the  tyranny 
of  Theodoric,  he  was  beheaded  in  prison,  by 
command  of  that  king,  in  524.  Ecethius  wrote 
many  philosophical  works,  the  greater  part  in 
the  lottical  way  :  but  his  ethic  piece,  "  De  Con- 
solatione  Philosopliis,"  is  his  chief  perform- 
ance, and  has  always  been  justly  admired  both 
for  tlie  matter  and  for  the  style.  Mr.  Harris,  in 
his  Ilermes,  has  observed,  that  "with  Boeihius 
the  Latin  tongue,  and  the  last  remains  of  Roman 
dignity,  may  be  said  to  have  sunk  in  the  western 
world." 

BCETHIUS,  BCECE,  or  BCEIS,  Hector,  a  fa- 
mous Scottish  historian,  b(rrn  at  Dundee,  in  the 
shire  of  Anius,  about  1470.  He  wrote  in  Latin 
a  HIstorv  of  Scotland,"  and  died  1522. 

BOFFRAND,  Germain,  born  at  Nantes,  ac- 
quired such  a  reputation  as  an  architect,  that  se- 
veral princes  employed  him  in  the  erect  ion  of  pa- 
laces a  nd  public  edilices ;  he  died  at  Paris,  in  1755. 

BOG.\N,  Zacharv,  a  learned  EngUsh  divine, 
died  inir.,59. 

BOG  ARDUS,  Everardus,  first  minister  of  the 
reformed  Dutch  church  in  New-York. 

BOGORIS,  first  Christian  king  of  the  Bulga- 
nans ;  he  onibraced  Christianity  in  8tj5. 
76 


BO 

BOHADIN,  a  learned  Arabian,  the  favourite 
of  Saladin,and  the  historian  of  his  life;  in  wliicli. 
he  gives  an  account  of  the  crusades,  and  of  tlie 
lil(>rature  ol  the  12lh  century. 

BUlll'.MOiM),  prince  ofAntioch,  with  his 
father,  invaded  the  eastern  pmi)ire,  and  twice 
defeati'd  the  emperor  Alexius.  He  afterwards 
mbarked  for  the  crusades,  and  took  Antioch  ; 
but  being  taken  prisoner  and  released,  returned 
to  Europe,  where  lie  prepared  to  raise  a  large 
army,  and  died  in  1111.  He  was  succeeded  at 
Antioch  by  six  princes,  successively  bearing  the 
same  name. 

BOHN,  John,  a  native  of  Leipsic,  eminent  as 
a  physician,  professor,  and  chymist,  died  in  171',i. 

BOIARDO,  Marteo-Maria,  a  governor  of  Reg- 
gio,  known  as  the  author  of  Orlando  Inamorato, 
in  continuation  of  which,  Ariosto  wrote  his  Or- 
lando Furioso.  He  was  a  man  pos.-eK.-ed  of 
great  yxietical  talents,  a  strong  and  lively  iiiiagi- 

atioD.  and  bold  and  animated  conceptions;  he 
died  ill  1494. 

BOILEAU,  Giles,  translator  of  EpictetU8,&c., 
died  in  1069. 

BOILEAU,  James,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorhonne, 
dean  of  the  faculty  of  divinity,  and  canon  of 
the  holy  chapel,  died  in  171G. 

BOILEAU,  Sieur  Despieaux,  Nicholas,  a  ce- 
lebrated French  poet,  horn  at  Paris,  Noveniber 
1,  1G3G.  Ke  wrote  satires,  wherein  he  exposed 
the  bad  taste  of  his  time,  and  was  extremely 
severe  against  vice  and  the  corrupt  manners 
of  the  age.  Boileau's  satirical  pieces  raited 
him  many  enemies :  his  "  Satire  against  the 
Women"  in  particular,  was  much  talked  of, 
and  occasioned  great  clamour.  So  highly  did  he 
rank  among  French  writers,  that  Bruyere,  in  a 
peech  delivered  at  the  French  academy,  said 
'  Boileau  excels  Juvenal,  comes  up  to  Horace, 
seems  to  create  the  thoughts  of  another,  and  to 
make  whatever  he  handle?  his  own.  His  verses 
will  be  read  even  when  tJie  language  is  obsolete, 
and  will  be  the  last  ruins  of  it."  Dr.  Warton, 
ilso,  says,  that  Boileau's  Art  of  Poetry  is  the 
best  coiiiposition  of  that  kind  extant.  He  died 
March  2, 1711. 

BOILEAU,  John  James,  an  ecclesiastic,  cf 
St.  Hoiiore,  at  Paris,  was  a  man  of  great  learn- 
ing, and  highly  esteemed  by  the  cardinal  de  No- 
ailles  :  he  died  in  1735. 

BOILEAU,  Charles,  abbeof  Boileau,  an  emi- 
nent preacher  at  the  court  of  Lewis  XIV.,  died 
in  1700. 

BOINDIN,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Paris,  enter- 
ed the  army  at  the  age  of  20  ;  his  ill  health  coni- 
jielling  him  to  relinquish  the  service,  he  turned 
his  attention  to  literarj-  pursuits,  and  was  cele- 
brated as  a  ^vriter  of  comedies ;  he  died  in  1751. 

BOIS,  Jean  du,  a  Parisian  ecclesiastic,  be- 
caiiMj  so  conspicuous  in  the  military  service  of 
Henry  III.,  as  to  acquire  the  name  of  Emperor 
of  monks.  On  rcsumhig  his  clerical  character, 
he  became  eminent  as  a  preacher,  but  incurring 
the  resentment  of  the  church,  he  was  conftned 
at  Rome,  where  he  died  in  1626. 

BOIS,  Gerard  du,  a  native  of  Orleans,  known 
as  the  author  of  a  Latin  history  of  the  church  of 
Paris,  died  in  1696. 

BOIS,  Philippe  du,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
died  in  1707. 

BOIS,  Philippe  Goibaud,  a  dancing  master,  of 
Poictiers.  died  in  1604. 

BOIS  b'ANNFMF.TS,  Daniel  du  author  of 
.Memoirs  of  a  Favourite  of  the  duke  of  Orleans, 
was  killed  in  a  duel  at  Venice,  in  1627. 

BOIS,  Cardinal  du,  an  eminent  French  etafes- 


bo 


man,  ami  prime  minister  under  the  reaeiit,  Uuk 
of  (Jrlearis,  died  in  17'23. 

KOIS  1)E  I.A  PIERllE,  Louise  Mane  dii,  a 
lady  of  Normandy,  wrote  memoirs  lor  a  liislory 
of  Normandy,  to.,  and  died  in  ITM. 

BOISMUKARU,  abbe  Ciiiron  de,  a  writer  of 
eminence,  died  at  Pans,  in  174G. 

BOISllOBliliT,  Francis  le  Metel  de,  a  native 
of  Caen,  i.iiown  lor  liis  wit  and  keen  satire, 
became  tlie  favourite  and  butiboii  of  Cardinal 
de  Kichelieu  ;  iie  died  in  IGGi. 

BOISSARD,  Jolm  James,  a  famous  antiquary 
born  at  Bcsancon,  in  France,  15:i3,  died  at  Metz, 
1002. 

BOISSAT,  Pierre  de,  a  native  of  Vienne  ;  at 
ditTerent  periods  of  liis  life,  he  was  a  nioiilj,  a 
soldier,  and  a  liermit ;  he  died  in  lti(i2. 

BOISSIERE,  Joseph  de  la  Fontaine  de_la,  an 
ecclesiastic,  of  Dieppe,  died  at  Paris,  in  1732. 

BOISSIEU,  Denis  de  Salvaing  de,  a  lawyer 
in  the  service  of  Lewis  XIU.,  died  in  1C83. 

BOISSIEU,  Bartholomew  Camiile  de,  an  emi- 
nent physician,  and  writer  on  medical  subjects, 
died  in  1770. 

BOISS  V,  Louis  de,  a  popular  Parisian  virriter, 
who  chose  to  starve  with  his  wife  and  cliild, 
rather  than  solicit  the  charity  of  his  admirers  or 
friends.  They  had  nearly  perished,  when  their 
situation  was  discovered  by  a  friend,  and  they, 
were  relieved,  and  afterwards  supported  by  a  I  work,  called  "Nero  Ca:sur,  or,  raonarchie  de- 


liU 

stable  of  Uover,  aiid  wui  =e,it  on  several  eiu- 
buMsie.s;  and  when  the  unfortunate  Amie  fell 
into  disjjrace,  he  too  wa.-  degraded,  and  bc- 
lleadc'd,  on  a  false  accusation,  in  lojli. 

BULl.NGBKOKE.     See  SAIM' JOHN. 

KtJLLANUUS,  John,  a  Jesuit  ot  Flanders, 
possessed  of  judgment,  learning,  and  sagacity, 
was  appoijited  to  colleci  materials  tor  the  li\  e« 
ol  the  saints,  but  died  When  he  had  coinpittett 
but  5  vols.,  10t!5. 

BOLOiiNE,  Jean  de,  a  pupil  of  Michael  An- 
gelo,  died  at  I'lorence,  in  ItiOO. 

BOivOG.X  ESE,  Francisco,  the  assumed  name 
of  Francis  (Jrimaldi,  the  pupil  of  Aiiibal  Caracci, 
died  in  1()8U. 

BWLSEC,  Jerome,  a  Carmelite,  of  Paris,  for- 
ook  his  order,  and  fled  to  Italy,  and  then  to 
Ceiieva,  where  lie  lived  as  a  (ihysician.  He 
there  embraced  the  doctrines  of  Pelagius,  and 
inveighed,  with  so  much  bitterness  and  violence, 
against  Calvin,  that  he  was  e.vpelled  from  the 
city.  He  returned  to  France,  where  he  died  in 
laSl.  His  lives  of  Calvin  and  Beza  are  a  col- 
lection of  falsehood  and  abuse. 

BOLSWERU,  Sheldt,  an  eminent  engraver, 
of  Flanders. 

BOLTON,  Edmund, an  ing-enious English  an- 
tiquary, who  lived  in  the  beginning  of  the  17th 
century,  and  wrolc  a  very  curious  historical 


pension ;  he  died  in  1758. 

BOIVI.V,  Francis  de,  baron  de  Villers,  ac- 
companied mareciial  de  Brissac  into  Piedmont, 
and  wrote  an  authentic  account  of  the  v.'ars  of 
the  country  ;  he  died  in  1(318 

BOIVIN,  John,  Greek  professor  at  Paris,  and 
librarian  to  the  king,  died  in  172tj. 

BOIVIN,  Louis,  brother  of  John,  died  in  1724. 
Some  of  his  writings  are  still  preserved. 

BOIZ.^RD,  John,  a  man  of  abilities,  employed 
in  the  mint  at  Paris,  died  about  the  close  of  the 
17th  century. 

BOL,  John,  a  Flemish  painter  of  eminence, 
died  in  1.5;)3. 

BOL,  Ferdinand,  a  Dutch  painter,  the  pupil 
of  Rembrant,  died  in  1681. 

BOLLAN,  William,  agent  to  Great  BritainI 
from  the  province  of  Massachusetts,  to  solicit 
the  reimbursement  of  the  expenses  in  the  expe- 
dition against  Cape  Breton,  in  174.). 

BOLANGEU,  John,  a  pupil  of  Guido,  emi- 
nent as  a  hislorical  painter,  died  in  ]6G0. 

BOLESLAUS  I.,  fust  king  of  Poland,  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  duke  Micislaus,  in  9ii',).  Otho 
III.  made  Poland  an  independent  kingdom,  and 
gave  him  the  title  of  king,  in  1001 ;  he  died  in 
102.5. 

BOLESLAUS  II.,  called  the  bold  and  the 
cruel,  succeeded  liis  father,  Casimir  I  ,  in  10.^9 
During  his  invasion  of  Russia,  the  Polish  women, 
enraged  at  the  absence  of  their  husbands,  be 
stowed  their  favours  on  their  slaves.  Boleslaus 
returned  with  his  army  to  avenge  the  iiisult, 
and  a  long  and  bloody  servile  contest  ensued. 
He  was  afterwards  excommunicated,  and  died 
tn  Hungary,  in  1080. 

BOLEYN,  Anne,  wife  of  Henry  VUI.,  king 
of  England,  and  memorable  for  giving  occasion 
to  the  Reformation  in  that  country,  was  born  in 
1507.  Being  accused,  (falsely  it  is  believed,)  of 
conjugal  infidelity,  she  was  beheaded,  May  19, 
1536. 

BOLEYN,  George,  brother  to  Queen  Anne 
Eoleyn,  admired  for  his  wit  and  learning.     His 
elevation  followed  that  of  his  sister ,  he  was 
made  a  peer,  by  the  title  of  Lord  Rochfort,  con-Hat  Rome,  in  1725. 
7* 


praved;"  foi.  1024. 

BOLTON,  Robert,  dean  of  Carlisle,  and  a 
celebrated  writer  of  moral  and  religious  letters 
and  tracts,  was  born  in  Northamptonshire,  1698, 
and  died  1763. 

BOLTON,  Robert,  a  puritan,  distinguished 
for  his  learning  and  his  eloquence.  He  was  a 
professor  at  Oxibrd,  and  sustained  his  high  re- 
putation by  his  numerous  writings ;  he  died  in 
1031. 

BOLZ  ANI,  Urbano  Valeriano,  a  monk  of  the 
order  of  the  Minorites,  born  at  Belluno,  traveUed 
through  Greece,  Palestine,  &c.,  and  twice  as- 
cended .(Etna,  to  survey  its  crater.  He  first 
wrote  a  grammar  of  the  Greek  language,  in 
Latin,  and  died  in  1524. 

BOiMBELLI,  Sebastian,  a  painter,  of  Bologna, 
died  in  1C85. 

ROMBERG,  Daniel,  a  printer,  of  Venice,  fa- 
mous for  the  number  and  correctness  of  his 
books,  died  in  1549. 

BON  DE  ST.  HILAIRE,  Francois  Xavier. 
president  of  ihe  chamber  of  accounts  of  Mont- 
pelier,  author  of  a  treatise  on  silk  wornjs,  and  on 
the  Maroons  of  India,  died  in  17GI. 

HONA,  John,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Piedmont, 
eminent  for  his  learning,  and  his  love  of  soli- 
tude, was  piomoted  to  places  of  honour  by  Pope 
Alexander  VII..  and  lastly  a  cardinal :  he  died, 
much  respected,  in  1674. 

BONAC,  Jolm  Louis  d'  Usson,  marquis  do, 
a  French  nobleman,  sent  by  Lewis  XIV.,  as  am- 
bassador to  Sweden,  Poland,  Spain,  Constanti 
nople,  &c.,  died  in  1738. 

BONACINA,  Martin,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  5H- 
lan,  in  the  service  of  Pope  Urban  VIII.,  died  in 
1631. 

BONAMY,  Peter  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Lou- 
vres, historiographer  of  Paris,  known  for  his 
learned  dissertations  and  Ilia  amiable  character, 
died  in  1770. 


BONANNI,  James,  a  noble  of  Syracuse,  au- 
thor of  "  Syracusa  Illustrata,"  died  in  1636. 

EONANNI,  I'liilii),  a  learned  Jesuit,  author 
of  several  bocks  op,  antiquities  and  history,  died 


BO 

BONARDI,  Jean  Bapliste,  a  learned  Uoclor 
of  iJie  Sorboniie,  died  at  Paris,  in  1756 

BONAUELLIjGuy  Ubaklo,  a  nobleman,  born 
at  Urbino,  known  as  a  politician  in  the  service 
of  tlic  duk(  of  Ferrara,  and  as  the  autlior  of  pas- 
torals, (lied  in  lliOS. 

BONAKOTA,  or  BUONAROTI,  Buuiamcd 
Michael  Aiig«;lo.    Vid.  ANGELO. 

BONAVENTURE,  John  Fidauza,  a  cele- 
brated doctor,  cardinal,  and  saint,  of  the  churcli 
of  Rome,  born  in  Tuscany,  li-21.  His  works 
were  printed  at  Rome,  in  1558,  in  8  vols,  folio. 
Excepting'  his  Conmientary  upon  the  Ma.ster  of 
the  Sentences,  they  are  chietly  upon  pious  and 
mystical  subjects,  and  have  gained  him  the  name 
of  the  Seraphic  Doctor. 

BON  A  VENTURE,  of  Padua,  a  cardinal,  born 
in  that  city,  i;!:i'2.  He  was  the  author  of  several 
works:  as  "Commentaries  upon  the  Epistles 
of  St.  John  and  St.  James,"  "  Lives  of  the 
Saints,"  "  Sermons,"  "  Speculum  Maria>,"  &c, 

BONBELLES,  Henri  Francis,  Comte  de,  a 
French  officer  of  rank,  died  in  17tiO. 

BONCERF,  a  French  writer,  of  t'reat  popu 
larity  at  the  revolution,  who  soon  alter  lell  into 
disgrace,  and  died  of  a  broken  heart, 

BOND,  John,  an  eminent  conunentator,  and 
preceptor  at  Taunton,  died  in  1C12. 

BOND,  Thomas,  an  eminent  physician  of 
Philadfclpliia,  iu  1763,  or  1704, 

BONEFACIO,  Venetiano,  an  Italian  painter, 
died  in  lti30. 

BONET,Theophilus,  a  famous  medical  writer, 
born  ai  Geneva,  1620,  died  in  1089. 

BONFADICS,  James,  a  polite  writer,  of  Italy, 
ill  the  10th  century.  Having,  in  his  ottice  of 
liistoriographer  of  Genoa,  spoken  too  freely  of 
some  powerful  families,  they  resolved  to  ruin 
him,  and  brought  a  charge  of  unnatural  propeii 
Sities  against  him ;  on  which  charge  he  v\'a.- 
executed,  in  1.560. 

BONFINIUS,  Anthony,  a  historian,  bom  v.\ 
Italy,  went  to  Hungary  by  invitation  of  th."  king, 
and  wrote  a  history  of  that  country,  in  45  vols.; 
he  died,  as  is  suiiposed,  in  1502. 

BONFRERIUS,James,aJe.suit,  andtheologi 
cal  writer,  died  in  1043. 

BONGARS,  James,  ambassador  of  Henrj' 
FV.  at  several  German  courts,  and  employed  in 
his  service  as  a  statesman  and  negotiator  for 
nearly  30  years ;  he  died  in  1012. 

BONICIIOX.  Francis,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  An- 
gers, died  in  l(iG2. 

BONIFACE,  the  apostle  of  Germany,  was 
sent  by  Gregory  II.  to  convert  the  barbarians  of 
the  north  to  Christianity,  and  was  eminently  suc- 
cessful, for  which  he  was  loaded  with  honours 
bvthe  pope  ;  he  was  killed  in  Friezland,  in  734. 
'BONIFACE  I., St.,  pope  of  Rome,  die<l  in  422. 

BONIFACE  II.  was  elected  pope  in  530,  and 
died  in  532. 

BONIFACE  in.  was  made  pope  in  GOO,  and 
died  the  same  year.  He  established,  by  means 
of  the  emperor  Phocas,  the  superiority  of  the 
jiopcs  over  the  patriarchs.  He  was  immediately 
sfucceeded  by  Boniface  IV.,  who  died  in  014. 

BONIFACE  v.,  of  Naples,  was  elevated  to 
the  papacv  in  017,  and  died  in  625. 

BONIFACE  VI.  wa.^  pope  for  15  days,  iu896. 
He  was  elevated  and  deposed  by  a  faction. 

BONIFACE  VII.  raised  himself  to  the  papal 
chair,  and  died  four  months  after.  As  he  was 
a  monster  of  cruelty,  his  remains  were  treated 
with  the  greatest  indignity  bv  the  people. 

BONIF.ACE  VIII.,  Benedict  Ca.jetan,  a  cardi- 
nal, and  afterwards  pope,  in  1294.    His  ambi- 
73 


BO 

tion  was  unlKiunded  ;  he  hurled  the  thunder  of 
the  Vatican  aganist  the  kings  of  Diiunark  and 
France,  and  duclaied  that  God  had  made  him 
lord  over  kings  and  kingdoms.  I'hilip,  despising 
his  Uneats,  had  linn  seized  by  force,  but  e:'tap- 
ing  from  his  guards,  he  tied  to  Rome,  where  he 
died  in  i;;03. 

HON  I  l'','VCE  IX.,  a  native  of  Naples,  pope,  in 
i:.8i.,  di.d  in  1404. 

BONIFACE,  Hyacinthe,  compiler  of  the  de- 
creesol  the  parliament  of  Provence,  died  in  liiljo 

BONIFACE,  a  count  of  the  Roman  empire, 
who  rexolted  against  the  emj)eror,  but  «a^  af- 
terwards reconciled  to  him  :  he  fell  in  a  baliie 
with  Actius,  his  rival,  in  432. 

BONlF.^CIO,  Balthazar,  professor  of  law  al 
I'adna,  and  afterwards  bishop  of  Caso  d'Istria, 
died  ill  liJSy. 

KONJOUR,  Guillaume,  an  Augustine  monk, 
who  att.isied  Clement  XI.  in  correcting  the  errors 
of  the  Gregorian  calendar,  died  wliile  a  mission- 
ary in  China,  in  1714. 

BONNE,  the  mistress  and  wife  of  Peter  Bru- 
iioro,  a  warrior  of  Parma.  She  displayed  great 
courage  in  the  field,  and  with  her  husband,  de- 
lendetl  Venice  against  the  duke  of  Milan;  she 
ili.  d  ill  1406. 

RONN  ECORSE,  a  native  of  Marseilles,  consul 
for  France  in  Egypt,  died  in  1700. 

BONNECUEIL,  Joseph  Duranti  de,  an  ec- 
clesiastic, of  Aix,  who  translated  some  of  tlie 
works  of  St.  Chrysostom,  &c.,  died  in  1750. 

CONNEFONS,  John,  a  native  of  Auvergnc, 
was  distinguished  as  a  successful  imitator  tlf  the 
poetrv  of  Catullus ;  he  died  in  1014. 

BONNEFONS,  Amable,  a  Jesuit,  of  Riom, 
author  of  several  devotional  tracts,  died  in  W,)3. 

BONNELL,  James,  a  religious  writer,  born 
10.53,  died  16!i9. 

BONNER,  Edmund,  bishop  of  London,  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  Edward  VI.,  and  Queen 
Mary,  was  the  son  of  an  honest,  poor  man,  and 
born  at  Ilanley,  in  Worcestershire  He  was  a 
nost  violent  and  cruel  bigot,  and  was  the  oc- 
asion  of  several  hundreds  of  innocent  persons 
being  put  to  death  for  their  firm  adherence  to 
the  protestant  faith.  Upon  Queen  Elizabeth's 
accession,  he  refused  to  take  the  oath  of  allegi- 
ance and  supremacy  ;  for  which  reason  he  was 
deprived  of  his  bi.shopric,  and  committed  to  the 
JIarshalsea.  After  having  lived  in  confinement 
some  years,  he  died  Septenibcr  5,  1509. 

BONNET,  Charles,  an  eminent  natural  phi- 
losopher and  metaphysician,  born  at  Geneva, 
March  13,  1720,  died  May  20,  1793.  A  complete 
edition  of  his  works  was  published  at  Neuftha- 
tel,  9  vols.  4to.,  and  18  8vo. 

BONNEVAL,  Claudius  Alexander,  count  de, 
of  Limousin,  allied  to  the  royal  family  of  France, 
whose  service  he  left  for  that  of  Turkey,  where 
he  wa°  made  a  bashaw  of  three  tails,  and  died 
in  1747. 

BONNEVAL,  Rene  de,  an  inferior  writer,  and 
poet  of  Mans,  died  in  1760. 

BONMER  D'ALCO,  N.,  a  Frenchman, 
known  in  tlie  national  assembly  for  his  strong 
republican  principles ;  he  w  as  assassinated  iu 
1799. 

BONOMI,  Joseph,  an  artist,  distinguished  par- 
ticularly by  his  architectural  knowledge  and  ge- 
nius, was  a  native  of  Italy  ;  but  died  in  liOn- 
don,  March  10,  1H08.  He  «'as  an  associate  of 
the  Royal  Academy,  and  xvarmly  patronised  by 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds. 

BONOSUS,  bi.shop  of  Naissus,  in  Dacia,  ac- 
cused of  heresy,  condemned,  and  died  in  <10. 


BO 

HONTEKOB,  Corneille,  a  Dutchman,  pliy- 
siriaii  to  llie  elector  ol  Brandenburg,  and  au- 
thor of  several  works. 

BON'l'liMl'I,  George  Andrew  Angelini,  mi- 
nister ol'  tlie  cliapol  ol"  llic  elector  ol  Baxony, 
known  as  a  good  musician,  and  author  ol'  a 
work  on  music. 

BONTKMs',  Madame,  a  woman  respected 
forlier  wit,  underslaiidins,  and  knowledge;  she 
published  a  translation  ol' Ttiomjieon's  Seasons, 
and  died  at  Paris,  in  ITGB. 

BONTIUS,  James,  a  Dutch  physician  at  Ba- 
tavia,  autliorot'the  Botany  and  Natural  History 
of  India,  primed  at  Leyiien,  in  1042,  and  Am- 
Bterdam,  Ki.'iB. 

BONTIUS,  Gerard,  medical  professor  at  I,ey- 
den,  where  he  died  in  1599.  He  invented  some 
famous  pills,  the  secret  of  which  was  long  un- 
known. 

BONVINCINO,  Alexander,  an  Italian  paint- 
tr,  ij;.^  ii..>L.i  le  o.  i  muii.  His  Works  are  highly 
fsleetned  ;  hr  died  in  1564. 

BONWICKE,  Ambrose,  a  nonjuring  clergy- 
man, educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford, 
was  e.xpeiled  from  his  employment,  in  1691,  for 
refusinH  to  lake  the  oaths  of  allegiance. 

UOODT,  Anselm  Von,  a  physician  of  the  em- 
peror Kodolph,  known  by  a  Latin  tract  on  jew- 
el?, died  in  Jf.tJO.  I 

BOOKER,  John,  a  haberdasher,  afterwardsj 
an  a.slrologcr ;  wrote  the  "  Bloody  Irish  Al- 
manac," and  died  in  1667. 

BOONE,  Daniel,  a  Dulch  painter  whose 
pieces  are  valuable,  died  in  England,  in  1G98. 

BOONE,  Thomas,  an  able  and  faithful  go- 
vernor of  New-Jersey,  and  afterwards  of  South- 
Carolina,  until  1763. 

BOONENjArnold,  an  eminent  portrait  painter, 
a  disciple  of  Shalken,  died  in  1729. 

BOOT,  Arnold,  a  Dutch  physician,  author  of 
a  defence  of  the  Hebrew  text  of  Scripture,  and 
also  tome  medical  works  ;  died  at  Paris,  in 
1G53. 

BOOTH,  Barton,  a  famous  English  actor,  who 
cliiefly  excelled  in  tragedy,  was  born  in  the 
county  of  I^ancaster,  I68l",  and  died   May  10 


BO 

appointed  farmer-general.  He  wroic  several 
learned  works,  and  was  guillotined  by  Kobes- 
pierre,  in  1794. 

BORDENAVE,  Toussaint,  professor  of  sur- 
ery  in  Pari,';,  known  for  his  elements  of  physio- 
logy, he  died  in  1782. 

BORDES,  Charles,  a  poet  and  philosopher, 
of  Eyoiis,  died  in  1781. 

BOriUEU,Ttieopliilus,  aphysician  who  gain- 
ed great  repntalion  at  Paris  ;  lie  published  nine 
medical  works,  and  died  in  1776. 

BORDINGIUS,  Andrew,  a  celebrated  Danish 
poet,  whose  works  were  published  at  Copen- 
hagen, in  1738. 

BORDLEY,  John  Beale,  member  of  the  ex- 
ecutive council  of  Maryland,  a  writer  oir  agri- 
culture, died  1804. 

BORDONE,  Paris,  a  painter,  of  Venice,  and 
the  favourite  of  Francis  I.,  celebrated  for  hia 
portraits  ;  died  in  1587. 

BORE,  Caliitrine  Von,  a  nun.  Vi  ho,  on  ilie 
dissemination  of  Luther's  principles,  quitted  the 
veil.  Her  heroic  conduct  altiactcd  the  notice 
of  Luther,  who  afterwards  mariiid  her.  She 
was  a  woman  of  delicacy  and  virtue,  and  died 
in  LWi. 

BOB  EL,  Peter,  physician  to  the  French  king, 
and  author  of  several  valuable  works,  died  in 
1689. 

BORELLI,  John  Alphonsus,  born  at  Naples, 
and  dislinguished  as  a  philosopher,  and  uiallie- 
matician.  He  wrote  thirteen  treatises  in  Italian 
and  Lalin,  and  died  in  1679. 

EORGARUTIUS,  Prosper,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian of  the  16th  century,  who  gained  celebrity 
as  an  anatomist  at  Padua  and  Paris. 

BORGHESE,  Paul  Guidotto,  an  Italian  poet 
and  painter,  who,  though  acquainted  with  14 
dirt'crent  trades,  died  poor  and  neglected  in  162G 

BORGHINI,  Vincent,  a  learned  Benedictine 
monk,  born  at  Florence.  He  had  the  magnani- 
niity  to  refuse  the  archbishopric  of  Pisa,  and 
dird  in  1680. 

BORGHINI,  Raphael,  a  Florentine  writer  of 
comedies. 

BORGIA,  Stephen,  a  cardinal,  eminent  for 


1732.  His  character  as  an  actor  has  been  ccle-||his  i>iety  and  learning,  died  at  Lyons,  in  1804, 
brated  by  some  of  the  best  judges.  SeeCibber'suwlnle  attending  Pius  VI.  on  his  journey  to  Paris. 
Aoology,  &c.  f{     BORGIA,  Ctfsar,  a  natural  s(3n  of  Pope  Alex- 

BOOTH,  Henry,  earl  of  Warrington,  a  states- Zander  VI.,  a  man  of  such  conduct  and  charac- 


man,  and  member  of  parliament  under  Charle: 
II.  He  strenuously  opposed  popery,  and  alter 
the  revolution  was  promoted  to  high  otfices  by 
king 'V\^illiam  ;  he  died  in  1694. 

BOOTH,  George,  earl  olWarrington,  wrotea 
tract  on  marriage,  recoitimending  divorce  when 
tempers  disagree  ;  he  died  in  1758. 

BORBONIUS,  Nicholas,  a  Latin  poet  and  fa- 
vourite of  Francis  I.  He  was  connected  with 
Sir  Thomas  More,  Erasmus,  and  other  learned 
men  of  the  IGth  century.  His  poems  appeared 
in  1540. 

BORDA,  John  Charles,  an  eminent  French 
mathematician,  who  made  a  voyage  to  America, 
in  order  to  ascertain  the  utility  of  certain  instru- 
ments for  determining  the  latitude  and  longi- 
tude ;  of  which  he  published  an  account  in  two 
vo  s.  4to.  1778.  He  was  born  1735,  and  died  at 
Paris,  May,  1799. 

BORDE,  Andrew,  an  Englishman,  born  in 
1500,  educated  at  Oxford,  studied  physic,  and 
entered  the  order  of  Carthusians.  In  his  cha- 
racter he  was  extremely  whimsical ;  he  died 
in  1549. 

BORDE,  John  Benjamin,  a  French  writer, 
valet  to  Lovua  XV.,  upon  whose  death  he  was 


ter,  that  Machiavel  has  thought  tit  to  propose 
him,  in  h's  famous  book  called  "The  Prince," 
as  an  original  and  pattern  to  all  princes  who 
would  act  the  part  of  wise  and  politic  tyrants 
He  was  killed  in  battle,  March  12,  1.507. 

BORGIANI,  Orazio,  an  eminent  historical 
and  portrait  painter,  a  native  of  Rome ;  died  in 
1681. 

BORIS,  Gudenou,  aregent  of  Jluscovy  under 
Foedor,  whom  he  assassinated  and  thus  obtain- 
ed the  sovereign  power  out  afterwards  met  a 
like  late  himself. 

BORLACE,  Edmund,  M  D.,  son  of  a  lord 
chief  justice  of  Ireland,  was  educated  at  Dub- 
lin, studied  at  Leyden  and  Oxford,  and  acquired 
great  reputation:  he  died  at  Chester,  in  1682. 

BORLASE,  William,  a  very  ingenious  and 
learned  writer,  was  of  an  ancient  family  in 
Cornwall,  and  born  at  Pendeen,  February  2, 
1695-6.  Having  perpetuated  his  name  by  his 
deep  researches  into  the  natural  history  of  Itis 
native  countiy,  Dr.  Bo'lase  died  Aug.  31, 1772. 

BORN,  Ignatius,  a  German  baron,  resided  at 
Prague,  devoted  himself  to  the  sciences,  wrote 
a  satire  on  monks,  whom  he  classed  after  the 
system  of  Linoasu*!  and  died  in  3791. 
■  7'^ 


BO 


BORNIER,  Philip  de,  a  lawyer  of  Montpelier, 
and  author  of  two  learned  worlis,  died  in  1711. 

BORREL,  John,  an  ecclesiatiiic,  well  versed 
in  geometry,  died  in  157'2. 

BORRI,  Joseph  Francis,  an  arirul  impostor 
of  Milan,  wlio  practised  upon  the  credulity  of 
luerciiants,  as  well  as  princes,  whom  he  dehidcd 
out  of  rreat  sums  of  money,  under  a  pretence 
of  discovering  the  philosopher's  stone  ;  he  died 

in  ifiya 

BORRFCfllUS,  Olaus,  a  learned  professor  at 
the  university  of  Copenhagen.  He  visited  the 
different  countries  of  Europe,  and  acquired  tlie 
friendship  of  their  literati ;  he  died  in  1090. 

BORROMEO,  Charles,  a  cardinal,  archliisliop 
>i  Milan,  and  saint  of  the  Romish  church,  was 
an  e.xample  of  meekness  and  piety,  and  endea- 
voured to  reform  the  abuses  of  the  clergy  ;  he 
died  in  15iM,  and  was  canonized  in  1710. 

BOKROMEO,  Frederick,  cousin  to  the  last, 
and  also  a  cardinal,  and  archbishop  of  Milan, 
founded  the  Auibrosian  library,  he  died  in  lf)32. 

BORRO.MINI,  Francis,  an  architect  of  Bis- 
soue,  acquired  nmch  reputation  at  Rome ;  he 
died  1C67. 

BORZONI,  Luciano,  a  native  of  Genoa,  emi- 
nent as  a  historical  and  portrait  painter,  died  at 
Milan,in  1545.  Histhree  sons  wore  equally  great. 

BOS,  Jolin  Baptist  du,  a  celebrated  member, 
and  perpetual  secretary  of  the  French  academy, 
born  at  Beauvais,  1670.  His  principal  work  is 
"  Critical  Reflections  upon  Poetry  and  Paint- 
ing."    He  died  at  Paris,  1742. 

BOS,  Lambert,  Greek  professor  at  Fraiieker, 
Where  he  died  in  1717.  He  was  the  author  of 
several  learned  works. 

BOS,  Charles  Francis  du,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Lucon,  died  in  1724.  He  was  a  man  of  learning 
and  piety. 

BOS,  Jerome,  a  Flemish  painter,  died  in  1500, 

BOS,  Lewis  Jansen,  a  Fleniisli  painter,  cele- 
brated for  his  beautiful  leaves  and  flowers,  died 
1507. 

BOSC,  James  du,  a  native  of  Normandy  and 
an  author. 

BOSC,  Pierre  du,  a  protestant  minister 
Caen.  On  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes, 
he  fled  to  Holland,  and  became  minister  of  the 
Church  of  Rotterdam ;  he  died  in  1692. 

BOSCAGER,  John,  a  native  of  Bcziers,  the 
author  of  several  law  works,  died  in  1G84. 

BOSCAN,  John,  of  Barcelona,  introduced 
the  Italian  rhyme  into  the  poetry  of  his  country. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  poems,  and  died 
in  1543. 

BOSCAWEN,  Edward,  a  celebrated  English 
admiral,  son  of  Hugh,  lord  viscount  Falmouth, 
was  born  about  1711 .  He  signalized  himself  in 
many  important  contests  with  the  French ;  in 
which,  one  circumstance  of  his  success  will  ap- 
pear singular ;  namely,  that  of  having  at  three 
different  times,  in  1744, 1747,  and  1755,  taken  M. 
Hoquart,  a  French  commander,  prisoner. — Mr. 
B.'s  eminent  services  merited  and  obtained  the 
approbation  and  gratitude  of  his  country.  On  the 
12th  Dec.  1758,  the  thanks  of  the  house  of  com- 
nions  (the  greatest  honour  that  can  be  done  to 
any  subject)  were  given  hini  in  his  place  by  the 
speaker ;  in  that  year  also  he  was  appf)inted 
admiral  of  the  blue ;  and  in  Dec  1760,  general 
of  marines,  with  a  salary  of  3000?.  per  annum, 
and  a  seat  in  the  privy  council.  This  rank  and 
bonour,  however,  he  did  not  long  enjoy,  dying 
Januarj' 10,  1761.  Some  interesting  stories  of 
this  great  commander  will  be  found  in  "  Se- 
ward's Anecdotes." 
80 


BO 

I  BOSCAWEN,  William,  a  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter and  poet,  of  considerable  merit,  eon  of  gene- 
ral George  Boscawen,  and  nephew  of  the  admi- 
ral, was  born  Aug.  28,  1752.  He  was  educated 
at  Eton  school  and  at  E.xeler  college,  Oxford  ; 
was  called  to  the  bar  as  a  member  of  the  Mid- 
dle Temple,  and  became  a  commissioner  of 
bankrupts  ;  and  in  1785  was  appointed  one  of 
the  conunissioners  of  the  victualing  office.  He 
was  an  excellent  scholar,  and  (besides  other  po- 
ems) published,  in  two  vols.  8vo,  a  new  transla-  , 
tion  of  Horace,  which  is,  in  the  judgment  of 
classical  men,  in  many  essential  points  of  merit, 
very  superior  to  that  of  Dr.  Francis.  Mr.  B. 
was  a  most  amiable  man,  and  died  May  6, 1811. 
BOSCH,  BaltliazarVanden,  a  painter  of  Ant- 
werp, whose  pieces  are  much  admired,  died  in 
1715. 

BOSCH,  Jacob,  a  painter  of  Amsterdam,  died 
in  1675. 

BOSCHAERTS,  Thomas  Willebos,  a  Flem- 
ish painter,  patronised  by  the  prince  of  Orange, 
died  in  1667 

BOSCOLI,  Andrew,  a  painter,  of  Florence, 
whose  execution  and  colouring  were  much  ad- 
mired. 

BOSCOA^CH,  Joseph  Roger,  a  Jesuit,  and 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Rome,  Pavia,  and 
Milan.  His  works  were  on  mathematical  sub- 
jects, though  he  wrote  elegant  poetry  ;  lie  died 
in  1787. 

BOSTO,  James,  a  monk  of  Milan,  chiefly 
known  for  his  history  of  the  knights  of  Malta. 

BOSIO,  Anthony,  known  by  his  description 
of  the  tombs  and  epitaphs  of  the  early  Chris- 
tians at  Rome. 

BOSON,  count  of  Aries,  made  king  of  Pro- 
vence, in  879. 

BOSaUET,  Francis,  bishop  of  Montpelier, 

wrote  the  lives  of  the  popes  of  Avignon,  and 

historv  of  the  Galilean  church  ;  he  died  in  1676. 

BOSSE,  Abraham, a  Frenchman, distinguished 

as  an  engraver  and  architect,  died  in  1660. 

BOSSU,  Rene  Le,  born  at  Paris,  1631,  died 
1680.  His  principal  work  was,  "  A  Treatise  on 
Epic  Poetry,"  which  gained  him  great  reputa- 
tion. Boileau  says,  it  is  one  of  the  best  compo- 
sitions on  this  subject  that  ever  appeared  in  the 
French  language. 

BOSSUET,  James,  bishop  of  Meaux,  bom  at 
Dijon,  1627.  His  "  Discours  sur  I'Histoire  Uni- 
verselle"  was  published  in  1681,  and  has  been 
considered  as  a  valuable  work,  and  of  great 
authority.     He  died  at  Paris,  in  1704. 

BOSS'US,  Ma'  tin,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Verona, 
who  wrote  several  Latin  works,  died  in  1502. 

BOSTON,  Tl'omas,  M.  A.,  a  Scotchman  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh,  known  as  the  author  of 
"  Human  Nature  in  its  Fourfold  state."  Died  ia 
]7"2. 

BOSWELL,  James,  an  eminent  miscellaneous 
writer,  but  chiefly  distinguished  as  the  literary 
companion  and  biographer  of  the  celebrated 
Dr.  Johnson.  He  was  born  at  Edinburgh,  Oct. 
20, 1740,  and  was  the  son  of  lord  Auchinleck, 
one  of  the  judges  of  the  court  of  sessions  in 
Scotland.  In  1763,  Mr.  B.  came  to  London,  anA 
had  what  he  always  called  the  singular  felicity 
of  being  introduced  to  Dr.  Johnson.  Soon  aftei 
this  he  set  out  on  »  tour;  and  having  visited  the 
most  remarkable  citiesin  Italy,  sailed  to  Corsica, 
travelled  over  every  part  of  that  island,  and  re- 
turned to  Scotland,  in  1766,  when  he  became  an 
advocate  at  the  Scotch  bar.  The  celebrated 
Douglas  cause  being  at  that  time  a  subject  of 
*  general  discussion,  Mr.  Boswell  took  a  very  ae 


BO 

live  and  successful  part  in  ii :  he  publislieil  a 
pamphlet,  entitled  "  The  Essence  of  the  Uouj;- 
Jas  Cause,"  which  was  supposed  to  have  pro- 
cured Mr.  Douglas  the  popularity  heat  that  time 
possessed.  In  ITiiS,  Mr.  1'..  published  his  "  Ac- 
count of  Corsica,  with  Memoirs  ol"  General  Pao- 
li."  Of  this  printed  perlormance,  Dr  Joiin.son 
thus  expresses  himself  "' Vour  journal  is,  in  a 
very  high  degree,  curious  and  delightful.  I 
know  not  whether  I  could  name  any  narrative, 
by  which  curiosity  is  better  excited,  or  betier 
gratilied  "  In  1785,  he  published  "  A  Journal 
of  a  Tour  to  the  Hebrides  with  Dr.  Johnt^on," 
which  had  a  success  similar  to  his  account  of 
Corsica.  This  year  Mr.  Boswell  removed  to 
London,  and  was  soon  after  called  to  the  Eng- 
lish bar  ;  but  his  professional  business  was  in- 
terrupted by  the  preparing  of  his  most  celebrated 
work,  "  TheLifeof  SamueIJohnson,L.L.  D.," 
in  2  vols.  4to.  This  was  published  in  1790.  and 
was  received  by  the  world  with  wonderful  avi- 
dity. It  is  a  faithuil  history  of  Johnson's  life, 
e.tliibits  a  most  interesting  picture  of  the  cha- 
racter of  that  illustrious  moralist,  and  is  one  o! 
the  most  instructive  and  entertainiiig  books  in 
the  '^ni^iish  language.  The  preparation  oi" a  se- 
cond edition  of  this  work  was  the  last  literary  per- 
formance of  Mr  Boswell,  win  died  May  19,  K9.5. 

BftSTWICK,  David,  an  eminent  minister  of 
New-Vork,  author  of  several  sermons,  &c., 
died  in  1762. 

BOT.\L,  Leonard,  physician  of  Henry  IK  , 
of  [''ranee,  reco(nmended  freijuent  bleedings  in 
fevers,  wliicli  others-  condi^nni^d 

BOTERO,  John,  secretary  of  Borromeo,  died 
in  H>m. 

BOTH,  John  and  Andrew,  two  Flemish  pain- 
ters, who  generally  executed  their  pictures  in 
common. 

BOTHLAN,  aChristiaii  physician, of  Bagdat, 
who  visited  Egypt, in  1047,  to  become  acquaint- 
ed with  his  rival  in  medicine.  Ibu  Rodhwan. 

BOTH VVELL,James  FIepburn,eavl  or,known 
in  Scottish  history,  for  his  marriage  with  queen 
Marv;  he  died  in  l.i77. 

BOTICELLI,  Alexander,  a  painter  of  Flo- 
rence, died  in  1.51.5.  His  two  pictures  of 'V^enus 
are  much  admired. 

BOTT,  John  de,  a  French  architect.  Several 
public  edifices  at  Dresden,  where  he  died  in 
1745,  are  monuments  of  his  architectural  genius. 

BOTT,  Thomas,  an  English  divvis,  born  at 
Derby,  lf>88,  died  17.53,  leaving  several  ingenious 
tracts  on  religious  subjects. 

BOCH.VRD,  David,  a  .'"amous  chiefiain  of  Hen- 
ry IV.,  of  France,  was  governor  of  Periuord, 
and  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Lisle,  in  1.598. 

BOUCHARDON,  Edmund,  a  native  of  Italy, 
devoted  to  the  study  of  sculpture.  He  adorned 
Paris  with  monuments  of  his  genius,  and  was 
lionoured  bv  the  kint :  he  died  in  1072. 

BOUCHAITD,  Matthew  Amhony,  a  native 
of  Paris,  and  professor  in  the  university,  dis- 
tinguished by  Ills  publiea'ionsand  articles  in  the 
Enryrlopedia,  died  in  1804. 

BOIfCHE,  Honorins,  an  ecclesiastic,  author 
of  a  history  of  Prov'ice,  died  in  16^1. 

BOUCHER  D'  ARGIS,  Antoine  Gaspard,  bom 
in  1708,  an  advocate  of  Paris,  and  author  of  se- 
veral law  publications. 

BOUCHER,  Francis,  a  celebrated  painter  to 
Lewis  XV. 

BOUCHER,  John,  a  seditious  doctor  of  tli  ■ 
Sorhonne,  during  the  French  civil  wars.  Tie 
died  dean  of  the  cliaot'r  of  Touriiav,  in  l(i44. 

BOUCHER,  Jonati):m,  vicar  of  Eipaom,  Sur- 


UP 

riy,  was  born  at  Bleiico^jo,  Cumberland,  1738, 
and  educated  at  the  grammar  school  of  VViutOD. 
\t  the  age  of  16  he  went  to  North  America, 
where  he  discharged  the  duties  of  a  clergyman, 
till  1775,  when  the  vvar  drove  him  back  to  Eng- 
land. Mr.  Boucher  wrote  many  tracts  and  ser- 
mons ;  but  the  leisure  of  the  last  ibuneen  yeara 
of  his  life  was  principally  devoted  to  the  com- 
pletion of  a  Glossary  of  Provincial  and,\rclia;olo- 
L'ical  words,  inteiided  as  a"  Supplement  to  Dr. 
Johnson's  Dictionary."  He  died  at  Epsf>m, 
.April  27,  1801;  and  the  laborious  work  just 
mentioned,  (partly  prepared  for  the  press)  w.is 
placed  in  tiie  abli;  hands  of  Sir  Frederick  Mor- 
ion Eden,  hart.,  who  has  since  deceased. 

BOUCHER.-VT,  Lewis,  a  Freudmian,  who, 
by  his  talents  and  integrity,  raised  himself  to 
he  ehanceilor  of  France,  died  in  llivl9. 

BOUCIIET,  John,  protmrer  of  Poitiers.  lie 
wrote  annals  of  Aquitaine,  Poitiers,  &c.,  and 
died  in  1.5.50. 

BOUCllET,  John,  a  maitre  de  hotel  to  the 
king  of  France,  died  in  1(384. 

BOUCHRT,  Guillaume,  a  judge,  consul  of 
Poitiers,  ilied  in  1()07. 

BOUCHEUL,  John  Joseph,  an  advocate  of 
Doral,  died  in  1720, 

BOUCHIER,  Thomas,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, the  nist  person  who  encouraged  printing 
in  England,  died  in  148<). 

BOUCICAUT,  marechal  de  France,  and  vis- 
count Turenne,  an  eminent  warrior,  w.ns  taken 
prisoner  at  the  battle'of  Asincourt,  and  died  in 
Rnitland,  in  1421. 

BOUDEWINS,  Michael,  a  learned  physician 
(if  Antwerp,  where  ho  died  in  IfiSl. 

BOITDIER,  Rene,  a  nattve  of  Trelly,  remark- 
able for  his  cre-it  accomplishments  and  volup- 
tuousness, died  in  1733. 

BOUDINOT,  Elias,  L.L.  D.,  aneraioent  law- 
yer of  the  state  of  New  Jersey,  was  a  member 
and  president  of  Congres.*  in  17^2,  and  after- 
wards director  of  the  national  mint,  au  office 
wliicli  he  relinquished  lor  the  retireirvenlof  pri- 
va'e  life.  He  wis  the  uniform  atid.  sincere 
friend  of  religion,  and  of  the  different  religious 
and  charitable  associations  of  the  country;  a 
liberal  bonelactor  of  Princeton  College,  and,  at 
■'he  time  of  his  death,  in  1821,  first  president  of 
the  American  Bible  Society. 

BOUDON,  Henry  Marie,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Evreux,  w'kj  wrote  several  devotional  books, 
(lied  in  1702. 

BO'TDOT,  .John,  a  learned  bookseller  and 
primer,  of  Pa'is,  author  of  a  Latin  dictionary  in 
14  vols.  4to  ,  died  in  1754. 

ROUFLERS,  Louis  Francois  due  de,  a  dis- 
tinguished military  character,  opposed  to  prince 
Eugene,  and  celebrated  for  his  defence  of  Lisle. 
He  served  under  marshal  Villars,  and  died  at 
Pontainblean,  in  1711. 

BOUFLERS,  Louis  de,  a  native  of  Picardy, 
born  in  15'M,  known  for  his  remarkable  strength 
and  a'-'iliry 

BOUGAINVILLE,  John  Peter  de,  a  French- 
man of  sreat  lea'-ning,  and  author  of  several 
works,  died  in  I7fi3. 

BOfTGAIVVlLLE,  M.  de,  a  native  of  Prance, 
whom  impartial  posterity  will  deservedly  rank 
hisrh  in  the  list 'if  c.ircnninavi.'ators  :  his  merits 
having  been  almost  equal  to  those  of  the  justly 
(leleb'-ated  oaptai'i  r'nok.  He  was  killed  by  a 
mob  in  Paris,  the  10(1)  of  .August,  1792. 
ROUGE  ANT,  Guillaume  Hyacint'i.  a  Jesuit,  of 
'I'a^ing  inaiir^is  aiid  great  wit.  author  of 
several  worbs ;  died  at  Paris,  in  1743. 
81 


BO^ 

BOUGEREL,  Joseph, an  ecclesiaetic,  author  or 
Gaeeciidi,&c.,  died  at  Paris,  iii  1753. 

BOUGOWINB,  Simon,  a  ^jsjt  at  the  court 
of  Louis  XII. 

BOUGUKR,  Pnter,  a  Freuchr.ian.disfiiig'jisli 
ed  lor  hi«  niatlieuialical  knowledge  and  works 
died  in  1758. 

BOHIER,  John,  prcsidcDt  of  tli<;  parhanicnt 
of  Dijon,  an  enuncnt  lawyer  and  c^diolar,  died 
in  1746. 

BOUHOURS,  Dominiaue,  a  celebrated  French 
crilic,  horn  at  I'.ins,  l(i28,  died  in  I7(rj, 

BOUILL/VRI),  DonJaines,  a  learned  Bene- 
dictine, died  in  1726. 

BOUILL.M'D,  Ksinael,  a  native  of  London, 
djotlnguifilied  in  every  branch  of  science,  and  Ihe 
aiitli'jr  otBeverai  works,  died  in  1694. 

BOUILLE,  M.  Ic  marquis  de,  a  French  ge- 
nera! of  great  celebrity,  tloscended  from  a  noble 
family.  He  opposed  the  revolution,  and  was  a 
friend  to  the  king  and  monarchy  ;  he  died  in 
London,  in  1800. 

BOUILLET,  John,  a  French  physician,  re 
epected  as  a  profesgional  man,  and  author  of 
several  works,  died  in  1777 

BOUILLON,  Emanuel  Tbeodosius,  nephew 
ofTurenne,  acardinaland  ambassador  of  Louis 
XIV.,  at  Rome,  died  in  1715. 

BOULAI,  Cicsar  Egas.se  dii,  register  and  his- 
forioRraplier  of  the  university  of  Paris,  and  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric  in  the  college  ol"  Navarre. 
The  work  for  which  he  is  chiefly  to  bo  rcnicni 
bered  ig  "The  History  of  the  University  of 
Paris,"  6  vols,  folio.     He  died  in  1678. 

BOULAINVILLIERS,  Henry  de,  an  eminent 
French  writer,  born  at  St.  Saise,  1R58.  He  was 
author  of  "  A  History  of  the  Arabians,"  and  of 
several  portions  of  French  history,  and  died  17-2i 
After  his  dehth  was  published  his  "  Life  of  Ma- 
homet," which  has  made  him  pass  for  no  very 
good  believer, 

BOUL.'VNGER,  Nicholas  Anthony,  eminent 
as  a  mathematician,  architect  and  engineer, 
died  in  1759. 

BOUL.\NGER,afamou8  Augustine  preacher, 
died  at  Paris,  in  1675, 

BOULANGER,  or  BOULLENGER,  Claude 
Francois  Felix,  a  native  of  Amiens,  an  advocate 
at  Paris,  and  a  man  of  extensive  erudition,  died 
in  1758. 

BOULAY,  Edmund  du,  a  herald  at  arms  to 
the  duke  of  Lorrain,  in  the  16th  century. 

BOULLEGER.    Vid.  BOULANGER 

BOULLENOIS,  Louis,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  died  in  1762. 

BOULLIER,  David  Renaud,  born  at  Utrecht 
and  minister  of  Amsterdam  and  Leyden.  His 
writings  are  respectable  ;  he  died  in  1759. 

BOULLONGNE,  Louis,  a  French  painter  of 
merit.  Several  of  his  pieces  are  preserved  in 
the  churches  at  Paris,  where  he  died  in  1674. 

BOULLONGNE,  Bon,  son  of  the  preceding. 
With  his  father's  talents,  he  possessed  greater 
versatility  of  genius,  was  patronised  by  Lewis 
XIV.,  he  died  in  1733. 

BOULTER,  Dr.  Hugh,  archbishop  of  Ar- 
magh, in  Ireland,  died  in  London,  174'i,  leaving 
behind  hira  patriotic  establishments  and  bene- 
factions, particularly  to  the  protestant  schools, 
and  other  strong  testimonies  of  a  truly  charitable 
deposition. 

BOULTON,  Matthew,  a  most  Ingenious  and 
born  at 


enterprising  mechanic  and  engineer 
Biriniiighain,  September  3,  1738.     The  manu 
factory  at  Soho,  near  Birmingham,  was  erected| 

byhiiQ,  andiuitscperatione  he  employed  aearly^jAngors,  died  in  tlie  IGtli  ceutury 
82 


BU 

a  tJionsand  persons.  As  the  improver  of  the 
steam  engine,  of  the  apparatus  for  rairiiiig  water 
iiiul  other  fluids,  and  the  manufacturer  of  our 
copper,  and  some  of  our  silver  coin,  he  has  im- 
mortalized his  name.  His  life  w.is  an  uninter- 
rupted application  to  the  advaneeinenl  of  the 
useful  arts,  and  to  the  promotion  of  the  commer- 
cial inicrcjts  of  the  countrv.  Mr.  Boulton  Uie<l 
at  Soho,  Augnat  17,  Irfy.tjHnd  wan  interred  at 
Hamisworth  ;  being  followed  to  the  gra\  e  by 
600  ot  his  WDrkmcn,  who  had  each  a  silver  me- 
dal presented  to  him,  vvhicli  had  been  struck  for 
the  occasion. 

BOUiaUERANT,  n  negro  of  St.  Domingo, 
jrossessed  of  coura;:;e,  sagacity,  and  eloquence, 
raised  liiiasolf  to  consequence  among  his  fellow^ 
was  kille<l  in  17U). 

BUUCiUET,Ilon  Martin,  a  Benedictine,  mado 
a  useful  col  lection  of  the  historians  of  France  ; 
he  died  in  1754. 

BOUaUET,  Madame,  celebrated  for  her  hu- 
manity, in  concealing  some  of  the  proscribed 
during  the  French  revolution,  and  for  the  cour- 
age with  which  she  suffered  death  in  conse- 
quence. 

BOUaUET,  Henry,  a  brave  colonel  in  the 
British  army,  in  1756^  distinguished  for  several 
victories  over  the  Iiulians,  under  General  Am- 
herst, died  in  1776,  being  then  a  brigadier-gene- 
ral. 

BOURBON,  Charles,  due  de,  son  of  Gilbert, 
count  of  Montpensier,  constable  of  France, 
where  through  intrigue  he  was  disgraced.  He 
entered  the  service  of  Charles  V.,  was  made 
general  of  his  armies,  and  killed  in  battle,  in  1.527 

BOURBON,  Charles  de,  son  of  Charles,  duke 
of  Vendome,  was  a  cardinal,  and  archbishop  of 
Roueu,  and  was  rai.sed  to  the  throne  of  Franco 
on  thedeath  of  Henrv  III. ;  he  died  in  1.590. 

BOURBON  CONDE,  Louis,  due  de,  aFrench 
general  of  some  reputation,  died  1740. 

BOURBON, Nicholas, a  Frenchman, employed 
in  educating  the  mother  of  Henry  IV.  He  re- 
tired from  the  intrigues  of  the  court  to  literary 
ease,  wrote  books  of  epigrams,  and  died  in  the 
16th  century. 

BOURCHENEU  DE  VALBONAIS,  John 
Peter,  a  magistrate  of  Grenoble  ;  he  wrote  a 
history  of  Dauphine,  and  died  in  1730. 

BOURCHIER,  John,  Lord  Berners,  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  IV.,  was  equally  famous  for 
valour  and  learning.  Henry  VIII.  made  hiin 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  for  life.  He  also 
became  governor  of  Calais,  where  he  died  in 
1532,  aged  63.  He  wrote  a  comedy,  called  "  It» 
in  vineam  meam,"  and  translated  the  Chronicle 

■"  Froissart"  into  English. 

BOURDALOUE,  Louis,  justly  esteemed  the 
best  preacher  that  France  ever  produced,  was 
born  at  Hoiirges,  1632,  and  died  in  1704. 

BOURDEILLES,  Peter  de,  better  known  by 
the  name  of  Brantome,  a  French  courtier  in  the 
service  of  Charles  IX.  and  Henry  III.,  died  in 
1614. 

BOURDEILLES,  Claude  de,  grand  nephew 
of  the  preceding,  was  in  the  service  of  Gaston 
of  Orleans,  retired  from  court,  and  died  at  Paris, 
in  1663. 

BOURDELON,  Lawrence,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, who  wrote  for  the  theatre,  but  with  little 
success,  died  in  1730. 

BOURDELOT,  John,  a  learned  French  critie 
and  commentator,  who  lived  at  the  end  of  the 
16tli,  and  the  beginning  of  the  ITth  century. 

BOURDIONE,  Charles,  an  ecclesiaatic,  of 


nu 


BO 


aOL'JlUlN,  Maurice,  ami-popo  in  1118,  under 
the  naiue  of  Gregory  VIII.  He  was  taken  by 
his  rival,  and  died  in  prison,  in  11-21. 

UOUKDON,  Aine ,  a  native  of  Cambray,  wlio 
aci|uired  great  reputation  as  a  physician,  died 
ill  1706. 

BOURDON,  Sebastian,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  born  1610.  He  liad  a  genius  so  fiery, 
iliai  it  would  not  let  liim  reflect  sufiiciently,  nor 
study  the  essentials  of  his  art  so  much  as  was 
necessary  to  render  liira  perfect  in  it.  Having 
(ince  laid  a  \v;iger  with  a  friend  that  he  painted 

II  heads  after  the  life,  and  as  lartre  as  the  life, 

III  one  day,  )m;  won  it,  and  these  tieads  are  said 
to  be  among  the  best  things  lie  ever  did.  He  died 
in  UiT3. 

BOURDO.NNAYE,  Bernard  Francis  JIahe 
de  la,  a  native  of  .St.  Malo's,  distiiijjuished  aa  a 
warrior  and  negoliaior,  was  governor  of  the 
isles  of  France  and  Bourbnn,  and  died  in  1754. 

BOURDOT,  Charles  Antiiony,  a  learned  ad- 
vocate of  Paris,  died  in  1735. 

BOURG,  Ann  du,  a  learned  counsellor  of  the 
parliament  of  I'aris,  was  burnt  by  Henry  II.  for 
enibratingthedoctrinesofCalvin,  in  1559, though 
several  princes  inter<;sted  themselves  for  him. 

BOUKGELAT,  Claude,  of  the  academy  of 
Berlin,  was  of  great  service  to  Russia,  by  pro- 
moting the  establishment  of  veterinary  schools 
iie  died  in  1779. 

BOURGEOIS,  Louis  le,  an  ecclesiastic,  of 
Coutances,  wrote  some  poetry  in  the  17ih  cen- 
tury. 

BOURGEOIS,  Sir  Francis,  a  painter  of  con 
siderable  reputation,  born  in  London,  17.56,  died 
January  8, 1811 ;  bequeathing  his  fine  collection 
of  pictures  to  Dulvvich  College  ;  and  10,000i.  for 
keeping  the  gallery  in  order. 

BOURGET,  do'm.  John,  a  Benedictine,  of 
Seez,  eminent  for  learning  and  piety,  was  a 
nieniber  of  the  London  antiquarian  society,  and 
died  in  1776. 

BOURGET,  Clemence  de,  a  lady  of  respecta- 
ble parents  at  Lyons.  As  a  writer,  musician, 
tiud  poetess,  she  possessed  merit ;  she  died  in 
the  Kirh  century. 

BOURGOING,  Edmund,  an  ecclesiastic,  who 
efipnused  the  £ause  of  the  Guises  during  the 
French  civil  wars,  and  was  torn  to  pieces  by 
four  horses,  in  1590. 

BOURGOING,  Francis,  a  native  of  Paris,  au 
ihorofsome  homilies.  His  funeral  oration  was 
pronounced  bv  Bossuet,  in  !06'2. 

BOURGUET,  Lewis,  fled  to  Switzerland  on 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  es- 
tablished there  the  manufacture  of  silk,  &c.  He 
was  professor  of  philosophy  at  Neufchatel,  and 
died  in  1742. 

BOURGUEVILLE,  Charles  de,  lieutenant- 
general  of  Caen,  and  author  of  a  history  of  that 
town,  died  in  1.593. 

BOUBIGNON,  .Antoinette,  a  famous  enthu- 
siast, of  the  female  sex,  born  1616,  at  Lisle,  in 
Flanders.  She  came  into  the  world  so  very  de- 
fonned,  that  a  coiisultation  was  held  in  the  fa- 
mily some  days  about  stifling  her  as  a  monstrous 
birth.  But  if  she  sunk  almost  beneath  humani- 
ty in  her  exterior,  her  interior  seems  to  have 
been  raised  as  much  above  it ;  for,  at  four  years 
of  age,  she  not  only  took  notice  that  the  people 
of  Lisle  did  not  live  up  to  the  principles  of  Chris- 
tianity which  they  professed,  but  was  thereby 
disturbed  so  much  as  to  desire  a  removal  into 
«ome  more  cliristian  country.  Her  progress 
{hrough  life  was  suitable  to  this  beginning.  She 
(Kcd  at  Francher,  in  Holland,  1680.    Her  main 


Iirinciples  of  religion  were  nearly  the  same  with 
those  of  tlie  Uuietists,  excluding  all  eztsrncA 
divine  worship,  and  requiring  a  cessation  ol' 
reason,  wit,  and  understanding,  that  God  might 
spread  his  divine  light  over  them,  or  cause  it  to 
revive  in  them  ;  without  which,  ttie  Ueity  iii  not 
suflicieiitiv  kni:wn. 

BOURLET  DE  VAUXCELLES,  Simon  Je- 
rome, a  French  writer  of  eminence,  died  at  Pa- 
ris, in  1799. 

BOURLIE,  Antoine  de  Guiscard,  a  native  ot 
Perigord,  and  jiensioner  of  Queen  Anne,  of  Eng 
land,  was  accused  of  treason  tliere,  and  died  in 
Newgate. 

BOURN,  Samuel,  was  educated  at  Glasgow, 
minister  of  a  dissenting  cotigregatlon,  and  after 
ward.s  assistant  to  Dr.  J.  Taylor,  of  Norwich 
He  was  tlie  author  of  some  sernions,  and  died  in 
1796. 

BOURNE,  Richard,  a  missionary  among  the 
Indians  al  Maishpee,  died  in  1688. 

BOUliNiJ,  Joseph,  also  missionary  to  the  In- 
dians at  Mar-hpee,  died  1767. 

BOURNE  Benjamin,  L.  L.  D.,  a  native  of 
Rhode  Island,  conspicuous  for  his  talents,  was 
a  member  of  Congress  and  a  judge  of  the  Circuit 
Court  of  the  United  States;  he  died  1808. 

BOURNE,  Vincent,  an  amiable  writer,  and 
fellow  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  wrote  3 
volume  of  elegant  poems,  and  died  young. 

BOURNE,  Edme  Bernard,  an  eccl<'£iastic  and 
author  of  sermons,  died  at  Dijon,  17-2:2. 

BOURS,  Peter,  episcopal  minister  in  Mirble- 
head,  died  in  1762. 

BOURSAULT,  Edmund,  bom  in  Burgundy, 
1636  ;  had  received  little  or  no  education,  yet 
attained  to  a  good  style  of  writing,  and  produced 
several  dramatic  pieces  which  are  still  in  esti- 
mation. He  also  wrote  romances  and  letters, 
the  latter  under  the  assumed  name  of  Babet 
He  died  in  1701. 

BOURSIEPc,  Lawrence  Francis,  a  doctor  of 
tlie  Sorbonne;  he  wrote  several  controversial 
books  on  divinity  and  other  works,and  died  1749. 

BOURSIER,  Philip,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Paris, 
and  author,  died  in  1768. 

BOURVALAIS,  Paul  Polsson,  a  famoua 
French  financier,  rose  from  obscurity  to  opu- 
lence ;  lie  died  in  1719. 

BOURZEIS,  Amablede,  an  ecclesiastic  who3C 
pen  was  employed  by  Richelieu  and  Mazarin. 
He  was  the  author  of  some  theological  tracts, 
and  died  in  1642. 

BOUSSARD,  Godfrey,  chancellor  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Paris,  died  1520. 

ROUSSEAU,  James,  an  eminent  sculptor, 
died  at  Madrid,  in  1740. 

BOUSSET,  John  Baptist  de,  a  native  of  Dijon, 
celebrated  as  a  musician,  died  in  ,"60. 

BOUSSET,  Rene  Drouard  de,  a  Frenchmao, 
eminent  as  a  musician,  died  at  Paris,  in  1760. 

BOUTARD,  Francis,  an  ecclesiastic,  recom- 
mended to  Louis  XIV.  by  Boussuet,  died  1729. 

BOUTAUI,  Francis  de,  a  professor  of  law 
at  Toulouse,  died  in  1733. 

BOUTAULD,  Michael,  a  Jesuit  of  Paris,  and 
author  of  theological  works ;  died  in  16H8. 

BOUTERONE,  Claude,  a  learned antiquailaB 
of  Paris,  died  1690. 

BOUTHRAIS,  Raoul,  a  native  of  Chateau- 
dun,  author  of  some  hooks  on  law,  died  in  1030. 

BOUVAirr,  Micliael  Philip,  a  celebrated  pro 
lessor  of  medicine,  at  Paris,  died  in  1787. 

BOVADILl.A,  or  BOBAD/LLA,  Don  Fran- 
cisco de,  a  Spaniard,  raised  from  ob.scuriiy  to  he 
governor  general  of  th"  Indies,  in  l.'ino'.     He 


BO       

sent  Columbus  a  pri^uner  to  Europe,  alter  wliicli 
be  was  rfcalled. 

BOVRRICK,  an  ingenious  English  clock- 
maker  of  the  17ili  century 

BOVF.RIUS,  Zacharius,  a  Capuchin  and 
author  of  a  Latin  dictionarv,  died  at  Genoa,  in 
1638. 

BOVETTE  I)E  BLRMUR,  Jaquelino,  early 
cmbiactd  a  rcli^lnus  life,  and  wrote  theological 
wcks      He  died  at  Chatillon,  in  1696. 

BOVKY,  Catharine,  married  at  the  early  age 
of  15,  to  a  seiitlcnian  of  opulence.  To  great 
personal  charms,  ?Iih  united  a  benevolent  cha- 
racter, a'!d  died  ii'  I72fi. 

BOWER,  Archibald,  a  learned  Jesuit,  born 
near  Dundee,  in  Scotland, in  l(';8t),and  died  Sept. 
2,  1761).  His  principal  work,  was  "  A  History 
of  the  rope.',"  ill  7  vols.  4to ;  concerning  which, 
as  well  as  his  conne.\ion  with  the  Jesuits,  he 
atood  accusied  of  much  imposture.  He  also 
contributed  to  the  coinpilation  of  "  The  Uiriver- 
sal  History  ;"  but,  as  is  said,  not  much  to  tlie  ad- 
vantage of  the  work. 

BOVVLE,  John,  rector  of  Idminston.  near 
Salisbury,  born  in  1725, had  tlie  honour  to  be  one 
of  the  lirst  deiectorsof  Lauder's  I'orgeries.  He 
edited  a  Spanish  edition  of  '•  Don  Qui.xotie," 
and  also  Rlarston's  Satires,  and  other  old  Eng- 
lish p.xny,  aiid  di.d  in  ViSS.     i?ee  LAI'DEK. 

BOWYER,  Wiiliain,  a  very  learned  English 
printer,  born  in  White  Friars,  London,  ll>9(i, 
died  1777.  To  his  literary  and  pimessional  abi- 
lities, he  added  an  excellent  moral  character, 
the  sltictest  probity,  and  the  geatest  liberality. 
He  was  in  habits  of  correspondence  and  in- 
timacy with  the  greatest  men  of  his  time:  and 
many  minute  paiticulais  of  him,  t.hal  do  not 
come  within  our  plan,  may  be  seen  in  the  "  Anec- 
dotes of  bis  Life."'  published  by  In.';  partner  and 
successor,  Mr.  Nichols.  To  the  journeymen 
of  his  profession,  he  left  by  will,  some  valuable 
bequests  for  the  reward  of  merit,  and  the  com- 
fort of  old  age:  the  trust  for  ever  is  vested  in 
the  Stationers'  Company. 

BOWDOIN,  James,  L.  L.  D.,  governor  of 
Mass.,  a  philosopher  and  staic-snian;  he  held 
various  distinguislied  offices  in  his  native  state 
till  17d7,  as.siited  in  forming  the  American  aca- 
demy of  arts  and  .'sciences,  at  Boston,  of  w  hicli 
he  was  the  first  president ;  one  of  the  founders, 
and  president  of  the  Massachusetts  bank. 

BOWEN,  Jabcz,  L.  L.  D.,  chancellor  of 
Brown  LTiiiversity,  judj^c  of  the  supreme  court, 
and  lieutenant  governor  of  Rhode  Island,  died 
in  1815. 

BOWIE.Robert,  an  officer  of  the  revolutiona- 
ry army,  and  for  many  years  governor  of  Mary- 
land, was  highly  esteemed  for  his  integrity,  libe- 
rality and  patriotism  ;  he  died  in  1811. 

BOXHORN,  Marc  Zuerius,  a  professor  ai 
Levden,  and  author  of  several  vi'nrks,  died 
in  16.'.  J. 

BOYCE,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  musician 
and  composer,  chiefly  of  sacred  pieces,  born 
1700,  died  1779 

BOYD,  Robert,  a  Scotchman,  educated  at 
Saumur.  James  1.  wished  to  appoint  him  prin- 
cipal of  the  university,  but,  a?  he  favoured  the 
puritans,  he  preferred  to  become  the  minister 
of  his  native  parish.    He  died  in  1('29. 

BOYD,  Mark,  Alexander,  a  warrior,  lawyer, 
and  Latin  poet,  horn  atGallowav,  in  Scotland, 
JnlotiO,  diedinlfiOI. 

BOYD,  Hiiph,  horn  in  Ireland  about  1746,  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  bred 
to  the  Jaw  ;  but  being  of  a  dissipated  turn,  he 
84 


BO 

never  followed  his  profession.  Having  formed 
connexions  in  England,  he  came  to  London, 
and  through  the  introduction  ot  Mr.  Richard 
lUirke,  became  acquainted  with  the  niost  cele- 
brated literary  characters.  Jn  lTi'-2,  he  married 
a  lady  of  considerable  Ibrtune  ;  but  his  habit  of 
e.\travagance  continuing,  obliged  him  to  accom- 
pany loid  Macartney  to  India,  in  the  capacity 
ol  a  second  secietai-y  ;  though  he  afterwards 
obtained  a  moie  lucrative  appoinimenl,  wbicli 
he  retained  till  his  decease,  in  lli'M  He  was 
author  of  several  political  writings;  and  tlie ce- 
lt brated  Letters  ol  Junius  have  been  witb  n.ucli 
confidence  ascribed  to  him  ;  but  the  evidence 
adduced,  is  by  no  nieans  conclusive.  In  1793, 
he  published  "  Tlie  Indian  observer,"  a  periodi- 
cal paper,  which  was  the  first  attempt  of  the 
kind  in  India,  and  gained  him  great  reputation. 
These  essays  were  afterwards  collected  ai;d 
printed  at  t  alcutta,  in  8vo,  1795,  and  reprinted 
in  London.  1708. 

BOYD,  Sir  Robert,  governor  of  Gibraltar,  who 
fiom  a  private  soldier,  raised  himself  merely  by 
merit  to  the  highest  rank  in  the  mililaiy  profes- 
sion, died  in  5!ay,  1794 

EOYD,  Robert,  lord,  a  Scotchman,  son  of  Sir 
Thomas  Poyd,  ol  hiimarnock,  was  made  a 
peer  by  James  II.,  and  one  of  the  legents.  He 
carried  (  ft"  the  king,  and  declaird  himself  sole 
regent  during  his  minority,  and  afierwards,  on 
account  oi  his  misconduct,  fled  to  Antwerp, 
where  he  died  l-;74. 

BOYD,  William,  a  highly  celebrated  preach- 
er, settled  at  Lamington,  died  1808. 

BOYDELL,  John,  a  very  worthy  alderman 
of  London,  and  most  distinguished  encourager 
of  the  arts  of  painting  and  engraving,  was  born 
at  DorringTon,  in  Shropshire,  Jai..  19,  1719,  and 
in'eiided  for  a  land  surveyor,  whicli  was  the 
piotession  of  his  father ;  but  chance  having 
thrown  in  his  way,  "  Eaddeley's  "Views  of  dif- 
ferent Country  Seats,"  Jie  deiermined  on  quit- 
r  the  pen  tor  the  graver ;  and,  at  above  20 
years  of  age,  put  himself  aiipreiitice  for  se\en 
years  to  Mr.  Toms,  whom  he  served  six  years, 
and  bought  up  the  seventh.  He  then  applied 
closely  till  be  had  engraved  152pri)its,  which  he 
published  in  a  book  at  the  price  of  live  guineas. 
V'Viththe  profits  of  this,  he  set  about  encoiira- 
ing  other  professors  of  the  art ;  he  discovered 
the  talents  of  Woollet,  and  enrployed  him  to  en- 
grave the  two  famous  pictures  of ''  Kiobe"  and 

Phaeton."  He  soon  commenced  a  great  for- 
eign trade  in  English  prints,  and  realized  by  his 
pirit  of  industry  and  enterprise  a  considerable 
foitune.  Having  at  length  established  what 
might  be  called  an  English  school  of  engraving, 
he  conceived  the  noble  idea  of  raising  also  an 
English  school  of  painting  :  and,  selecting  sU 
he  first  artists  in  the  kingdom,  collected  in  the 
coiirseof  afcwyettis,  at  vasi  expense,  the  paint- 
ings which  formed  the  well-known  -'Shakspeare 
Gallery."  The  longduraii(jn  of  the  French  war, 
however,  having  almost  wholly  stopped  his  ex- 
port trade,  in  which  he  had  embarked  large 
sums  of  money,  he  w  as,  in  the  spring  of  1804, 
induced  to  crave  permission  of  parliament  to 
dispose  of  the  Shakspeare  Gallery,  &c.  by  lotte- 
ry. He  had  the  gratification  of  living  to  see 
every  ticket  sold,  but  died  before  the  decision  of 
the  wheel.  The  worthy  alderman  caught  his 
death  by  a  too  eager  attention  to  his  official  du- 
ties ;  for,  arriving  on  the  8th  of  December,  1804, 
at  the  sessions  house  in  the  Old  Bailey,  before 
the  fires  were  lighted,  and  standing  at  a  fireplace 
while  one  was  IciJidl«d,  the  damps  were  drawn 


HO 


BO 


out  from  the  floor ;  co.tl  and  iiitiairiniation  oCtlie 
Iun(;seii8ueiJ,  and  carried  liimoti' on  tlie  I'itli  ot 
Uie  same  moiuli,  in  tlie  Slitli  year  ol  his  age. 

BO VENVAL,  Peter  Joseph,  a  worllilesselia- 
ractfir,  employed  tn  denounce  tlic  victims  in  the 
Luxembourg,  at  last  suirercil  on  the  scalVold, 
in  1795. 

BOYER,  Abel,  a  well-known  glos.sographcr, 
born  at  Castres,  in  France,  1GG4,  died  Nov.  17^0. 
The  work  he  is  chiefly  known  by,  is  a  very  ex- 
cellent French  and  English,  and  Engli.-^h  and 
French  Dictionary.  He  wrote  also  "  a  French 
Ch-ammar"  in  English,  which  still  retains  a  liigb 
rank  in  our  schools. 

BOYRR,  Claude,  known  as  a  dramatic  writer, 
died  at  Paris,  1GD8. 

BOYER,  John  Baptist  Nicholas,  a  physician, 
distinguished  for  his  skill  and  humanity  display- 
ed during  the  plague  at  Marseilles,  in  17-20;  he 
died  at  Paris,  17G8. 

BOYLE,  Richard,  an  eminent  English  states- 
man, distinguished  by  the  title  of  the  great  earl 
of  Cork,  born  in  Canterbury,  15G6,  died  1643  ; 
havingspent  the  la^^t  as  he  did  the  first  yearsot'his 
life,  in  support  of  the  crown  of  England  against 
Irish  rebels,  and  in  the  service  of  his  country. 

BOYLE,  Roger,  earl  of  Orrery,  flfth  son  of 
Richard,  earl  of  Cork,  born  1021,  was  created 
baron  Broghill,  in  the  kingdom  of  Ireland,  when 
but  seven  years  old.  He  died  Oct.,  ]G7it,  leaving 
behind  him  the  character  of  an  able  general, 
statesman,  and  writer.  Of  his  writings,  the 
principal  are,  six  tragedies,  two  comedies, "  Par- 
thenissa,"  a  romance,  and  a  collection  of  "  State 
Letters,"  published  in  folio,  1742. 

BOYLE,  Robert,  a  most  distinguished  philo- 
sopher and  chymist,  and  an  exceedintjly  good 
man,  was  the  7th  son,  and  14th  child,  of  Richard 
earl  of  Cork,  and  born  at  Lismore,  in  Ireland, 
162&-7.  He  was  the  inventor  of  the  air-pump ; 
and  his  numerous  philosophical  vviitings  have 
secured  him  immortal  fame.     He  died  1G91. 

BOYLE,  Charles,  earl  of  Orrery,  2d  son  of 
Roaer,  2d  earl  of  Orrery,  was  born  1676,  and  died 
17.3i.  He  was  eminent  as  a  statesman  ;  but  bet- 
ter known,  at  the  present  day,  for  his  literary 
controversy  with  Dr.  Bentley  on  the  authentici- 
ty of  the  "'pistlfis  of  Phalaris.  He  was  also  an 
ingenious  mathematician,  and  inventor  of  the 
machine  representing  the  solar  system,  which 
is  still  named  after  his  title,  the  Orrery. 

BOYLE,  John,  earl  of  Cork  and  Orrery,  was 
the  only  son  of  Charles,  the  subject  of  the  pre- 
ceding article,  and  born  170ft-7.  He  took  his 
seat  in  the  house  of  peers,  Jan.  1731-2;  but, 
though  he  distinguished  himself  by  some  speech- 
es, he  did  not  f;reatly  cultivate  tlie  business  of 
parliament.  The  delicacy  of  his  health,  his 
passion  for  private  life,  and  the  occasions  he 
sometimes  had  of  residing  in  Ireland,  seem  to 
have  precluded  him  from  any  regular  attend- 
ance in  the  English  house  of  peftrs.  "  When- 
ever (says  ho,  in  a  private  letter  to  a  friend)  we 
step  out  of  domestic  life  in  search  of  felicity, 
we  come  back  again  disappointed,  tired,  and 
chagrined.  One  day  passed  under  our  own  roof 
with  our  friends  and  our  family,  is  worth  a 
thousand  in  another  place.  The  noise  and  bustle, 
or  (as  they  are  foolishly  called)  the  diversions 
of  life,  are  despicable  and  tasteless,  when  once 
we  have  experienced  the  real  delight  of  a  fire- 
side." HLs  principal  works  are,  a  translation 
of  "  Pliny's  Letters,  with  observations  on  each 
Letter,  and  an  Essay  on  Pliny's  Life,"  and 
"  Remarks  on  the  Life  and  Writinga  of  Swift." 
Ut  died  ia  17C3. 


BOYLS'J'ON,  Zabdifl,  F.  R.  S.,  an  eminent 
ihysician,  of  Boston,  who  is  particularly  known 
i.s  having  liist  introduced  iiioculaiion  of  the 
'iiiall  pox  into  the  British  doininioub,  in  1720; 
:ie  (lied  in  17G6. 

I'.OV  LSTON,  Nicholas,  died  in  Boston,  1771, 
aged  5G ;  he  bequeallied  to  Harvard  College 
IdOOZ. 

BOYLRTON,  John,  merchant,  of  Boston, 
died  m  1795,  and  left  a  legacy  to  his  native 
town. 

BOYS,  John,  an  English  divine,  educated  at 
Cambridge,  and  dean  of  Canterbury,  author  of 
theologi(;al  works,  died  in  lGi!5. 

BOY.S,  William,  born  at  Deal,  in  Kent,  173.5, 
was  bred  a  surgeon,  but  devoted  much  of  his 
time  to  antiquarian  researches,  and  published, 
besides  other  works,  an  elaborate  and  valuable 

History  of  Sandwich,  with  Notices  of  other 
Cintpie  Ports,  and  of  Richborough,"  4to,  1792. 
He  died  March  15,  1.803. 

BOYSE,  ROYS,  or  BOIS,  John,  one  of  the 
raiislatorsof  ilie  Bible,  in  the  reign  of  James  I., 
was  born  at  i\ettle»tead,  in  Sufl'oik,  in  1560,  and 
died  1643,  leaving  a  great  many  manuscripts  be- 
hind him,  particularly  a  commentary  on  almost 
all  the  books  of  the  New-Testament.  When  he 
was  a  young  student  at  Cambridge,  he  received 
from  the  learned  Dr.  Whitaker  three  rules  for 
avoiding  those  distempers  which  usually  attend 
a  sedentary  life ;  to  which  he  constantly  adhered : 
the  tirst  was,  to  study  always  standing ;  the  se- 
cond, never  to  study  in  a  window  ;  the  third, 
never  to  go  to  bed  with  his  feet  cold.  Sir  Henry 
Saville  styles  him  ingeniosissirnum  et  doctissi- 
mnm  Boisium. 

BOYSE,  Samuel,  a  vei7  ingenious  person, 
but  as  remarkable  for  imprudence  as  for  ingenu- 
ity, was  born  in  Dublin,  1708.  In  1731,  he  pub- 
lished, at  Edinburgh, a  volume  of  poems, addres- 
.sed  to  the  countess  of  Eglinton.  He  wrote  als» 
an  Elcgv  upon  the  death  of  lady  Stormont,  enti- 
tled, "  The  Tears  of  the  Muses  ;"  with  which 
lord  Storinount  was  so  much  pleased,  that  he 
ordered  Boyse  a  handsome  present.  These  pub- 
lications, and  the  honourable  notice  taken  of 
them,  were  the  means  of  recommending  him  to 
very  high  persons,  who  were  desirous  of  serv- 
ing him  :  but  Boyse  was  not  a  man  to  be  served. 
He  made  an  improper  use  of  these  recommen- 
dations, and  had  often  recourse  to  the  meanest 
arts  to  procure  benefactions.  At  some  times  he 
would  raise  subscriptions  for  poems  which  did 
not  exist ;  at  others,  ordered  his  wife  to  inform 
people  that  he  was  just  expiring,  to  move  the 
compassion  of  his  friends,  who  were  frequently 

urprised  to  meet  the  man  in  the  street  to-day, 
who  was,  yesterday,  said  to  be  at  the  point  of 
death.  In  May,  1749,  however,  he  died,  after  a 
lingering  illness,  in  obscure  lodgings,  near  Shoe- 
lane,  whore  he  was  buried  at  the  expense  of  the 
parish.  He  was  a  melancholy  instance  of  the 
wretchedness,  contempt  and  dissrace,  to  which 
the  most  ingenious  persons  may  reduce  them- 
selves, by  an  abuse  of  those  powers  with  which 
nature  hath  endowed  them.  The  most  celebra- 
ted of  his  performances,  was  his  poem,  called 
Deity,"  which  is  styled  by  Ilervey,  "  a  beau- 
tiful and  instructive  poem ;"  and  is  also  men- 
tioned by  Fielding,  as  •'  a  very  noble  one." 

BOYSE,  Joseph,  a  dissentins  minister,  horn 
in  Yorkshire.  He  became  a  popular  preachor 
in  London  and  Dublin,  but  was  engaged  in  theo- 
logical di'^putes,  and  died  ui  1728. 

BOZE,  Claude  Gros  de,  born  at  Lyons,  was 
distinguished'  by  hi?  knowledge  of  antitiuitiw 
85 


and  medalfc,  and  lt^p«;ctcd  for  lii:>  private  cha- 
racter, died  in  1753. 

r.RACClOLIM.deir  api  Francis,  an  Italian 
poet;  )ie  btcame  an  ecclesiastic,  Rud  ditd  in 
1643. 

BRACTON,  Henry,  a  celebrated  English  law- 
yer, in  the  I'Mli  century,  chiefly  known  by  liis 
learned  work,  "  De  l-egibus  et  Consuetiidinibus 
AiigliiE."- 

BR.\rKETT,  Joshua,  M.  D.,  president  of  the 
New-Hanipshire  MedicaJ  Society,  distiiifjuifjhed 
for  his  zeal  and  activity  in  tlie  revolutionary  war, 
died  in  1B02. 

BADBUKY,  Tlieophilus,  judge  of  the  supe- 
rior court  of  Massachusetts,  died  1803. 

BRADBUKV,  Thomas,  a  native  of  London, 
educated  witli  Dr.  Watts ;  he  was  a  bold  and 
eloquent  preacher,  and  died  1757. 

BR.ADDOCK,  Edward,  major-general,  and 
commander  in  chief  of  the  British  forces  in 
America,  in  1755,  was  defeated  in  an  expeilition 
against  Fort  Du  Ciuesne. 

BRADFORD,  Samuel,  rector  of  Mary-le-bow, 
born  ^  "Jiackfriars ;  he  edited  Tillotson's  ser- 
ous ,<ns  tutor  to  the  primate's  children,  and 
d..     Ji  1731. 

BRADFORD,  .Tohn,  an  English  martyr,  in 
Queen  Mary's  reign. 

BRADFORD,  John,  a  Welsh  poet  of  merit- 
died  in  17a«. 

BR.^DFORD,  William,  second  governor  of 
Plymouth  colony,  removed  to  America  with  the 
first  settlers :  he  was  governor,  excepting  a  few 
vears,  till  his  death,  1657,  aged  69.  He  wrote  a 
History  of  the  Plymouth  colony  from  1602  to  1646; 
but  it  was  lost  in  1775. 

BRADFORD,  William,  an  eminent  printer, 
came  to  America  in  1680,  was  printer  to  the 
government ;  he  died  in  1752. 

BR.XDFORD,  William,  an  eminent  printer, 
for  many  years  editor  of  the  Pennsylvania  Jour- 
nal, died  in  1791. 

BRADFORD,  William,  bom  in  Philadelphia. 
1755,  attorney-general  of  the  United  States,  &c. 
He  was  an  author  and  poet,  and  died  in  1795. 

BRADFORD,  William,  a  physician,  after- 
wards a  lawjer,  of  eminence,  in  Rhode  Island, 
was  a  warm  and  active  friend  of  the  revolution, 
and  later  in  life  a  senator  in  congress,  and  lieu- 
lenant-£overnor  of  Rhode  Island,  died  1808. 

BRADICK,  Walter,  author  of  "  Chohelcth, 
or  Royal  Preacher,"  a  poem  of  considerable 
merit ;  he  was  a  merchant  of  Lisbon,  and  died 
in  1704. 

BR.ADLEY,  Dr.  James,  Savilian  professor  of 
astronomy  at  Oxford,  and  astronomical  observa- 
tor  at  the'rojal  observatory  at  Greenwich,  was 
born  at  Shireborn,  in  Gloucestershire,  1692,  and 


BR 

BKAUrfTlvCKT,  tjinion,  niinieteruf  Charles- 
town,  Massachusetts,  died  in  1741. 

BliADri'i'REE'r,  Pinion,  minister  of  Marble- 
head,  Alassachusetts,  diiitinguished  for  his  clas- 
sical attainments,  died  in  1771. 

BRADSTREET,  John,  lieutenant-governor 
of  St.  John's,  Ncwl'oundland,  took  Fort  Oswego 
and  Fort  Frontinac,  with  great  military  stores; 
he  was  appointed  jnajor-general  by  the  king  of 
Enslaiid,  and  died  in  i'i'!4. 

BKADWARDIN,  Tliomas,  confessor  to  Ed- 
ward IH.  during  his  wars  in  France,  became 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  in  ]'348. 

BRADY,  Dr.  Nicholas,  an  English  divine,  of 
good  parts  and  learning,  boin  at  Bandon,  in  the 
county  of  Cork,  1G59,  died  1726.  He  translated 
the  .(Eneid  of  Virgil ;  but  what  he  is  likely  to  be 
the  longest  remembered  for,  as  indeed  he  is  now 
best  known  by,  is  ''.V  new  Version  of  the  Psalms 
of  David,"  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Tate. 

BRADY,  Robert,  a  native  of  Norfolk,  emi 
nent  as  a  physician ;  lie  died  in  1G60. 

BRAHE,  Tycho,  a  celebrated  astronomer, 
torn  at  Knudstorp,  in  Denmark,  1546,  died  1601. 
He  was  the  inventor  of  a  new  system  of  the 
world  ;  but  it  did  not  succeed,  though  he  had 
many  followers.  He  was  very  superslilious  with 
regard  to  presages,  and  very  positive  and  impa- 
tient of  contradiction  to  his  sentiments. 

BRAIGHWAITE,  John,  the  well  known  con- 
structor of  a  aivina-bell ;  by  which,  in  1783,  he 
descended  into  the  Royal  George,  sunk  at  f^pit- 
head,  and  brought  up  the  sheet  anchor,  and 
many  of  the  gims.  In  1788,  he  recovered  from 
the  Hartwell,  East  Indiaman,  lost  ofl'one  of  the 
Cape  de  Verd  Islands,  38,000/.  in  dollars ;  7000 
pigs  of  lead,  and  360  boxes  of  tin.  In  1806,  he 
recovered  from  the  Abergavenny,  East  India- 
man,  lost  olf  Portland,  75.000/.  in  dollars,  and 
other  valuables,  worth  30.000/.  He  died  about 
June,  1818. 

BRAILLIER,  Peter,  an  apothecary  at  Lyons, 
and  author  of  a  curious  book  on  the  abuses  and 
ignorance  of  physicians,  1557. 

BRAINERD,  David,  a  native  of  Connecticut, 
nn  eminent  preacher,  and  missionary  to  the  In- 
dians. He  published  a  narrative  of  some  part 
of  his  missionary  labours,  and  died  in  1747. 

BRAINT  HIR,  supported  his  unde,  Cadwal- 
lon.  king  of  North  Wales,  against  Edwin,  king 
of  England,  in  620,  and  was  defeated. 

BRAKENBURG,  Reinier,  a  painter, of  Haer- 
lem,  died  in  1649. 

BRAMAH,  Joseph,  a  very  ingenious  engineer 
and  mechanist,  died  at  Pimlico,  near  London, 
December  9,  1814. 

BRAMANTE  D'LTIBINO,  Lazarus,  a  dia- 
linguifhed  architect,  at  Naples  and  Rome.    It 


died  1762,  in  the  same  county.     His  observa-iiwas  according  to  his  plan,  that  Pope  Julius  II. 
tionsareextantinperfectorder,inl3vols.  folio,l'began  to  rebuild  the  church  of  St.  Peter,  but 


and  2  4to.  in  MS. 

BRADLEY,  Richard,  F.  R.  S.,  professor  of 
botany  at  Cambridge,  but  his  abilities  were  not 
adequate  fo  the  sittiation  ;  he  died  in  1732. 

BR.'VDSHAW,  Henry,  a  Benedictine  raonk, 
ef  Chester,  in  the  14th  century,  and  author  of  a 
poem,  called  the  Life  of  St.  Werburgh. 

BRADSHAW,  John,  Serjeant  at  law,  was 
bom  in  Cheshire,  and  nominated  president  of 
the  sheriff's  court,  iu  London,  on  the  trial  of 
Charles  I. 

BRADSTREET,  Simon,  bom  in  London, 
1603,  came  early  to  America,  held  several  im- 
portant offices,  and  rendered  many  services  to 
itie  colony,  v.-ae  elected  governor,  and  died  in 
1097. 

86 


he  died  before  it  was  completed,  1514. 

BRAMER,  Leonard,  a  disciple  of  Rembrandt, 
born  at  Delft,  in  1596. 

BRAMHALL,  John,  a  native  of  Pontefract, 
in  Yorkshire,  succeeded  to  the  living  of  York ; 
he  was  persecuted  in  the  time  of  Cromwell,  and, 
after  the  restoration,  was  promoted  to  the  see 
of  Armagh,  &c.;  he  died  1663. 

BRAN,  son  of  Lyr,  father  of  Caractacus, 
king  of  Britain,  is  said  to  have  assisted  in  estab- 
lishing an  elective  monarchy  in  Britain ;  he  died 
about  80  A.  D. 

BRANCAS,  Villeneuve  Andrew  Francis,  ab- 
be of  Aulnay,  born  in  the  Venaissin,  died  in 
17.58.  His  works  are  correct  in  matter,  but 
Beiiher  elegant  in  style,  or  in  the  eboice  of  ideas. 


Bli 

BRANUICER,  Thomas,  a  niatiitinaticiaii, 
rector  of  Tilston,  Chcsliire,  &c.,  died  in  167t). 

BKANDEL,  Peter,  a  painter,  born  at  Prague, 
and  educated  under  adnoeter,  died  iu  1739. 

BUANDI,  Hyacintli,  a  painter,  llie  pupil  ol' 
Lanfrac,  born  near  Rome,  died  in  1091. 

BRANMULLER,  John,  prolcsaor  of  Hebrew, 
at  Basil,  die;d  in  I5'J();  he  wrote  funeral  orations 
from  tile  Bible.  His  .son  and  grandson  aUo  wrote 
some  valuable  works. 

BRANU.VIULLER,  Orrgory,  a  painter, of  Ca 
sil,  died  in  1091.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Lebruii,  and 
obtained  the  prize  at  the  Paris  acndeniv. 

BRANDOLINI,Aurelio,  a  native  of  Florence, 
eminent  as  a  poet. 

BRANDON,  Charles,  duke  of  Suffolk,  a  fa- 
vourite of  Henry  VIII.,  of  England  :  he  married 
Mary,  the  sister  of  Henry,  and  died  in  1545. 

BR.ANDT,  Rev.  John,  secretary  lo  the  society 
of  antiquaries,  was  born  at  Newca-.^tleupon 
Tyne,  1743,  and  educated  at  Lincoln  Collcf^e, 
0.icford.  In  1777,  he  published  "  Ob.'iervaiioiis 
on  Popular  Antiquities,  including  the  whole  of 
Mr.  Bourn's  '  Antiquitates  Vulgares,'  with  ad- 
denda to  every  chaptcrof  that  work,"  &c.,  8vo. 
In  17*),  lie  published  "The  History  and  Ami 
qilitied  of  Ncwcastle-ui)on-Tync,  '2  vols.  4io 
Mr.  Brand  died  suddenly,  in  his  study,  tjcptem 
bcr  IJ,  ISOti. 

BRAiVDT,  Gerard,  a  protestant  divine,  and 
minister  of  Amsterdam,  died  at  Rotterdam,  in 
1095.  He  was  author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Re- 
formation of  the  Low  Countries,"  in  4  vols.  4to, 
U  is  written  in  Flemish  ;  and  the  grand  pen- 
sioner Fagel  said  once  to  Bishop  Burnet,  that  it 
was  worth  learning  Flemish,  merely  lo  read 
Brandt's  History. 

BRANDT,  John,  secretary  of  Antwerp,  emi- 
nent for  his  erudition  and  patronage  of  science 
died  in  IRW 

BR.-VNDT,  Sebastian,  counsellor,  of  Stras 
bur^h,  professor  of  law,  and  poet,  died  in  1520. 

BRANDT,  Sebastian,  a cliymist,  of  Germany, 
who  employed  a  great  portion  of  his  life  in 
search  of  the  philosopher's  stone;  he  died  iu 
1521. 

BRANDT,  Colonel,  a  famous  Indian  chief, 
sided  with  Great  Britain,  was  engaged  in  the 
massacre  of  Wyoming,  on  the  Susqueliannah, 
and  in  an  attack  on  Minisink,  New- York  :  he 
died  In  1807. 

BRANTOME,  vid.  BOURDEILLES. 

BRASAVOLA,  Antonius  Musa,  professor  of 
medicine  at  Ferara,  was  physician  to  the  popes 
and  other  princes  of  Italy,  to  Francis  I.  of 
France,  Henry  VHI.  of  England,  and  Cliarles 
V.  of  Germany  ;  he  died  in  1555. 

BRASBRIDGE,  Thomas,  a  native  of  North- 
hamptonshire ;  he  was  a  physician  and  divine, 
about  1562. 

BRASIDAS,  a  general  of  Lacedaemon,  who 
conquered  several  of  the  allied  cities  of  Athens, 
424  B.  C. 

BRATHWAITE,  or  BRAITHWAYTE, 
Richard,  an  English  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  born  at  Warcop,  near  Appleby,  West- 
moreland, in  1588,  died  at  Appleton,  near  Rich- 
mond, Yorkshire,  May  4,  1()73.  His  works  are 
numerous,  but  the  principal  of  them  are  "  The 
English  Gentleman,"  and  the  "The  English 
Gentlewoman  ;"  "  Mercurius  Britannicus," 
and  "  Regicidium,"  tragi-comedies. 

BRATTLE,  Thomas,  merchant,  of  Boston, 
and  principal  founder  of  the  church  in  Brattle- 
street  ;  died  in  1713. 

BRATTLE,  William,  fellovr  of  Harvard  Col- 


BR       

lege,  minister  of  Cambridge,  published  a  work 
on  logic,  and  died  in  1717. 

BRATTLE,  WILLIAM,  a  preacher,  lawyer, 
and  physician  ;  lie  was  a  moiiiber  of  the  general 
court,  and  of  the  council,  and  major-general  of 
militia  in  Mass. ;  he  died  in  1778. 

BR.AUWER,  Adrian,  a  painter,  born  at  H;er- 
lein,  died  in  lt5:»8. 

BRAY,  tiolomon   de,  a  native  of  HEcrlem, 

rainent  as  a  portrait  painter,  died  1064.  His 
son,  Jacob,  a  historical  painter,  died  at  the  cud 
of  tlie  17th  century. 

BUA  Y,  Sir  Reginald,  who  was  instrumental 
in  the  advanceinimt  of  Henry  VII.  tothe  throne, 
and  afterwards  made  high"  treasurer  to  that 
monarch.  He  had  great  skill  in  architecture, 
as  appears  from  Henry  the  Seventh's  CJiapel  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  and  the  chapel  of  St. 
George  at  Windsor,  as  he  had  a  principal  con- 
cern and  direction  in  the  building  of  the  former, 
and  the  hnishing  and  bringing  to  perfection  of 
the  latter,  to  v/hioh  he  was  also  a  liberal  bene- 
factor. Polydore,  Vergil,  Hall,  &.C.,  say,  that  he 
was  a  very  father  of  liis  country  ;  a  sage  and 
grave  person  ;  a  tiervent  lover  of  justice  ;  and 
one  who  would  oftou  admoni:))i  the  khig  when 
he  (lid  any  thiiw;  contrary  to  justice  or  equity 
II*' died  August'.;.  l.iDl. 

Bii.\Y,  Thoin.'w,  an  English  divine,  born  at 
Marton,  in  Shropshire,  1650,  died  1730,  having 
made  himself  eminent  by  his  unwearied  atten- 
tion to  tiie  practice  of  benevolence.  Most  of  the 
religious  societies  and  good  designs  in  London 
are  in  a  great  measure  formed  on  the  plans  Hirst 
he  projected  ;  particularly  the  charity-schools, 
the  society  for  refonnation  of  manners,  and  that 
for  the  relief  of  poor  proselvles,  &c. 

BKEARLEY,  David,  a 'member  of  the  con- 
vention for  framing  the  constitution  of  the  U. 
S.  in  1787  ;  he  died  in  17'J0. 

BRGBEUF,  George  de,  a  French  poet,  born 
at  Torigni,  in  Lower  Normandy,  1618.  He  was 
distinguished  chiefly  by  a  translation  of  Lucan ; 
but  the  best,  and  as  it  should  seem,  the  most 
edifying  of  his  works,  is  the  first  book  of  Lucan 
Travestied.  It  is  said  of  Brebeuf,  that  he  had 
I  lever  upon  him  for  more  than  20  years,  lie 
died  in  lllOl. 

BREBEUF,  Jean  de,  a  distinguished  mission- 
ary in  Canada,  was  burnt  by  the  savages,  IfttO. 

BRECOUllT,  Guillaume  Martoureau  de,  a 
French  poet  and  actor,  died  in  1685. 

BREDA,  Peter  Van,  a  painter  of  Antwerp, 
died  in  1681. 

BREDA,  John  Van,  a  Flemish  painter  who 
e.xercised  his  profession  in  England,  /lied  in 
1750.  ^ 

BREDENBACK,  Matthias,  a  controversialist 
writer  of  Kerpen,  died  in  15.59. 

BREENBERG,  Barthol,  a  painter  of  some 
distinction,  born  at  Utrecht,  in  1620. 

BREESE,  Mary,  a  singular  character,  born 
at  Lynn,  in  Norfolk,  1721.  She  regularly  took 
out  a  shooting  license,  kept  as  good  greyliounds, 
and  was  as  sure  a  shot,  as  any  in  the  county. 
She  never  lived  out  of  the  pariah  in  which  she 
was  born,  and  where  she  died  September,  1799. 
By  her  desire,  her  dogs  and  favourite  mare  were 
killed  at  her  deatli,  and  buried  in  one  grave 
with  her. 

BRECK,  Robert,  m-nister,  of  Marleborough, 
Mass.,  distinguished  for  liis  knowledge  of  He- 
brew ;  he  died  in  1731. 

BRECK,  Robert,  a  minister  of  Springfield, 
Mass.,  possessed  of  superior  intellectual  endow- 
ments, died  in  1784. 

sr 


BRi:CKt:.\RIDGE,  Jo))ii,  s,'nator  in  Ccn-rtss 
from  Kentucky,  distinguiiilied  for  his  eloquence, 
(liod  in  1801. 

BREGY,  Charlotte  Saumasc  de  Chauzin, 
coinptesse  de,  a  maid  of  honour  to  Ann  of  Aus- 
tria, died  in  Iti!)3. 

BREITKOPF,  John  Gottlieb  Emanuel,  awri- 
ter  and  printer,  of  Leipsic,  died  in  17'J4. 

BKEMOiN'T,  Francois  de,  a  Parisian,  mad?' 
secretary  to  the  Royal  London  Sociei y,  and  ad- 
mired for  iiis  lahurious  application  and  critical 
discernmen'  ;  he  ili(vl  in  1742. 

BRENiNER,  Henry,  a  native  of  West  Both- 
nia, was  made  keeper  of  the  royal  library  at 
Stockholm,  died  in  J732. 

BRENiN'lJS,  a  general  of  Gaul;  he  invaded 
Thessalv,  &.C.,  and  killed  himw.'lf  in  278  B.  C. 

BREXNUS,  a  general  of  Gaul,  ceh  brated  for 
the  siege  and  seizure  of  Rome,  was  defeated 
and  totallv  destroyed  by  Camiilus,  388  B.  C. 

BRENT,  Kir  Nathaniel,  a  native  olVVooJtbrd, 
Warwickshire,  educated  a;  Merton  College  ofl 
which  he  became  the  warden,  and  was  kni^ht-l 
ed  bv  Charles  I,  at  Wo<idstock  ;  he  died  in  lti52 

BRENTIUS,  01  BRENTZEN ,  John,  was  boi  nl 
in  Swabia,  a  dis'inguished  friend  and  follower 
of  Luther,  died  m  l.'iTO. 

BRENTON,  William,  lieutenant  governor 
and  governorof  the  colony  of  Rliode  Island,  died 
at  Newport,  11574. 

CREUUIGNVr,  Lewis  George  Edward  de, 
author  of  the  liistory  of  the  revolution  of  Genoa, 
&c.,  died  17!t5. 

BREREVVOOD,  Edward,  a  learned  antiqua- 
ry and  the  first  astronomical  professor  of  Gres- 
harn  College,  died  in  1613. 

BRET,  Anthony,  author  of  the  hfe  of  Ninon 
de  I'Enclos,  and  liiaiiy  oiher  works,  lie  was  a 
native  of  Dijon,  and  died  in  1792. 

BRETON,  Nicholas,  a  writer  of  ballads  and 
interludes,  in  the  age  of  Elizabeth. 

BRETONNEAU,  Francis,  a  Jesuit  of  Tours, 
author  of  a  life  of  James  II.,  &c.,  died  in  1741. 

BRETONNIER,  Barthol  Joseph,  an  advo- 
cate of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  author  ofj 
some  law  tracts,  died  in  1727. 

BRETTEVILLE,  Etienne  du  Boise,  a  Jesuit 
of  Normandy, autlior  of  some  theological  tracts, 
died  1(>88. 

BRETTINGER,  John  James,  a  native  of 
Zurich,  professor  of  Hebrew  and  author  of  an 
edition  ol'  the  New  Testament  from  the  septua- 
gint;  he  died  in  l(i6. 

BREUGEL,  Peter,  usually  styled  Old  Breugel, 
an  eminent  Dutch  painter,  chiefly  of  rural 
sports,  the  marches  of  armies,  &c.,  was  born  at 
Brueg«|,near  Breda,  in  1563,  and  died  1596. 

BREUGEL,  Peter,  son  of  the  preceding,  sur- 
passed in  the  description  of  magicians  ajid  de- 
vils, whence  he  is  called  "  Hellish  Breugel." 

BREUGEL,John,2d  son  of  old  Peter,  excelled 
in  painting  flowers  and  fruits,  and  died  in  1042. 
Another  of  that  name  called  .Abraham,  born  at 
Antwerp,  excelled  as  a  flower  and  landscape 
painter,  and  died  in  1672. 

BREUL,  James  du,  a  Benedictine  monk,  au- 
tlior of  the  antiquites  of  Paris,  &c.,  died  in 
1164. 

HREVAL,  John  Durant  de,  rose  to  the  rank 
of  captain  under  the  great  Marleborouch.  He 
was  ati  author  of  some  merit,  and  died  in  1739. 

BREVINT,  Daniel,  made  dean  of  Lincoln,  in 
1681 .  died  in  1695. 

BREWER,  Anthony,  a  poet  highly  esteemed 
among  the  wits  and  courtiere  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I. 

88 


BH 

i  BREWSTER,  Wilham,  a  very  distinguished 
member  and  ruling  elder  of  the  church  of  Ply- 
mouth ;  he  died  in  1644. 

BKEYNIUS,  James,  of  Dantzic,  author  of 
Plantariim  e.ioiicarum  centuria,  &c.,  died  in 
1697. 

BRI.'VNT,  Solomon,  an  Indian,  and  minister 
to  the  Indians  at  Marshpee,  in  Barnstable,  Mass., 
died  1775. 

BRIDAINE,  N.,a  famous  French  preacher  of 
the  diocess  of  Uzes.  compared  to  Demosthenes 
and  Kossuet,  dii'd  in  1767. 

BRIDAULT,  John  Peter,  a  French  writer, 
author  of  manufr^  and  customs  of  the  Romans, 
Sec,  died  in  1761. 

BRIDGE,  VVilhnm  a  leading  preacher  among 
the  independents  ol  England,  died  in  1670. 

BRIDGE,  Thomas,  a  very  wonhy  minister  of 
the  1st  church  in  liusion,  died  in  1715. 

BRIDGEWATER,  Francis  Egerton,  duke  of, 
opened  a  communication,  by  a  canal,  between 
Mai!Clie.«ter  aid  Worsely,  which,  together  with 
the  M<;isoy,  lacilitared  the  commerce  between 
Liverpool  aad  Manchester      He  died  in  1603. 

BRlDGfllAN,  John,  a  native  of  Exeter,  ciiap- 
:ain  to  James  I.  During  the  civil  wars,  h#w  as 
a  great  sufferer  in  person  and  property. 

BRIDGMAN,  Sir  Orlando;  after  the  restora- 
tion he  was  made  lord  chancellor :  he  was  weak 
and  irresolute,  and  died  in  1672. 

BRIENNE,  Walter  de,  a  native  of  Champag- 
ne, distinguislied  for  his  courage  at  the  siege  of 
Acre,  against  tlie  Saracens  ;  be  was  auerwards 
king  ot  Siciiy  :  his  son  and  successor,  of  the 
same  nan;e,  also  distinguished  himself  against 
the  Saracens;  he  was  put  to  death  in  1251. 

BRIENNE,  John,  made  king  of  Jerusalem,  in 
1210,  which  he  resigned  ;  he  afterwards  tilled 
the  throne  of  Constantinople. 

BRIETIUS,  Philip,  a  learned  French  geogra 
pher,  and  universal  cbronologist,  born  at  Abbe- 
ville, in  1601,  and  died  librarian  of  the  Jesuit's 
College,  at  Pari.=i,  IC08. 

BRIGGS,  Henry,  an  eminent  mathematician, 
born  at  Halifax,  in  Yorkshire,  15.56.  When 
Gresham  College,  in  London,  was  estabhshed, 
he  was  chosen  the  first  professor  of  geometry 
there,  in  1596.    He  died  in  January,  1630. 

BRIGGS,  William,  a  native  of  Norwich,  an 
eminent  physician,  of  St.  Thomas'  hospital,  died 
in  1704. 

BRIGHAM,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Oxford- 
shire, eminent  as  a  lawyer  and  poet,  died  in 
1559. 

BRIGHT,  Francis,  first  minister  of  Charleg- 
towii,  Massachusetts,  returned  to  England  in 
1630. 

BRIGHTMAN,  Thomas,  rector  of  Hawnes, 
Bedl'oidshire,  wrote  Latin  commentaries  on  the 
canticles  and  apocalypse,  died  in  1607. 

BRILL,  Matthew  and  Paul,  natives  of  Ant- 
werp, and  good  painters ;  bom  in  1550,  and 
1554,  and  eminent  for  performances  in  history 
and  landscape  ;  Matthew  died  in  1584  ;  Paul  in 
1626. 

BRINDLEY,  James,  a  most  uncommon  ge- 
nius for  mechanical  inventions,  and  particularly 
excellent  in  planning  and  conducting  inland  na- 
vigations, was  born  iii  1716,  at  'Tunsted,  in 
Derbyshire,  and  died  at  Turnhnrst,  in  Staflbrd- 
shire,  September  27,  1772,  ha\ing  shortened  his 
days  by  too  intense  application ;  for  he  never 
indulged  or  relaxed  himself  in  the  common  di- 
versions of  life,  not  having  the  least  reUsh  for 
them  ;  and  though  once  prevailed  on  to  see  a 
play  in  LondoD,  yet  he  declared  that  ti«  vrouDl 


BR 

on  no  account  be  present  ut  another,  because  it 
Fo  disturbed  his  ideas  for  several  day;--  alter,  as 
to  render  him  untit  for  business.  VVIien  any 
extraordinary  di(Hciilty  occurred  to  him  in  the 
execution  of  liis  works,  he  generally  retired  to 
bed;  and  has  bcon  liiiown  to  lie  there  one,  two, 
or  three  day^,  till  he  had  surmounted  it.  Ik- 
would  then  f;et  up,  and  execute  his  desiiin  with- 
out any  dravvinu  or  model ;  for  he  had  a  pm- 
digious  memory,  and  carried  every  thing  in  liis 
head. 

BEINSMEAD,  William,  first  minister  of 
Marlborough,  Massactiusetts,  died  in  1701.  He 
refused  baptism  to  inlants  born  on  the  Sabbath. 

BRINVILLIEKS,  Maria  Margaret  d'Aubrai, 
marchioness  of,  a  French  lady,  known  for  her 
intrigues  and  crujies;  she  poisoned  her  father, 
two  brothers,  and  her  sister,  was  condemned  to 
have  her  head  cut  off,  and  afterwards  to  be  burnt ; 
the  senterice  was  executed  in  1676. 

BUiaUEMAUT,  and  CAVAGNES,  two  pro- 
tcstants,  cruelly  put  to  death  soon  after  the  mas- 
sacre of  St.  Bartholomew,  in  France,  in  1572. 

BRISSONIUS,  Barnaby,  a  lawyer  of  emi- 
nence, in  France,  was  ambassador  of  Henry  HI. 
in  England,  and  died  in  1591. 

BRISSOT,  Peter,  a  native  of  Fontenay  le 
Compte,  in  Poictou,  eminent  as  a  physician,  died 
in  1522. 

BRISSOT,  J  P.,  a  very  eminent  French  writer 
on  philosophy,  politics,  and  legislation ;  but,  not 
contenting  himself  with  a  high  degree  of  literary 
fame,  he  took  a  distinguished  part  in  the  Frencli 
revolutionary  government,  and  suifercd  by  the 
guillotine,  November  30,  1793,  at  the  age  of  31). 

BRITANNICUS,  John,  an  Italian  critic  and 
grammarian,  was  born  at  Palazzolo,  near  Bres- 
cia, about  the  middle  of  the  loth  century,  and 
died  in  1510. 

BRITANNICUS,  son  of  Claudius,  poisoned 
by  his  mother-in-law,  wlio  wished  to  raise  her 
son  Nero  to  the  throne,  A.  D.  55. 

BRITO,  Bernardo  de,  a  monkof  Almeyda,  in 
Portugal,  author  of  a  historical  account  of  his 
countrv,  died  in  1617. 

BRITTON,  Thomas,  the  famous  musical 
small-coal  man,  was  born  at,  or  near  Higham 
Ferrers,  in  Northamptonshire,  about  the  middle 
of  the  17th  century,  and  went  from  thence  to 
London,  where  he  bound  himself  apprentice  to 
a  small-coal  man.  He  served  seven  years,  and 
returned  to  Northamptonshire,  his  master  giving 
him  a  sum  of  money  not  to  set  uj) ;  but  after  this 
money  was  spent,  he  returned  again  to  London, 
and  set  upthe  trade  of  small-coal ;  which  he  con- 
tinued to  the  end  of  his  life.  Some  time  after 
his  setting  up  in  the  coal  business,  he  appliec 
liiraself  to  chyniistry ;  and,  by  the  help  of  a  mov 
ing  eiaboratory,  contrived  by  himself,  performed 
such  things  in  that  profession,  as  had  never  been 
done  before.  But  his  principal  object  was  music 
in  the  theory  of  which  he  was  veiy  knowing ;  in 
tlie  practice  not  inconsiderable.  HewassomucI 
addicted  to  it,  that  he  pricked  with  his  own  hand 
very  neatly  and  accurately,  and  left  behind  him 
a  collection  of  nmsic,  mostly  pricked  by  himself, 
which  was  sold  for  near  100/.  He  left  an  excel 
lent  collection  of  printed  books,  both  of  chymis 
try  and  music:  not  to  mention  that  he  had,  soni( 
years  before  his  death,  sold  by  auction  a  col 
lection  of  hooks,  most  of  them  in  the  Rosicru 
sian  facility,  of  which  he  was  a  great  admirer. 
But  what  di.stiuguished  him  most  of  all,  was  a 
kind  of  musical  meeting,  held  at  his  own  small 
house,  and  kept  up  at  his  own  charges,  for  many 
years.    Tliis  society  was  frequented  by  gentry 


M 


BR 

even  those  of  the  best  quality,  with  whom  he 
conversed  familiarly,  and  by  whom  he  was  much 
esteemed;  forBrilton  was  as  respectable  lormoral 
ndowments,  as  he  was  curious  for  intellectual. 
The  circumstances  of  his  death  are  not  less  re- 
markable than  those  of  his  lile.  There  was  one 
Honeyman,  a  blacksmith,  wiio  was  famous  for 
peaking asif  his  voice  proceeded  fioni  somedis- 
tant  part  of  th<:  house,  (a  ventriloquist,  or  speaker 
from  his  belly,  as  tliese  persons  are  called.)  This 
man  was  secretly  introduced  by  Robe,  a  Middle- 
sex justice,  who  frequently  played  at  Britlon's 
concerts,  for  the  sole  purpose  of  terrifying  Brit- 
ton  ;  and  he  succeeded  in  it  entirely;  for  Iloiiey 
man,  without  moving  his  lips,  or  sreniing  to 
speak,  announced,  as  from  afar  olV,  the  death  of 
poor  Britton  within  a  few  hours ;  with  an  intima- 
tion, that  the  only  way  to  avert  his  doom,  was  to 
fallon  his  knees  immediately,  and  say  the  Lord's 
Prayer.  The  poor  man  did  so  ;  but  it  did  not 
avert  his  doom  ;  for,  taking  to  his  bed,  he  died 
in  a  few  days,  leaving  Justice  Robe  to  enjoy  the 
fruits  of  liis  mirth.  His  death  happened  in  Sep- 
tember, 1714. 

BRIZARD,  or  BRITARD,  John  Baptiste,  a 
French  actor,  eminent  in  comedy,  died  in  1790. 

BRIZIO,  Francisco,  a  landscape  painter,  of 
eminence,  of  Bologna,  died  in  l'o23. 

BROCARDUS,  James,  a  wild  visionary  of 
Venice,  embraced  protestantism,  and  violently 
attacked  popery. 

BROC'K,  John,  a  useful  minister,  in  Reading, 
.llassaclui.sells,  died  in  1C88. 

BROCKLESBY,  Dr.  Richard,  an  eminent 
English  physician  and  medical  writer,  died  at  a 
very  advanced  age,  December  12,  1797,  beloved 
and  regretted  by  the  most  distinguished  charac- 
ters, in  rank  and  science. 

BRODEAU,  John,  born  at  Tours,  in  1500, 
rose  to  great  eminence  as  a  scholar. 

BRODEAU,  Julian,  a  native  of  Tours,  wrote 
a  life  of  Charles  du  Moulin,  and  died  in  1543. 

BROECKHUYSE,  orBEOUKHUSIUS,  John. 
Vid.  BROUKHUSIUS. 

BROEK,  Elias  Vandeen,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
distinguished  for  the  masterly  manner  in  which 
he  introduced  reptiles,  &c.,  into  his  pictures  of 
flowers  and  landscapes,  died  in  1711. 

BROGLIO,  Victor  Maurice,  count  de,  marshal 
of  France,  distinguished  himself  in  the  service 
of  i,ewisXIV. 

BROGNl,  John  de,  a  swine-herd,  born  at 
Brogni,  in  Savoy  ;  he  was  raised,  by  Pope  Cle- 
ment VII.,  to  the  dignity  of  cardinal,  and  was 
distinguished  for  his  learning,  virtues,  and  piety; 
he  died  in  1426. 

BROKES15Y,  Francis,  rector  of  Rowley,  in 
Yorkshire,  author  of  "  A  Life  of  Jesus  Christ,  ' 
and  apiincipal  assistant  to  Mr.  Nelson  in  com- 
piling his  "  Feasts  and  Fasts  of  the  Church  of 
England."  He  was  also  author  of  "  A  History 
of  the  Government  of  the  Primitive  Church," 
&c.,  and  died  in  1713, 

BROME,  Adam  de,  a  favourite  of  Edward  IL, 
the  founder  of  Oriel  College,  O.xford,  died  in  1332. 

BROMi;,  Alexander  de,  born  in  1020,  and  died 
in  16(J6.  He  was  a  warm  cavalier,  and  author  of 
innumerabJe  odes,  sonnets  and  little  pieces,  in 
which  the  round-heads  are  trpated  witli  great 
keenness  and  severity.  These  with  his  epistles 
and  epigrams,  were  all  nrinted  in  one  volume  8vo. 
after  the  restoration.  He  published  also  a  version 
of  Horace,  by  himself  aiul  others;  with  a  comedy, 
called  "The  Cunning  Lovers,"  1651;  and  the 
world  is  indebted  to  him  for  two  volumes  of  the 
plavs  of 

89 


■ BR 

BROME,  Richard,  who  Hved  also  in  tlie  reigii 
•f  Charles  I.,  and  was  coteuiporary  witli 
Decker,  Ford,  Shirley,  &c.  His  extraction  was 
mean,  for  he  was  originally  no  better  than  a 
menial  servant  to  Ben  Jolnison  ;  he  wrote  iiiin- 
sell'  liowever  into  high  repute.  Ilis  (genius  was 
entirely  turned  to  comedy,  and  we  have  l.'i  of 
his  productions  in  Uiis  way  remaining.  One  o: 
these  "  The  Jovial  Crew,"  has  with  a  little  al 
teration,  been  revived,  and  exhibited  with  great 
and  repealed  success.     Jle  died  in  Vt'yi. 

BRO.MFIKLD,  Kdward,  an  eminent  mer 
chant,  of  Boston,  distinguished  lor  iiis  piety 
he  died  in  17.56. 

BROMFIELD,  Edward,  a  young  man  of 
uncommon  mechanicai  genius,  of  Boston,  died 
in  174<>. 

BRO.MPTON,  John,  a  monk  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  III.  Tile  Chronicon,  which  passes  un- 
der his  name,  is  probably  the  work  of  some  un- 
known author. 

BRO.NCUORST,  John  Van,  a  painter,  of 
Flanders,  in  the  ITth  century. 

BKONCHORsT,  Jidin,  a  painter,  born  at 
Lcyderi,  excelled  at  painting  animals  and  birds 
in  wiiter  colours,  died  in  1661. 

BRO^■CHORST,  Peter,  a  native  of  Delft,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter,  died  in  1G61. 

BRONliXIART,  Augustus  Lewis,  an  emi- 
nent chvniist,  died  at  Paris,  in  1804. 

BRONKHCr^INS,  or  BROEKHUIZEN,  John.j 
a  learned  Dutcliiiiaii,  died  in  1797. 

BUOXSSOiV,  Claude,  an  elegant  advocate,  andl 
warm  supporter  of  the  protestants  in  France  in 
the  reign  of  Lewis  XIV. 

BRtXVZINO,  Aguolo,  a  painter  at  Florence 
died  in  1.580. 

BROOK,  Ralph,  York  Herald,  known  for  the 
errors  whicti  lie  discovered  in  Camden's  Bri- 
taiiia,  died  in  1625. 

BROOKE,  Sir  Robert,  an  eminent  judg&in  the 
reign  of  Mary,  born  at  Claverley,  in  Shropshire, 
died  ill  l.jofi. 

BROOKE,  Sir  Robert,  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent lawyers  of  his  time,  and  lord  chief  justice 
of  tlie  common  pleas,  wrote  "  An  Abridgment, 
containing  an  Abstract  of  the  Year  Books  till  the 
time  of  Q,ueen  Mary,"  "  Cases  adjudged  from 
the  6lU  of  Henry  VIlI.  to  the  4th  of  Ciueen 
Mary,"  and"  Readings  on  the  Statute  of  Limi- 
tations, made  3-2d  of  Henry  VHI.  c.  2."  Sir 
Robert  died  in  1558. 

BROOKE,  Henry,  who  gained  great  reputa- 
tion as  a  writer,  by  the  "  Farmers  Letters,"  pub- 
lished in  Ireland,  during  the  rebellion,  in  imita 
tion  of  Swift's  "  Drapier's  Letters."  He  was 
also  author  of  "  The  Fool  of  auality,"  a  novel 
of  more  than  ordinary  merit.  His  dramatic 
works,  of  which  the  most  celebrated  are,  "  Gus- 
lavus  Vasa,"  and  "  The  Earl  of  Essex,"  were 
rollected,  with  his  other  writings,  in  4  vols.  8vo. 
1778.     He  died  October  10,  1783. 

BROOKE,  Mrs.  Frances,  a  lady  as  remarka- 
ble for  her  virtues,  a.s  for  her  great  literary  ac- 
f  oniplishments.  Her  principal  works  are, "  Ju- 
lia Mandeville,"  and  Emily  Montague,"  novels; 
the  '■  Old  Maid,"  a  series  of  periodical  papere; 
"  Virginia,"  and  "  The  Siege  of  Sinope,"  tra- 
gedies ;  "  Rosina,"  and  "Marian,"  musical 
dramas,  and  several  much  esteemed  trans 
lations  from  the  French.  She  died  January  23- 
1789. 

BROOME,  William,  born  in  Cheshire,  as  is 
said,  of  very  mean  parents.  He  was  educated 
upon  the  foundation  at  Eton,  and  appeared  early 
lin  the  world  as  a  iranglaior  of  the  Iliad    intOiJ 


BR 


90 


prose,  in  conjunction  with  Ozell  and  Oldisworth. 
He  was  afterwards  introduced  to  Mr.  Pope,  and 
gained  so  much  of  his  esteem,  that  he  was  em- 
ployed to  make  extracts  from  Eustaihius,  for 
the  notes  to  the  translation  of  the  Iliad  ;  and  in 
the  volumes  of  poetry  published  by  Liiitot,  com- 
inoiily  culled  "  Pope"'s  Miscellanies,"  many  of 
his  1  ariy  pieces  were  inserted.  When  tlie  suc- 
cess (if  the  Iliad  gave  encouragement  to  a  ver- 
sion of  the  Odyssey,  Pope,  weary  of  the  toil, 
called  Fentoii  and  Broome  to  his  assistance  ;  and 
taking  only  litilf  the  work  upon  himself,  divided 
the  other  half  between  liis  partners,  giving  fout 
book.s  to  Fentoii,  and  eight  to  Broome.  To  the 
lot  of  Broome  fell  the  2d,  Otli,  8ih,  11th,  12th. 
IGtIi,  18tli  and  i'td  ;  together  with  the  burden  o( 
writing  all  the  notes.  The  price  at  which  Pop* 
purchased  this  as.si.stance  was  300/.  paid  toFen- 
tim,  and  500/.  to  Broome,  with  as  many  copies 
as  he  wanted  for  his  friends,  which  amounted  to 
100/.  more.  Broome  died  at  Batli,  Aovembet 
10, 1745. 

BROOKS,  John,  L.L.  n^  governor  of  Mass. 
was  distinguished  as  the  early  friend  of  the 
.\inerican  revolution,  as  a  brave,  active,  and 
judicious  officer  of  the  American  army  ;  as  ati 
able  and  sound  statesman,  and  a  true  patriot. 
The  friend  of  Washington,  he  enjoyed  the  con- 
fidence and  respect  of  his  fellow-citizens,  an4 
died,  lamented  by  his  country,  in  1825. 

BROOKS,  Eleazer,  a  brigadier  in  the  revolu- 
tionary war,  and  was  in  tlie  battle  of  White 
Plains  in  177t),  &c. ;  he  died  in  1806. 

BROSHl,  Carlo,  a  celebrated  Italian  singer 
died  in  1782. 

BROSSARD,  Sebastian  de,  a  canon  of  Meux; 
he  excelled  as  a  musician,  and  died  in  1730. 

BROSSE,  (Juy  de  la,  a  physician,  author  of  a 
treatise  on  ttie  virtues  of  plants,  founded  a  gar- 
den of  medicinal  plants  at  Paris,  in  1626. 

BROSSES,  Cliarles  de,  president  of  the  par- 
liament of  Burgundy,  who  wrote  letters  on  the 
discovery  of  Herculaneum,  &c.,  died  in  1776. 

BROSSETTE,  Claude,  horn  at  Lyons,  1671, 
publislied  the  works  of  Boileau  and  of  Uegnier 
with  historical  illustrations  ;  wrote  "  L'Histoire 
abregee  de  la  Ville  de  Lyons,"  with  elegance 
and  precision,  and  died  there  in  1746. 

BROSSIER,  Martha,  a  very  remarkable  wo- 
man, who  pretended  to  be  possessed  by  the 
devil,  and  had  nearly  occasioned  great  disordens 
in  France  toward  the  latter  end  of  the  16ih  cen- 
turv. 

liROTIER,  L'Abb^,  an  illustrious  and  ami- 
able Frenchman,  and  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished ornaments  of  tlie  belles  lettres  ia. 
that  country,  born  at  Tanay,  1722,  died  1789. 

BROUE,  Peter  de  la,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
friend  of  Bossuet,  died  in  1720. 

BROUGHTOX,  Hugh,  a  very  learned  divine, 
born  in  Oldbury,  tfalop,  1549,  died  1612,  leaving 
a  very  laborious  work  behind  him,  called  "  Tlie 
Consent  of  Scriptures,"  which  he  dedicated  to 
queen  Elizabeth. 

BROtJGHTON,  Thomas,  a  learned  divme, 
author  of  the  "  Bibliotheca  Historica  Sacra," 
2  vols,  folio,  1739,  and  one  of  the  original  writers 
of  the  "  Biographia  Britannica,"  (in  the  first  edi- 
tion of  which  work  his  papers  were  marked 
T.)  was  born  at  London,  July  5,  1704,  in  the 
parish  of  St.  Andrew,  Holborn,  of  which  hia 
father  was  minister,  and  died  vicar  of  Bed- 
rainster,  ne.ar  Bristol,  1774. 

BROUGHTON,  Thomas,  a  counsellor  and 
lieutenant-governor  of  South  Carolina  wbSe  & 
British  colony,  died  in  1737. 


V\l 

BROUNOKEll,  William,  viscount,  a  native 
of  Castlu  Lyon,  in  Ireland,  horn  10:20,  ditd 
lliH'l,  liaviiiii  (listinguisliod  liiiiisuU  cliiclly  as  a 
mailii'nialic:ian  by  his  "  Series  tor  tlie  Ciuadra- 
tiueol  the  llvprrliola." 

KRilUWKU,  Adrian,  a  celebrated  Dutch 
paiMler,  Ijorn  at  llierleni,  in  Iti(l8.  Frans  Halls 
took  liini  Iroin  hciiginji  in  the  streets,  and  in- 
structed liiinin  the  rndijneiiLsorpainlin;;.  IIu- 
moiir  was  liis  proper  spliere ;  and  in  little  pieces 
he  used  to  represent  his  pot  conii)anions  drink 
inj,  smoking  tobacco,  gaming,  tigliting,  ice. 
He  did  this  with  a  pencil  so  tender  and  free,  so 
much  of  nature  in  his  expression,  such  excellent 
drawing  in  all  the  particular  parts,  and  good 
keeping  in  the  whole  together,  that  none  of  hi? 
countrymen  liave  ever  been  compar.able  to  him 
on  that  subject.  He  scorned,  however,  to  work 
a3  long  as  he  had  any  money  in  his  pocket ;  de- 
clared for  a  short  life,  and  a  merry  one  ;  and,  re- 
solving to  ride  post  to  his  grave,  by  the  help  of 
wine  and  branny,  he  got  to  his  journey's  end,  in 
l()l!8,  at  only  :iO  years  of  age.  He  died  so  very 
poor,  that  contributions  were  raised  to  lay 
him  privately  in  the  ground  :  from  whence  Iv 
was  soon  after  taken  up,  and,  as  it  is  commonly 
said,  very  handsomely  interred  by  Rubens,  who 
was  a  great  admirer  of  his  happy  genius  for 
painting. 

liROWN,  Robert,  a  famous  schismatic,  from 
whom  the  sect  of  the  Brownists  derived  its 
riamn.  He  died  10110.  This  sect  eipially  con- 
demned episcopacy  and  presbytery,  as  to  the 
jurisdiction  of  consistories,  classes,  and  synods; 
and  would  not  joir\  with  any  other  reformed 
church,  because  they  were  not  sufficiently  as- 
sured of  the  sanctity  and  probity  of  its  members, 
lioldinsr  it  an  impiety  to  communicate  with  sin- 
ners. Their  form  of  church  government  was 
deulocratical.  Such  as  desired  to  he  members 
of  tlieir  church  made  a  confession  of  their  faith, 
and  signed  a  covenant  obliging  themselves  to 
walk  together  in  the  order  of  the  gospel. 

BRO  W.V,  Thomas,  of  facetious' memory ;  but 
whose  wit,  being  greater  than  his  prudence, 
brought  him  frequently  within  danger  of  starv- 
ing. Toward  the  latter  end  of  Brown's  life, 
however,  we  are  informed  by  Mr.  .Tacob,  that 
he  was  in  favour  with  the  earl  of  Dmset,  who  in- 
vited him  to  dinner  on  a  Christmas-day,  with 
Dry<lcn,  and  other  gentlemen  celebrated  for  in- 
genuity ;  when  Brown,  to  his  agreeable  surprise, 
found  a  bank  note  of  5iH.  under  his  plate .  an(l 
I>ryden,  at  the  same  time,  was  presented  with 
another  of  100/.  I'.rown  was  born  in  Shrop- 
sJiire,  died  in  London,  1704,  and  was  interred  in 
the  Cloister  of  Westminster  Abbey,  near  the  re- 
mains of  Mrs.  Belni,  with  whom  he  was  inti- 
mate in  his  life  time.  His  whole  works  were 
printed  in  1707  ;  consisting  of  "  Dialogues,  Es- 
says, Declamations,  Satires,  Letters  from  the 
Dead  to  the  Living,  Translations,  Amusements, 
&c."  in  4  vols.  Much  humour,  and  not  a  little 
learning  are  scattered  every  where  through- 
out them;  but  those  who  think  they  want  deli- 
cacy, liave  certainly  abundant  reason  on  their 
side. 

BROWN,  John,  an  ingenious  English  writer, 
born  at  Rothbury,  in  Northumberland,  171.5. 
Having  taken  orders,  and  made  himself  emi- 
nent by  many  excellent  sormcms,  he  fell  under 
the  notice  of  Dr.  Osbaldiston,  who,  when  raised 
to  the  see  of  Carlisle,  made  him  one  of  his 
chaplains.  It  was  probably  about  this  time  that 
lie  wrote  his  poem  entitled  "  Honour,"  to  show 
nat  true  honour  can  only  be  founded  in  virtue ; 


BK 

it  was  inscribed  to  lord^ionsdale.  His  next 
poetical  production,  tliongli  ii<it  immediately 
published,  was  his  ''  Essay  on  Satire,"  in  three 
parts  ;  ii  was  addressed  to  Dr.  Warburton,  who 
prelived  it  to  Hie  second  volume  of  Pope's  Works 
by  Warburton  ;  with  which  if  still  continues  to 
hejirintcd:  as  well  as  in  Dodslcy's  Collection. 
Brown  now  began  to  figiir<i  as  a  writer :  and,  in 
17.')1,  published  his  "  Essays  on  Sliaftsbury'a 
Cliaracterisiics;  a  work  written  with  elegance 
and  spirit,  and  so  apiilanded  as,  in  a  short  time, 
to  go  through  five  editions.  His  next  appear- 
ance in  the  world  was  as  a  dramatic  writer ; 
and  in  ns,*!,  Iii.s  tragedy  of  "  Barbarossa,"  was 
produced  upon  the  stage ;  and  afterwards  his 
"Alhilstan,"  in  1756.  Our  author  had  taken  his 
doctor  of  divinity's  degree  in  1755.  In  1757 
came  out  his  famous  work,  entitled  "  An  E.sti- 
mate  of  the  Manners  and  Principles  of  the 
Times,"  8vo. ;  famous  we  call  it,  because 
seven  editions  of  it  were  printed  in  little  more 
than  a  year.  In  1758,  he  published  a  second 
volume  of  "  The  Estimate."  Dr.  B.  put  an  end 
to  his  life  in  a  lit  of  insanity.  Sept  23, 17GS,  in 
his  51st  year. 

BROWN,  Moses,  an  English  divine,  author 
of  "  Hundav  Thoughts,"  "  Piscatory  Eclogues," 
&c.,  born  170:t,  died  17aX 

BROWN,  Lancelot ;  sometimes  professionally 
distinguished  by  the  prcriwinen  CAPABILITY  ; 
who,  by  the  intuitive  force  of  his  own  genius, 
invented  a  new  horticultural  .system,  and  carried 
ornamental  gardening  to  high  perfection ;  was 
Iwrn  at  Kirkharle  in  the  county  of  Northumber- 
land, in  August,  1715.  At  an  early  period  of 
his  life  he  came  to  London,  and  was  patronised 
by  lord  viscount  Cobham,  the  celebrated  friend 
and  patron  of  Pope ;  and  it  is  generally  under- 
stood, that  scooping  out  the  beautiful  valley 
opposite  the  temple  of  concord,  at  Stowe,  waa 
the  first  of  his  undertakings  ;  but  Richmond, 
Blenheim,  Croome,  Luton,  Trentham,  Red- 
grave, Wimbleden,  Nunehain,  the  approach  to 
the  house  through  the  park  at  (.'avershani,  &c. 
will  for  ages  stand  memorials  of  his  superior 
taste  and  abilities.  He  possessed  a  cultivated 
mind,  and  his  society  was  courted  by  men  most 
considerable  for  their  rank  or  genius.  Respect- 
ing the  term  Capability,  by  which  Mr.  Brown 
was  frequently  distinguished,  we  have  heard, 
that  it  aro.^e  from  a  custom  he  had,  when  he 
came  to  a  spot  which  he  thought  might  be  im- 
proved, of  saying  that  the  place  had  its  capa- 
bilities. This  may  in  part  be  true  ;  but  in  the 
pre-eminence  of  Mr.  Brown's  own  talents  may, 
perhaps,  be  found  the  real  grounds  for  the  com- 
plimentary title,  fllr.  Brown  served  the  office 
of  high  sheriir  for  the  counties  of  Huntingdon 
and  Cambridjo,  in  the  year  1770,  and  died  sud- 
denly in  the  streets  of  London,  on  his  return 
from  a  visit  to  the  carl  of  Coventry,  on  the  0th 
of  February,  17811.  His  remains  are  deposited 
in  the  chancid  of  Feiistanton  church,  in  the 
county  of  Huntingdon. 

BROWN,  John,  many  years  professor  of  di- 
vinity among  the  burgher  seceders  of  Scotland, 
wa.s  born  at  the  village  of  Kerpoo,  in  Perth- 
hire,  172-2,  and  die<l  at  Haddington,  June  19, 
1788 ;  having  published  several  works  of  high 
repute  in  the  religious  world  ;  particularly,  a 
"  Self-Interpreting  Bib'e,"  2  vols.  4to. ;  a  "  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Bible  ;"  and  a  "  Body  of  Di- 
vinity. 

BRiOW^N,  Jolin,   a   very   eminent  English 
landscape-engraver,  and  associate  of  the  Royal 
Acodemv,  born  1741 ,  died  Oct.  3, 1801.    In  bold- 
91 


UR 

ness,  brilliancy,  and  beaulilul  variety,  iHr. 
Urovvii  came  very  nigh  to  Woollct,  wlioni,  in- 
deed, lie  assisted  in  soiiie  of  liis  most  I'ainuus 
pieces. 

BKOWN,  Dr.  John,  distinguished  liiiiiseli" 
much  in  S^colhmd  by  his  medical  writings  and 
opinions,  and  was  the  uuihorof  a  new  8yslcni 
ol'  Medicine,  which  has  lately  been  translated 
into  English,  in  2  vols.  Hvo.  It  is  a  singular 
perlbrniance,  discovering  much  originality,  and 
containing  many  important obKer\ations;  though 
in  some,  he  may  be  thought  to  carry  his  peculiar 
opinions  too  tar.     Me  died  Oct.  7,  1788. 

BROWN,  William,  editor  of  "  Reports  in 
Cliancory,"  and  "  Ca.ses  of  Appeals  to  Parlia- 
ment," 5  vols.  1700  ;  died  April  35, 1794. 

BKOWN,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  merchant,  of 
Providence,  R.  I.,  died  in  1791,  patron  of  the  col- 
lege in  that  place. 

BROWN,  Andrew,  was  in  the  battles  of  Le.x- 
ingtoii  and  Bauker-hill ;  lie  settled  in  Plirladel- 
phia,  ami  established  the  Federal  Gazette,  and 
died  in  1797. 

BROWN,  Jloses,  a  brave  officer  in  the  navy 
of  the  United  States,  died  in  IS03. 

BROWN  Ulysses,  Maximilian  de,  an  eminent 
general,  in  the  imperial  armies;  he  was  mortal- 
ly wounded  m  the  battle  of  Prague,  in  1757. 

BROWN,  Francis,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  New- 
Hampshire,  was  pastor  of  a  congregational 
church,  in  Maine,  chosen  professor  of  languages 
in  Dartmouth  colle^ic,  and  afterwards  president 
of  that  insiilutiim ;  he  died  in  1820. 

BROWN,  Ch.irles  Brockden,  a  native  of 
Pennsylvania,  distinguished  as  holding  a  high 
rank,  among  the  American  novelists,  died  in 
3810. 

BROWN,  Thomas,  M.  D.,  professor  of  moral 
philosophy  in  the  university  at  Edinburgh,  and 
an  eminent  metaphysician,  died  in  1820. 

BROWN,  Joseph,  professor  of  natural  philo- 
sophy, in  Brown  university,  was  distinguished 
as  a  man  of  profound  mathematical  and  philo- 
sophical attainments.     He  died  in  1785. 

BROWN,  George,  archbishop  of  Dublin,  and! 
tlie  first  prelate  who  embraced  the  reformation 
in  Ireland,  was  originally  an  Austin  Iriar,  of 
London,  and  afterwards  became  provincial  of 
the  Austin  monks,  in  England.  After  reading 
some  of  Luther's  writings,  he  began  to  incul- 
cate into  the  people,  that  they  ought  to  make 
their  application  solely  to  Christ,  and  not  to  the 
Virgin  ftlary,  or  the  saints.  This  recommended 
liim  to  Henry  VIII.,  who  promoted  hfni,  in 
March  1534-5,  to  the  archbishoprick  of  DubUn. 
He  was  deprived  of  his  archbishoprick  in  1554, 
the  first  of  queen  Mary,  under  pretence  of  his 
Deing  married,  but,  in  truth,  on  account  of  his 
zeal  in  promoting  the  reformation,  and  died 
about  the  vear  1550. 

BROWNE,  William,  an  English  poet,  born  at 
Tavistock,  in  Devonshire,  di<'d  1045. — An  edi- 
tion of  his  works,  which  were  become  extreme- 
ly scarce,  was  published  in  1772,  in  ilnee  small 
volumes ;  the  principal  article  in  which,  is 
"  Britannia's  Pastorals." 

BROWNE,  Sir  Thomas,  an  eminent  writer, 
and  physician,  born  in  Cheapside,  lfi05.  His 
most  celebrated  piece,  called  "  Rcligio  Medici," 
the  Religion  of  a  Physician,  was  published  in 
1635.  In  1040,  he  wrote  his  "  Treatise  on  Vul- 
gar Errors."  W^ood  informs  us,  that  his  prac- 
tice as  a  physician,  was  very  extensive,  and  that 
many  patients  resorted  to  him.  In  1055,  he  was 
chosen  honorary  fellow  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, as  a  man  "  virtuie  et  Uteris  ornatissi- 
92 


m 

mus,"  eminently  ei)d)ellished  with  literature 
and  virtue.  He' died  on  his  birthday,  October 
19,  lQi2. 

BROWNE,  Edward,  an  eminent  physician, 
son  of  the  jireceding,  was  born  about  10-12,  and 
died  in  August,  1708.  King  Charles  II.,  whose 
physician  he  was,  said  of  him,  that  "  he  was 
as  learned  as  any  of  the  college,  (of  wliich  he 
died  president,)  and  as  well  bred  as  any  at 
court." 

BROWNE,  Simon,  a  dissenting  minister,  of 
uncommon  talents,  born  at  Shepton  Mallet,  in 
Somersetshire,  in  ItiSO.  Grouiid^'d,  and  excell- 
ing, in  grammatical  learning,  he  early  became 
qualified  for  the  n  inistry,  and  actuallj  began  to 
prcaci)  before  he  was  20.  But  the  death  of  his 
wife  and  only  son,  which  happeiied  in  1723,  af- 
fected him  so  as  to  deprive  him  of  hi.<  reason  ; 
and  he  became,  from  that  lime,  lost  to  himself, 
to  his  family,  and  to  the  world :  he  sunk  into  u 
settled  melancholy,  quitted  the  duties  of  his 
function,  and  would  iiot  be  persuaded  to  join  in 
anv  act  of  worship,  public  or  private.  He  died 
in  1732. 

BROWNE,  Peter,  bishop  of  Cork  :  in  the  pa- 
lace of  which  See  he  died,  in  17;*.^,  after  having 
distinguished  himself  by  some  writings ;  tiie 
best  known  of  which  is,  "  The  Progress,  In- 
tent, and  Limits  of  the  Human  Understanding." 

BROWNE,  Isaac  Hawkins,  an  ingenious 
English  poet,  born  at  Burton-upon-Trent.  Staf- 
fordshire, Jan.  21,  170.5-6.  His  "  Pipe  of  Tobac. 
CO,"  an  imitation  of  Cibber,  Ambrose  Philips, 
Thomson,  Young,  Pope,  and  Swift,  who  were 
then  all  living,  is  well  known,  and  is  reckoned 
one  of  the  most  pleasing  and  popular  of  his  per- 
formances. In  1754,  lie  published  what  has 
been  deemed  his  capital  work,"  De  Animi  Im- 
niortalitafe,"  in  two  books.  The  universal  ap- 
plause and  popularity  of  this  poem,  produced 
several  English  translations  of  it,  in  a  very 
short  time ;  the  best  of  wJiich  is  that  by  Soame 
Jenyns,  esq.,  printed  in  his  "  Miscellanies." 
Another  translation,  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Lettice, 
was  published  in  1795.  Mr.  Browne  died  14th 
Feb.  17tiO. 

BROWNE,  Sir  William,  a  physician,  (and 
some  time  president  of  the  college,)  distinguish 
ed  by  many  lively  essays,  both  in  prose  and 
verse,  in  Latin  and  in  English,  died  March  10, 
1774.  The  active  part  taken  by  Sir  Wilham 
Browne,  in  the  contest  with  the  licentiates,  oc- 
casioned  his  being  introduced  by  Mr.  Foote  in 
his  "  Devil  upon  Two  Sticks."  Upon  Foote's 
exact  representation  of  him  with  his  identical 
wig  ami  coat,  tall  figure,  and  glass  stifly  applied 
to  his  eye,  he  sent  him  a  card,  complimenting 
Foote  on  having  so  happily  represented  liim  ; 
but,  as  he  had  forgot  his  mufi',  he  had  sent  him 
his  own.  This  good-natured  method  of  resent- 
ing, efJectnally  disarmed  the  mimic. 

BROWNE,  John,  a  painter,  of  very  conside- 
rable isiiniation  in  Scotland,  died  Sept.  12, 1787. 
Mr.  Browne  was  author  of  "  An  Essay  on  the 
Music  of  the  Opera." 

BROWNE,  Arthur,  episcopal  minister  at 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  died  in  1773. 

BROWNE,  Arthur,  bom  in  Newport,  B.  1., 
educated  in  Ireland,  made  professor  of  Greek 
in  Triiiitv  college,  DubHn,  1H05. 

BRO\VNE,Sir  Anthony,  born  in  Essex,  made 
sergeant  at  law,  in  Blary's  reign,  a  violent  pa- 
pist;  he  favoured  the  succession  of  Mary,  queen 
of  Scots. 

BROWNE,  Edward,  an  English  divine,  1690. 

P.ROWNE,  Palricf:,  a  native  of  Ireland,  took 


BR 


UR 


his  degree  of  M.  D.,  at  Lcydeti ;  resided  soiiio 
years  in  the  West  Indies,  and  published  a  liis- 
iory  of  Jamaica,  &r.,  in  1756. 

BROWiVWBKJ,  K;i!ph,  was  noniinatcd  bi- 
shop of  Exeter,  in  1(141.  He  once  boldly  ad- 
vised Cromwell  to  restore  Charles  II.  to  his 
throne. 

BRUCE,  Robert,  a  celebrated  Scotch  general, 
who  was  elected  king,  in  i:Wtj,  and  was  con?i 
dered  as  tlie  deliverer  of  his  country,  at  that 
time  in  subjection  to  Edward  I.,  of  England, 
and  labouring  under  many  oppressions.  In  1314 
Robert  defeated  the  English  army,  and  gained 
the  famous  battle  of  Bannock's  Burn  :  tlie  Kiig 
lish  forces,  according  to  the  Scotch  historians 
consisted  of  -200,000  men,  conmiandod  by  Ed- 
ward II.,  and  Bruce  had  but  aO,0()tl.  Of  the 
English,  50,000  were  slain,  and  30,000  taken 
prisoners.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  h 
made  reprisals  in  England;  and  surprised  that 
monarch  in  his  tent,  who  narrowly  escaped  be 
ing  taken  prisoner ;  and  obliged  him,  in  13'iS,  to 
sign  a  treaty  of  peace,  in  which  he  reuomiced 
all  right  and  title  to  Scotland,  for  himself  and 
his  heirs.     Bruce  died  in  13-.';). 

BRUCE,  Michael,  aii  elegant  Scotch  poet, 
born  at  Kinnesswood,  1740,  died  1767,  leaving 
behind  him  many  beautiful  poems,  which  were 
published,  with  others,  in  a  volume,  at  Edin 
burgh,  1770. 

BRUCE,  James,  of  Kinnaird.  near  Falkirk, 
In  Scotland,  a  celebrated  traveller  into  Abyssi 
nia;  who,  after  having  encountered  innumera 
ble  perils  in  distant  regions,  in  search  of  the 
source  of  the  river  Nile,  met  an  untimely  death 
by  a  fall  down  a  staircase,  at  his  seat,  at  Kin- 
naird, April,  1794.  The  account  of  his  travels, 
which  occupied  a  space  of  near  C  years,  from 
1768  to  1773,  was  published  in  five  vols.  4to, 
1790,  and  abounds  with  events  so  extraordinary, 
and  presents  instances  of  perseverance  and  in- 
trepidity, so  wonderful,  that  were  it  the  produc- 
tion of  a  man  whose  character  was  less  dispu- 
table, it  would  appear  to  be  the  fabrication  of  a 
romantic  brain.  From  the  discoveries  of  Mr. 
Bruce,  however,  geography  has  received  mate- 
rial improvements ;  and,  that  natural  history 
has  acquired  new  and  valuable  information,  is 
attested  by  the  celebrated  French  naturalist,  the 
count  de  Butlbn,  in  an  advertisement  prefi.ved 
to  the  3d  volume  of  his  History  of  Birds. 

BRUCIOLI,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Florence, 
banished  for  opposing  the  house  of  Modicis ; 
he  translated  the  Bible  into  Italian,  in  1532. 

BRUCKER,  John  James,  author  of  Historia 
CriticaPhilosophice,  &c.  ;  member  of  the  acadc- 
mv  of  sciences,  at  Berlin,  died  in  1770. 

BRUERE,  Charles  de  la,  a  French  writer, 
possessed  wit  and  genius,  died  in  1754. 

BRUEY3,  David  Augustin,  a  French  writer, 
of  singular  history  aad  character,  was  born  at 
Aix,  in  1650,  and  trained  in  Calvinism  and  con- 
troversy ;  but  his  airy  spirit  not  rightly  accomo- 
dating itself  to  serious  works,  he  quitted  theo- 
logy for  the  theatre.  He  died  at  Montpelier,  in 
173G,  and  all  his  dramatic  pieces  were  collected, 
1735,  in  three  vols.  12nio. 

BRUGES,  John  of,   See  VANEYCK. 

BRUGIANTINO,  Vincent,  an  Italian  poet 
of  inferior  merit,  in  the  16th  century. 

BRUGUIERES,  John  William,  a  botanist  and 
mineralogist, a  native  of  Montpelier.died  in  1799. 

BRUGNATELLIS,  Lewis,  M.  D.,  a  distin 
guished  physician  and  chymist,  an'd  professor 
of  chyraistry  and  medicine,  in  the  university  at 
Vavia,  his  native  place,  died  in  1818. 


liRUHiER,  d'.'Vblaiiicourt,  Jean  Jaques,  a 
pruliric  writer,  and  ingenious  physician  of  Ueau- 
vais,  died  in  175li. 

liiU'I.N'.  Jdlni  de,  an  ingeinou.9  professor  of 
pliilosopiiy  ami  mulheniaiics  at  Utrecht,  died  in 
1675. 

BRUIX,  Chevalier  de,  a  French  writer,  dis- 
linguishtd  for  his  easy,  elegant,  and  iacclious 
powers  of  diction,  died  in  1780. 

BRULART,  Nicholas,  a  Frenchman,  emi- 
nent for  his  services  in  diplomatic,  and  political 
alfairs  under  Henry  IV. 

BRULART,  Fabio,  a  bishop  of  Soissons,  au- 
thor of  some  treatises  on  eloquence,  &.C.,  died 
in  1714. 

BRULEFER,  Stephen,  an  ecclesiastic  of  St. 
Maloes,  author  of  some  learned  treatises,  in  the 
15th  century. 

BRl'.MOV',Peter,a  very  distinguished  French- 
man, born  at  Rouen,  in  1688,  died  1742,  after 
having  signalised  himself  by  his  literary  pro 
ductions :  the  chief  of  which  is,  "  Le  Theatre 
des  Grecs,  &c."  or  "  Theatre  of  the  Greeks, 
containing  translations  of  Greek  Tragedies,  with 
discourses  and  remarks  upon  the  Greek  Thea- 
tre," 3  vols.  4to. 

BRUN,  Charles  le,  an  illustrious  French 
painter,  of  Scottish  extraction,  born  1619.  His 
father  was  a  statuary  by  profession.  It  is  re- 
ported, that  at  three  years  of  age,  he  drew  fi- 
gures with  charcoal;  and  at  twelve,  he  drew 
the  picture  of  his  uncle  so  well,  that  it  still  pass- 
es for  a  fine  piece.  He  was  author  of  a  curious 
treatise  "  Of  I'hysiognomy ;"  and  of  another, 
"  Of  the  Characters  of  the  Passions  ;"  and  died 
in  1690. 

BRUN,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Dole,  a  politi- 
cian and  ambassador,  died  in  165-1. 

BRUN,  Lawrence  le,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
.Vantes,  wrote  Virgilius  Christianus,  &c.,  and 
died  in  1653. 

BRUN,  Jean  Baptist  le,  a  French  writer,  died 
in  1731. 

BRUN,  Anthony  Lewis,  a  French  poet,  of 
inferior  note,  died  in  1743. 

BRUN,  William  le,  a  Jesuit,  author  of  a 
Latin  and  French  dictionary,  died  in  1758. 

BRUN,  Peter  le,  a  native  of  Provence,  au- 
thor of  some  works  of  merit,  an  ecclesiastic, 
died  in  1720. 

BRUNCK,  Richard  Philip  Frederick,  a  cele- 
brated scholar  and  writer,  of  Strasburg,  died  in 
1803. 

BRUNEHAUT,  a  daughter  of  Athanagild, 
king  of  the  Visigoths,  married  Sigebert  I.,  king 
of  .Vustrasia,  508. 

BRUNELLSCHI,  Philip  a  native  of  Florence, 
originally  a  clockmaker,  afterwards  distinguish- 
ed for  his  knowledge  of  architecture,  died  in 
1444. 

BRUNET,  John  Lewis,  a  native  of  Provence, 
an  able  writer  on  ecclesiastical  alTairs,  born  in 
1717. 

BRUNETTO,  Latini,  a  poet  and  historian 
of  Florence,  died  in  1295. 

BRUN  I,  Anthony,  an  Italian  poet,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  duke  d'  Urbino,  died  in  1635. 

BRT'NNER,  John  Conrad,  a  learned  physi- 
cian of  Switzerland,  author  of  several  treatises 
on  medicine,  in  Latin,  died  in  1727. 

BRUNO,  a  Romish  saint,  founder  of  the 
Chartreuse,  died  in  liOl. 

BRUNO,  Jordano,  a  native  ofNola,tIie  friend 
of  Philip  Sidney,  and  Pulke  Greville,  he  was 
an  atheist,  and  was  burnt  at  the  stake,  in  1600. 

BRUNSFRLP    Offir.    n  physician,  born  at 


BR 


IJU 


iletz,  who  embraced  tlic  oimiions  ol'  Lullicr,.,as  unceasing  as  tlicy  wuro  sati.-lactory.     Ilis 
died  in  Iort4.  listiidics  were  cliiefly  dincied  lo  one  ohjecl,  the 

bRU>.'S  WICK,  prince  Leopold  of,  son  of  the, idevelopement  and  tslalilislmient  of  universal 
tlien  reigniiiK  duke.  Having  gone  upon  the'| truth;  which  lie  knew  could  only  be  eli'ected 
waters  at  Frankfort,  upon  the  Oder,  on  the  'iTtliii  by  removing  the  doubts  oi  the  sceptic,  and  soft- 
of  April,  1785,  to  relieve  the  inhabitants  of  a|fning  the  heart  ot  the  inlidel.  To  this  end  he 
village  that  was  overflowed,  the  boat  overset,  bent  all  his  barning  and  powers.  His  lirsl  avow- 


and  his  royal  highness  was  drowned ;  thus  dy- 
ing, as  he  had  lived,  in  the  highest  exercise  of 
huniaiiitv. 

BRU.VrON,  Mary,  a  native  of  one  of  the 
Orkney  islands,  and  wife  of  Dr.  Alexander 
Bru'iton,  minister  at  Edinburgh,  authoress  of 
"  Self  Control,"  "  Discipline,"  &c.,  died  iu 
l?]a. 

liRUSCHIUS,  Caspar,  a  Latin  historian  and 
poet  of  Bohemia,  died  in  1559. 

BRUSONl,  Domitius,  author  of  a  facetious 
treatise,  called  "  Speculum  Mundi,"  edited  at 
Komc,  in  1318. 

BRirt-ONI,  Jerome,  a  Venetian  writer,  died 
in  \m). 

BRUTUS,  a  brother  of  Ascanins,  said  to  have 
settled  in  Albion,  to  which  he  gave  the  name 
of  Britain,  soon  after  the  Trojan  war. 

BRUTUS,  Lucius  Junius,  the  avenger  of  the 
rape  of  Lucretia,  and  founder  of  llie  Roman  re- 
public, flourished  509  B.  C. 

BRUTUS,  Marcus,  a  brave  general,  but  blind 
politician,  who  hastened  the  ruin  of  the  Roman 
republic,  by  the  assassination  of  Julius  Cajsar. 
He  slew  himself  42  B.  C. 

BRUTUS,  John  Michael,  a  very  learned  Ve- 
netian, born  about  1518,  was  author  of  a  "  His- 
tory of  Florence,"  printed  at  Lyons,  in  1560. 

BRUTUS,  Decimus  Albinus,' conspired  witli 
Ilis  relation,  Marcus  Brutus,  against  his  benefac- 
tor, Julius  ('a.'sar. 

BRUTUS,  John,  .in  ecclesiastic  of  Paris,  died 
in  V&2. 

BRUYERE,  John  dc  la,  a  celebrated  French 
author,  horn  at  Donrdan,  in  1644,  wrote  "  Cha- 
racters," and  described  the  manners  of  liis  age, 
in  imitation  of  Tiieophrastus;  which  characters 
were  not  always  imaginary,  but  descriptive  ol' 
real  persons.    He  died  in  1690. 

BRUYN,  Cornelius,  a  painter,  bom  at  the 
H.-igue,  published  an  account  of  his  travels,  the 
best  edition  is  that  of  Kouen,  17-25. 

BRUYS,  Francis,  born  at  Serrieres,  published 
a  hisrnry  of  tlif>  popes  ;  he  died  in  1733. 

BRUY.*,  IVter  de,  founder  of  the  sect,  called 
Petro-Brui.^sians,  a  native  of  Laiiguedoc,  was 
b'.iriit  alive  in  1130. 

BRUZC.V,  de  la  Martinicle,  Anthony  Aiicus- 
tinr,  educated  at  Paris,  under  the  I'amous  Rich- 
ard Simon,  his  uncle,  and  died  in  1749. 

BRY,  Theodore  de,  a  painter  and  engraver, 
died  at  Frankfort,  on  the  Maine,  in  1.598. 


ed  publication,  was  a  quarto  volume,  wjiich  af^■ 
peared  in  1767,  entitled  '  Observai.ioiis  and  In- 
cjuiries  relating  to  various  parts  ol  Ancient  His- 
tory, &.C.,  with  an  account  of  Egypt,  in  its  most 
early  stale,  and  of  the  Shepherd  Kings."  The 
ne.Tt  was  his  immortal  work,  in  3  vols.  4to,  1774, 
1776,  called  "  A  Kew  System,  or  an  Analysis 
4f  Ancient  Mythology  ;  wherein  an  attempt  is 
made  to  divest  Tradition  of  Fable,  and  to  re- 
duce Truth  to  its  original  Purity."  He  also  pub- 
lished "  A  Treatise  on  the  Authenticity  of  the 
Scriptures,  and  the  Truth  of  the  Christian  Reli- 
gion," 8vo,  179-2.  One  of  the  latest  of  his  nu- 
merous works,  was  "  A  Dissertation  concerning 
the  War  of  Troy,  and  the  expedition  of  the 
I  Grecians,  as  described  by  Homer  ;  professing  to 
jsliuw  that  no  such  e.vpedition  was  ever  under- 
I  taken,  and  that  no  such  city  in  Phrygia  exist- 
id,"  4to,  1796.  Mr.  Bryant  died  of  a  mortifica- 
tion in  his  leg,  occasioned  by  a  razure  against  a 
chair,  in  reaching  a  book  from  a  shelf,  in  his 
t'Oth  vear,  at  Cypenhain,  near  Windsor,  Nov. 
14, 1804. 

BRYCHAX,  one  of  the  Irish  kings,  father  of 
one  of  the  three  holy  families  of  Britain,  died 
ill  4.>0. 

BRYDONE,  Patrick,  author  of  a  "  Tour 
through  Sicily  and  Malta,"  and  of  some  papers 
in  the  Philosophical  Transactions,  died  in  Ber- 
wickshire, June  19,  1818. 

HRYENNUS,  Xicephorus,  the  husband  of 
.\nna  Comenn,  refused  the  throne  of  Constan- 
tinople, and  died  in  1137. 

BUC,  George,  a  learned  English  antiquary. 
In  the  reign  of  James  I.,  he  was  appointed  mas- 
ter of  the  revels  ;  on  which  art  lie  wrote  a  trea- 
lise.  He  was  the  first  vindicator  of  Richard  III., 
(and  publi.shed  "  The  Great  Plantagenet,"  ahis- 
toriciil  poem,  in  1635. 

BUCER,  Martin,  born  in  1491,  at  Schelstadt, 
a  town  of  Alsace.  He  is  looked  upon  as  one  of 
the  first  authors  of  the  reformation  at  Stras- 
burgh,  where  he  taught  divinity  for  twenty 
vears,  and  was  one  of  the  ministers  of  the  town. 
In  1.548,  Cranmer,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
2ave  him  an  invitation  to  come  over  to  England, 
which  he  readily  accepted.  In  1549,  a  handsome 
apartment  was  assigned  him  in  the  university 
of  Cambridge,  and  a  salary  to  teach  theology. 
He  died  in  l.wl,  and  was  buried  at  Cambridiie. 

BUCHAN,  Elspeth,  or  Elizabeth,  a  modem 
fanatic,  her  followers  were  called  Ruchanites; 


BRYAN,  Francis,  or  Briant,  an  Englishman,!ithey  travelled  through  several  parts  of  Scotland  ; 
accompanied  lord  Surrey,  the  English  admiral,'!  their  doctrines  were  extremely  fascinating  to  the 
against  France,  in  152-2,  and  was  knighted  for  vulcar.    Mrs.  Buchan  died  in  1791 
his  bravery.  I 

BRY.'VX,  George,  a  native  of  Ireland,  emi-l 
grated  to  Pennsylvania ;  delegate  to  congress  ini 
1705 ;  and  afterwards  govcrnorof  Pennsylvania;j 
Jie  died  in  1791.  I 

BRYANT,  Jacob,  a  learned  writer  on  ancient 
history  and  mythology,  was  born  at  Plymouth, 
1715,  and  educated  at  Eton ;  whence  he  proceed- 
ed to  King's  College,  Cambridge.  He  devoted  his 
whole  life  to  learned  research  :  and  the  constant 
nsnlt  othis  liiliours  was,  to  settle  him  firmly  in  a 
cniivii  titiii  of  the  truth  of  the  Christian  faith. 
'I'lioiigh  lielnii!:ing  to  the  lay  part  of  the  com- 


BUCH.VN,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, and  medical  writer,  born  at  the  village  of 
Ankriini.  in  Roxburghshire,  1739,  was  educated 
at  the  grammar-school  of  Jedburgh,  and  after- 
wards matriculated  at  the  university  of  Edi^ 
burgh,  with  a  view  to  the  clerical  profession; 
but  lie  preferred  that  of  physic,  which  he  pursue* 
through  life.  In  1771,  appeared  his  well-known 
work, entitled  "Domestic  Medicine,"  which  haa 
had  a  degree  of  success  not  equalled,  perhaps, 
by  any  other  book  in  the  Englisli  language,  hav- 
ing passed  through  above  twenty  eilii Ions,  (of 
we  believe  5(X)0or6000  each,)  and  been  tran!=la- 


manity,  his  eflorts  in  llje  cause  of  religion,  were  ted  into  every  European  language.  It  dr<  w  upon 
94 


hu 

hiiu,  however,  the  dislike  and  persecution  of 
the  less  liberal  part  of  the  faculty  ;  but  w  hen  it 
is  considered,  that  the  intention  of  its  publica 
lion  was  not  to  supersede  the  use  of  a  physi- 
cian, but  to  supply  his  place  in  situations  where 
medical  assistance  could  not  be  easily  obtained, 
and  to  render  tlie  medical  art  more  extensively 
beneficial  to  mankind,  the  jealousies  and  fears 
of  the  faculty  were  surely  unbecoming  the  ])ro 
fessorsof  a  liberal  science.  Dr.  Uuchan  publish- 
ed several  other  medical  works,  and  died  in  Per 
cy-street,  Oxford-road,  Feb.  25,  1805. 

BUCHANAN,  Claudius,  D.  D.,  of  Queen's 
College,  Cambridge,  M.  A.,  1796.  In  Scriptural 
erudition,  he  had  very  few  superiors.  Deeply 
versed  in  the  Oriental  IcUiguages,  he  conceived 
that  he  should  best  promote  the  honour  of  God, 
and  the  happiness  of  mankind,  by  enabling 
"  e\'ery  man  to  read  the  Holy  Scriptures"  in  his 
own  tongue.  He  died  at  Broxbourne,  Herts, 
Feb.  9, 1815,  while  employed  in  superintending 
an  edition  of  the  Scriptures  for  the  use  of  the 
Syrian  Christians. 

BUCHANAN,  George,  an  eminent  poet  and 
historian,  born  neai  Kellerne,  in  the  shire  of 
Lenox,  in  Scotland,  in  J506.  He  was  tutor  to 
James  I.,  of  England,  and  employed  the  last  12 
or  13  years  of  his  life  in  writing  the  history  of 
his  country ;  in  which  he  happily  united  the 
force  and  brevity  of  Sallust,  with  tiie  perspi 
cuity  and  elegance  of  Livy.  He  died  at  Edin 
burgh,  Sept.  28,  1582.  Sir  James  Melvil,  who 
was  of  the  opposite  party  to  him,  and  therefore 
cannot  be  supposed  to  be  partial  in  his  favour, tells 
us,  that  Buchanan  "  was  a  stoic  philosopher 
who  looked  not  far  before  him  ;  a  man  of  notable 
endowments  for  his  learning  and  knowledge  in 
Latin  poetry ;  much  honoured  in  oilier  coun 
tries,  pleasant  in  conversation,  rehearsing  at  all 
occasions,  moralities,  short  and  instructive 
whereof  he  had  abundance,  inventing  where 
he  wanted."  Dr.  Burnet,  in  his  "  History  of  the 
Reformation,"  says  of  him, "  he  is  justly  reckon- 
ed the  greatest  and  best  of  our  modern  writers." 

BUC'HNER,  AiiguPtus,  professor  of  poetry 
and  eloquence,  at  Wittemberg,  died  in  1661. 

BUCHOLTZER,  Abraham,  pastor  at  Fries- 
tadt,  author  of  a  valuable  work  entitled  "  Index 
Chronologicus  Utriusque  Testamenti."  He  died 
in  1584. 

BUCKELDIUS,  William,  a  native  of  Voider; 
he  invented  an  ingenious  mode  of  curing  her- 
rings with  salt,  and  died  in  1449. 
BUCKERIDGE,  John,  born  near  Marlborough, 
preached  before  King  James  at  Hampton-court, 
and  was  made  bishop  of  Rochester,  in  1611. 

BUCKHOLD,  John,  a  butcher,  of  Leyden, 
headed  the  fanatical  mob  of  anabaptists  at  Mun- 
ster ;  he  was  put  to  death  in  1536. 

BUCKINGHAM.  See  VILLIERS  and  SHEF- 
FIELD. 

BUCKINGHAM,  Thomas,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  ministers  In  Connecticut,  settled  in 
Hartford;  he  died  In  1731. 

BUCKMINSTER,  Joseph  Stevens,  a  native 
of  Portsmouth,  New-Hampshire,  was  a  distin- 
guished and  eloquent  preacher,  of  Brattle-street 
church,  Boston,  and  lecturer  on  Biblical  criti- 
cism at  Harvard  College ;  he  died  in  1812. 

BUCaUET,  John  Michael  Baptist,  a  physi- 
cian, of  Paris,  died  in  1780,  a  victiin  to  excessive 
application. 

BUD.iEUg,  William,  a  critic  and  commenta- 
tor on  Greek  and  Latin  authors,  bom  at  Paris, 
1467,  died  1540.  Erasmus  called  him  "  Pojten- 
tiun  GaUise,"  The  Prodigy  of  France. 


BU 

BUDD.AX'S,  John  Francis,  suLcifSi\ely  prch 
fessor  of  Coburg  ilalle  and  Jena,  eiiiiiieiit  for 
clearness,  judgment,  and  taste,  died  in  1729. 

Bl  DGELL,  Eustace,  a  very  ingenious  and 
enlerlaining  writer,  born  at  St.  Thomas,  near 
Exeter,  1685.  He  was  concerned  with  Steele 
and  Addison  in  writing  the  Tattler.  The  Spec- 
tator being  set  on  foot  in  1710-11,  Mr.  Budgell 
had  likewise  a  sliare  with  them,  all  the  papers 
marked  with  an  X.  being  written  by  him  ;  as 
was  indeed  the  whole  8th  volume  by  Addison 
and  himself,  without  the  assistance  of  Steele. 
Upon  the  laying  down  of  the  Spectator,  the 
Guardian  was  set  up ;  and  in  this  work  our  au- 
thor had  a  hand  along  with  Addison  and  Steele. 
In  the  preface,  it  is  said,  that  those  papers  marked 
with  an  asterisk  were  written  by  Mr.  Budgell, 
In  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  after  having  served 
the  office  of  under-secret ary  of  state,  and  held 
other  high  situations  in  the  government  of  Ire- 
land, he  returned  to  England,  where  he  became 
involved  in  law-suits,  which  reduced  him  to  a 
very  unhappy  situation.  On  the  4th  of  May, 
1737,  he  took  a  boat  at  Somerset  stairs,  after 
tilling  his  pockets  with  stones,  and  ordered  the 
waterman  to  shoot  London  bridge ;  but  while 
the  boat  was  going  under,  be  threw  himself  into 
the  river,  where  he  perished  immediately.  Upon 
his  bureau  was  found  a  slip  of  paper,  on  which 
were  written  these  words : 

"  What  Cato  did,  and  Addison  approv'd, 
"  Cannot  be  wrong." 

BUELL,  Samuel,  D.  D.,a  presbyferian  minis- 
ter on  Long  Island,  much  distinguislitd  for  his 
piety,  died  in  1798. 

BUFALIMACO,Bonamico,  an  eminent  Italian 
painter,  who  died  in  1340.  He  was  the  first  who 
put  labels  with  sentences  into  the  mouths  of  his 
figures;  since  followed  by  bad  masters,  but  more 
frequently  in  caricature  engravings. 

BUFFET,  Margaret,  a  Parisian  lady,  wrote 
an  interesting  eulogy  on  learned  women,  &c.    = 

BUFFIER,  Claude,  a  French  writer,  chiefly 
on  belles  lettres,  bom  in  Poland,  1661,  died  1737. 
There  are  many  works  of  this  author,  which 
,<how  deep  penetration,  and  accurate  judgment : 
the  principal  of  which  is,  "  Un  Cours  des  Scien 
ces,"  tc.  that  is,  "A  Course  of  Sciences  upon 
principles  new  and  simple,  in  order  to  form  Lan- 
guage, the  Understanding,  and  the  Heart,  1732," 
in  folio. 

BUFFON,  George  le  Clerc,  count  dc,  lord  of 
Monlbard,  marquis  of  Rougemont,  viscount  of 
Giuincy,  intendant  of  the  French  king's  gardens 
and  cabinets  of  Natural  History,  was  one  ol  the 
most  elegant  writers  in  France,  in  point  of  style ; 
a  man  of  uncommon  genius,  and  surprising  elo- 
quence, and  the  most  astonishing  interpreter  of 
nature  that  perhaps  ever  existed.  He  was  born 
at  Montbard,  in  Burgundy,  September  7,  1707, 
and  died  April  16,  1788.  His  writings  on  "  Na 
tural  History"  are  invaluable,  and  will  perpetu- 
ate his  name. 

BUGENHAGEN,  John,  a  native  of  Pomera- 
Ilia,  the  adversary,  and  afterwards  the  friend 
and  missionary  of  Luther,  died  in  1558. 

BUGIARDINI,Juliano,  a  painter  of  Florence, 
esteemed  by  Michael  Angelo,  died  in  1556. 

BUISTFR,  Philip,  a  sculptor,  of  Brussels, 
died  in  1688. 

BUKEBTOP,  Henry  de,  an  ecclesiastic,  of 
Aiitwerp,  who  wrote  various  works  of  contro- 
versy, died  in  1716. 

BUKHARI,  a  learned  Arabian  of  Mecca, 
author  of  a  book  containing  traditions  on  the 
95 


BO 

Maborncdan  religion,  died  in  256  of  the  he- 
gira. 

BULKLEY,  Peter,  first  minister  of  Concord, 
Madsaclmsetts,  died  in  1659.  He  was  an  excel- 
lent scholar,  and  published  the  "  Gospel  cove- 
nant opened." 

BULKIiEV,  John,  son  of  Peter  Bulklcy,  prac- 
tised physic  in  Kn^'land  ;  he  died  in  1089. 

BIJLKLEY,  Ger.sliom,  an  eminent  minister 
of  New-London,  Connecticut,  aftevwarda  of 
VVeailierslield,  died  in  1713,  distiiigultihed  for 
his  knowledse  of  chymistry  and  languages. 

BULKLEY,  John,  lirst  minister  of  Cnlclics- 
ter,  Connecticut,  dieid  in  1731:  classed  by  Dr. 
Chauncy  among  the  three  most  eminent  for 
strength  of  genius,  whom  New-England  had 
produced. 

BULL,  John,  a  celebrated  musician,  born  in 
Somersetshire,  1563.  He  was  greatly  admired 
for  his  fine  hand  upon  the  organ,  as  well  as  for 
his  compositions.  Upon  the  establishment  of 
Gresham  College,  he  was  chosen  the  lirst  pro- 
fessor of  music  there ;  and,  not  being  able  to 
speak  Latin,  was  permitted  to  deliver  his  lec- 
tures in  English.  It  is  uncertain  where  or  when 
he  died ;  but  there  is  a  picture  of  him  yet  re- 
maining in  the  music-school  at  Oxford. 

BULL,  George,  bishop  of  St.  David's,  a  very 
eminent  writer  and  preacher,  born  at  Wells, 
Somersetshire,  March  25,  1634,  died  Februarv 
17,  1709. 

BULL,  William,  speaker  of  the  assembly,  and 
lieutenant-governor  of  the  colony  of  South  Ca- 
rolina, died  in  1755. 

BULL,  William,  M.  D.,  a  physician,  the  first 
American  who  obtained  a  degree  in  medicine  ; 
he  died  in  1791. 

BULL,  Henry,  a  native  of  Great  Britain,  came 
to  New-England,  and  with  several  others,  settled 
at  Newport,  Rhode  Island.  He  was  afterwards 
governor  of  the  colony,  and  died  in  1693. 

BULLER,  Francis,  an  English  judge,  pub- 
lished an  introduction  to  the  law  of  Nisi  Prius, 
and  died  in  laxi. 

BULLET,  John  Baptist,  dean  of  the  univer- 
sity of  Besancon,  his  works  are  learned  and 
useful,  but  display  neither  grace  of  diction,  nor 
elegance  of  style,  he  died  in  1775. 

BULLEYN,  William,  a  very  learned  physi- 
cian and  botanist,  born  in  tlie  Isle  of  Ely,  about 
the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  died 
1576. 

BULLT.\LDUS,  Ismael,  an  astronomer,  born 
in  the  Isle  of  France,  died  in  1694. 

BULLI.\RD.  X.,  a  French  botanist  of  emi- 
nence, died  in  1793. 

EULLINGER,  Henry,  a  celebrated  contro- 
versial divine,  of  Zurich,  in  Switzerland,  in  the 
16th  century. 

BULLOCK,  Archibald,  of  Georgia,  was  a 
member  of  the  first  American  Congress,  during 
the  memorable  year  1776.  He  died  the  year 
following. 

BULLOCK,  Christopher,  an  eminent  English 
actor  of  low  comedy,  and  author  of  two  come- 
dies and  four  farces,  died  1724. 

BULTEALT,  Louis,  a  native  of  Rouen,  suc- 
ceeded his  uncle  as  secretary  to  the  French  king, 
and  wrote  an  abridged  history  of  the  Benedic- 
tine order.     He  died  in  1693. 

BULWEB,  John,  an  English  physician,  of 
the  lOth  century,  author  of  several  works  on 
physiognomy,  &c. 

BUN  EL,  Peter,  a  native  of  Toulouse,  distin'j 
guislied  as  a  correct  writer  of  the  Latin  lan- 
guage, died  in  1546. 
96 


BO 

^ 

BUNEL,  Jacob,  a  native  of  Blois,  1558,  erai- 
nent  as  a  painter. 

BUNEL,  William,  a  physician  of  Toulouse, 
published  in  1513,  a  treatise  on  the  plague. 

HUNN'ICK.,  John,  ai'lemish  painter,  e.tcelled 
in  historical  pieces,  died  in  17-.'7.  His  brotlier 
Jacob  was  eminent  in  the  representation  of  sea 
battles. 

BUNON,  Robert,  an  eminent  dentist  at  Paris, 
died  in  1748. 

BUNY.'iN,  John,  author  of  the  justly  admir- 
ed allegory  of  the  "  Pilgrim's  Progre-.s,"  was 
born  at  Elstow,  near  Bedford,  1628.  His  parents, 
hough  very  mean,  look  care  to  give  iiim  that 
learning  which  was  suitable  to  their  condition, 
bringing  him  up  to  read  and  write  :  he  quickly 
forgot  both,  abandoning  liimscif  to  all  manner 
of  wickedness ;  but  not  without  frequent  checks 
of  conscience.  One  ilay,  being  at  play  with  his 
onipanions,  (the  writer  of  his  life  tells  us),  a 
voice  suddenly  darted  from  heaven  into  his  soul, 
aying,  "  Wilt  thou  leave  thy  sins  and  go  to 
heaven,  or  have  thy  sins  and  go  to  hell  ?"  This 
put  him  into  such  a  consternation,  that  he  im- 
mediately left  his  sport,  and  looking  to  heaven, 
thought  he  saw  the  Lord  Jesus,  looking  down 
upon  him,  as  one  highly  displeased  with  him, 
and  threatening  him  with  some  grievous  punish- 
ment for  his  ungodly  practices.  At  another 
time,  while  he  was  belching  out  oaths,  he  was 

verely  reproved  by  a  woman,  who  was  herself 
a  notorious  sinner.  This  coming  froma  womsn 
whom  he  knew  to  be  very  '.\ickcd,  filled  him 
with  secret  shame,  and  made  him  from  that 
time  very  much  refrain  from  it.  His  father 
brought  him  up  to  his  own  business,  which  was 
that  of  a  tinker.  Being  a  soldier  in  the  parlia- 
ment army,  at  the  siege  of  Leicester,  in  1645, 
he  was  drawn  out  to  stand  sentinel;  but  an 
other  soldier  of  his  company  desired  to  take  his 
place,  to  which  he  agreed,  and  thereby  escaped 
being  shot  by  a  rnusket  ball,  which  took  off  his 
comrade.  About  1055  he  was  admitted  a  mem- 
ber of  a  Baptist  congregation  at  Bedford,  and 
soon  after  chosen  their  preacher.  In  1660,  being 
convicted  at  the  session  of  holding  unlawful  as- 
emblies  and  conventicles,  he  was  sentenced  to 
perpetual  banishment,  and  in  the  mean  time 
committed  to  gaol,  from  which  he  was  dis- 
charged, after  a  confinement  of  12  years  and 
a  liaff,  by  the  compassionate  interposition  of  Dr. 
Barlow,  bishop  of  Lincoln.  Daring  his  im- 
prisoimient  he  wrote  many  of  his  tracts.  After- 
wards, being  at  liberty,  he  travelled  into  several 
parts  of  Eiigiand,  to  visit  and  confirm  the  breth- 
ren, which  procured  him  the  epithet  of  bishop 
Bunyan.  When  the  declaration  of  James  If. 
for  liberty  of  conscience  was  published,  he,  by 
the  contribution  of  his  followers,  built  a  meet- 
ing-hou.se  in  Bedford,  and  preached  con.stantly 
to  a  numerous  audience.  He  died  in  London, 
of  a  fever.  1068. 

BUOMMATEI,  Benedict,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Florence,  known  for  his  work  on  the  Tuscan 
languase,  died  in  1047. 

BUON.^CORSI,  Philip,  called  himself  Cal- 
liinaco  Esperiente,  he  was  suspected  of  forming 
a  conspiracy  against  Paul  II.,  and  settled  in  Po- 
land. He  wrote  alife  of  Attila,  &c.  and  died  in 
1496. 

BUONACORSI,  or  PERRIN  DEL  VAGO, 
an  eminent  painter,  of  Tuscany,  suckled  by  a 
goat,  he  died  1547. 

BUOX  AFEDE,  Appiano,  a  native  of  Com 
acio,  better  known  under  the  names  of  Appio 
Ameo  de  Faba,  and  Agapisto  Uhromazsmio ; 


nv 

Kiiowii  also  as  a  jioci  and  aii  elegant  writer;  li< 
'Jiitl  ill  1792. 

BUONAWICI,  Lazarus,  botanie  professor  of 
belles-lettres  in  tlie  Sapienza  L'oikge  ol'  lloi 
lie  rend  lectures  on  rhetoric  at  Fadua,  and  died 
ill  155'2. 

UUONAMIOI,  Castrucio,  a  native  of  Lucca 
:u  lirst  devoted  iiimself  to  ihe  clerical  prolessioii, 
Imt  al'icrwards  turned  liis  atteiilioii  to  aims, 
vvhidi  he  bore  in  the  service  of  the  kiiig  ol 
Naples.  He  published  several  valuable  works, 
iiiid  died  in  ITti]. 

HUOMAPARTE,  NaiKileon,  emperor  of 
France,  was  born  at  Ajaccio,  in  the  island  of 
•;orsica,  in  17C9,  and  educated  at  the  military 
schools  of  Brieiine  and  Paris.  IIet;oiiinu'iiced 
hw  military  career  asa  lieutenant  of  aniller\, and 
soon  aJ'tciwards  so  disiiiiguislicii  hiinscll  ;ii  lln- 
siege  of  Toulon,  and  during  the  civil  colltl■Mli()ll^ 
at  I'aris,  that  he  was  promoted  to  the  c<iiniiiaml 
of  the  army  of  Italy;  with  which  he  fougiil  a 
series  of  battles,  and  gained  a  succession  of  vic- 
tories over  the  oldest  and  ablest  generals  of  Eu- 
rope, which  astonished  the  world,  and  compel- 
led his  enemies  to  peace,  lie  was  for  a  time 
equally  successful  in  Kgypt,  but  being  repulsed 
at  the  sicfe'e  .01  Acre,  by"  Sir  Sidney  Smith,  he 
returned  lo  Prance,  and,  in  17ti!t,  was  appoinK  d 
first  consul  of  the  repuhUc.  During  his  consul 
sliip,  b(!  coiiinianded  in  the  campaign  of  Italy, 
and  gained  the  glorious  battle  of  Marengo,  in 
1804,  he  was  crowned  emperor,  by  the  Roman 
ponritf.  From  this  lime  his  usual  success  at- 
tended him,  and  almost  all  Europe  was  at  his 
control,  until  1812,  when  he  invaded  Rnssi.-i 
with  an  army  of  400,000  men.  The  destruction 
of  Mo.scow,  and  the  severity  of  the  climate,  ut- 
terly ruined  his  army  and  compelled  him  to  re- 
treat; he  attempted  boldly  to  retrieve  Ins  mi:'- 
fortunes,  but  losing  the  memorable  Iirutle  of 
,k,SiP-SJt<-''C  was  driven  to  France,  and  compelled 
to  abdicate  the  throne  for  the  sovere-igiity  of 
Elba,  in  less  than  a  year  lie  returned  to  France, 
and  resumed  his  imperial  authority,  Without 
resistance,  his  oW  army  joining  him  vfitli  accla- 
mations. In  June  following,  hostilities  again 
eommeiiced  between  him  and  the  allie.j ;  lie  lost 
the  battle  of  V^iteiJlfJO,  and  teriniiiated  his  poli- 
tical career.  He  afterwards  retired  ou  board  a 
J'ritish  ship,  and  was  exiled  to  St.  lleiena,  where 
lie  was  kept  a  prisoner  until  his  death,  in  1821. 

KUONAROTTI,  see  MICHAEL  AAtiELO. 

BUONDELMON'I'E,  a  young  Florentine,  in 
the  beginning  of  the  13thcentury,  who  promised 
to  marry  a  daughter  of  the  famiiyof  the  Amidei, 
but  espoused  the  more  beautiful  daughter  of  the 
Donati.  By  theiniriguesof  theslighted  fair  and 
her  relations,  he  was  murdered.  This  nuirder 
set  tile  city  in  commotion,  the  quarrel  became 
general  among  the  nobility,  and  the  animosity 
lasted  many  centuries. 

BUONFIGLIO,  Joseph  Constant,  a  Neapoli- 
tan, author  of  the  modern  history  of  Sicily  and 
Venice,  and  the  history  of  Messina,  1000. 

BUONTALENTI,  Bernardo,  surnamed  Gi- 
rondile,  distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  ar- 
chitecture, sculpture,  &c.,  also,  for  his  minia- 
tures and  historical  pieces;,  he  died  in  ir.08. 

BUPALUS,  a  sculptor  of  antiquity,  540  B.  C. 

BURCH,  Edward,  an  eminent  English  engra- 
ver, wtiose  pertcirinances  arc  to  be  found  in 
tvery  roval  cabinet  in  Europe,  died  in  1814. 

BIJRCHARD,  tutor  of  Conrad  the  emperor, 
made  bishoo  of  Worms,  died  1026. 

BURCIIBLLO,  Uominico,  a  barber,  of  Flo- 
rence, his  wit  and  geuius  made  liira  the  fa- 


BIJ 

vourite  of  his  countrymen;  he  wrote  Gomiels  and 

lighter  pirices,  and  died  in  1448 

BI'BCKIIARDT,Jolm  Lewis,  nativeof  Lau- 
sanne, celebraied  as  a  traveller  in  Africa, 
under  the  patronage  of  the  African  Association 
01  London,  died  in  181ti. 

liUKUUN,  William,  an  ingeniouB  miscel- 
laneous writer,  born  at  NeWcasile-upon-Tyne, 
1704,  died  in  London,  May  30,  1818.  Ol'  hi.s 
works,  the  best  known  are,  "Materials  lor 
Thinking,"  and  a  "Life  and  Character  of  Buo- 
naparte." 

liURE,  William  de,  a  bookseller  of  Parin, 
known  for  his  knowledge  of  old,  curious,  and 
valuable  books,  died  in  1762. 

BURE,  Catherine,  a  learned  lady  of  Sweden  ; 
her  Latin  correspondence  with  another  Swedish 
lady,  Vandelaskylte,  displays  elegance  of  lan- 
guage, corieciiie.'--s  ofstyle,  &.c. ;  she  died  in  1679. 

KL'KKTTE,  Peter  John,  a  pliy.sician  of  Paris, 
an  eleg«nt  and  polished  scholar,  died  in  1747. 

BIjK(;ER,  Goilfied  Augustus,  a  celebialed 
German  jioet,  and  tlie  writer  of  that  whimsica! 
satire,  called  "  Munchausen's  Travels,"  was 
born  at  Wolmerswcnde,  in  the  principality  of 
Ilailiersiadl,  January  1,  1748,  and  died  at  Stut- 
gard,  June,  1794. 

HI'R'iES,  Cornelius,  took  bis  degree  of  D.D. 
at  O.vfoiil ;  he  was  chaplain  to  Charles  I.,  and 
died  in  1W;5. 

BUlU;il,  Ulick  de,  marquis  of  Clanricardc. 
author  of  memoirs  relative  to  the  Irish  rebellion, 
died  ill  1057. 

.BUKGIi,  James,  a  worthy  and  ingenious  mo- 
ral and  political  writer,  born  al.  Madderty,  in 
Perthshire,  1714,  died  1775  Of  many  excellent 
works  Ihat  he  left  behind  him,  "  Political  Dis- 
qtiisitioiis,"  3  vols.,  and  "  Youth's  Friendly  Mo- 
nifor,"  are  the  best  known,  and  most  esteemed. 

RIKCOYNE,  Ut.  Hon.  John,  a  privy-coun- 
seliororirelnnd,  lieutenant  geneiul  in  IheBritisU 
trmy,  and  author  of  four  drsniatic  pieces,  viz. 
'The  Heiress,"  "  The  Maid  of  the  Oaks,"  "The 
Lord  of  the  Manor,"  and  "  Richard  CcBur  de  Li- 
lle surrendered  hi--:  whole  urmy  to  General 
Gates,  al  Saratoga,  during  (+ie  American  revo- 
hiti<]i!,  and  died  Aug.  4,  17',l2. 

BUKIIiAN,  John,  a  French  iihilosopher,  in 
the  ]4ili  ci'iitury. 

BL'KIGNY,  Levesque  de,  a  native  of  Ebeims, 
wrote  ;i  treatise  on  the  authority  of  the  popes, 
&c. :  he  died  in  1785. 

KTTBKi;,  Ednuiinl,  a  celebrated  orator  and 
statesman,  born  in  the  county  of  Cork,  Ireland, 
Jan.  1,  n.'tO.  After  stayingthe  usual  lime  at 
the  universityof  Dublin,  he  went  over  to  Lon- 
don, and  entered  himself  as  a  student  of  the 
MiddleTeiiiple..  Hesoon,  however,  commenced 
liolitical  writer  J  and,  so  masterly  were  his  style 
ami  arguments,  that  his  first  productions  (ptib- 
lished  anonymously)  were  universally  attributed 
to  lord  Bolinehroke.  His  "  Philosophical  In- 
quiry into  the  Origin  of  our  Ideas  on  the  Sub- 
lime and  Beaii'tifur'  soon  made  him  known  to 
file  literal! :  and  he  thenceforth  became  a  jiublic 
man.  In  1705,  Mr.  Burke  came  into  parliament, 
and  immcdinlely  joined  to  the  character  of  a 
most  elegant  writer,  that  of  a  most  eloquent 
speaker;  hedied  Julv8,  1797. 

BVTvKITT,  William,  born  at  Hilciiani,  in 
Norfliainptoiishiie,  1050,  died  170X  He  was  a 
liioiis  and  charitable  man,  who  wrote  several 
books, and  among  the  rest,  a  "Commentary  upon 
the  New-Tesiament,"  in  the  same  plain,  practi- 
cal,and  alVertinu  manner  in  which  he  preached. 

BrKl.AM.VUUl,  John  Janied,  an  illustriouB 
.1  97 


iilj 


Civilian,  born  at  Geneva,  in  1691,  was  after- 
wards professor  of  civil  law  there.  In  his 
"Principles  of  Natural  Law,"writ)en  in  French, 
he  is  supposed  to  liave  incorporated  all  the  best 
things  from  Groiiiis,  Putfendorf,  and  ihcir  com 
incntator,  Barheyiac.  He  published,  some  time 
after,  the  "  Princii)le3  of  Political  Law,"  which 
was  written  in  the  same  language,  and  equally 
well  received.  He  died  in  1748. 
BURLEIGH.  See  CECIL. 
BUKLEY,  Walter,  an  Enplish  priest,  wrote 
commeniarics  on  .Aristotle,  &c. 

BURMAN,  Francis,  of  Leydcn,  professor  of 
theology,  at  T'trcclit,  wrote  commentaries  on  the 
Pentateuch,  &c.,  died  in  1079. 

BUR.MAN,  Francis,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  also  professor  at  Utrecht,  and  wrote  on  the 
persecution  of  Dioclesian  ;  he  died  in  1719. 

BURM.VN,  Peter,  professor  of  history  and 
eloquence,  in  the  university  of  Leyden,  and 
editor  of  the  Latin  classics,  of  which,  he  ,pub- 
li.shed  Virgil,  Ovid,  Petronius,  Quintilian,  Sue- 
tonius, Justin,  Velieius,  Phiedrus,  &c.,  and  died 
in  1740. 

BURMAN,  .John,  of  the  same  family,  profes- 
sor of  Botany  and  medicine  at  Amsterdam, 
published  some  works,  about  1739. 

BURN,  Dr.  Richard,  vicar  of  Orton,  in  West- 
moreland, born  at  Wiuton,  in  tliat  county,  died 
Nov.  '20,  1785.  He  was  author  of  two  celebra- 
ted books,  one  on  the  "  Office  of  a  .Justice  of 
Peace,"  the  other  on  "  Ecclesiastical  Law ;" 
both  of  which  liave  gone  tiirough  several  etii- 
tjons. 

BURN,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  edited  his 
father's  works  with  additions,  died  in  1802. 

BURNABY,  Andrew,  D.  D.,  an  English  di- 
vine, vicar  of  Greenwich,  and  arch-deacon  of 
Leicester.  He  published  his  travels  in  North 
America,  sermons,  &c.,  and  died  in  1812. 

BUR.\ET,  Gilbert,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  bom 
at  Edinburj^h,  in  1643.  He  wa.s  a  verj'  zealou; 
piomoter  of  the  revolution  which  finally  placed 
the  present  family  on  the  English  throne.  As  a 
writer,  he  is  distinguished  by  his  "  History  of 
the  Reformation,"  published  between  1679  and 
1681,  and  for  which  he  had  the  thanks  of  both 
houses  of  parliament.  In  1C99,  he  piiblislied  his 
'•  E.tposition  of  the  39  articles  of  the  Church 
of  England  ;"  and  after  his  death,  which  hap- 
pened in  March,  1714-5,  his  "  History  of  his  Own 
Times,  with  his  Life  anne,\cd,"  was  published 
by  his  son,  Thomas  Burnet,  esq.,  afterwards  Sir 
Thomas. 

BURNET,  Elizabeth,  third  wife  of  bishop 
Burnet,  published  a  method  of  devotion,  a  book 
of  mciit,  and  died  in  1709. 

BURNET,  William,  son  of  the  ccicorated bi- 
shop Burnet,  appointed  governor  of  New- York 
and  New-Jersey,  in  1700  ;  of  Massachusetts  and 
New-Hampshire,  in  1728,  and  died  1729. 

BURNET,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  Scotch  physician, 
author  of  Thesanras  Medicinje  Practicce,  and 
Other  medical  works. 

BURNETT,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  most  ineenionsand 
>arned  writer,  born  at  Croft,  Yorkshire,  1635. 
ilii  most  celebrated  work,  "  The  Sacred  Theo- 
;y  of  the  Earth,'  was  originally  published  in 
Latin,  in  2  vols.  4to ;  the  first  two  books,  "  con- 
'crning  the  Deluge  and  Paradise,"  in  1681;  the 
two  last,  "  concerning  the  burning  of  the  world, 
and  the  New  Heavens  and  New  Earth,"  in  1689. 
The  uncommon  approbation  which  this  work 
met  with,  and  the  particular  encouragement  of 
Gtiarlex  XL,  who  was  exceedingly  taken  with  it, 
put  the  author  upon  translating  it  into  English. 
9P 


BU 

It  would  be  endless  to  transcribe  all  the  high  en- 
comiums that  have  been  passed  on  this  work 
Ey  various  eminent  authors.  He  died  in  1715. 
BURNKY,  Dr.  (Charles,  an  eminent  musician 
nd  general  scholar,  born  at  Shrcwsbur>',  April 
,  1726,  died  at  Chelsea  College,  of  which  he 
was  organist,  .April  12,  1814,  in  his  88th  year. 
His  "  General  History  of  Music,"  4  vols.  4to; 
his  "Present  State  of  Music  in  France,  Italy, 
the  Netherlands,  Holland,  and  Germany;"  anfl 
\ccount  of  the  .Musical  performances  in  com- 
mcnior-itionof  Handel,"  are  valuable  additions 
to  British  literature,  from  the  knowledge  wliich 
they  impart,  and  the  elegance  with  which  they 
are  written.  He  also  wrote  the  "  Life  of  Me- 
tastasio  ;"  a  work  highly  c^stimable  for  its  can 
dour,  information,  jndcmenl,  and  taste. 

BURNEY,  Dr.  Charles,  son  of  the  foreeoinc;, 
was  born  at  Lynn,  Norfolk,  Dec.  6,  17.57,  and 
bred  at  the  Charter  House,  and  Caius  College, 
Cambridge.  He  greatly  distinguished  himself 
by  the  depth  of  his  literary  researches,  and  by 
his  extraordinary  skill  in  the  Greek  language. 
He  obtained  gre.it  eminence  as  the  master  of 
classical  academies,  successively  at  Hammer- 
smith and  Greenwich,  was  D.  D.,  L.  L.  D..  and 
F.  R.  S.,  rector  of  St.  Paul,  Deptford,  and  of 
Clilfe,  both  in  the  county  of  Kent,  and  died  Dec. 
28,  1817. 

BLTINS,  Robert,  a  native  of  Scotland,  who, 
in  the  humble  employment  of  a  ploughman, 
discovered  a  most  extraordinary  genitis  for  po- 
etical composition.  Dissatisfied  with  his  low 
station,  he  was  about  to  emigrate  to  Jamaica, 
to  seek  a  better  fortune  ;  and,  with  a  view  to 
procure  money  for  his  passage,  a  coarse  edition 
of  his  poems  were  published  at  Edinburgh. 
They  were  soon  noticed  by  the  gentlemen  in 
that  city  ;  and  some  extracts,  with  an  account 
of  the  author,  were  given  in  "The  Lounjrer,"  a 
periodical  paper  then  in  the  course  of  publica- 
tion. Subscriptions  were  then  set  on  foot  for  a 
new  edition  of  his  works,  and  Burns  was  made 
an  exciseman,  with  an  income  of  about  50/.  a 
year.  This  pupil  of  nature,  however,  this  poet 
of  inspiration,  possessed  in  the  same  degree, 
the  powers  and  the  failings  of  genius.  His  ta- 
lents were  often  obscured,  and  his  constitution 
was  at  length  impaired,  by  excess.  His  manners 
not  being  capable  of  melioration,  and  his  pro 
pensity  to  intemperance  being  ungovernable, 
the  attentions  paid  to  him  were  not  lasting ;  antl 
he  sunk  under  poverty  and  distress,  leaving  a 
widow  precnant,  and  five  infant  children.  He 
died  July  2),  1796,  in  the  prime  of  life. 

I3URRHUS,  Afranius,  a  Roman  commander^ 
under  Claudius  and  Nero. 

BURR,  Peter,  a  judge,  and  afterwards  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  state  of 
Connecticut,  in  1711. 

BUUR,  Jonathan,  a  native  of  England,  came 
to  America,  in  1639,  and  was  settled  in  the  mi- 
nistry at  Dorchester  :  he  died  in  1641. 
lirRR,.\aron,pastorofthepre3byteri an  church 
at  Newark,  N.  J.,  in  1742  ;  elected  president  of 
Princeton  College  in  1748,  died  in  1757.  He  was 
distinguished  for  his  learning,  &c.,  and  publish- 
ed occasional  discourses,  &.C. 

BURRILL,  John,  speaker  of  the  house  of  re- 
presentatives of  Mass.,  and  member  of  the  coud- 
cil,  died  in  1721. 

BURRILL,  James,  a  native  of  Providence, 
and  a  distinguished  lawyer  of  that  place,  was 
attorney  ceneral,  and  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  Rhode  Island,  and  at  the  time  of  bis  death, 
in  1^20,  a  senator  in  coogress. 


BU 


nij 


BURRINGTON,(;corj;e,proi)rietai>  yovfiriiorl 
nf  Norili  Carolina,  was  disiiiiss(,'d  Ikjiii  the  ol- 
:Tce  lor  his  vict.s,  and  afterwards  murdered  in 
EimlaiKJ,  ahout  1734. 

£iL'KKuri;iJ,  Edward,  a  native  of  West- 
tuorclaud,  obiaincd  from  Charks  II.  tlie  sus- 
pension of  tlic  jiersccution  aj^ainst  tlic  quakers 
in  iNew-ICimlaiid. 

B(  Kiior (ill ES,  Jeremiah, a  nonconformist, 
became  preacher  of  s^tepney  and  Crippkgate 
churches,  ;i!:d  died  in  Jljlti. 

liUIlROli'JHS^,  George,  a  minister  of  Salem,] 
Mas.s.,  one  of  the  victims  of  the  witchcralt  de- 
lusion, in  ll)!l2. 

Bl'RKOW,  Sir  James,  master  of  the  crown- 
«iflice,  and  <(>iiie  time  president  of  tlie  Royal  So- 
ciety, pnblisliid  four  volumes  of  "  Reports," 
and'  a  volume  of  "  Decisions  of  the  Court  of 
King's  Bench  upon  Settlement  cases,  from  1732 
to  1772,  (to  which  was  subjoined  "  .\n  Essay  on 
runctuation,")  and  died  Nov.  5,  17H2. 

RIRT,  John,  minister  of  Bristol,  R.  I.,  or- 
dained in  1741,  dad  177.^,  a  sound  divine. 

BURTON,  Henry,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Birsall,  in  Yorkshire,  made  B.  D.  at  Oxford, was 
clerk  of  tlie  closet  to  prince  Henry,  and  after  his 
death,  to  Charles.  His  writings  are  all  confro 
versial,  and  generally  full  of  invectives.  He 
died  In  1648. 

BURTON,  William,  author  of  "  A  History 
of  Leiceslcrshiro,"  born  at  Lindley,  in  that 
countv,  in  lo7.5,  died  in  ]G4o. 

BURTON,  Robert,  known  to  the  learned  by 
the  name  of  Democritus,  junior,  was  brother 
of  the  preceding,  and  born  also  at  Lindley,  Feb. 
8, 1576,  died  Jan.  lG:i9-40.  He  was  a  man  of 
general  learning,  a  great  philosopher,  an  exact 
mathematician,  and  (what  makes  up  fortheiie- 
culiarity  of  his  character)  a  very  curious  calcu- 
lator of  natixities.  He  was  extremely  st\idlons, 
and  of  a  melancholy  turn ;  yet  an  agreeable 
companion,  and  very  humorous.  "  The  Anato 
my  of  melancholy,''  by  Democritus,  junior,  as 
lie  calls  hiniself,  shows  that  these  seemingly  dif- 
ferent qualili'S  «  ere  mi.xed  together  in  his  com- 
position. This  book  was  printed  first  in  4to, 
1621,  aficrwatds  many  times  in  folio,  to  the  great 
pi-otit  of  the  bookseller,  who,  as  Mr.  Wood  tell: 
us,  got  an  estate  by  it.  "  Burton  upon  Blelan 
choly,"  says  archbishop  Herring,  (Letters,  1777 
12mo,)  "  is  an  author  the  pleasantest,  the  most 
learned,  and  the  most  full  of  sterling  sense.— 
The  wits  of  (jueen  Anne's  reign,  and  the  begin 
ning  of  George  I.,  were  (he  adds)  not  a  little 
leholdento  him."  Dr.  Fcrriar,  in  "  Memoirs 
v(  the  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  of 
Manchester,"  published  1793.  and  in  "  Illustra- 
tions of  Sterne,"  published  1799,  lias  detected 
in  this  book  the  source  of  many  of  Sterne'; 
most  admired  writings.  See  also  an  able  critic 
on  this  subject,  in  the  European  Magazine,  for 
Oct.  ai.d  Nov.  1793. 

BURTON,  William,  an  excellent  critic  and 
antiquary,  died  in  1657. 

BURTON,  William,  a  physician,  hut  better 
known  as  author  of  "  A  History  of  the  county 
of  York,"  2  vols,  folio.  He  was  born  at  Ripon, 
in  1697,  and  died  at  York,  in  1759. 

BURTON,  John,  a  learned  divine,  born  at 
Werabworth,  in  Devonshire,  1696,  died  in  1771 
leaving  some  ingenious  writings,  collected  under 
t6e  title  of  "  Opuscula  Miscellanea." 

BURTON,  Ezekias,  prebendary  of  Norwich 
eminent  for  his  learning  and  piety,  died  in  1681 
His  discourses  were  published  by  Tillotson. 
BURY,  Arthur,  D.  D.  at  the  restoration,  he 


obtained  a  prebend  of  Exeter.,  and  in  1065,  was 
made  chaplain  to  the  kiiiL'. 

HI  RV,  Klizubeth,  danghterof  captain  Law- 
rence, excelled  in  her  knowledge  of  niaihema- 
tics,  and  the  learned  languages;  she  died  in 
1720. 

liURZUIE,  a  learned  Persian  philosopher 
and  jiliysician,  in  the  reign  of  Chosroes,  sur- 
iiamed  Nusihirvan  the  Just. 

BUS,  Cusarde,  anative  ofCavaillon,  atoned 
for  the  irregularities  of  his  youth,  by  a  pious 
lite,  devoted  io  the  reformation  of  the  clergy, 
lie  died  in  1(;07. 

Bl'.'^BKQTTT'e,  or  BUSBEC,  Auger  Gislen, 
born  at  Conunincs,  a  town  in  Flanders,  in  1529. 
In  1554,  hf-  was  appointed  ambassador  at  Con- 
stantinople, V.  here  he  acipiired  a  perfect  know- 
ledge of  the  state  of  the  Ottoman  empire,  and 
the  true  means  of  attacking  it  with  success  ;  on 
which  subject  he  c ompo.sed  a  very  judiciousdls 
course,  eniitled,  "  De  re  militari  contra  Turcam 
instiiueihla  consilium."     He  died  in  Oct.  1592. 

r.rsilV,  Rif  hard,  horn  at  Lutton,  in  Lincoln- 
hire,  ICUO.  In  1G40,  he  was  apiiointed  master 
of  Westminster  school ;  and,  by  his  skill  and 
diligence  in  this  most  laborious  and  important 
office,  for  the  space  of  55  years,  bred  up  the 
greatest  number  of  eminent  men  in  churcli 
and  state,  that  ever  adorned  at  one  time  any 
age  01  naiion.  This  great  man,  alter  a  long  and 
healthy  life,  the  constquence  of  his  chastity, 
sobriety,  and  temperance,  died  April  6, 1695, 
aged  89,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey 
He  had  composed  several  books  for  the  use  oi 
his  school,  and  had  the  reputation  of  being  u 
very  severe  disciplinarian. 

BtTSCIlETTO  DA  DALICHIO,  an  eminent 
architect  and  mechanic  of  the  11th  century. 

BUSCHING,  Dr.  Anthony  Frederick,  an  emi- 
nent German,  author  of  "  A  New  Treatise  of 
Geography,"  which  has  been  translated  into 
several  languages,  and  particularly  into  English, 
in  6  vols.  4to.  He  died  at  Berlin,  in  May,  1793, 
aged  69. 

BUSCKIUS,  Herman,  a  German  scholar, 
wrote  some  Latin  poems,  and  commentaries  on 
classical  authors,  and  died  in  1534. 

BUSHELL,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Worcester- 
shire, a  zealous  royalist,  and  master  of  the  royal 
mines  in  Wales,  died  in  1674. 

BUSLEIDEN,  Jerome,  a  statesman,  in  the 
service  of  Charles  V.,  died  in  1517. 

BUSSIERE,  John  de,  a  learned  Jesuit,  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  France,  &c.,  died  in  1678. 

BUSSY,  Roger  Rabutin,  count  of,  a  French- 
man, memorable  for  wit  and  misfortunes,  was 
born  in  Burgundy,  April  3,  1618.  He  wrote 
many  works,  satirical,  historical,  and  moral ; 
but  IS  chiefly  known  by  his  "  Letters,"  which 
are  much  esteemed.    He  died  in  1693. 

BUTE,  John,  earl  of,  viscount,  and  baron 
Mountstuart,  &c.  Tltis  nobleman  was,  in  1763, 
appointed  prime  minister.  The  nation  being 
nearlv  exhausted  by  a  long  and  expensive, 
though  successful,  war  with  France,  he  con- 
cluded a  peace,  and  then  retired  to  enjoy  a  iife 
of  learned  leisure.  He  was  a  lover  and  encou- 
rager  of  learning  and  learned  men,  especially 
when  genius  and  respectable  character  were 
united  in  the  same  person.  It  was  on  this  prin- 
ciple that  he  asked  and  obtained  of  llis  majesty 
a  pension  of  300/.  a  year  for  Dr.  Johnson. 
Among  many  instances  of  his  love  to  the  arts, 
the  earl  of  P>ute  printed,  at  his  own  expense,  a 
botanical  work,  in  9  4to.  vols.,  of  plants  apper- 
taining only  to  England.  Only  12  copies  were 
99 


BIT' 


prinlfid  ;  tlie  expense  ft  which  amountuiJ  to 
lOOUZ.  Copifa  were  pv.st  iilod  to  tlic  i|iifcMi,  ti 
the  late  du.chcHs  of  I'orihiiul,  M.  do  IJiuIiim.  kuly 
SiiKan  IMrii;keiizi«,  lady  Hanks,  and  lo.d  Muuiii- 
Stiiart.  Those  remaining  won;  reseivod  tor  le- 
gai-ies,  and  the  plates  were  destroyed.  His  lord- 
ship died  Mar.li  10,  l7fl-2. 

IJ'JTLEll,  William,  a  physician,  born  at  Ips- 
wich. Some  aueidiite.s  are  recorded  of  him, 
which  exhihit  him  as  a  capricious  madman ;  he 
died  in  UtlS. 

BUTLBR,  Charles,  a  native  of  Hampshire, 
anthor  of  a  popular  worii  on  bees,  called  the 
feminine  inoiiarehy,  &c.,  dit-d  in  U)47. 

BUTLER,  Samiiel,  a  poet  of  a  very  singular 
cast,  born  at  Sirensham,  in  Worcestorwhire, 
lOli.  He  lived  some  time,  (though  ii  is  not 
kiiown  in  what  capacity,)  with  Sir  Samuel 
Luke,  a  gentleman  of  an  ancient  family  in  Bed- 
fordshire, and  a  famous  coimnander  under  Oli- 
ver Cromwell.  Wtiile  he  resided  in  this  (gentle- 
man's family,  it  is  generally  supposed  tti^jt  he 
planned,  if  he  did  not  write,  the  celebrated 
"  Hudibras ;"  undor  which  characrer  it  is 
tlionsht  he  intended  to  ridicule  llial  kniglit. 
W'le'.!  this  poem  became. known,  it  was  neces- 
sarily admired'  the  king  quoted,  the  courtiers 
studied,  and  the  wliolc'  party  of  the  royalists 
ajiplauded  it.  Every  eye  wutclied  for  the  golden 
Bhower  which  was  to  fall  upon  tiie  author.  Bui 
praise  was  liis  whole  reward.  It  is  reported, 
indeed,  that  the  king  once  gave  h'm  3W  guineas; 
but  of  this  temporary  bounty  we  liud  no  proof. 
)!edied  .September  '23,  1680;  and  was  buried  at 
the  private  expense  of  u  Mi.  Longueville,  of  the 
Temple,  in  the  church-yard  of  Covent  Garden. 
About  GO  years  afterw.ards,  Mr.  Barber,  n  primer, 
mayor  of  London,  and  a  friend  in  Butler's  prin- 
ciples, bestowed  on  him  a  monument  in  \Vest- 
minsfer  Abbey,  tn  the  mist  of  obsv;urity  passed 
the  life  of  Butler,  a  mau  whose  name  can  only 
perish  with  his  language.  The  mode  and  place 
of  his  education  are  unknown  ;  the  events  of 
fiis  life  are  variously  related ;  and  all  that  can 
be  told  with  certainiv  is,  that  he  was  poor. 

BUTLER,  .lami*,'  duke  of  Oriiioud,  a  very 
celebrated  statesman  and  warrior,  in  thi;  reian 
of  Charles  tl.,  to  whose  restoration  he  materi- 
allv  contributed.  He  was  born  in  Ltmdou,  llilO, 
and  died  in  IG.-'S. 

BUTLER,  .loseph,  bishop  of  Durham,  a  pre- 
late of  most  distinguished  piety,  horn  at  Wan- 
tage, Berks,  lti!t2.  His  deep  learning  and  com- 
prehensive mind  appear  sufficiently  in  liis  writ- 
ings, particularly  in  a  work  entitled,  "  The 
Analogy  of  Religion,  natural  and  revealed,  to 
the  constitution  and  course  of  Nature."  He 
died  in  17.5'2. 

BUTLER,  Thomas,  earl  of  Ossory,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  conlincd  in  the  tower  eight 
months  by  Cromwell.  After  the  restoration, 
lie  abashed  Shaftsbury,  by  an  exertion  of  his 
powers,  in  tlie  vindication  of  his  fatuer.  He 
died  in  1680. 

BUTLER,  Alban,  a  Roman  catholic,  director 
of  the  English  College  of  St.  Omer's,  died  in 
1782. 

BUTLER,  Richard,  a  brave  officerduring  the 
war  of  the  revolution,  killed  at  the  defeat  of 
General  St.  Clair,  in  1791. 

BUTLER,  Thomas,  a  brave  officer  in  the  re- 
volutionary war.  In  1797,  he  commanded  in 
Teiinessre,  and  brought  the  Indian  war  to  a  suc- 
cessful termination.     He  died  in  1805. 

BUTT,  George,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine,  ac- 
100 


^v 

pilied  some  distinction  as  a  poet.   He  published 
a  volume  of  scrinoiis,  and  died  in  ]7!15. 

BUTTS,  Sir  William,  a  physician  to  Henry 
V'lH.,  one  of  the  loundeis  of  the  Royal  College 
ijf  I'livsiciaii^. 

iJUX'l'UN,.Icdediah,  a  man  of  most  extraor- 
dinary natural  talents  for  cab  ulation,  born  at 
Elincion,  a  villai,'0  in  Derbyshire,  1705.  He  was 
never  taught  to  read  or  write ;  but  could',  by  the 
force  of  memory,  solves  in  a  very  short  time  the 
most  complicated  (piestions  respecting  the  mul- 
tiplication, division,  reduction,  &.C.,  of  figures; 
yet,  beyond  mere  calculation,  his  ideas  were 
hardly  above  those  of  infancy.  He  died  about 
1775. 

BUXTORFF,  .John,  the  name  of  two  learned 
professors  of  Hebrew  at  Basil,  father  and  son, 
who  ai  e  allowed  a  place  among  those  of  the  tirsT 
ank  for  ;abliiu'cal  learning.  The  fatiier  died 
in  1621),  the  son  in  1G64. 

BUXTCJR  I'T,  John,  nephew  of  the  preceding, 
succeeded  him  in  the  Oriental  chair  of  Basil, 
and  was  osi'^eined  for  his  e.xte«sive  ertidiUon, 
He  died  in  17:52. 

BUV  DE  MORXAS,  Claude,  born  at  Lyons, 
authorof  a  v.iluable  atlasof  geography  and  his 
torv.  died  in  178.'?. 

BUZANVAIj,  Nicholas  Choartde,  a  French 
prelate,  relinquished  the  profession  of  law  lor 
the  church,  and  died  in  li)71). 

BUZOr,  Francis  Nicholas  Leonard,  one  of 
the  heroes  of  the  French  revolution,  born  in 
1760. 

BYEFIELO,  Nathaniel,  a  native  of  England, 
settled  in  Bristol,  Rhode  Island,  and  died  in  173:j. 

BYFIRLD,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Warwick- 
shire, who  wrote  some  voluminous  tracts  on 
divinitv ;  bo  died  in  1622. 

BYLES,  Mather,  D.  D.,  a  pnet  and  political 
writer  of  some  note,  minister  in  Boston,  where 
he  was  born  in  1706. 

BYN/EUS,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Utrecht, 
skilled  in  classical  and  historical  learning,  died 
in  liillS. 

BYNG, George,  lord  viscount  Torrii^ton,  was 
born  in  1663.  His  eminent  aiiilities  as  a  naval 
commander  raised  him  successively  to  the  high 
olTices  of  rear  admiral  of  England,  treasurer  of 
the  navy,  and  tii'st  lord  of  the  admiralty.  He 
was  father  of  the  unfortunate  admiral  John 
livii'-',  who,  after  having  given  many  proofs  of 
oiirage,  was,  on  a  dubious  sentence  for  neglect 

I'  diiiv,  shut  at  Portsmouth,  i\Iarch  14,  1757. 
His  lordship  died  in  1733. 

BYNKEIiSIIOEK,  Cornelius 'Van,  pro.'essor 
>f  law  at  l,eyden,  &c.,  author  of  Observations 
on  the  Roman  Laws,  &c.,  died  in  1743. 

BYRD,  William,  a  native  of  Virginia,  died 
abiiut  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  He  col- 
lecled  a  very  large  and  valuable  library. 

BYRGE,  Justus,  an  ingenious  mathematician 
and  instruineiit-maker  in  France,  tiouiifihed  at 
ihe  end  of  the  lOlh  century. 

BYRNE,  William,  a  vi^ry  distinguished  land- 
scape engraver.  His  best  performances  are, 
The  .Anticpiitios  of  Great  Britain,  after  Hearne; 
Viewsof  tiio  Lakes  after  Farington;  and  Smith's 
Scenery  of  Italy.  His  chief  excellence  consist- 
ing in  his  aerial  perspective,  and  the  general 

fleet  of  his  chiaro-oscuro,  he  was  more  agreea- 
bly and  more  beneficially  employed  in  finishing 
than  in  etching;  and  hence  he  generally  worked 
in  conjuii'iiiiii  with  his  pupils;  to  wliom  his 
strons  recommendation  was,  to  study  nature, 
Vivares,  and  the  best  examples  of  the  Ftench 


CA 


VJi:. 


school.  Aiiioiij;  tlii;  ()iii>il.s  of  Mr.  Uynic,  \vc 
know  no  ono  vvlio  Jias  donu  riinie  credit  (.•iihcr 
to  his  instructer  in  tlie  art,  or  to  Iiiiiiselt',  ilian 
Mr.  LandsmT,  engraver  to  liis  late  niaje.fiy.  Mr. 
Byrne  died  Septeniljer  24,  IS05,  aged  H'i. 

BYKOM,  Jolni,  a  poetical  writer, and  inventor 
of  a  new  system  of  sliort-hand,  born  at  Kersal 
near  Manchester,  109],  died  in  IVOJ. 

BYRON,  Lord  Geoif^c  Gordon,  an  English 
nobleman,  distingnislied  as  the  greatest  poet  of 
me  age  in  which  he  lived,  author  of  "  Childe 
Harold,"  "  Don  Jnan,"  and  other  poems,  died 
«t  Missolonghi,  while  assisting  the  Greeks  in 
their  glorious  struggle  for  freedom,  in  April 
18iM. 

BYTHNER,  Victorinus,  a  native  of  Poland, 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  Hebrew,  died  in 
1664. 

BZOVIUS,  Abraham,  a  learned  I'olander. 
The  chief  of  his  works  i.=,  "  A  Continuation  of 
Baronius'  Annals  from  1198  to  1572."  ilt:  died 
in  1037. 

CA 

CAB,  Ben  Zohair,  an  Arabian  poet,  the  oppo-| 
nent,  and  afterwards  the  friend,  of  Mahomet 
died  in  the  tirst  year  of  the  heaira. 

CABAUE!?,  or  COBAD,  a  king  of  Persia,  de 
posed,  but  afterwards  recovered  his  authority 
which  he  left  to  his  son  in  531. 

CABANIS, Peter  John  George,  a  French  phy 
sician,  the  associate  of  Mirabeau,  and  one  of  the 
council  of  500  during  the  revolution,  died  in 
1808. 

CABASILAS,  Nilus,  archbishop  of  Thesa 
lonica,  wrote  against  the  supremacy  of  the  pope; 
he  was  succeeded  by  his  nephewj  Nicholas,  in 
the  14th  century. 

CABASSOLE,  Philip  de,  chancellor  and 
chief  minister  of  the  queen  of  Sicily,  and  curili- 
nal  d'  metropolitan  of  Constantinople  ;  died  in 
137'2. 

CARASSUT,  John,  professor  of  the  canon 
law  at  Avignon,  died  in  lliS.'i. 

CABEIi,AdrianVander,  of  Riswick,  eminent 
as  a  painter  ;  he  died  in  169,). 

CABESTAN,  or  CABJSTAIXG,  William 
do,  a  poet,  murdered  by  the  husijand  of  his  mis- 
tress, who  eat  ins  heart  unknowingly,  and  died 
with  grief. 

CABOT,  John,  a  Venetian,  who  first  dis- 
covered the  continent  of  America,  in  14!I7. 

CAKOT,  Sebastian,  son  of  the  preceding,  ac- 
companied his  father  in  his  voyage,  iuiUitT,  and 
afterwards  made  several  voyages ;  he  died  in 
1557. 

CABOT,  George,  an  eminent  statesman,  was 
a  member  of  the  United  States'  Senate  from  the 
state  of  Mass.,  and  president  of  the  Hartford 
Convention.  He  was  distinguished  as  a  man  of 
great  strength  of  mind,  of  sound  and  correct 
judgment,  of  unsuljied  honour,  and  the  strictest 
■ntegrity,  and  was  the  friend  and  associate  of 
Washington. 

CABOT,  Vincent,  author  of "  LesPoIitiqucs," 
in  4  vols.,  of  the  14th  century. 

CABRAI,  or  CABRERA,  Pedro  Alvares,  n 
Portuguese,  sent,  in  LWO,  by  king  Emanuel,  with 
a  fleet  to  the  East  Indies.  He  was  driven  upon 
the  coast  of  Brazil,  and  gave  the  name  to  Santa 
Cruz. 

CAD  A  LOUS,  a  bishop  of  Parma,  made  poy 
under  the  title  of  Honorius  II.,  died  in  1004. 

CADAMOSTO,  Lewis,  a  famous  Venetian 


navigator,  born  in  14i-J,  visited  the  Madeira.s, 
the  ('anaries,  ice. 

CAI)MU.<,  king  of  Thebes,  wiio  brought  16 
letters  into  Greece.  The  poets  say  that  he  h'ft 
his  country  in  ijuest  of  his  sister  Eiiropa,  rfiid 
wont  into  Buiotia,  where  on«  of  his  coiiipaiiv 
was  devoured  by  a  dragon,  wliich  Cadmnsslew, 
and  sowed  its  teeth  in  a  field,  whence  sprung 
up  an  army  of  men  wiio  destroyed  one  another. 

CADMUS,  a  Milesian,  author  of  a  history  of 
India. 

CADOG,  founder  of  some  churches  in  Wales, 
in  the  IStli  century. 

CADOG,  a  bard  of  the  6lh  century,  called  the 
Wise. 

•  CADOGAN,  William  Bromley,  a  respected 
minister  of  St.  Giles',  Reading,  aiid  St.  Luke's; 
di.;d  in  17'J7. 

CADWALADYR,  last  king  of  the  Britons, 
in  0()0  he  was  conquered  by  the  Sa.\ons. 

CADWALADYR,  Cesail,  a  Welsh  bard  of 
some  merit,  in  the  10th  century. 

CAD  Vv' A  LEADER, ,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian of  Philadelphia,  and  among  the  first  who 
wrote  on  medical  subjects  ;  nourished  about 
1740. 

CAD  WALLADER,  John,  a  brigadier-generai 
in  the  American  army,  during  the  revolution, 
died  in  1786. 

CADWALLON,  prince  of  North  Wales,  de- 
feated by  Edwin  of  England,  in  620. 

CADVvgAN,  a  prince  of  South  Wales,  was 
assassinated  in  1110. 

C.ECILIANUS,  bishop  of  Carthage,  was  ex 
pellcd  from  office  by  a  council,  in  311. 

(VECILIUS  STATIUS,  a  comic  poet  in  the 
age  of  Emiius. 

C/ELIUS  AURELIANUS,  or,  as  some  have 
called  him,  Lucius  Callus  Arianus,  an  ancient 
pliysiciauof  Sicca,  atown  of  Numidia, in  Africa. 
We  are  obliged  to  him  for  the  knowledge  of 
many  dogmas  which  are  not  to  be  found  but  iu 
his  hooks  "  De  celeribusettardis  Passioiii'ous." 
He  wrote,  as  he  liimself  tells  lis,  several  other 
works;  but  they  have  all  perished. This,  however, 
wJiich  has  escaped  the  ruins  of  time  and  barba- 
rism, is  highly  valued  as  being  the  only  monu- 
ment of  the  Medicina  Methodica  which  is  ex- 
tant. He  is  allowed  by  all  to  ho  admirable  in 
the  history  and  description  of  diseases.  Le  Clerc 
places  him  in  tjie  5th  century. 

C'^SAR,  Cains  Julius,  an  iUuatrious  Roman 
eneral  and  historian,  born  '.»8  B.  C.  By  his  va- 
lour and  eloquence  he  acquired  the  highest  re 
pnlation  in  the  tield  and  in  the  senate ;  beloved 
111(1  respected  by  liis  feilow-citizens,  he  enjoyed 
successively  every  magisterial  and  military  ho- 
nour that  the  republic  could  bestow,  consistent 
with  its  own  free  constitution ;  but,  at  length, 
having  subdued  Pompey,  the  great  rival  of  his 
growing  power,  his  boundless  ambition  etiaced 
the  glory  of  his  former  actions ;  for  pursuing  his 
favourite  maxim,  "  that  he  would  rather  be  the 
first  man  in  a  village,  than  the  second  in  Rome," 
he  procured  himself  to  be  chosen  perpetual  dic- 
tator; and,  not  content  with  this  unconstitu- 
tional power,  his  faction  liad  resolved  to  raise  him 
to  the  imperial  dignity,  when  the  friends  of  the 
civil  liberties  of  the  republic  rashly  and  basely 
assassinated  him  in  the  senate-house, where  they 
should  only  Iiave  seized  him,  and  brought  him 
to  a  legal  trial  for  usurpation.  By  this  impoli- 
tic and  treacherous  measure,  they  defeated  their 
own  purpose,  involving  the  city  in  consternation 
and  terror,  which  produced  general  anarcliv 
^  101 


CA 


and  paved  tlio  way  to  Uic  revolution  that  they 
wanted  to  prevent ;  for,  after  his  death,  the  re 
public,  thou!,'h  for  some  lime  it  preserved  the 
tornrs  of  liberty,  became  an  absolute  monarchy, 
the  constant  late  of  all  governments,  whatever 
freedom  they  might  once  have,  when  luxury  and 
proiiigale  manners  have  grown  universal.  The 
activity  of  Cwsar's  spirit  was  such,  that,  as  he 
himself  said,  "  he  thought  nothing  dune,  while 
there  was  any  thing  left  to  do."  However, 
amidst  all  his  concerns,  civil  and  military,  he 
found  time  to  be  the  author  of  many  works ; 
none  of  which  have  been  preserved  from  the 
ravages  of  time,  except  seven  books,  "  De  Bello 
Gallico." 

C.'ES.^R,  Sir  Julius,  a  learned  civilian,  born 
near  'rottenham,  in  Middlesex,  3557,  died  in  lt;39. 

CTES  A  R  A  L  FIN  US,  Andreas,  an  eminent  phi- 
losopher and  physician,  born  at  Arezzo,  1559, 
died  in  1603. 

CAFFA,  Melchior,  a  distinguished  sculptor, 
who  adorned  the  churches  of  Rome  and  Italy, 
died  in  1687 

OAFFARELLI  DU  FALGA,N.,a  French 
officer  of  ereat  courage  ;  died  in  1801. 

CAFFIAUX,  D.  Joseph,  a  native  of  Valen- 
ciennes, a  writer  on  history,  music,  &c. 

CAFFIERI,  Philip,  an  eminent  sculptor,  of 
Rome,  died  in  1755. 

CAGLIARI,  Paul,  a  most  excellent  pamter, 
born  at  Verona,  in  153-2.  He  was  styled  by  the 
Italians,  II  pittor  fcUce,  "  The  happy  painter." 
There  is  scarcely  a  church  in  Venice  which  has 
not  some  piece  or  other  of  his;  and  his  picture 
of  The  Marriage  at  Cana,  in  tlie  church  of  St. 
George,  is  to  he  distinguished  from  his  other 
works,  as  being  not  only  the  triumph  of  Paul 
Veronese,  but  almost  the  triumph  of  painting 
itself.  He  died  of  a  fever  at  Venice,  in  1588, 
and  liad  a  tomb  and  a  statue  of  brass  erected  in 
the  church  of  St.  Sebastian. 

CAGHOSTRO,  count  Alexander,  a  man  so 
called,  but  whose  real  name  was  Joseph  Balsa- 
mo,  was  born  at  Palermo,  1743.  His  whole  hie 
was  a  series  of  the  most  astonishing  cheats, 
mummeries,  and  impostures ;  and  his  ingenuity 
in  every  species  of  fiction  and  deceit  exceeds  all 
that  has  been  recorded  in  the  annals  of  ancient 
or  modern  roguery.  For  some  enormities  in 
Rome  he  was  cominitted  to  the  castle  of  St.  An- 
gplo,  in  which  iie  died  toward  the  end  of  1794. 

CAGNACI,  called  Gaulassi  from  liis  deformi- 
rv,  an  Italian  painter  of  the  18th  century. 

CAGNATI,  Marsilio,  a  physician  of  Verona, 
settled  at  Rome,  professor  of  philosophy,  in  the 
age  of  Paul  V. 

CAHAGNKS,  James,  professor  of  medicine 
at  Caen,  died  in  1012. 

CAHUSAC,  Lewis  de,  a  Frenchman,  author 
of  the  tragedy  of  Pharamond,  and  some  ro- 
mances, died  in  1759. 

CAIAPHAS,  the  high-priest  who  condemned 
our  Saviour,  and  afterwards  committed  suicide. 
CAIET,  Peter  Victor  Paliiia,  a  Frenchman, 
doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  who  from  a  Calvanist 
became  a  Catholic :  he  was  author  of  a  valuable 
<  hronologv,  and  died  in  1610. 

CAIETAN ,  Constantine,  a  Benedictine,  editor 
of  the  works  of  Peter  Darien,  died  at  Rome,  in 
1C50.  ^  . 

CAIETAN,  a  cardinal,  born  in  14C9,atCaieta, 
a  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  Ilia  proper 
name  was  Thomas  de  Vio ;  but  he  took  that  ol 
<;aictaii,  from  the  place  of  his  nativity.  He  gave 
a  literal  translation  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ments, from  the  originals  :  eiceptiog  Solomon'* 
102 


Song  and  the  Prophets,  which  he  had  begun,  hut 
did  not  live  to  proceed  tar  in  ;  and  the  Kevela- 
lions  of  St.  John,  which  he  designedly  omitted  ;  • 
saying,  that,  to  ('xpUiin  them,  it  was  necessary 
for  a  man  to  be  endued,not  with  partsand  learn- 
ing, but  with  the  spirit  of  prophecy. 

UAILIiER,  iNicholas  Lewis  de  la,  a  French 
malhPinatician  and  a.slronomer,  friend  of  Cas- 

iii ;  died  in  lliiU. 

CAIN,  the  eldest  son  of  Adam,  who  slew  hja 
brother  Abel. 

CAIRO,  Francisco,  an  eminent  painter  of  re- 
ligious subjects,  born  at  Milan,  in  ]."i!;8. 

C  AlUS,or  KAYES,Dr.  Ji.lm,  a  distinguished 
English  physician,  author  of  several  learned 
works,  died  in  1573. 

CAIUS,  John,  poet-laureat  to  Edward  IV. 

CAIUS,  Thomas,  a  disihisuished  linguist  in 
England,  prebendary  of  Sarum,  died  in  1572. 

CAIUS,  a  Roman  saint,  made  bishop  of 
Rome  in  283. 

CALABER,  an  ancient  Greek  poet,  author  of 
a  supplement  to  Homer's  Iliad. 

CALADROIS,  Matthias  Prcti,  a  painter,  of 
Calabria,  died  atMalla,  in  lf)99. 

C.\LAMY,  Edmund,  a  very  eminent  divino 
among  the  non-conformista ;  born  at  London. 
IGOO,  died  Kitili. 

CALAMY,  Benjamin,  an  eminent  divine  and 
excellent  preacher,  died  vicar  of  St.  Lawrence, 
Jewry,  168ii.  The  pieces  that  he  printed  in  his 
lifetime  were,  7  sermons  on  several  occasions  , 
13  others  were  published  in  one  volume,  after 
his  death. 

CALAMY.  Edmund,  an  eminent  divine  among 
the  non-conformists  ;  made  D.  D.  by  the  univer 
sities  of  Scotland.  He  wrote  several  controver- 
sial works,  and  died  in  1732. 

CALANDRUCCI,  Giacintho,  a  painter,  of 
Rome,  died  in  1707. 

CALANUS,  an  Indian  brahmin,  who  burned 
himself  before  Alexander,  3i)  B.  C. 

CAI,AS,  John,  an  unfortunate  merchant,  ol 
Toulouse,  unjustly  condemned, _on  the  charge 
of  murderhig  his  own  son,  in  176'2. 

CALASIO,  Marius,  a  Franciscan, at  Rome- 
author  of  a  valuable  concordance  of  the  Hebrew 
Bible,  published  in  lt)'21. 

CALCAGNINI,  Celio,  a  native  of  Ferrara, 
and  a  distinguished  scholar,  died  in  1540. 

CALCAR,  John  de,  an  eminent  painter,  at 
Naples,  died  in  1546. 

CALDERINI,  Domizio,  born  at  Toris,  pro 
fe-^sor  of  belles  lettres,  and  translator  of  Pausan- 
ias  into  Latin  ;  he  died  in  1478. 

CALDERONI  DE  LA  BARCA,  Don  Pedro 
a  celebrated  Spanish  officer,  ecclesiastic,  and 
dramatic  writer.  In  the  latter  character,  he 
may,  perliaps,  deserve  the  name  of  the  Spanish 
Shakspeare.  He  flourished  about  1040,  and  his 
dramatic  works  make  9  vols.  4to. 

CALDERWOOD,  David,  a  famous  divine  of 
the  church  of  Scotland,  and  a  distinguished  wri- 
ter in  behalf  of  the  presbvierians,  in  the  17th 
century.  He  wrote  "  The  True  History  of 
Scotland." 

CALDWALL,  Richard,  an  eminent  English 
physician,  died  in  1585. 

CALEB,  a  Hebrew,  sent  by  JIoscs,  with  Jo- 
shua, into  Canaan. 

CALED,  or  KHALED,  one  of  Mahomet  s 
friends,  called,  from  his  courage,  the  sword  ol 
God,  died  in  639. 

CALFF,  Robert,  a  merchant,  of  Boston,  who 
published  a  work  against  witchcraft,  in  1700;  he 
idied  In  1720. 


CA 

CALENDARIO,  Philip,  celebrated  for  the 
porticoes  which  lie  erected  round  the  palace  ol' 
St.  Maik,  at  Venice,  about  1354. 

CALENTIUS,  Elisius,  a  poet  and  philoso- 
pher, preceptor  of  Frederic,  son  of  the  king  of 
Naples,  and  author  of  many  works ;  he  died  in 
1502. 

OALEPINO,  or  DA  CALEPIO,  Ambrose,  a 
native  of  Uerganio,  author  of  a  vocabulary  of 
the  Latin  toncue ;  died,  blind,  in  151]. 

CALIAVIKI,  Luca,  an  Italian  painter,  who 
excelled  in  sea  views,  landscapes,  &.C.;  died  in 
1715. 

CALIGULA,  the  Unman  emperor  and  tyrant, 
began  his  rf'if;n  A.  U.  37,  with  every  appear- 
ance of  becomiiiy;  llie  real,  not  the  titular,  father 
of  his  people  ;  but  at  the  end  of  eight  months  he 
was  seized  with  a  fever,  whicii,  it  in  suppojid, 
left  a  frenzy  upon  his  mind,  for  his  disposition 
totally  chanpcd,  and  he  committed  the  most  a- 
trocious  acts  of  impiety,  cruelly,  and  folly  ;  such 
as  proclaiming  his  horse  consul,  feeding  it  at  his 
table,  introducing  it  to  the  temple  in  the  vest- 
ments of  the  priests  of  Jupiter,  and  causing  sa- 
crifices to  be  olfercd  to  himself,  his  wife,  and  his 
horse.  After  having  murdered  many  of  his  sub- 
jpcts  with  his  own  hands,  and  caused  others  to 
Be  put  to  death  without  any  olfence,  he  was  as- 
sassinated by  a  tribune  of  the  people,  as  )ie 
came  out  of  the  amphitheatre,  A.  D.  41,  in  the 
2!)t!i  year  of  his  ape. 

CALL.ARD,  John  Baptlste,  a  crlobrated  au- 
thor, and  professor  in  the  university  of  Caen, 
died  in  1718. 

CALLENDER,  Elisha,  minister  of  the  1st 
Baptist  C'liurch,  Boston  ;  of  a  peaceful  disposi- 
tion, and  exemplary  life. 

CALLENDER,  John,  an  eminent  Baptist 
minister  and  WTitcr,in  Rhode  Inland;  he  publish- 
ed a  history  of  Rhode  Island,  and  died  in  174H. 

CALLIACH,  Nicholas,  professor  of  belles 
lettres  at  Padua,  died  in  1707. 

CALLICRATIDAS,  a  Spartan  general,  who 
perished  in  a  naval  battle,  405  B.  C. 

CALLIERES,  Francis  de,  an  eminent  states- 
man and  poet,  in  the  time  of  Lewis  XIV.,  died 
in  1717. 

CALLIMACHUS,  an  ancient  Greek  poet, 
Born  at  Cyrene,  a  town  in  Africa;  b\it  when,  we 
cannot  precisely  determine.  Suidas  relates 
that  Cafiimachus  wrote  above  800  pieccK,  of 
which  we  have  now  remaining  only  a  few 
hvmns  and  epigrams. 
"CALLIMACHUS,  of  Corinth,  an  architect, 
and  inventor  of  the  Corinthian  order,  flourished 
about  540  B.  C. 

CALLINUS,  of  Ephesus,  an  ancient  Greek 
poet,  the  inventor  of  elegiac  verse,  flourished 
about  776  B.  C. 

CALLIPPUS,  a  celebrated  Athenian  astro- 
nomer, the  first  observer  of  the  revolutions  of 
eclipses,  flourished  336  B.  C. 

CALLISTHENES,  a  philosopher,  disciple 
and  relation  of  Aristotle,  by  whose  desire  he  ac- 
companied Alexander  the  Great  in  his  expedi- 
tions ;  but  proving  too  severe  a  cenaurer  of  the 
hero's  conduct,  he  put  him  to  the  torture  (on  sus- 
picion of  a  treasonable  conspiracy,)  under  which 
lie  died  328  B.  C. 

CALLISTUS,  Johaenes  Andronicu9,a  native 
of  Thes salonica,  and  professor  of  philosophy,  at 
Constantinople,  in  1453;  he  died  in  France.' 

CALLIXTUS  I.,  elected  pope,  in  209 ;  he  suf- 
fered martyrdom  four  years  afterwards. 

CALLIXTUS  II.,  Guy,  pope,  in  ni9,held  the 
first  Lateraa  ccuiicilj  and  died  is  1124. 


CA ^^^ 

CAI.LIXTUS  ill.,  elected  pope  in  1455 ;  he 
was  a  learned  and  pious  man,  and  died  in  1458. 

CALLIXTUS,  George,  a  Luiheran  divine, 
professor  at  Hemsladt,  founder  of  the  sect  called 
Callixtins  ;  he  died  in  1056. 

CALLOT,  James,  a  famous  engraver,  born 
at  Nancy,  in  1593.  Evelyn,  who  was  a  very 
good  judge  of  his  merit,  speaks  of  him  as  one 
who  "  gave  the  utmost  reputation  to  his  art  of 
which  it  is  capable ;  and  attained,  if  ever  any 
did,  to  its  sublimity,  and  beyond  which  it  seems 
not  possible  for  human  industry  to  reach."  He 
died  in  1G36. 

CALMET,  Aupustin,  a  Frenchman, born  in 
1672,  died  1757.  He  was  a  man  of  vast  erudi- 
tion, and  a  wonderfully  voluminous  writer ;  as 
wItneFseth  the  following  list.  1.  "  A  literal 
commentary  upon  all  the  Books  of  tlie  Old  and 
New  Testament,"  23  vols.  4to.  2.  "  Disserta- 
tions and  Prefaces  of  his  Commentaries,"  print 
ed  separately, with  19  new  Dissertations,  3  vols. 
]4to.  PerhaiB  there  are  none  of  his  writings 
imoie  useful  than  these.  3.  "  The  History  of  the 
|01d  and  New  Testament,"  4  vols.  4to.  4.  "A 
jHislorical,  Critical,  and  Chronolo;;ical  Dictiona- 
jry  of  the  Bible."  5.  "  Ecclesiastical  and  Civi3 
jllistory  of  Lorrain,"  3  vols,  folio.  6.  "  Bibiio- 
thequcof  the  Writers  of  Lorrain,  folio.  7.  "Uni 
Ivereal  History,  sacied  and  prof;>ne,"  15  vols.  4to, 
jof  which  eight  only  were  printed.  8.  "  Disser- 
Itations  upon  Apparitions,  Demons,  W'itches. 
j&c."  9."  Literal, Historical, and  Moral  Commen- 
jtary,  upon  the  Rules  of  St.  Benedict,"  4to.  Al" 
these  works  are  written  in  the  French  language. 
I  CALMO,  Andrew,  a  Venetian,  famous  as  an 
i  actor,  and  comic  writer,  died  in  1571.  His  best 
1  piece  is  Rodiana. 

j      CALO,    John,   or  Joliannitz,  a  Bulgariaiij 
made  an  independent  king,  by  Innocent  III. 

CALONNE,  Charles  Alexander  de,  an  emi- 
nent French  statesman,  successor  to  Necker,  as 
comptroller  general  of  finances ;  he  died  in  1802. 

CALOVIUS,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Bruns- 
wick, divinity  professor  at  Radstock,  died  in 
1686. 

CALPRENEDE,  Gautier  de  la,  author  of 
some  curious  romances,  died  in  1663. 

CALPURNIUS,  a  Sicilian  poet  of  the  3d  cen- 
tury, author  of  seven  eclogues. 

CALVART,  Denys,  a  painter,  of  Antwerp, 
whose  pictures  are  admired  for  dignity  and  taste, 
died  in  1619. 

CALVERT,  James,  a  non-conformist,  of 
York,  an  author,  and  instructer  of  some  note, 
died  in  1698. 

CALVERT,  George,  a  statesman,  born  at 
Kipling,  in  Yorkshire,  1582,  died  1632.  He  ob- 
tained from  Charles  I.,  a  patent,  to  him  and  hia 
heirs,  for  Maryland,  in  the  north  of  Virginia. 
He  was  private  secretary  to  Sir  Robert  Cecil, 
afterwards  principal  secretary  of  state  ;  but,  be- 
coming a  Roman  Catholic,  the  king  continued 
him  only  as  a  privy  couiisellor,  and  made  hirn 
Baron  Baltimore. 

CALVERT,  Leonard,  brother  of  Cecelius 
Calvert,  the  proprietor  and  lirst  governor  of 
Mary'and,  in  1G33. 

CAVjVERT,  Benedict  Leonard,  was  governor 
of  Blaryland  in  1727.  He  resigned  the  office 
five  years  afterwards,  and  died  on  his  return  to 
England,  in  1732. 

CALVERT,  Philip,  was  governor  of  Mary- 
land from  16C0  until  1662. 

CALVERT,  Charles,  son  and  heir  of  Lord 
Baltimore,  was  governor  of  Maryland  in  1662. 

CALVERT,  Charles,  came  to  America  as  go- 
103 


CA 

Voriior  of  Maryland,  in  1720,  anj  afterwards 
held  Diher  offices  in  llie  colony. 

CALVEU'I',  Frederick,  Lord  Baltimore,  pro- 
prietor of  Maryland,  was  flislingiiislied  as  a  man 
of  learning,  and  an  author ;  lie  died  in  1T71. 

CALVl,  Lazaro,  a  famous  painter,  of  Genoa, 
ill  the  Itith  century 

CAIiVIiW  John,  one  of  the  chief  reformers 
of  the  church,  in  the  I6th  century,  born  at  IS'o- 
yon,  in  Picardy,  July  in,  J50t),  died  May  '-'7, 
15C4  He  was  a  man  whom  God  had  endowed 
with  very  eminent  talents;  a  clear  understand 
ing,  a  solid  judgment,  and  a  liappy  memory  : 
he  was  a  judiciour^,  elegant,  and  indefatii;alde 
wtiter,  atid  possessed  of  very  extensive  learn- 
ing,-and  a  (.'real  zeal  for  truth.  His  e.ttreme  ri- 
gour, however,  procured  him  many  enemies. 
Inileed,  it  very  ill  became  a  reformer  to  defend 
(as  he  did)  the  burniti"  of  heretics. 

CALVISIl'S,  Sethfis,  a  German,  distinguisli- 
ed  as  a  chronologer,  born  in  155St. 

CALZA,  Anloino,  a  painter,  in  the  17th  ccn- 
turv,  pupil  to  Carlo  Cianaid. 

(JAMARGO,  Mary  Ann  Cupi  dc,  a  celebrated 
stage  dancer,  who  exhibited  at  Brussels  and  Pa- 
ris, died  in  1770. 

CAMA.SSEI,  or  CAMACE,  Andrew,  an  Ita- 
lian painter,  who  studied  under  tlie  Sacchics, 
died  in  1657. 

CAMB.\CERES,  N.,  an  eloquent  preacher, 
made  archbishop  of  Rouen,  died  in  1808. 

CA.MBAT,  a  French  musician,  who  first  in- 
troduced operas  into  France,  died  in  1677. 

CAxMBIS-VELLERON,.Tosepli  Lewis  Domi- 
nic, marquis  de,  a  Frencli  nobleman,  born  in 
1700,  distinguished  for  his  writings. 

CAMBRIDGE,  Richard  Owen,  nn  elceant 
English  poet,  critic,  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  born  in  London,  in  1717,  and  educated  at 
Eton  school ;  whence  he  removed  to  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford.  His  poetical  works  are  nu- 
merous; but  the  most  celebrated  of  them  is  a 
mock-heroic  poem,  called  "  The  Scribleriad," 
in  six  books  ;  the  object  of  which  is,  to  expose 
to  ridicule  false  taste  and  false  science  :  it  is  a 
masterly  piece  of  humour,  and  should  be  read 
as  much  tor  instruction  as  amusement.  He  also 
wrote  a  papers  in  that  well  known  periodical 
collection  of  essavs,  called  "The  World,"  and 
died  September  17,  1802.  In  180:t,  a  complete 
collection  of  his  works  was  published  by  his  son, 
in  one  volume  4to.,  and  verv  well  receive<i. 

CAMBYSES,  king  of  Persia,  after  Cyrus;  he 
was  cruel  and  vindictive;  529  B.  C. 

CAMDEN,  William,  one  of  the  most  illus- 
trious men  of  his  age^  born  at  London,  May  2, 
1.751.  The  work  which  has  immortalized  his 
name,  is  his  "Britannia;"  being  "  A  History  of 
the  ancient  Inhabitants  of  Britain,  their  Origin, 
Planners,  and  Laws,"  which  appeared  in  1580, 
in  Latin.  Tn  1593,  he  succeeded  Dr.  Edward 
Grant,  as  head  master  of  We.stminster  school ; 
and  in  1597,  published  a  new  Greek  Grammar, 
entitled  "  Grammatices  Grieca;  Institutio  com- 
pendiaria,  in  usum  Regiae  Schnia;  Westinonas- 
teriensis,"  which  was  received  in  ail  the  public 
schools  of  England ;  and  its  author  was,  the 
tame  year,  promoted  to  be  Clerencieiix  king  at 
arms.  In  1004,  he  published  his  "  Remains  of 
a  greater  work  concerning  Britain,  the  Inhabit- 
ants thereof,  their  Languages,  Names,  Sur- 
names, Empresses,  wise  Speeches,  Poesies,  and 
Epitaphes."  This  was  a  collection  of  things 
which  had  been  communicated  to  him  while  he 
was  gathering  materials  for  his  "  Britannia." 
In  1015,  Camden  published,  in  Latin,  his  Annals 
104 


CA 

of  aueeii  Elizabeth ;  and  he  died  November  9, 
1I12J.  A  historical  lecture  was  founded  by  him 
at  Oxford  ;  and,  by  foreigners,  he  has  been  styled 
tiie  Vaii-ani:!b  of  England. 

CA M  l;EN,  Lord.    Sec  PRATT. 

CAM EB ARILS,  Joachimus.  an  exceedingly 
learned  German,  born  in  1 JUO.    Vosius  calls  him 

The  Pho:nix  of  Germany."     He  died  in  1575. 

C.AMER.AKIL'S.Joachim,  a  Gernian,  devoted 
to  the  study  of  medicine,  botany,  4tc.,  died  in 
15'.i8. 

CAMERON,  John,  a  Scotchman,  professor  of 
Greek  at  Glasgow  ;  lie  was  considered  favoura- 
ble to  the  catholics  in  liis  writings,  and  died  in 
1025. 

CAMILLA,  daughter  of  king  Metabus,  cele- 
brated by  Virgil  for  her  vai&ur. 

C.AMILLUS,  Marcus  Fucius,  an  illustriou.s 
Roman,  banished  on  suspicion  of  peculation, 
died  :!i*5  B.  C. 

CAMOflNS,  Lewis,  a  celebrated  Portuguese 
poet,  called  tile  Virgil  of  Portugal,  from  liis 
much  admired  poem,  "The  Lusiadas,  or  Con- 
quest of  the  Indies  by  the  Portuguese,"  was  boru 
at  Lisbon,  in  1527,  and  died  in  1579,  to  the  etei- 
al  reproach  of  his  coHntrymen,  miserably  poor 
and  unregarded.  His  poem  was,  a  few  years 
ince,  admirably  translated  into  English  by  W 
J.  .Mic.Me,  Esq. 

CAMP.VNELLA,  Thomas,  an  Italian  phi- 
losopher, of  great  eminence,  who  was  pcrse- 
cuterl  by  rivals,  and  pu!  to  the  torture,  but  was 
rescueil  bv  Richelieu,  died  in  1039. 

(J.AMPAN'O,  John  Antonio,  a  poor  shepherd, 
who  afterwards  became  a  iirofessor  at  Perugia, 
and  a  bishop,  wrote  the  life  of  Braccio,  and  died 
iin  1477. 

CAMPANO,  Novarese,  an  Italian,  author  of 
commentaries  on  Euclid,  in  the  13tli  century. 

CAMPBELL,  Joiiii,  first  minister  of  Oxtoid 
Massachusetts,  died  in  1701. 

CAMPBELL,  Lord  William,  governor  of 
the  province  of  South  Carolina,  was  mortally 
wounded  in  an  attack  on  Sullivan's  Island,  in 
1770. 

CAMPBELL,  Archibald,  an  Englishman,  be- 
headed as  a  traitor,  at  Edinburgh,  in  1601. 

CAMPBELL,  Archibald, son  of  thepreceiiing. 
was  condemned  for  seditious  measures,  and  be 
headed  in  1>>S5. 

CAMPBELL,  George,  D.  D.,  professor  of 
Church  History  at  St.  Andrews,  published  seve- 
ral works,  and  died  in  1757 

CAMPBELL,  Dr.  .lohn,  an  eminent  histori 
cal,  biographical,  and  political  writer,  born  ai 
Edinburgh,  MarchS,  1707-8.  Among  many  otiiei 
works,  he  was  either  sole  author  of,  or  princi 
pally  concerned  in,  the  following:  "The  Mili- 
tary History  of  Prince  Eugene  and  the  Duke  of 
Marlborough  ;"  "Ancient  Universal  History;' 

Livesof  the  English  Admirals;"  "  Hermippus 
Redivivus;  or,  the  Sage's  Triumph  over  Old 
Age  and  the  Grave ;"  "Voyages  and  Travels,' 
2  vols,  folio;  "  Biographia  Britannica,"  (ic 
which  work  liis  papers  may  be  known  by  the. 
nitiais  E.  and  X. ;)  "  The  "Preceptor  ;"  "  Pre 
ent  State  of  Europe ;"  "  The  Modern  Univer 
sal  Historv;"  and  "  A  Political  Survey  of  Bri 
tain."     Dr.  Campbell  died  December  28,  1775. 

CAMPBELL,  Dr.  George,  an  eminent  divin« 
and  theological  writer,  of  Scotland,  principal 
and  profes.sor  of  divinity  in  the  Marischal  Col 
lege  and  University  of  Aberdeen,  born  in  171!», 
died  April  0,  1796,  leaving  several  valuable 
works;  the  chief  of  which  are,  "  A  Dissertation 
on  Miracles,"  "  Philosopliv  of  Rhetoric,"  and 


CA 


CA 


"A  New  Translation  of  llie  Four  Gospels  from 
tlic  Greek,  with  Preliminary  Dissertations  and 
Notes,"  &.C.  publislied  in  1789. 

CAMPBELL,  Colin,  a  Scotch  architnct,  au- 
thor of  "  Vitruvius  Uritannicus,"  in  3  vols., 
died  in  17.34. 

CAMPBELL,  John,  2d  duke  of  Argylc,  and 
duke  of  Greenwich,  a  distinguished  military 
character  in  tlic  time  of  George  I.,  died  in 
1743. 

CAMPBELL,  Archibald,  a  learned  bishop  of 
Aberdeen,  author  of  several  celebrated  works, 
r'.icd  in  1744. 

C.\MPEGGIO,  Lorenzo,  a  Roman  cardinal, 
SMil  to  England  to  settle  the  affiiirs  of  Catha- 
rine's divorce,  died  at  Rome,  in  1539. 

CAMPER,  Peter,  a  celebrated  physician  and 
naturalist,  of  Leyden,  author  of  G  vol=.  8vo.  on 
philosophy  and  natural  history,  died  in  1789. 

CAMPHUYSEN,  Dirk,  a  painter,  of  Dorcuni, 
eminent  in  landscape  pieces,  born  in  lHHti. 

OAMPI,  Bcrnardin,  an  Italian  painter,  of 
eminence,  died  in  1584. 

CAMPI,  Galeazzo,  an  Italian  painter,  who 
excelled  in  miniatures  and  history,  died  in]530. 

CAMPIAN,  Edmund,  a  learned  Eii(;li.sh  writer, 
who  became  a  Roman  catholic,  and  was  hanged 
for  aiding  the  cause  of  the  pope,  in  LISl. 

CAMPISTRON,  Jean  Galbcrt,  a  distinguished 
French  dramatic  writer,  died  in  17i3. 

CAMPO,  Antonio,  an  Italian  historian,  of 
eminence,  in  1585. 

CAMPP  A,  Andrew,  of  Aix,  greatly  admired 
for  his  musical  compositions,  died  in  1744. 

CAMPS,  Francois  de,  a  native  of  Amiens,  au- 
thor of  dissertations  on  medals,  died  in  1723. 

CAMPSON,  Gauri,  an  able  atid  humaue  sul- 
tan of  Egypt,  slain  in  battle  with  the  Turks,  in 
151G. 

CASIUS,  John  Peter,  a  French  prelate,  and 
eloquent  preacher,  author  of  several  pious  ro- 
mances, died  in  lfi,52. 

CAMUS,  Stephen  la,  an  exemplary  doctor  of 
the  Sorbonne,  and  bishop  of  Grenoble,  died  in 
1707. 

CAMUS,  Antoinc  le,  a  physician,  and  atithor 
of  several  medical  works,  died  at  Paris,  in  1772. 

CAMUS,  Charles  Stephen  Lewis,  a  learned 
French  mathematician,  died  in  1768. 

CAMUSAT,  Nicholas,  a  learned  French  au- 
thor, of  Troves,  died  in  1655. 

CANANI,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Ferrara, 
professor  of  medicine,  said  to  have  discovered 
the  valves  of  the  veins,  died  in  1590. 

CANAVE,  Philip,  sieur  du  Fresne,  an  am- 
bassador of  Henry  IV.,  of  France,  died  in  ItilO. 

CANDAULES,  king  of  Lydia,  murdered  by 
Gyges,  718  B.  C. 

CANDIAC,  John  Lewis  Eliz.  de  Montcalm, 
a  child  of  extraordinary  powers  in  France,  read 
Latin  at  four,  and  Greek  and  Hebrew  at  six ; 
he  died  in  1726. 

CANDITO,  Peter,  a  historical  painter,  of  Bru- 
ges, 1548. 

CANEAII,  or  C  ANGHAH,  in  Indian  philoso- 
pher, physician,  and  astronomer. 

CANER,  Henry,  D.  D.,  minister  of  King's 
Chapel,  Boston;  lie  published  some  sermons, 
and  died  in  England,  in  1792. 

CANGE,  Charles  dn,  a  celebrated  French  his- 
torian, critic,  and  antiquary,  born  hi  1610,  died 
in  1688. 

CANGIAGO,  or  CAMBISI,  Lewis,  a  cele- 
brated painter,  of  Genoa,  died  in  1535. 

CANINI,  Angelo,  a  learned  Italian  linguist 
and  anthor,  died  in  155' 


o 


CANISIUS,  Henry,  professor  of  canon  law  at 
Ingolstadt,  an  author  of  eminence,  died  in  1609. 

CANITZ,  baron  of,  a  popular  poet  and  states- 
man of  Germany,  died  in  1099. 

CAN.N,  John,  an  Englishman,  author  of  a 
Bible,  with  marginal  notes. 

CA  N  A  M  A  RES,  J  ohn,  a  peasant  of  Catalonia, 
who,  in  a  ht  of  insanity,  attacked  king  Ferdi- 
nand, and  nearly  killed  him;  he  was  strangled  in 
1492. 

CANO,  Alonzo,  a  native  of  Grenada,  eminent 
as  a  painter,  sculptor  and  architect,  died  in  67(3. 

C.\i\0,  or  CANUS,  Melcbior,  a  native  of  To- 
ledo, bishop  of  the  Canaries  ;  died  1500. 

C.ANOVA,  Antonio,  the  most  eminent  sculp- 
tor of  the  age,  died  at  Venice,  in  1822.  His 
statues  areowued  by  the  rich  and  noble  tlirougli- 
out  Europe,  and  are  highly  valued ;  one,  of  Wash- 
ington, is  at  Raleigh,  N'.  C. 

CAATACU/ENUS,  Johannes,  a  celebrated 
Byzantii.e  historian,  mu(.*>  e-tcemed  as  the 
naithorof  a  "  Hisiory  of  'S\'^-  Own  Times,'"  in 
four  books.  Besides  this  h  nory,  he  wrote  also 
some  theological  works ;  particularly  '•  An  Apo- 
logy lor  the  Christian  Religion  against  that  of 
Mahomet,"  in  four  books.  He  died  1411,  aged 
above  lOfl  vears. 

CA^TARiNI,  Simon,  a  painter,  pupil  and 
friend  of  Guide,  died  in  1648. 

C.ANTEL,  Peter  Joseph,  a  Jesuit  of  Caux^ 
enunent  as  an  author,  died  in  1579. 

CANTEMIK,  Pttmetrius,  born  in  Tartary, 
1073  ;  died  1723.  He  was  author  of  some  con- 
iderable  works.  1.  "  A  History  of  the  Rise 
and  Fall  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,"  in  Latin      2. 

The  system  of  the  Mahometan  Religion."    3. 

The  pre.'^ent  state  of  Moldavia,"  in  Latin,  Willi 
a  lartre  ma))  of  the  country. 

CANTEiMIR,  Antiochus,  son  of  the  above  ; 
born  at  Petersburg,  1710  ;  died  1744.  The  Rus- 
sians before  him  had  nothiiff  but  some  barbar 
rous  songs ;  he  was  the  first  who  introduced  any 
civilized  poetry  among  them.  Besides  a  trans- 
lation of  Anacreon,  and  the  Epistles  of  Horace, 
he  gave  them,  of  his  own,  Satires,  Odes,  and 
Fables.  He  also  made  several  foreign  works 
known  to  them  ;  as,  1.  "  The  Plurality  of 
Worlds  ;"  2.  "  The  Persian  Letters  ,"  3.  '•  Tl).e 
Dialogues  of  Algarotti  upon  Light,"  &c. 

CANTERUS,  William,  a  distinguished  lin- 
uist  of  Utrecht,  who  wrote  several  philological 
works  ;  he  died  in  1575. 

C,\NTON,  John,  an  ingenious  and  very 
eminent  English  natural  philosopher,  born  at 
Stroud,  Gloucestershire,  1718,  died  1772. 

CANTVVELL,  Andrew,  an  eminent  practi- 
tioner and  writer  on  medicine,  of  Tipperary, 
died  in  1704. 

CANUS,  or  CANO,  a  Spaniard,  who  accom- 
panied Magellan  round  the  world. 

CANUTE,  a  king  of  Denmark  and  Norway, 
also  sovereign  of  England  ;  he  died  in  1020. 

CANUTE,  or  KNUD,  surnamed  the  Great, 
king  of  Denmark,  took  part  of  England  from 
Edmund  Ironsides,  and  afterwards  seized  the 
whole  kingdom  ;  he  died  in  1035. 

CANUTE,  IV.,  king  of  Demnark,  a  liberal 
benefactor  to  the  church,  slain  by  one  of  his 
subjects,  in  1087. 

CANUTI,  Dominiro,  a  seirtanght  Italian 
painter  of  eminence,  died  in  1078. 

CAPACCIO,  Julio  Casare,  author  of  a  history 
of  Naples,  and  was  tutor  to  prince  Urbano  ;  he 
died  in  ir>31. 

CAPASSO,  Nicholas,  of  Naples,  professor  of 
ci\il  law,  and  a  poet;  he  died  in  1743 
105 


CA 

CAPECIO,  Scipio,  a  Neai)oIitan  Latin  poet 

and  law  proicesor  at  Naples,  in  the  IGth  ceiiiiiry. 

CAPEL,  Arthur,  lord,  a  virtuous  jiobloniaii, 

Whose  atlactiiiiciu  to  tlie  cause  of  Charles  I. 

proved  his  ruin  ;  he  was  beheaded  in  Vii8. 

CAPEL,  Arthur,  earl  of  Essex,  ambassador 
to  Denmark,  &i.c.  murdered  by  some  one  un 
known. 

CAPELL,  Edward,  a  gentlemen  known  as  an 
editor  of  Sliakspcare's  works,  in  10  vols.  Hvo., 
and  the  author  of  three  large  volumes,  in  4to 
under  the  title  of  "  JVotes  and  various  readings 
of  Sliakspeare ;  together  with  the  suhool  of 
Pnakspeare,  or  extracts  from  divers  En,'lish 
bonks  that  were  in  print  in  the  author's  time 
evidently  showing  from  whence  his  several 
Fables  were  taken,  and  some  parcel  of  his  dia- 
logue," &c.  Besides  the  works  already  men- 
tioned, Mr.  Capell  was  the  editor  of  a  voUime 
of  ancient  poems  called  "  Prolusions  ;"  and  the 
altererof  "  Antony  and  Cleopatra,"  as  acted  at 
iJrury  Lane,  in  1758.  He  was  born  at  TrSston, 
near  Bury,  in  Suffolk,  June  11,  171J,  and  died 
Feb.  -2-1. 1781. 

CAPELLA,  Marcianus  Minius  Felix,  a  Latin 
poet  of  the  5rli  century. 

C.\PELLO,  Bianca,  a  Venetian  lad}',  an  adul- 
trdss,  mistress,  and  afterwards  wife  of  Francis, 
the  grand  duke  of  Cosmo's  son ,  she  was  poison- 
ed by  lier  brothef-in-law,  in  1587. 

CAPELLUS,  Lewis,  an  eminent  Frcncli  pro- 
testant  and  learned  divine,  born  at  Sedan,  a 
town  in  Cliainpagne,  about  1579.  He  was  so 
very  deeply  skilled  in  the  Hebrew,  that  the 
learned  bishop  Hall  calls  him  the  great  oracle 
of  all  that  studied  Hebrew  in  France.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is  "  Critica  Sacra,"  a  collection  of 
various  readings  and  errors,  which  he  thought 
were  crept  into  the  copies  of  the  Bible  through 
the  fault  of  the  transcribers;  it  must  have  been, 
however,  a  work  of  prodigious  labour,  since  thi; 
author  acknowledges  that  he  had  been  36  years 
about  it.     Capellus  died  1G58. 

CAPILUPUS,  Caniillus,  an  Italian  writer 
who  published  the  stratagems  of  Charles  IV 
against  the  Hugonols. 

CAPILUPUS,  La;lius,  brother  of  the  preced 
ing,  author  of  some  Latin  poems,  died  in  1560. 

C.\P1STR.VN,  John,  a  famous  preacher  in  the 
Foniish  Church,  and  persecutor  of  ti)e  Hussites, 
died  about  1356. 

CAPISUCCHI,  Blasius,  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  siege  of  Poictiers  against  the  Kugo- 
nots,  in  15U9. 

CAPlSUCCHI,Paul,a  canon  of  the  Vatican, 
and  employed  by  the  pope  in  the  celebrated  di- 
vorce of  Henry  VIII. ;  he  died  in  1539. 

CAPITO,  Wolfgang,  a  Gertnan  protestant  di- 
vine, author  of  a  Hebrew  grammar,  died  in  1542. 

C.VPITOLIXUS,  Julius,  a  Latin  historian  in 
the  3d  century.  j 

CAPMANY,  Don  Antonio  de,  an  eminent 
Spanish  writer,  born  in  Catalonia,  and  died  at 
Madrid,  in  1810. 

CAPORALI,  CiBsar,  an  Italian  writer,  go-l 
vernor  of  Atri,  and  autlwr  of  some  comedies ; 
he  died  in  IfiOl. 

CAPPE,  Newcome,  a  dissenting  minister,  edu- 
cated by  Doddridge,  and  author  of  works  on  di- 
vinity ;  he  died  at  York,  in  1801.  • 

C.-^PPELLO,  Bernardo,  a  native  of  Venice 
eminent  as  a  poet. 

CAPPERONIER,  Claude,  a  Frenchman,  at 
first  a  tanner,  but  became  a  profe.ssor  of  Greek 
in  the  university  of  Basil ;  lie  died  in  1744. 

CAPRANICA,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Italian, 
106 


CA 

.'.ecretary  to  pope  jMartiu  \'.,  bishop  and  cardi 
aal ,  died  in  145d. 

CAPKIATA,  Peter  John,  a  Genoese,  author 
of  a  history  o(  Italy,  from  1013  to  11*0. 

CAKACALLA,  Marcus  Aurcl  Aiitonin,  a 
cruel  lioman  emperor;  assassinated  in  iilT. 

C.AR.At "CI,  Lewis,  Aueustii\o,  atid  Hannibal, 
celchrat(-cl  painters  of  the  Lombard  school^  and 
all  of  Bologna,  in  Italy,  tloiirislied  in  the  IGth 
ceiiiury.  Had  the  Caracci  hud  no  reputation  of 
their  own,  yet  the  iiieritofthdr  disciples,  in  tht 
academy  which  they  founded,  would  have  rcn 
dered  their  name  illustrious  in  .succeeding  times  ■' 
among  these  were  Guido,  Dominichino,  Lan- 
franco,  &c. 

CARKACCIO,  Anthony,  a  Roman  noblemait 
of  the  17lli  century,  author  of  some  tragedies,, 
and  an  adioired  epic  poem  in  40  cantos. 

CAR.'\CClULI,  John,  secretary  and  favourite 
of  Joan  11.,  queen  of  Naiiles. 

CARACCIOLI,  Robert,  a  noble  ecclesiastic, 
bishop  of  Aquino,  clociuent  as  a  preacher  anil  a 
politician  ;  he  died  in  1495. 

CARACCIOLI,  Lewis  Anthony  a  native  of 
Paris,  of  a  noble  family,  author  of  4  vols,  of  let- 
ters, prf'temled  to  be  the  r.orrespor  Icnce  of  Gan 
ganelli,  pope  Clement  XIV. 

CARACTACUS,  a  famous  king  of  the  an- 
cient Britons,  called  Silures,  (inhabiting  South 
Wales.)  Having  valiantly  defended  his  country 
against  the  Romans  for  seven  years,  he  was 
at  length  defeated,  and,  flying  to  Cartismundi, 
queen  of  the  Briganti,  (inhabitants  of  York- 
shire) was  by  her  treacherously  delivered  up  to 
the  Romans,  and  led  in  triumph  to  the  emperor 
Claudius,  then  at  York ;  where  his  noble  beha- 
viour, and  licroic,  but  pathetic  speech,  obtained 
him  not  only  his  liberty,  but  the  esteem  of  the 
emperor,  A.  D.  52. 

CARADOG,  a  British  historian,  who  wrote  a 
history  of  Wales,  died  in  1156. 

CARAFI,  a  Mahometan  doctor,  author  of  a 
defence  of  Mahomet,  died  in  034  of  the  hegira. 

CARAMUEL  DE  LOBKOVITSH,  John,  a 
native  of  Madrid,  bishop;  afterwards  a  genera!, 
and  then  again  a  monk.  He  was  possessed  of 
great  powers,  and  died  in  1682. 

C.ARAVAGIO,  Michael  Angelo  Amerigida, 
an  Italian  painter,  distinguished  for  his  adiier- 
ance  to  nature  ;  he  died  in  1609. 

CAR.\USIUS,  a  native  of  Flanders,  who,  ex 
citing  the  jealousy  of  Blaximian,  fled  to  Bri 
tain,  and  proclaimed  himself  emperor  :  he  wa9 
assassinated  in  293. 

CARDAN,  Jeroin,  a  physician,  and  one  of  the 
most  ingenious  men  of  his  age,  was  born  at  Pa- 
via,  in  1501.  He  speaks  in  his  writings,  of  hi» 
own  good  and  bad  qualities  with  a  frardtiiess 
that  shows  a  mind  of  a  very  peotiliar  cust ;  and 
believes  himself  under  the  care  of  a  particular 
genius.  He  wrote  a  very  great  number  of  books, 
and  died  in  1575. 

CARDI,  Ludovici,  an  admired  painter,  of  Ita- 
ly, died  in  1613. 

CARDONNE,  Dionis  Dominic  de,  a  French- 
man, keeper  of  the  MSS.  in  the  royal  libran', 
Paris,  died  in  1783. 

CAREW,  George,  earl  of  Totness,  bom  in 
Devonshire,  in  IS.'i?,  and  died  1629.  He  wrote 
a  work  entitled  "  Pacata  Hibernia,  or  the  His- 
tory of  the  late  Wars  in  Ireland."  Besides  thi3 
work,  he  collected  several  chronologies,  char- 
ters, letters,  monuments,  and  materials  belong- 
ing to  Ireland,  in  four  large  manuscript  volumijB, 
which  are  still  extant  in  the  Bodleian  library  a< 
Oxford. 


CA 

t'AKiCW,  Tiioiijiis,  one  of  the  uioiir  (•(•Icbru- 
tiHl  witsot'  king  c'liiirlts'  court.  lie  «a.s  much 
respt'cKid  by  the  poets  of  his  time,  purlieu  larly 
Ben  Jonson,  and  Sir  Wihi;im  Davciiaiit,  and 
died  about  11J39;  Icavinj;  beliind  him  several 
poems,  and  a  masque,  called  "Ccelum  Brilaniii- 
cum,"  perfonued  at  \Vliiteliall,()n  J^lnovc  Tues- 
day night,  Feh.  18,  1033,  by  the  king's  majesty, 
the  duke  of  Lenox,  the  earls  of  Uevonsiiirt;, 
Holland,  A'^ewport,  and  several  other  youn^' 
lords,  and  nobli:nien's  sons. 

CARfiW,  Richard,  author  of  llic  "  Survey  of 
Cornwall,"  was  born  in  that  county,  in  l.'),')5. 
His  "  Survey"  wasjiublished  in4to,  at  London, 
in  1602.  or  this  work,  Camden  lias  spoken  in 
iijgh  term^.  and  acknowledges  his  obligations 
to  the  aulh'^ir.    lie  died  Nov.  G,  1020. 

CAREW,  Sir  George,  brother  to  tlie  subject 
of  the  last  article,  was,  from  15!t7,  to  IGO'J,  em- 
ployed on  embassies  from  the  British  court,  to 
llio.se  of  P'l.'and  and  Fiance  :  on  bis  return  from 
vfhich  latter  place,  in  1609,  he  drew  up,  and  ad- 
dressed to  .^aines  [.,  "  A  Relation  of  the  Sialo 
of  Frt'iicf  ;  '■villi  tlic  characlcrs  of  Henry  IV., 
and  the  principal  IVrsons  of  that  Court." 

CAUIOW,  UAJIFYLDE  MOORE,  was  the 
son  of  a  cl^rf'ynian,  at  Bickley,  in  Devonshire, 
and  was  himself  intended  for  tiie  church  ;  but, 
at  the  age  of  lifteen,  embraced  the  giiwey's  va- 
grant life:  ;aul,  by  his  ingenuity  and  do.«:tcrity 
in  raising  sui>plits  lor  his  brotherhood,  by  beg- 
ging uiidtT  vaiious  deceptions,  so  ingratiated 
liimself  with  them,  that  they  elected  him  their 
king.  He  was  born  in  July,  1G93,  and  is  sup- 
posed to  have  died  about  1770. 

CAREW,  Sir  Alexander,  a  Cornish  gentle- 
man, goV'jrnor  of  St.  Nicliolas'  island  and  fort 
at  Plymouth  ;  he  was  beheaded  in  1C44,  for  his 
disloyalty. 

CAREV,  Harry,  a  man  distinguished  by  both 
poetry  and  imisic  ;  but  perhaps  more  so  by  a 
certain  fiiretionsness,  w'hich  made  him  agreea- 
ble to  every  body.  He  wrote  "  The  Contiivan- 
ces,"  a  farce ;  "  Chiononliotonthologos,"  a 
mock  tragedy  ;  "The  Honest  Yorkshiioman," 
a  fares;  "The  Dragon  of  Wantley,"  and  after- 
wards a  sequel  to  itj^ entitled  "  The  Dragoness;" 
both  which  vveieesieemed  true  burlesques  upon 
the  Italian  opera.  He  was  at  length  reduced  to 
circumstances  of  distri?ss ;  and,  about  1744,  in  a 
fit  of  desperation,  laid  violent  liands  upon  him- 
i-elf,  and  put  a  period  to  a  life  which  had  been 
led  without  rejnoach.  It  is  to  be  noted,  and  it 
is  somewhat  singular  in  such  a  character,  thai 
in  all  his  sonss  and  poems  on  wine,  love,  and 
such  kinfo  of  subjects,  which  arc  very  numerous, 
he  seems  to  have  manifested  an  inviolable  re- 
gard for  decency  and  good  manners.  He  is  said 
to  have  composed  the  famous  English  song  of 
"  God  Save  the  King." 

CAREY,  Gi;orge  Saville,son  of  the  preceding, 
x>as  bred  to  the  profession  of  a  printer,  and  was 
one  season,  at  least,  on  the  stage,  at  Covent 
Garden.  He  was  author  of  a  "  Lecture  on  Mi- 
micry," which  he  delivered  with  good  success, 
and  of  several  light  dramatic  performances. 
He  also  published,  in  1799,  some  entertaining 
sketches  of  the  different  watering  places  of  Eng- 
land, and  died  in  his  64th  year,  July  14,  1807. 
He  was  a  posthumous  child,  and  inheriteil  the 
misfortunes  of  his  father ;  but  he  inberiled  also 
his  talents  in  a  great  degree,  though  they  took 
another  direction.  He  inherited  too  his  moral 
qualities  ;  for  though  be  wrote  a  vast  number  of 
lyric  compositions,  they  are  all  intended  to  awa- 
Iren  patriotic,  generous,  and  amiable  cmotiojis. 


(JA    

CAKIUKRT,  or  CH.\¥iULRT,  a  licentious 
king  01  Paris,  died  in  567. 

CARINUS,  Maicus  Aurelius,  was  invested 
by  his  fattier,  the  empi.Tor  Cams,  with  the  pur- 
pie,  aiid  killed  three  years  after. 

CARLL'ItJN,  Sir  Dudley,  an  English  states- 
man and  poliiical  writer,  born  at  lialdwin 
liriglilwell,  in  Oxfordshire,  in  1573,  died  Xt)31 

CARLETON,  George,  a  native  of  Korthum- 
beiiaiid,  bishop  of  Luiidalf,  and  member  of  the 
synod  of  Dort.     He  died  in  IG'^'b. 

CARLETON,  Guy,  Lord  Dorchester,  a  dis- 
tinguished lirilish  oiiicer,  in  America,  successor 
loSirHeiiiy  Clinton,  in  l'8-2;  he  died  in  Eng- 
land, in  I8(»e. 

CARLIIMI,  Agoslino,  R.  A.,  an  eminent  sta- 
tuary, and  keeper  of  the  royal  academy  of  Lon- 
don. He  was  a  native  of  Genoa;  went  early 
in  lite  to  England ;  and  was  an  artist  of  great 
celebrity,  for  the  skill  and  grace  with  which  he 
e.\ecuteri  drapery.    Died  Aug.  14,  1790. 

CARl.OMAN,  eldest  son  of  Cliaiies  MarteT, 
succeeded  him  in  the  kingdom  of  Austrasia,  in 
741. — Another,  the  son  of  Lewis  the  German, 
king  of  Italy,  and  emperor. — Another,  brother 
of  Lewis  uL,  and  sole  king  of  France,  in  883, 
died  in  884. 

CARI.ONE,  John,  a  Genoese  painter,  who 

:c"Iled  in  t!ie  art  of  fortsliortening,  died  in  1G30. 

CARLOS,  Don,  son  of  Philip,  king  of  Spain, 
deibiined  in  his  person,  and  violent  in  his  tem- 
per ;  he  was  condemned  to  death  for  e.xciting  aa 
insurrection,  in  1568- 

CARLYLE,  Joseph  Dacre,  vicar  of  Newcas- 
tle, and  professor  of  Arabic,  at  Cambridge,  dis- 
tinguished himself  greatly  by  his  proficiency  in 
Oriental  literature,  and  died  at  his  vicarage, 
\pril  12,  1804,  aged  45. 

CARMATH,  an  impostor,  who,  in  891,  oppo- 
sed the  doctrines  of  Mahomet,  and  advanced 
others  equally  unscriptural. 

CARMICHAEL,  Gerrhom,  a  native  of  Glas- 
gow, professor  of  moral  philosophy,  died  in  17.38. 

CARMICHAEL,  Frederic,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, settled  as  a  clergyman  at  Edinburgh.  He 
published  a  volume  of  sermons  which  were  ad- 
mired, and  died  in  1751. 

CARNEADES,  a  celebrated  Greek  philoso- 
pher. His  dealli  is  placed  in  the  fourth  year  of 
the  lG2d  01ym[)iad.  Plutarch  has  preserved  the 
following  apiilhegm  of  Cirneades  :  "Princes 
learn  nothing  well  but  riding ;  for  their  masters 
llatler  them,  and  those  who  wrestle  with  them, 
suffer  themselves  to  be  thrown  ;  but  a  horse  con- 
siders uot  whetlier  a  private  man  or  a  prince,  a 
poor  man  or  a  rich,  be  on  his  back ;  and  if  his 
rider  cannot  rule  him,  he  throws  him." 

C.'\RO,  Hannibal,  a  very  celebrated  Italian 
poet,  and  orator,  born  atCivita  Nuova,  in  1507. 
He  translated  Virgil's  "  jlineid"  into  bis  own 
lanciiage,very  delicately  and  faithfully;  in  short, 
with  such  purity  of  style,  and  propriety  of  ex- 
pre.=ision,  that  the  hest  judges  did  not  suppose 
liini  to  have  falliMi  the  bast  short  of  his  original. 
He  translated  also  Aristotle's  "  Rhetoric,"  and 
"  Two  Orations  of  Gregory  Kazianzen,"  with 
a  "  Discourse  of  Cyprian."  He  wrote  a  come- 
dy likewise,  which  Balzac  hasi»spoken  well  of, 
aiid  a  miscellany  of  bis  original  poems  wa» 
printed  at  Venice,  in  1584.  His  sonneis  have 
been  deservedly  admired.     He  died  in  15(iG. 

CAROLAN, ,  a  most  celebrated  Irish 

bard,  though  blind,  born  in  1670,  died  at  Aldev- 
ford,  Roscommon,  in  March,  17.'i8.  Carolau, 
on  many  occasions,  proved  himself  a  truly  mu- 
sical genius.  In  the  beginning  of  the  last  ceii- 
107 


c.\ 

tiiry,  I.oril  Mayo  brouttlit  I'lom  Dublin  a  ci'Ic- 
bralid  llaliaii  perrnriiicr.  Carolan,  who  was 
ut  that  tiiii'j  (111  a  visit  at  his  lordship's  country- 
sent,  tbuiiil  himself  greatly  neglected,  and  coni- 
plaiiioil  r)f  it,  one  day,  in  the  presence  of  Oemi- 
iiiani.  When  you  play  in  as  masterly  a  man- 
ner as  ho  does,"  said  his  lordship,  "  you  shall 
not  be  overlooked."  Carolan  wagered  with  the 
musician,  that  although  he  was  almost  a  total 
stranger  to  Italian  music,  yet  he  would  follow 
him  in  any  piece  that  lie  played;  and  that  he 
would  himself  afterwards  play  a  voluntary,  in 
which  the  Iialian  should  not  follow  him.  The 
proposal  was  acceded  to,  and  Carolan  was  vic- 
torious. That  Carolan  was  as  tine  a  poet  as  he 
was  a  musician,  may  be  seen  in  the  Gent.  Maga- 
zine, l>ii.\iv.  pt,  2.  p.  30. 

CAROLINE,  daughter  of  Johi\  Frederic, 
jnargrave  of  Brandenburg  Anspach,  was  crown- 
ed queen  of  England,  in  1727.  SJie  is  spoken 
of  in  high  terms,  as  a  woman,  and  ruler.    • 

CAROLINE  AMELIA  ELIZABETH,  con- 
sort of  George  IV.,  of  England,  died  August, 
1822  Having  been  separated  from  her  husbarnl 
Kfioii  after  their  marriage,  her  cliaracter  was 
most  unjustly  traduced,  by  the  friends  of  the 
King;  but  two  rigid  examinations  of  her  con- 
duct, if  they  did  not  attest  her  iimocence,  enti- 1 
tic  her  to  commiseralion,  as  the  object  of  base] 
and  cruel  persecution. 

CAROLOSTADT,  or  CARLOSTADIUS,| 
Andrew  Bodeiislein,  professor  of  divinity,  and; 
minister,  at  Basil.  He  espoused,  in  thefullestl 
e.tlenf,  the  tenets  of  Luther,  and  died  in  15  U. 

CAIIOTO,  John  Francis,  an  Italian  painter, 
wi.o  (lied  in  1540. 

CAROTO,  John,  brother  and  pupil  to  the  pre- 
ceding.    Paul  Veronese  was  his  pupil. 

CARPENTER,  Nathaniel,  dean  of  Ireland, 
a  man  of  great  leartiing,  particularly  in  maths 
niatics.  He  wrote  on  geograpJiy  and  philoso 
phv,  and  died  in  lt)35. 

CARPENTER,  Peter,  an  eminent  French 
writer,  who  assisted  in  the  edition  of  the  Glos- 
sary of  Dncange,  in  6  vols,  folio;  he  died  in  17G7 
CARPENTIER,  N.  a  native  of  Beauvais,  a 
great  calouluior  and  arithmetician.  He  wrote 
some  treatises  on  his  profession,  and  died  in  1778. 
CARPI,  I'go  da,  a  painter,  celebrated  for  the 
discovery  of  painting  in  chiaro-obscuro  died  in 
150(1. 

CARPI,  Girolamo,  an  Italian  painter,  who 
imitated  Corrcgio's  manner  with  great  success, 
died  in  lo.'ifi. 

CARPONE,  .Tulio,  a  Venetian  painter,  cele- 
brated (or  his  bacchanals,  triumphs,  and  sacri- 
ficfis,  dit^d  in  1674. 

CARPOCRATES,  a  heretic  of  Alexandria, 
who  revived  and  improved  the  gnostic  theory, 
abo\it  ];!0. 

CARPZOVIUS,  Benedict,  an  able  professor 
of  law  at  Wittemberg,  died  in  1024.  He  left 
four  sons,  each  of  them  eminent  as  professors, 
divines,  or  writers;  and  one  of  these  left  a  sou 
who  was  also  a  man  of  great  learning. 

CARR,  Robert,  a  Scotchman,  raised  by  James 
I.  to  the  titleof  duke  nf  Somerset.  He  murdered 
Sir  Thouias  Overbury,  and  died  in  1038. 

CARR,  John,  Li.  L.  U.,  an  usher,  and  after- 
wards master  of  the  school  at  Hertford,  and 
known  as  the  translator  of  L\ician,  died  in  1807. 
C.\RR.\,  John  Li'wis,  a  French  demagogue, 
for  a  time  popular  with  the  republicans  of  Paris. 
His  party  was  proscribed  by  Robespierre,  and 
he  was  hurried  to  the  guillotine  in  1793.  He 
was  the  aut hor  cf  many  works 
108 


CA 

I  C.\RRANZA,  Bartholomew,  archbishop  ot 
Toledo.  He  was  accused  of  heresy,  and  sent 
to  Home,  where  he  died  in  I57C.  He  was  a 
learried  and  virtuous  man. 

CARRE,  Lewis,  an  able  mathematician, mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  sciences  at  Paris,  and  pix 
pil  of  Wali'branche,  died  in  1711. 

CARRERA,  Peter,  a  priest  of  Sicily,  author 
of  a  treatise  on  chess,  in  itc,  and  of  a  history  of 
Catana,  died  in  1047. 

CARRIER,  John  Baptist,  a  member  of  the 
French  national  convention,  and  one  of  the 
most  atrocious  among  tliein.  Ho  invented  new 
modes  of  torturing  the  innocent  inhabptants  of 
La  Vendee,  and  came  to  the  guillotine  in  17U4. 
CARRIER,  Thomas,  remarkable  forlongevity 
died  at  Colchester,  Connecticut,  in  17115,  aged  lOi). 
CARRIERA,  Rosa  Alba,  a  Venetian  portrait 
painter  in  crayons.  She  painted  the  royal  lami- 
ly  at  Paris,  and  was  admitted  member  of  the 
academy  of  painting  there,  and  died  in  1761. 

CARRIERES,  Lewis  de,  a  catholic  priest, 
who  published  a  French  commentary  on  the 
Bible,  in  24  vols.,  di(;d  in  1717. 

CARRINGTON,  Edward,  an  officer  of  the 
army  during  the  American  revolution,  who,  as 
riuarter-master-general  under  General  Greene, 
rendered  important  services  to  the  southern 
army.  He  was  afterwards  a  representative  iii 
congress  from  Virginia,  and  died  in  1810. 

CAUROUAGES,  an  artist,  of  Pavia,  who 
made  a  clock  whicli  would  strike  fire,  and  light 
a  lamp. 

CARSTARES,  William,  a  Scotch  divine  and 
political  writer,  who  has  left  some  valuable 
■'  State  Papers"  illustrative  of  Scotch  history. 
He  was  born  at  Cathcart,  near  Glasgow,  in  1649, 
and  died  in  1715. 

CAESUGIH,  Rainer,  a  Jesuit,  in  Tuscany, 
known  as  the  autiior  of  an  elegant  poem  in 
Latin,  on  the  art  of  writing  well ;  lie  died  in  1709. 
CARTE,  Thomas,  a  very  learned  English  his- 
torian, born  at  Clifton,  Warwickshire,  in  108(5. 
His  most  important  works  were,  "  The  History 
of  the  Life  of  James,  duke  of  Ormond,  from  his 
birth,  in  llilO,  to  his  death,  in  1688,"  in  3  vols., 
folio  ;  and  a  "  History  of  England,"  in  4  large 
folio  volumes.  Notwithstanding  our  author's 
peculiar  opinions  and  prejudices,  his  history  ia 
undoubtedly  a  work  of  great  merit  in  point  of 
information.  It  is  written  with  eminent  exact- 
ness and  diligence,  and  with  a  perfect  knowledge 
of  original  autliors.     Mr.  Carte  died  in  1754. 

CARTEIL,  Christopher,  a  naval  officer,  sen' 
by  Queen  Elizabeth,  in  company  with  Drake, 
to  the  West  Indies,  where  he  displayed  great 
courage  and  intrepidity ;  he  died  in  1592. 

CARTER,  Fraiicis,'F.  S.  A.,  author  of  "A 
Journey  from  Malaga  to  Gibraltar,"  2  vols.  8vo., 
died  August  1,  1783. 

CARTER,  Elizabeth,  a  venerable  ornament 
to  hterature,  of  the  female  sex,  was  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Nicholas  Carter,  and  born  at  Deal, 
in  Kent,  December  17,  1717,  died  in  London, 
February  19,  1600.  Mrs.  Carter  was  an  admira- 
ble Greek  and  Latin  scholar,  wrote  French  and 
Italian  with  great  fiuency  and  elegance,  and  was 
conversant  in  the  German,  Spanish,  and  Portu- 
sruese.  She  was  author  of  Nos.  44  and  100  of 
The  Rambler,  and  published  a  volume  of  her 
poems  about  the  year  1702,  replete  with  attic '  , 
wit,  chaste  philosophic  fancy,  and  harmony  of 
numbers;  but  the  work  that  established  her  re- 
pni  atioii  as  a  learned  lady  was,  a  complete  trans- 
latiou  from  the  Greek  of  the  works  of"  Epicte- 
lus,"  Willi  notes. 


CA 


>  CAUTKR,  John,  an  eminent  antiquanaii 
draftsman,  and  critic,  in  ancient  English  iirolii- 
tecture,  u'as  born  in  Loudon,  Juno  Hi,  1718,  anil 
died  at  Pinilico,  September  8, 1817;  having  been 
many  years  a  laborious  contribntor  to  that  in- 
comparable depository  of  antitjuarian  know- 
ledge, the  Gentleman's  Magazine. 

CARTERET,  Jolni,  earl  of  Granville,  cm- 
ployed  by  George  1.  in  various  important  servi- 
ces. Ill  17:21,  he  was  made  secretary  of  state. 
and  in  1724,  Avas  sent  viceroy  to  Ireland.  He 
was  also  in  favour  with  George  II.,  and  died  in 
I7(i3,  greatly  beloved. 

CARTERET,  I'liilip,  governor  of  the  province 
of  New-Jcrsev,  died  in  168-2. 

CARTEROMACO,  Scipio,  a  learned  profes- 
sor of  Greek  at  Venice,  and  a  celebrated  classi- 
cal author,  died  in  1513. 

CARTES,  Rene  des,  an  eminent  French  phi- 
losopher and  mathematician,  born  at  La  Have, 
in  Touraine,  March  31, 1596.  In  1033,  he  wrote 
his  "  Treatise  of  the  World,"  and  in  163t>,  liisi 
"  Treatise  of  Mechanics."  He  died  in  ItJjU. 
having  extended  the  limits  of  geometry  as  far 
beyond  the  place  where  he  found  them,  as  Sir 
Isaac  Newton  did  after  him.  He  first  taught  the 
method  of  e.xpressing  curves  by  equations. 

CARTIER,  James,  a  French  navigator,  wlio 
made  important  discoveries  in  Canada,  in  1534, 
and  published  memoirs  of  Canada. 

CARTISMANDUA,  queen  of  the  Brigantes, 
in  Britain,  discarded  her  husband,  Venusius,  to 
marry  his  armour-bearer,  Velocatns. 
i  CARTWRIGHT,  William,  born  at  North- 
way,  near  Tewkesbury,  in  Gloucestershire,  in 
1011,  died  in  1043.  Ben  Jonson  said  of  him 
"  My  son  Cartwright  writes  all  like  a  man.'' 
There  are  extant,  of  this  author's,  four  plays 
besides  other  poems,  which  were  printed  to- 
gether in  1051,  accompanied  by  above  50  copies 
of  commendatory  verses.    Prefixed  is  a  portrait. 

CARTWRIGHT,  Christopher,  an  English  di- 
vine, well  skilled  in  Hebrew.  He  wrote  several 
works,  and  died  in  1052. 

CARTWRIGHT,  Thomas,  a  puritan,  of  great 
eminence  and  learning,  born  in  Hertfordshire 
He  was  a  sharp  and  powerful  controversialist, 
and  W'as  much  persecuted,  being  obliged  to  quitj 
the  kingdom  for  safety.  He  wrote  a  practical 
commentary  on  the  four  gospels,  and  on  the  pro- 
verbs, and  died  in  1G03,  in  great  poverty. 

CARTWRIGHT,  Thomas,  chaplain  of  King 
Charles,  and  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's.  He  went 
with  James  II.  in  his  flight  to  France,  and  after- 
wards to  Ireland,  and  died  in  1089.  His  works 
have  been  published. 

CART  WRIGHT,  John,  commonly  called  Ma 
jor,  distinguished  himself  by  his  gallantry  while 
young,  as  lieutenant  of  the  British  navy  ;  he  es 
poused  the  cause  of  America,  in  1774,  in  several 
works  of  talent ;  in  177C,  declined,  on  principle, 
a  very  advantageous  proposition  to  accompany 
Lord  Howe  in  his  expedition  against  the  colo- 
nies ;  and  down  to  the  time  of  his  death,  in  1824 
was  a  zealous  and  able,  though  perhaps  some 
times  an  intemperate,  advocate  of  reform  in  the 
English  government.  His  works  are  niimerou: 
but  almost  wholly  political. 

CARVAJAL,  Lawrence  de,  a  Spaniard,  who 
wrote  the  lives  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  in 
whose  court  he  was  a  counsellor. 

CARVALHO  D- ACOSTA,  Anthony,  aPortu 
guese  mathematician,  geographer,  and  astrono- 
mer, born  in  1650,  died  in  1715.  He  left  a  topo 
graphical  history  of  his  ovm  country,  in  3  vols, 
fono 

TO 


CA 

CARVER,  JoJm,  first  gpvernor  of  Plymouth 
colony,  distimjuished  for  prudence,  integrity, 
and  lirnniess. 

CARVER,  Jonathan,  anativeof  Connecticut, 
who  published  "  Travels  into  the  most  interior 
pans  of  America,"  and  died  in  1780,  in  want  of 
the  necessaries  of  life. 

CAKUS,  Marcus  Aurelius,  a  Roman  tmpe 
ror,  in  283.    He  was  killed  by  lighlniug. 

CARV,  Robert,  a  learned  chronologer,  bnni 
at  Cookington,  Devonshire,  in  1015,  died  in  1088. 
He  published  "  Pal.Tolngia  Chronica,  a  Chrono- 
logical Account  of  Ancient  Time,  in  three  parts; 
1.  Didactical;  2.  Apodeictical;  3.  Cauonical ;" 
in  1077. 

CARY,  Lucius,  eldest  son  of  Henry  I.,  vis- 
count Falkland,  born  in  Oxfordshire,  in  1810. 
Before  he  was  23,  he  had  read  all  the  Greek  and 
Latin  fathers;  was  member  of  parliament  in 
1040,  and  soon  after  secretary  to  the  king.  He 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Newbury,  bravely 
fighting  for  his  king,  aged  34. 

C.VRV,  Henry,  carl  of  Monmouth,  was  edu- 
cated with  Charles  I.  He  was  a  man  of  learn- 
ing, having  translated,  from  various  authors, 
seven  folios  and  two  8vos. ;  he  died  in  1001. 

CARY,  Felix,  a  learned  Frenchman,  who 
wrote  the  history  of  Marseilles,  of  Thrace,  and 
of  Bosphorus,  by  medals. 

C.VRY,  Thomas,  lieutenant-governor  of  N. 
Carolina,  was  removed  from  office,  and  after- 
wards sent  to  England  for  trial,  for  attempting 
to  excite  a  rebellion  about  1709. 

CARY,  Thomas,  minister  of  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  lie  published  some  sermons,  and  died  in 
1808. 

CARYL,  Joseph,  one  of  Cromwell's  chap- 
lains  ;  author  of  a  tedious  commentary  on  Job, 
in  3  vols.  4to. ;  died  in  1673. 

CAR YLL,  John,  was  secretary  to  queen  Mary, 
t-he  wife  of  James  II.,  and  followed  the  fortunes 
of  his  abdicating  master,  who  rewarded  hini 
first  with  knighthood,  and  then  with  the  honof  • 
ary  titles  of  earl  Carjll  and  baron  Dartford. 
How  long  he  conrinued  in  that  service  is  not  ■ 
known ;  but  he  was  in  England  in  the  reign  of 
queen  Anne,  and  was  author  of  two  plays;  1. 
"  The  English  Princess ;  or,  the  death  of  Richard 
HI.,"  1067,  4to. ;  2.  "  Sir  Salomon  ;  or,  tlie  Cau- 
tious Co.xconib,"  1071, 4to. 

CASA,  John  de,  a  most  polite  Italian  writer 
of  the  16th  century,  born  at  Florence,  who  be- 
came in  time,  archbishop  of  Bencvento.  He 
died  1.556.  His  "  Galateus  seu  de  Morum  elc- 
antia,"  is  the  most  esteemed  of  all  his  works 
in  prose.     His  poetry  was  very  licentious. 

CASANOVA,  Mark  Anthony,  a  Latin  poet  of 
Rome,  who  displayed  great  wit  and  keen  satire, 
died  in  1527. 

CASAS,  Bartholomi  de  las,  a  Spaniard  and 
bishop  of  Chiapa,  born  at  Seville,  1474.  At  19 
he  attended  his  father  who  went  with  Colum- 
bus to  the  Indies,  in  1493.  Upon  his  return,  lie 
became  an  ecclesiastic,  and  a  curate  in  the  isle 
of  Cuba  ;  but  quitted  his  cure  and  his  country, 
in  order  to  devote  himself  to  the  service  of  the 
Indians,  who  were  then  enslaved  to  the  most 
ridiculous  superstitions,  as  well  as  the  most  bar- 
barous tyranny.  The  Spanish  governors  Iiad 
long  since  made  Christianity  detested  by  their  un- 
heard-of cruelties,  and  the  Indians  trembled  at 
the  very  name  of  Christian.  This  humane  and 
pious  missionary  resolved  to  cross  the  seas,  and 
to  lay  their  cries  and  their  miseries  at  the  feet  of 
Charles  V.  The  affair  was  discussed  in  coun 
oil  •  and  the  representations  of  Casas  so  sensi  • 
X09 


ex 

biy  ailRctcd  ttic  tinpRior,  tliat  lie  iiiaili:  ordi 
iiaritcsi  as  ny  vere  K)  Uu-  persecutors  as  favouralilp 
lo  the  persecuted ;  but  tliete  ordiiiauccs  wen 
never  executed,  uiid  tlie  governors  coiitiuuif!  to 
tyrannise  as  usual.  Casas  employed  above  M 
years  ill  America,  labouring  with  incessant  zeal 
iliat  the  Indians  might  be  treated  with  mildness, 
equity  and  humanity;  but  instead  of  availin; 
any  tiling,  he  drew  upon  hiinsell'  endless  perse 
entions  from  the  Spaniaids,  and  died  in  liO'i. 

t'AyATf,  Paul, a  Jesuit  olgreat  leaniiii:;,  wlio 
persuaded  queen  Christiana,  of  Sweden,  to  ab- 
jure her  religion,  and  turn  Catholic.  He  was 
the  author  of  an  excellent  treatise  on  optics  after 
lie  was  t)lind.     He  died  in  1707. 

CASAUBON.  Isaac,  a  learned  critic  and  com- 
mentator, born  at  Geneva,  1559,  ami  died  1014. 
lie  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  where 
there  is  a  monument  erected  to  his  memory. 

r'AS.VUCON,  Meric,  son  of  tlie  preceding, 
born  at  Geneva,  l.TOi),  died  1071.  lie  was^kiU- 
ci!  in  various  parts  of  literature:  but  his  chief 
ikilent  lay  in  critical  learning  ;  in  which  he  was 
probably assi-stcd  byliisfather'spapeis.  Hewas 
H  divine ;  but  is  chiefly  memorable  for  having  re- 
fused considerable  olfers  made  to  him  by  Oliver 
Cromwell,  to  write  the  history  of  the  civil  war 
and  for  the  refusal  of  a  present  from  him,  ten 
dered  without  conditions,  though  he  was  in  in 
digent  circumstances. 

CASCHI,  an  eloquent  Mahometan  preacher 
at  Medina,  author  of  commentaries  on  the 
Koran. 

CASCHIRI,  a  Mahometan,  author  of  the  lives 
of  Mussulman  saints,  died  in  '201  of  the  hegira. 

CASK, Thomas,  a  non-conformist,  during  the 
civil  wars,  who  wrote  and  preached  against  the 
loyalists.  He  was  conJined  six  months  in  the 
tower.  His  works  arc  chietiy  sermons ;  he  died 
■:n  lfi82. 

C.\SE,  John,  an  English  quack  and  astrolo- 
ger. He  said  to  Dr.  Radcliffe,  "  Let  rne  have 
all  the  fools  for  my  patients,  and  you  may  have 
the  rest." 

CASEL,  .Tohn,a  learned  professor  of  philoso- 
phy at  llelmstadf,  died  in  1613. 

CASRNEUVIO,  Peter,  a  native  of  Toulouse ; 
he  wrote  the  life  and  miracles  of  Edmund,  king 
of  England,  and  died  in  105-2. 

CASES,  Peter  .lames,  one  of  the  first  painters 
of  the  French  school,  died  in  1745. 

CASIMIR,  Matthias  Sarbiewski,  a  Jesuit,  of 
Poland,  and  an  excellent  Latin  poet,  born  15',I7 
The  odes,  epode.s.  and  epigramsof  this  poet  have 
not  been  lliought  inferior  to  some  productions  of 
the  finest  wirs  of  ancient  Greece  and  Rome ;  and 
Grotius,  D.  Heinsius  and  others  have  not  sent 
pled  to  affirm,  that  he  is  not  only  equal,  but 
sometimes  superior,  even  to  Horace  himself, 
''asimir  had  a  great  regard  for  Virgil ;  and  had 
.ictually  begun  fo  imitate  him,  in  an  epic  poem, 
called  "  The  Lesciades,"  which  ho  had  divided 
into  K  books ;  but  died  before  he  hud  niade  any 
great  progress  in  the  work,  April  '2,  1640,  since 
which  there  have  been  many  editions  of  his 
poems. 

CASIMIR  I.,  king  of  Poland,  an  excellent 
prince,  who  did  much  toward  civilizing  his  sub- 
jects; he  died  in  lO.W. 

CASIMIR  H.,  king  of  Poland,  sumamed 
the.Tnst,  died  in  1194. 

C  VPIMIR  III.,  king  of  Poland,  sumamed 
the  (Woat;  he  was  a  great  warrior,  and  conquer- 
ed Kns>ia ;  he  died  in  1370. 

CASIMIR  IV.,  king  of  Poland,  m.tde  war 
sQCcessfuUy  against  the  Teutonic  kniglits.    He 

rro 


CA 

comniaiided  that  the  Latin  tonj^ue  should  be  the 
vernacular  lanj;iiage  of  his  kingdom,  wliicll  is 
observed  to  iliisday.     lie  died  in  1492. 

CASIAIIR,  John',  manied  the  widow  of  his 
lirotlier,  Ladislaus,  and  became  king  of  Poland  ; 
bat  the  ingratitude  of  liis  subjects  made  him  ro ' 
sign  his  crown,  and  lie  died  in  France,  in  1C72. 

CAtSLON,  William,  eminent  in  an  art  of  the 
greatest  consequence  to  literature,  the  art  of 
Ictter-fotinding,  was  born  in  ll)9'2,  at  Uallcs 
Owen,  Shropshire.  Though  he  ju.stly  attained 
the  cliaracter  of  being  the  Corypha;us  in  that 
I'mploynient,  he  was  not  brought  up  to  the  busi- 
ness ;  but  served  a  regular  ai)prenticeship  to  aii 
enimvcr  of  ornaments  on  gun-barrels ;  and,  after 
tlie  expiration  of  his  term,  carried  on  this  trade 
in  Vine-street,  in  the  Minorics.  He  did  not, 
however,  solely  confine  his  ingenuity  to  that  oc- 
cupation, but  employed  him::elf  likewise  in 
making  tools  for  the  bookbinders  and  for  the 
chasing  of  silver  plate.  While  he  was  engag'id 
in  this  ImsinesB,  the  elder  Mr.  Bowyer  accident- 
ally saw  in  a  bookseller's  shop,  the  lettering  of  a 
book  uncommonly  neat;  and  inquiring  who  the 
artist  was  by  whom  the  letters  were  ni-nde,  was 
hence  induced  to  seek  an  acquaintance  with  Mr. 
Caslon.  Not  long  after,  Mr.  Bowyer  took  Mr 
Caslon  to  Mr.  James'  foundry  in  Bartholomew 
Close.  Caslon  had  never  before  that  lime  hcen 
any  part  of  the  business ;  and  being  asked  by 
his  friend  if  he  thought  he  could  undertake  to 
cut  types,  he  requested  a  single  day  to  consider 
the  matter,  and  then  replied  that  he  had  no 
doubt  but  he  could.  Upon  this  answer,  Mr. 
Bowyer,  Mr.  Bettenham,and  Mr. Watts, lent  him 
300Z.  to  begin  the  undertaking ;  and  he  applied 
himself  to  it  with  equal  assiduity  and  success. 
In  1720,  the  society  for  promoting  Christian 
knowledge  deemed  it  expedient  to  print,  for  the 
use  of  the  eastern  churches,  the  New  Testament 
and  Psalter  in  the  Arabic  language.  These 
v/ero  intended  for  the  benefit  of  the  poor 
Christians  in  Palestine,  Syria,  Mesopotamia, 
.\rahia,  and  Egypt;  the  constitutions  of  which 
countries  did  not  permit  the  exercise  of  the 
art  of  printing.  Upon  this  occasion,  Mr.  Cas- 
lon was  pitched  upon  to  cut  the  fount ;  in  his 
specimens  of  which  he  distinguished  it  by 
the  name  of  English  Arabic.  After  he  had  fin- 
ished this  fount,  he  cut  the  letters  of  his  own 
name  in  pica  Roman,  and  ])laced  them  at  the 
bottom  of  one  of  the  Arabic  specimens.  The 
name  being  seen  by  Mr.  Palmer,  the  reputed  au- 
thor of  a  "  History  of  Printing,"  (which  was,  in 
fact,  written  by  Psalmanazar)  he  advised  our 
artist  to  cut  the  whole  fount  of  pica.  This  was 
accordingly  done  ;  and  the  perforni.'ince  exceed- 
ed the  letter  of  the  other  founders  of  tlie  time. 
He  arrived  at  length  to  such  perfection,  that  his 
workmanship  was  frequently  exported  to  the 
continent.  He  removed  about  1735  into  ChiS- 
well-strcet,  Moorfielda,  where  his  foundry  be- 
came, in  process  of  time,  the  most  extensive 
that  existed.  Having  acquired  opulence  in  the 
course  of  his  employment,  he  was  put  into  the 
commission  of  the  peace  for  the  county  of 
Middlesex,  in  which  office  he  died,  January  23, 
1766. 

CASNODYN,  aWelsh  poet,  who  flourished 
at  the  beginning  ot  the  14th  century. 

CASSAGNES,  James,  abbe  de,  a  French 
poet  and  preacher,  who  died  mad,  because  he 
wa.s  compared  with  Cotin,  a  very  poor  and  un 
popular  preacher,  in  1G79. 

CASSAN,  a  christian,  who  renounced  his  re- 
ligion to  become  king  of  Persia,  died  in  1304. 


^^ CA 

CAtiSAW  A,  Nicliolo,  a  V(?nelian  paiiitei-,\vIjo 
Uit-'i]  in  17j:i.  His  conspiracy  ol'  Cataliiie  is 
yrcaily  admired. 

t'ASSANA,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was 
cuiinetit  in  drawing  beasts  and  birds. 

CASSAIVDEil,  l<ing  of  Macedonia,  died  304 
B.C. 

CASSANDEU,  Creorge,  an  eminent  Frencli 
divine,  vvlio  was  long  engaged  in  the  fmilliBs 
labour  ol'  reconciling  the  catholics  and  protes- 
tants,  died  in  15fiC. 

CASSANDEH,  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  who 
was  an  able  translator  of  the  Greek  and  Latin 
classics,  died  in  Kii)'). 

CASSANDRA,  Fidele,  a  Venetian  lady,  of 
freat  learning  in  philosophy  and  the  languages, 
died,  aged  102,  in  15G7. 

CASSENTINO,  Jacobodi,  an  eminent  painter, 
the  founder  of  the  Florentine  academy,  died  in 

inse. 

CASSERIO,  Julio,  rose  from  a  state  of  pover 
ty,  to  be  profe.isor  of  anatomy  and  medicine  at 
Padua.  He  was  first  taken,  as  a  domestic,  into 
the  (aniily  of  Fabricius,  wlio instructed  him ;  he 
died  in  1016. 

OASSIAN,  a  monk,  of  the  5th  century,  who 
wrote  some  works,  and  founded  a  monastery  at 
JMavseillea. 

CAS.-^IUELAN,  or  CASSIVELAUNUS,  a 
king  of  Britain,  at  the  time  of  the  invasion  of 
Julius  Cffsar. 

CASSINI,  Johannes  Dominicus,  a  celebrated 
astronomer,  born  in  Piedmont,  in  1C:)5.  At  the 
age  of  15,  the  senate  invited  him  to  teach  niathc- 
niafics  at  Bologna.  He  was  made  aslronomcr 
royal  of  France  in  1009,  and  after  cinicliuig  sci- 
ence with  a  thousand  new  di^scoveries  and  ob- 
servations, died  in  1712. 

CASSINI,  John  James,  son  of  the  preceding, 
inherited  the  talents  and  fame  of  his  father,  and 
took  his  place  as  royal  astronomer  of  France. 
His  works  were  in  high  estimation,  and  are  va- 
luable at  this  day ;  he  died  in  175G. 

CASSINI  DE  THUllY,  Cffisar  Francis,  suc- 
cessor of  John  James,  honi  in  1711,  distinguished 
for  his  early  and  rapid  progress  in  science,  died 
in  1784. 

CASSIODORUS,  Marcus  Aurelius,  a  man  of 
eminence  in  many  respects,  and  called,  by  way 
of  distinction,  "  the  senator,"  was  born  in  Italy, 
about  463.  His  principal  writings  are,  "  De  Di- 
vinis  Lectionibus,"  "  De  Orthographia,"  and 
"  De  Rebus  Gestis  Gothornm."  He  wrote  abo  a 
commentary  upon  the  Psalms,  and  several  other 
pieces,  theological  and  critical,  and  died  at  near 
100  years  of  age. 

CASSIUS,  Caiug,  brother-in-law  of  Brutus, 
one  of  Ca;sar's  murderers.  He  caused  one  of 
his  slaves  to  kill  him,  that  he  might  not  fall  into 
the  hands  of  his  enemy,  42  B.  C. 

CASSIUS,  Longinus  Lucius,  a  Roman  magis- 
trate of  great  integrity,  115  B.  C. 

CASSIUS,  Avidius,  a  Roman  general,  who 
proclaimed  himself  emperor,  and  was  soon  after 
assassinated. 

CASSIUS,  Parmensis,  a  Latin  poet,  put  to 
death  by  Augustus. 

CASSIUS,  Severus  Situs,  a  Roman  orator, 
of  the  Augustan  age,  eloquent,  but  violent 
against  individuals. 

CASTAGNO,  Andrew  del,  a  painter,  of  Tus- 
cany, who  assassinated  Dominico  de  Venise, 
from  whom  he  obtained  the  secret  of  painting  in 
oil.  Castagno  revealed  this  on  his  death-bed, 
and  died  in  1476. 

CASTALDI,  Cornelius,  an  eminent  poet,  in 


CA 

Latin  and  Italian.    He  fouiidtd  a  college  at 
Padua,  where  he  died  in  ir)37. 

C'ASTALIO,  Sebaalian,  born  at  Chalillon,  on 
the  Rhone,  in  1515.  His  works  are  very  con 
siderable,  on  account  both  of  their  rjualny  and 
their  number ;  they  discover  great  knowledgfi 
of  the  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew  langua'^es,  and 
re  chiefly  on  Scriptural  subjects.    He  died  in 

io\s:\. 

CASTF.ELS,  Peter,  a  painter,  of  Antwerp. 
He  published  12  p!att^  of  birds,  designed  and 
etched  by  himselt,  and  died  in  1749. 

CASl  EL,  Lewis  Bcrirand,  a  Jesuit  and  ma- 
thematician, of  Montpelicr.  He  published  a 
ystem  of  iriathcmalics,  a  treatise  on  gravity, 
and  on  optics ;  all  highly  esteemed  :  lie  died  in 
1757. 

CASTELL,  Edmund,  a  drvine  of  the  17tii 
century,  and  compiler  of  a  very  learned  and  la- 
borious work,  called  "  Lexicon  Heptaglotton." 
He  was  al!:o  eminently  assistant  to  Dr.  Walton, 
in  the  celebrated  edition  of  the  "  Polyglott  Bi- 
ble," and  died  in  1685. 

CAS'PELLl,  Bernard,  a  Genoese  painter  atul 
Dgraver,  of  eminence,  died  in  1(J29. 

CASTELL  1,  Valerio,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  particularly  skilled  in  painting  battles,  ami 
died  in  IfJ.W. 

('ASTELLI,  Benedict,  a  native  of  Brescia, 
who  assisted  Galileo  in  his  astronomical  obser- 
vations, died  in  1044. 

CASTELXAU,  Michael,  ambassador  in  the 
service  of  Ciinrles  IX.  of  France.  Memoirs  of 
his  embassies  are  published,  in  2  vols,  lolio ;  he 
died  in  1592. 

CASTELNAU,  Ilenriette  Julia  de,  wife  of 
count  de  Rlurat,  authoress  of  several  pleasing 
ai!il  elegant  works,  died  in  1716. 

CASTELVETRO,  Lewis,  an  Italian  critic, 
famous  for  his  parts,  but  mcf^famous  for  hit 
spleen  and  ill-nature,  was  born  at  Modena,  in 
1505.  He  distinguished  hinisclf  chiefly  by  his 
'  Commemary  upon  Aristotle's  Poetics ;' "  where, 
Rapin  assures  us,  he  always  made  it  a  rule  to 
find  something  to  except  against  in  the  te.\t  of 
Aristotle.    He  died  in  1571. 

CASTI,  1'  abbe,  an  Italian  poet,  author  of 
several  works  of  merit,  died  in  1P03. 

CASTIGLIONE,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Ancona 
distinguished  as  a  poet  and  critic,  died  in  1010. 

CASTIGLIONE,  Balthazar,  an  eminent  Ital- 
ian nobleman  and  poet,  was  born  at  iMnntna,  iu 
1478.  He  applied  hims(df  to  the  study  of  ptiint- 
ing,  sculpture,  and  architecture,  as  appears  from 
a  book  that  he  wrote  in  favour  of  those  arts, 
and  made  so  great  a  progress  in  them,  that  Ra- 
phael Urbin  and  Bnonarotli,  thougli  incompara- 
ble artists,  never  thought  their  works  perfect, 
unless  they  had  the  approbation  of  Castiglione. 
He  died  in  1529.  Besides  his  incomparable 
book,  "  The  Courtier,"  in  which  work  we  may 
perceive  how  intimate  he  was  with  the  Greek 
and  Latin  authors,  (having  gleaned  together  the 
first  flowers  of  their  wit,  and  treasured  up,  as  it 
were,  in  a  single  casket,  the  richest  jewels  of 
antiquity,)  he  composed  many  Latin  and  Tus- 
can poems,  which,  with  some  of  his  letters,  are 
placed  at  the  end  of  the  English  version  of  "  The 
Courtier,"  published  at  London,  in  1727. 

CASTIGLIONE,  Benedict,  an  eminent  Ital- 
ian enirraver,  born  in  1010,  died  in  lO'O. 

CASTIGLIONE,  Francisco,  son  and  pupil  of 
the  i)receding,  and  equally  respectable  as  a 
painter. 

CASTILE,  Alphonsus  X.  of,  who  has  com- 
monly been  called  "  The  Wise,"  was  born  in 
111 


CA 

J203,  And  is  now  more  lainoua  for  liaviiig  been 
an  astronomer  than  a  kinj:.  He  undersiood  as- 
tronomy, philosophy,  and  history,  as  if  he  had 
hcen  only  a  man  of  letters,  and  composed  books 
upon  the  motions  of  the  heavens,  and  on  thtt 
history  of  Spain,  which  are  highly  commended. 
He  died  in  1234. 

CASTILLO,  Ferdinand  de,  a  Dominican,  of 
Spain,  who  wrote  an  account  of  his  order;  he 
died  in  1593. 

CASTILLO- Y-SAAVEDRA,  Antony  del,  a 
Spanish  painter,  who  died  of  grief,  because  he 
was  excelled,  in  1667. 

CASTRIES,  N.,  marshal  dc,  an  able  French 
pcneral,  who  served  in  the  seven  years'  war, 
died  in  1800. 

CASTRO,  Alphonso  de,  a  Spanisli  Francis- 
can friar,  who  went  to  England  with  Philip  II. 
He  was  an  able  preacher,  and  died  in  1558. 

CASTRO,  John  de,  a  native  of  Lisbon,  a  dis- 
linguished  military  officer,  afterwards,  governor 
of  the  East  Indies,  died  in  1548. 

CASTRO,  Paul  de,  professor  of  law  at  Flo 
rence,  Bologna,  Sienna,  and  Padua,  died  in 
14:)7. 

CASTRUCIO,  Castracani,  a  celebrated  gene- 
ral, found,  when  an  infant,  in  a  heap  of  leaves 
in  Tuscany.  He  rose  to  the  highest  rank  of 
military  fame,  and  died  in  1328. 

CASWELL,  Richard,  governor  of  North  Ca- 
rolina from  1777  to  1780,  and  from  1785  to  1787. 
He  discharged  several  other  oflices  with  repu 
lation,  and  died  in  1789. 

CAT,  Claude  Nicholas  le,  surgeon  to  the  Ho 
tel  Dieu,  at  Rouen,  an  eminent  philosopher, 
raised  to  the  rank  of  nobility  by  the  French 
king,  died  in  17G8. 

CATEL,  William,  of  Toulouse,  author  of  a 
history  of  the  courts  of  that  city,  died  in  1620. 

CATELLAN,  Maria  Claire  PriscillaMargue 
rite,  a  lady  of  Narbonne,  whose  odes  were  much 
admired ;  she  died  in  1745. 

C  ATESBY,  Mark,  an  English  naturalist,  who 
wrote  the  natural  history  of  Carolina,  Florida, 
and  the  Bahamas,  an  elegant  work,  2  vols,  folio  ; 
he  died  in  1749. 

CATHARINE,  a  daughter  of  Charles  VI.,  of 
France,  who  married  Ileniy  V.  of  England,  and 
afterwards  Owen  Tudor,  a  Welchnian.  She 
died  in  1438. 

CATHARINE  of  ARRAGON,  daughter  of 
Ferdinand,  V.,  and  wife  of  Henry  VIII  She 
was  a  woman  of  many  virtues. 

CATHARINE  DE  "MEDICIS,  only  daughter 
of  Laurentius  de  Medicis,  born  at  Florence,  in 
1519,  married,  1533,  the  dauphin,  afterwards 
Henry  II.,  of  France.  She  was  three  times  re- 
gent of  Prance ;  and,  during  her  administra- 
tions, made  a  conspicuous  figure  in  the  nnnals 
of  Europe,  by  her  political  genius.  She  died 
in  1589. 

(CATHARINE  of  SIENNA,  a  Romish  saint, 
who,  at  the  age  of  eight,  is  said  to  have  vowed 
perpetual  celibacy;  she  died  in  1380. 

CATHARINE  of  PORTUGAL,  daughter  of 
John  IV.,  and  wife  of  Charles  II.,  by  whom  she 
was  treated  unkindly  ;  she  died  in  1705. 

CATHARINE  of  BOURBON,  sister  to  Hen- 
r/  IV.,  and  wife  of  Henry  of  Lorraine,  died  inl 
1604. 

CATHARINE  ALEXIEVNA,  a  country  girl 
of  the  name  of  Martha,  born  of  very  indigent 
parents,  in  liivonia.  In  1701  she  married  a  dra- 
goon of  the  Swedish  garrison,  at  Marienburgh; 
but  before  evening  of  the  wedding-dav.  the 

m 


CA 

place  was  besieged  by  the  Russians  :  the  bride- 
groom was  killed,  and  the  victor,  general  Bauer, 
smitten  with  her  beauty,  made  lier  his  mistress. 
Prince  MentshicoJf  next  beheld  her,  and  she 
lived  with  him  a  short  time. — In  the  17th  year 
of  her  age,  she  became  the  mistress  of  Peter  the 
Great,  who,  on  the  29th  of  May,  1711,  married 
her  privately  in  Poland,  and  the  20th  of  Feb., 
1712,  publicly  solemnized  tlie  marriage,  at  Pe- 
tersburg, and  presented  her  with  the  diadem  and 
sceptre.  At  his  .death,  in  1725,  she  was  pro- 
claimed sovereign  empress  of  all  the  Russias, 
and,  to  lier  death,  the  ]7th  of  May,1727,showed 
herself  worthy  of  her  high  fortune. 

CATHARINE  II.,  empress  of  Russia,  a  wo- 
man of  most  extraordinary  natural  talents  for 
governing  a  state,  and  civilizing  a  rude  nation  ; 
but  of  insatiate  lust,  and  unbounded  ambition  ; 
to  the  indulgence  of  which  latter  passion,  she 
waded  through  blood,  flowing  from  the  slaugh- 
ter of  thousands  and  tens  of  thousands.  She 
was  born  May  2,  1729,  and  married  in  1745,  to 
the  grandson  of  Peter  the  Great.  Having  caus- 
ed lier  husband  to  be  deposed  (if  not  worse  dealt 
with)  in  1762,  she  was  proclaimed  empress.  She 
died  suddenly,  in  November,  1796,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  her  only  son  Paul  Petrowitz,  the  fa- 
ther of  Ale.xander  I.,  the  present  emperor  of 
Russia. 

CATHAKINUS,  Ambrose,  an  Italian,  bishop 
of  Minori.  He  wrote  against  Luther,  and  died 
in  1553. 

CATILINA,  Lucius  Sergius,  a  noble  Roman, 
whose  e.vtravagance  reduced  him  to  narrow  cir- 
cumstances, and  liaving  been  refused  the  con- 
sulship, became  leader  of  a  conspiracy  to  mur 
der  the  consuls  and  senate  of  Rome,  rifle  the 
public  treasury,  and  burn  the  city:  which  con- 
spiracy was  discovered  by  Cicero,  at  that  tima 
consul,  C2  B.  C.  He  was  slain  in  battle  the  same 
year,  on  the  plains  of  Tuscany. 

CATINAT,  Nicholas,  an  illustrious  French 
general,  under  Louis  XIV.,  born  at  Paris,  1637, 
died  in  1712. 

CATINEAU,  N.  a  brave  man,  who  headeij 
the  Vendeans  during  the  revolution  ;  lie  fell  at 
the  sieje  of  Nantes. 

CATO,  Marcus  Fortius,  commonly  called  the 
Censor,  born  at  Tusculum,  in  the  year  of  Rome, 
519 ;  that  is,  about  the  year  232  B.  C.  No  man 
was  ever  better  qualified  than  he  for  the  office 
of  censor,  nor  could  better  discharge  the  duties 
of  it.  He  made  use  of  his  severity,  eloquence, 
and  exemplary  life,  to  give  a  check  to  the  luxu- 
ry and  growing  vices  of  the  Romans;  wliicli 
gave  occasion  to  say,  that  he  was  not  less  ser- 
viceable to  the  republic  of  Rome,  by  making 
war  against  immoraUty,  than  Scipio,  by  his  vie 
tories  over  his  enemies.  He  wrote  several 
works;  "A  Roman  History,"  a  book  "  con- 
cerning the  Art  of  War,"  and  one  on  "  Agricul- 
ture," and  died  in  the  year  of  Rome  G04. 

CATO,  Uticensis,  great  grandson  to  the  for- 
mer, was  educated  under  his  uncle  Livius  Dru- 
sus,  and  very  early  showed  valour  and  genero- 
ity  ;  having,  at  14  years  old,  desired  a  sword  to 
kill  the  tyrant  Sylla.  He  was  a  lover  of  philo- 
.sophy,  in  which  he  rigidly  followed  the  doctrines 
of  the  stoics  ;  this  furnished  him  with  that  bra- 
very of  soul  which  he  manifested  on  all  occa- 
sions. His  first  campaign  was  in  681,  against 
Spartacus:  afterwards  he  led  1000  foot  into 
Asia,  where,  for  the  small  number  of  his  attend 
ants,  he  was  laughed  at,  but  was  never  moved 
with  it ;  returning,  he  was  made  qiiaistor,  which 


C'A 

post  he  filled  Willi  lionour.  To  keep  oul  a  very 
Bart  jiian,  lie  jiiit  in  for  tlic  tribunate.  I!e  sideil 
witii  Cicero,  Jij^ainst  Catiline,  and  opposed  Ua-- 
sar  ill  the  senate,  on  tliat  occasion.  His  enc- 
iiiii's  sent  liiiii  to  recover  Cyprus,  which  I'tole- 
iiiy  had  foileited,  thinking  to  hurt  iiis  repuiaiion 
by  so  dilficnh.  an  undertaking;  yet  none  could 
inn  fault  with  his  conduct.  He  laboured  to 
liriii^  about  an  agreenient  between  Ca!sar  and 
I'uinpey,  but,  seeing  it  in  vain,  sided  with  the 
iailer.  When  Poinpey  was  slain,  he  fled  to  Uti- 
<  a,  and  C'lesar  pursuing  him,  he  advised  his 
li  lends  to  begone,  and  his  son  to  trust  to  C;nsar's 
flriuency ;  then  lay  down  upon  his  bed,  read 
Plato  upon  the  Immortality  of  the  Soul,  twice 
over,  and  thrust  a  sword  through  his  body,  of 
which  he  died,  4()  B.  C,  aged  48. 

CATO,  Valerius,  a  Latin  poet,  in  the  age  of 
Sylla,  died  'JO  B.  C. 

CATROU.  Francis,  a  very  distinguished  ie- 
suit,  born  at  Paris,  in  JG59.  Ilo  was  tlie  autlior 
of  some  very  considerable  works;  as,  1.  "  A 
Ccneial  History  ol  the  Empire  of  the  Mogul ;" 
'i.  "  A  Flisrory  of  the  Fanaticism  of  some  Pro- 
testant Keligions  ;  of  Anabaptisiii,of  Davidism, 
;uid  of  Uuakerism  ;"  3.  "A  Translation  of 
\iigil,  with  notes  critical  and  historical;"  and 
4.  "  A  lloman  History  ;"  which  has  been  trans- 
lated into  several  lancuaaes,  and  is  reckoned 
ids  capital  work.     He  died  in  1737. 

C.VTTHO,  Angelo,  was  in  the  service  of 
Lewis  XI.,  as  astrologer  and  physician.  He 
pretended  to  foretell  future  events,  and  died  in 
1497. 

CATULLUS,  Caius  Valerius,  a  Roman  poet, 
born  at  Verona,  8ti  B.  C  He  is  far  unlike  our 
modern  poets,  who  usually  complain  of  the  coy- 
ness and  insensibility  of  their  fair  ones;  lie 
speaks  of  his  Lesbia,  as  a  woman  wlio  asked 
iiini,  liow  many  kisses  vi'ould  salisfy  him  ?  To 
which  lie  answered,  "  that  he  desired  as  many 
as  there  are  grains  of  sand  in  the  deserts  of  Li- 
bya, and  stars  in  the  heavens."  Although  pos 
sessing  a  superior  genius,  he  was,  as  many  others 
have  since  been,  poor.  He  died  in  the  flower 
of  his  age,  and  the  height  of  his  reputation, 
vvlieii  lie  was  about  30  years  old. 

CATZ,  James,  a  Dulch  statesman,  and  poet, 
torn  in  Zealand,  1577,  died  IGtiO. 

CAULET,  Francis  Stephen  de,  a  French  pre- 
Jate,  wiio  oppo:-ed  the  king's  right  of  disposing 
of  ecclesiastical  benefices,  died  in  1C80. 

CAULL\C,  Guy  de,  a  French  anatomist,  and 
physician  to  the  popes  Clement  VI.,  and  Urban 
VI!. 

CAVALCANTI,  Bartholomew,  an  Italian, 
who  served  pope  Paul  III.,  in  both  military  and 
political  capacities,  died  in  1562. 

CAVALIER,  John,  celebrated  for  his  braverj' 
in  the  wars  of  the  protestant  insurgents,  against 
Lewis  XIV.    He  died  in  1705 

CAVALIERI,  Bonavenlure,  an  Italian,  pro- 
fessor at  Bologna,  and  disciple  of  Galileo,  died 
in  1647. 

C.WALLINI,  Pietro,  a  painter  of  celebrity 
St  Rome,  died  in  1364. 

CAVALLO,  Tiberius,  F.  U.  S.,  an  eminent 
writer  on  natural  philosophy,  born  at  Naples 
Marcli  30,  1749,  settled  in  England,  177J,  an<l 
died  hi  London,  Dec.  26,  1809;  having  jinb 
lished,  among  other  valuable  works, "  Treatise! 
on  Electricity;"  on  the  "  Air,"  and  Aerosta 
tion  ;"  on  "  Macnetisin  ,"  and  "Elements  of 
Natural  History." 

CAVANILLES,  Antonio  Joseph,  a  Spani? 

10 


CA 

boiunlst,  was  educated  among  the  'esuils,  and 
apiioinled  tutor  to  the  sons  ol  the  duk.-  de  lln- 
fantado.  In  1801,  he  was  intrusted  with  the 
care  of  the  royal  gardens  of  JVladrid,  where  he 
died  in  1804. 

CAVE,  l>r.  William,  a  learned  divine,  born 
1G37,  died  1713.  He  was  author  of  some  large 
and  learned  woiks, relating  to  ecclesiastical  an- 
tiquity ;  particularly, "The  History  of  the  Lives, 
Acts.  Deaths,  and  Martyrdoms,  of  those  who 
were  coteinporary  with  the  Apostle.'.,  and  of 
the  principal  Fathers  within  the  first  three  cen- 
turies of  the  Church,"  and  "  HistoriaLileraria, 
&c. ;"  in  which  he  gives  an  exact  account  of 
all  who  had  written  upon  Christianity,  either 
for  or  against  it,  from  Christ  to  the  I4th  ceii 
tury. 

CAVE,  Edward,  born  at  Newton,  in  War- 
wickshire, Feb.  29,  1091,  and  celebrated  for 
having  planned  and  brought  to  perfectitni, 
"The  Gentleman's  Magazine,"  which  lias  been 
published  upwards  of  90  years,  and  is  consider- 
ed one  of  the  most  successful  and  lucrative 
periodical  works  that  history  has  upon  record. 
Mr.  Cave  died  Jan.  10,  1754." 

CAVEDONJS,  Jacomo,  an  Italian  painter. 
died  in  1660. 

CAVENDISH,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  English 
circumnaviufator,  died  about  1593. 

CAVENDISH,  Sir  William,  born  about  150.5. 
(?ardhial  Wolsey  took  him  into  his  splendid 
family,  which  consistedof  one  earl,  nine  b-trons, 
and  about  lUO  knights,  gentlemen,  and  inferior 
olhcers.  He  svrved  the  caidiual  as  gentleman- 
usher,  and  was  admitted  into  more  inliraacy 
with  him  than  any  otiier  servant,  and  therefore 
would  not  desert  him  in  his  fall,  but  was  one  of 
the  few,  who  stuck  close  to  him  when  he  had 
neither  oftic;  nor  salary  to  bestow.  This  singu- 
lar fidelity,  joined  to  his  abilities,  recommended 
him  to  his  sovereign,  who  received  him  into  his 
own  tamily  and  service.  He  afterwards  held 
high  offices  of  state  under  Edward  VI.,  aud 
Mary  I.,  and  died  in  15.57  Sir  William  Caven- 
dish wrote  the  life  of  his  old  master.  Cardinal 
Wolsey,  and  therein  gives  him  a  very  high  cha- 
racter; afTirming  that,  in  his  judgment,  he  never 
saw  the  kingdom  in  belt  r  obedience  and  quiet, 
than  duringlhe  timeof  his  authority,  nor  justice 
better  administered. 

CAVENDISH,  William,  duke  of  Newcastle, 
born  in  1592,  died  in  1676.  He  rendeied  srreat 
services,  in  a  military  capacity  to  Charles  1.  and 
II.  ;  and  after  the  restoration,  retired  to  indulge 
his  natural  disposition  in  literary  pursuits.  He 
wrote  a  celebrated  "  Treatise  on  Horseman- 
ship." of  which  a  most  excellent  edition  was, 
a  few  years  ago,  printed  in  England  ;  and  four 
fcomedies.  His  second  wife,  Margaret,  was  a 
woman  of  great  wit,  and  some  learning :  for. 
besides  the  lite  of  the  duke,  and  her  own,  she 
wrote  a  great  number  of  folio  volumes,  and  pub- 
lished 26  plays,  in  several  of  which  there  are 
scenes  and  songs  written  by  the  duke.  Her 
giace  died  in  JG73. 

CAVENDISH,  WiUiam,  first  dnke  of  Devoii- 
s'lire,  an  able  statesman,  and  friend  of  Lord 
Ruiisell,  was  active  in  procuring  king  William 
HI.  to  invade  England,  and  died  in  1707. 

CAVENDISH.  Lord  John,  son  of  the  fourth 
iluke  of  Devonshire,  and  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer ;  he  opposed  Lord  North's  adniinistra- 
lion.  and  died  in  1796. 

CAVENDISH.  Lord  Frederic,  chose  a  mil 
iiaiy  life,  was  a  field  marshal,  and  died  in  18W 


CAVKNDtSU,  Hon.  Henry,  a  very  in^'oinous 
natural  philosopher,  bum  Oct.  10,  1731,  died  at 
Clapliam,  Feb.  'J4,  1810.  TliuuKli  not  iiiiich 
heard  of  in  the  coiiimon  pallis  of  life,  he  w;is 
well  kiR)-,vii  and  highly  disliiif;uished  iii  the  sci- 
entific world.  lie  had  stvidied  and  re.idercd  him- 
t^eir  familiarly  conversant  with  every  part  of 
Sir  Isaao  i^ewlon's  philosophy;  tho  principles 
of  which  he  applied,  about  the  year  1770,  to  an 
invGstis;alioii  of  the  laws  on  which  the  phueno- 
jiiena  of  electricity  depenii.  Pursuing  the  same 
science,  on  the  occasion  of  Mr.  Walt^h's  experi- 
ments with  the  torpedo,  he  gave  a  satisfactoiy 
explanation  of  the  remarkable  powers  of  elec- 
trical fishes ;  pointing  out  that  distinction  be- 
tween common  and  animal  electricity,  whiclij 
has  since  been  amply  confirmed  by  the  hrillianti 
discoveries  in  galvanism.  Having  turned  hisi 
attention  very  early  to  pneumatic  chymistry,  he] 
ascertained,  in  17t)t>,  the  extreme  levity  of  in-j 
flammable  air,  nov/ called  hydrogen  ^as.  '  On! 
this  discovery,  many  curious  experiments,  and 
jjarticnlarly  that  of  aerial  navigation  have  been 
founded.  In  the  same  path  of  science,  he  made 
tJie  important  discovery  of  the  composition  of 
^vater,  by  the  union  of  two  airs;  and  that  laid 
the  fou.ndation  of  the  modern  system  of  chy- 
mistry, which  rests  principally  on  this  fact,  and 
lliat  of  the  decomposition  of  water,  announced 
soon  afterwards  by  M.  Lavoisier.  As  the  puri- 
ty of  atmospherical  air  had  been  a  subject  of 
controversy,  Mr.  Cavendish  contrived  essential 
improvements  in  the  method  of  performing  ex- 
perintents  with  a  eudiometer ;  by  means  of 
which,  he  was  the  first  who  showed,  that  the 
proportion  of  pure  air  in  the  atmosphere  is 
nearly  the  same  in  all  open  places.  The  other 
and  much  larger  portion  of  our  atmosphere,  he 
sagaciously  conjectured  to  be  the  basis  of  the 
acid  of  nitre  ;  an  opinion  which  he  soon  brotight 
to  the  test,  by  an  ingenious  and  laborious  ex- 
periment, which  completely  proved  its  truth  ; 
^vhence  this  air  has  now  very  generally  obtain- 
ed the  name  of  nitrogen.  Among  the  labours 
of  his  latter  days,  is  the  nice  and  difficult  ex- 
periment, by  which  he  determined  the  mean 
densityof  the  earth  ;  an  element  of  consequence 
in  delicate  calculations  of  astronomy,  as  well  as 
in  geological  inquiries.  Even  in  the  last  year 
of  his  life,  at  the  advanced  age  of  77,  he  pro-  i 
posed  and  described  improvements  in  the  man- 
ner of  dividing  large  astronomical  instruments  ; 
which,  though  not  yet  executed,  promise  very 
great  advantages.  These  pursuits,  together  with 
reading  of  various  kinds,  by  which  he  acquired 
a  deep  insight  into  almost  every  topic  of  gene- 
ral knowledge,  formed  the  whole  occupation  of 
his  life;  and  were,  in  fact,  his  sole  amusement. 
From  his  attachment  to  such  occupations,  and 
the  constant  resource  he  found  in  them,  toge- 
ther with  a  shyness  and  diffidence  natural  to 
his  disposition,  his  habits  had,  from  early  life, 
been  secluded.  He  is  said  to  have  left  behind 
him  1,200,0001.  Mr.  Cavendish  was  great  uncle 
to  the  duke  of  Devonshire. 

CAVOYE,  Lewis,  marquis  de,  a  French  mi- 
litary officer,  of  great  bravery,  died  inl71(). 

CAUSSIN,  Nicholas,  a  Frencli  .lesuit,  and 
confessor  to  Lewis  XIII.,  was  born  at  Troyes, 
in  Champagne,  in  1580,  and  died  at  Paris,  July, 
1051.  lie  published,  among  other  works,  "  The 
Holy  Court,"  a  moral  work,  which  has  been 
often  reprinted,  and  traiifilated  into  Latin,  Ita- 
lian, Spanish,  Portuguese,  German,  and  Eng- 
lish ;  and  "  Sacred  Tragedies."' 
r.\\VDREY,  Daniel,  an  ejected  non-conform- 
JI4 


CA 

ist  and  a  member  of  the  VVestniinster  assembly 
of  divines,  died  in  10ti4. 

CAVVTIl(-)Ki\E,  .lames,  a  very  agreeable 
poet,  born  at  Shethcld,  in  17'21.  Iii  1743,  he  was 
chosen  ma.ster  ol  Tunliridge  School  ;  and  lliia 
place  he  held  till  his  death,  which  iiappened  by 
a  fall  from  Ids  horse,  in  17iil.  Ills  poetical  com- 
positions were  collected  ajid  published  in  4to,  in 
1771. 

CAWTON,  Thomas,  a  non-conformist,  and  a 
good  Hebrew  scholar,  died  in  11)77. 

CAXTON,  William,  the  first  who  introduced 
the  art  of  printing  with  fnsile  types  into  Eng- 
land, was  born  in  the  Weald  of  Kent,  about  the 
latter  eiul  of  the  reign  of  Hemy  IV.  IJeJng  about 
15,  he  was  put  appreiuice  to  Mr.  Robert  I ;nrce. 
a  mercer,  who,  after  having  been  sheritl'  and 
mayor  of  London,  died  in  1441,  leaving  by  will 
;i4  marks  to  his  apprentice,  William  Caxton ;  a 
considerable  legacy  in  those  days,  and  an  early 
testimony  of  Caxton's  good  behaviour  and  in- 
tegrity. Caxton  went  abroad  to  settle  the  .same 
year  that  his  master  died,  and  was  intrusted  by 
the  mercer's  company  to  be  their  agent  or  factor 
in  Holland,  Zealand, "Flanders,  &c.  In  14114,  a 
commission  was  granted  to  him  and  Rich.'jrd 
Whitehill,  Esq.,  by  Edward  IV.,  to  continue 
and  confirm  the  treaty  of  trade  and  commerce 
between  his  majesty  and  Philip,  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy, or,  if  they  found  it  necessary,  to  make  a 
new  one.  They  are  styled  in  the  commission, 
ambassadors  and  special  deputies.  A  marriage 
was  concluded,  in  July,  14G8,  between  the  king's 
sister,  lady  Margaret  of  York,  and  the  duke's 
son,  Charles,  he  being  then  duke  of  Burgundy: 
and  when  the  lady  arrived  at  the  duke's  coun 
at  Bruges,  Caxton  appears  to  have  been  of  her 
retinue.  He  was  now  either  one  of  her  house- 
hold, or  held  some  constant  post  under  her  ;  be- 
cause, as  he  says,  he  received  of  her  a  yearly 
fee  or  salary,  besides  many  other  good  and  great 
benefits.  Being  more  expert  than  most  others  in 
penmanship  and  languages,  it  is  highly  probable 
that  he  Avas  employed  by  the  dntcliess  in  soiuc 
literary  way.  As  soon  as  he  had  acquired  the 
mystery  of  the  new  invention  of  printing,  (which 
he  did  not  accomplish,  ho  says  lihnself,  without 
great  expense,)  he  was  employed  by  her  in  trans- 
lating out  of  French  a  large  volume,  and  after- 
wards in  p.inting  it.  It  appeared  under  the  titia 
of  "  The  Recuyell  of  the  History  of  Troyc ;"  and 
is  the  first  book,  we  now  know  of,  that  was 
printed  in  the  English  tongue ;  the  date  being 
September  19,  1471,  at  Colen  (Cologne.)  By  the 
edition  of  the  "  Game  of  Chess,"  dated  in  1474, 
Caxton  appears  to  have  been  then  settled  in 
England ;  and  this  book  is  allowed,  by  all  the 
typographical  antiquaries,  to  have  been  the  first 
specimen  of  the  art  among  us ;  and  as  such,  hai 
been  so  valued,  tliat  it  is  said,  the  carl  of  Pem- 
broke, for  a  fair  copy  thereof,  which  was  given 
him  by  Mr.  Grang^'r,  presented  him  with  a  purse 
of  forty  guineas.  The  next  performance  of  Cax 
ton,  of  which  the  date  is  ascertained,  is,  "  The 
Dictes  and  .Sayinges  of  the  Philosophers,  trans 
lated  out  of  French  by  Antone  erie  Ryvyre* 
lord  Seeiles,  emprynted  by  William  Caxton,  at 
Westinestre,  1477."  Caxton  printed  severaj 
other  pieces,  either  of  his  own  composition,  or 
translated  by  him.  His  last  work  was  a  trans- 
lation from  the  French  of"  The  Holy  Lives  of 
the  Fathers  Hermites  living  in  the  Deserts ;"  anJ 
we  are  informed  by  Wynken  de  Worde,  that  he 
finished  his  life  and  translation  together,  on  the 
same  dav,  in  14itl. 

CAYLUS,  Anne  Claude,  Count  de,  a  French 


c  i: 

writer,  liorii  at  Paris,  in  ]6!t2.  His  cliiuf  worl< 
is,  "  Kcriicil  (I'Aiitiqiiitos  Egyptiuimui!,  Elnis- 
qiiLS,  (ireciiufs,  Roniaiiies,  ei  (iauloidiis,"  7  toiu. 
4ro.,  ITd'il-l)".     lie  (lied  iii  17fS. 

t.'AZIOS,  Peter  .laiiiciB,  a  French  painter  and 
an  in^'euioiis  nniist,  died  in  1754. 

CAZUTTIJ,  Juiiics,  mayor  of  Pierry,  wli<),f!)r 
lii?  atiai-liMicnt  to  tfiu  Frtiidi  king,was  yuill- 
lined  in  17!i2. 

C'EBA,  Aasaldo,  a  Genoese,  of  reputation  as 
a  poliiiciau,  orator,  and  poet,  died  in  Ui-U. 

CEHKS,  tlie  antlior  of  a  little  beautiful  Grc 
ciaa  leniain,  eniiiled,  "  A  picture  of  Unman 
Xjife."  Of  this  author  we  iiave  no  account; 
save  that  lie  i.s  once  jnentioncd  by  Plato,  and 
once  by  Xeiiophon. 

VEVCODE  AHCOLr,  or  FRANCIS  DE  01,1 
STABILI,  of  Ascoli,  a  professor  at  Boloena 
was  burnt  by  order  of  tlie  inquisition,  in  ]'.iZ7. 

CECIL,  William,  lord  Burleigli  an  eminent 
F.n^lisli  statrsnian,  whose  loyalty  to  liis  sove- 
reign ((iieoM  Eli'/ahetli,  and  his  patriotism,  pre- 
served the  religion  and  the  civil  polity  of  Eng- 
land from  falling  a  prey  to  sovereign  tyranny 
and  popish  supersiitions.  He  was  born  at  Bourn, 
in  Lincolnshire,  1521,  held  the  ofiice  of  lord 
hiffli  treasurer  of  Eniiland  27  years,  and  died 
1598.  Acolleclion  of  his  state  papers  was  pub- 
lished by  Haynes,  17-10  ;  and  a  continuation  of 
them  by  Miirdin,  17(iU. 

CEOII,,  Ricliard,  an  eminent  divine  of  the 
clmrcii  of  En;rJ.Tnd,  died  in  1810. 

CECUOPS.an  Egyptian,  founder  of  the  Athe- 
nian monarchy,  1551)  li.  C. 

CEDRENUS,  George,  a  Grecian  monk,  lived 
in  the  11th  century,  and  wrote  "Annals,  or  an 
abridged  History,  from  the  beginning  of  the 
World  to  the  reign  of  Isaac  Comnenus,  emperor 
of  Constantinople,"  who  succeeded  Michael  IV. 
in  1057. 

CELESTI,  Andrea,  a  Venetian  painter,  died 
in  1706. 

CELEST1?»  I.,  was  pope  10  years  ;  be  con- 
demned the  doctrines  of  Nestorius,  and  died  in 
432. 

CELESTL^I  II.,  was  pope  5  months,  and  died 
in  1143. 

(^ELESTIN  III.,  was  pope  7  years,  and  died 
in  ] 198. 

CELESTIN  IV.,  was  pope  18  davs,  and  died 
in  1241. 

CELESTIN  v.,  elected  pope  in  120 1,  which 
office  he  afterwards  resigned  ;  he  was  imprison- 
ed bv  his  successor,  and  died  in  129(i. 

CELL.\R1TTS,  Christopher,  born  in  ]f>38,  at 
Malcalde,  in  Franconia,  died  in  1707.  lie  pub- 
lished good  editions  of  above  20  Latin  and  Greek 
authors.  His  works  relate  chiefly  to  gruminar, 
to  geography,  to  history,  and  to  the  oriental  lan- 
guages. Those  in  geography  are  well  known  as 
excellent  helps  to  the  understanding  of  ancient 
authors. 

CELLIER,  Remi,  a  benedictine  of  Bar  le  due, 

wrote  a  biogiaphicul  history,  and  died  in  17C1. 

CELLINI,  Benevento,  a  celebrated  sculptor 

and  engraver,  of  Florence,  born  in  1500,  died  in 

1570. 

CELSUS,  Aurelius  Cornelius,  a  philosopher 
and  physician,  who  flourished  under  the  reigns 
of  Augustus  and  Tiberius.  Hewrote  upon  seve- 
ral subjects,  as  we  learn  from  Uuintillian;  upon 
rhetoric,  for  which  he  is  often  quoted  and  com- 
jnended  by  this  great  master;  upon  the  military 
art ;  upon  agriculture ;  and  we  have  still  extant 
of  his  eigiit  books  "  De  Medicina,"  which  are 
written  in  very  fine  Latin. 


CE ' 

CELSUS,  an  epicurean  philosopher  of  the 
2d  century,  wlio  wrote  a  book  against  the  Chris- 
tian religion,  whicii  was  an.swercd  by  Origen. 
The  :v(irk  of  f^elsiis  is  lost. 

(JIJETES,  Conrad,  a  Latin  poet,  who  died  at 
Vieiuui,  in  hTOa,  after  having  obtained  the  lau- 
rel. 

CENSORINI'S,  Appius  Claudius,  a  Roman 
senator,  raised  to  the  tiuoue  by  ids  soldiera,  iii 

-o. 

CENSORINU S,  a  Roman  grammarian  of  the 
3d  century. 

CENTLIVRE,  Susannah,  a  celebrated  comic 
writer,  who  had  so  early  a  turn  for  poetry,  that, 
as  one  of  her  biographers  tells  us,  she  composed 
a  song  beloro  she  was  seven  years  old.  She  is 
the  author  of  1!)  dramatic  pieces,  and  several 
little  poems.  Her  talent  was  in  comedy,  particu- 
larly the  contrivance  of  plots  and  incidents.  Sho 
died  Dec.  J,  1723. 

CENTORIO,  Ascanius  anativeof  Milan,  emi- 
nent as  a  .soldier  and  philosoplier,  lived  in  the 
lOth  centurv. 

CERATINUS,  James,  or  Tcyng,  a  Hollander 
whf)  obtained  a  Greek  ])rofessorship  by  means 
of  Erasmus,  and  died  atLouvain,  in  1530. 

CEKCEAU,  Jolm  Anthony  du,  a  Frenclt 
Jesuit,  known  as  a  Latin  poet,  died  in  1730. 

CEKD A,  John  Lewis  de  la,  a  Spanish  Jesuit, 
and  an  author  of  great  learning  and  candour, 
died  in  1043. 

CERDON,  a  heretic  of  the  2d  century,  who 
rejected  the  Old  Testament  and  part  of  the 
New. 

CERETA,  Laura,  an  Italian  lady,  eminent 
for  her  knowledge  of  philosophy,  and  the  learn- 
ed languaiies,  di(!d  in  1498. 

CEIUNl,  (Jiovamii  Dominico,  an  Italian 
painter,  whose  pieces  are  esteemed  ;  he  died  in 
1C81. 

CERINTIIUS,  a  disciple  of  Simon  Magus, 
about  A.  D.  54,  a  heretic  who  denied  the  divi- 
nity of  Christ. 

CERIS ANTES,  Mark  Duncan  de,  son  of  a 
Scotch  pliysician  at  Saumur;  he  was  sent  am- 
bassador to  Turkey  by  Riclielieu,  and  died  in 
1048. 

CERMEN ATI,  John  de,  an  Italian  historian, 
who  published  an  account  of  Milan,  from  1307 
to  1313. 

CERRATO,Paul,  a  native  of  Montserrat,  of 
the  15th  century,  he  wrote  Latin  poems. 

C'ERUTl,  Frederic,  a  native  of  Verona,  and 
an  author,  died  in  1579. 

CERIUTI,  Joseph  Antony  Joachim,  a  Jesuit, 
and  proiessor  at  Lyons,  and  a  member  of  the 
national  assembly,  died  in  1702. 

CERVANTES".    See  SAAVEDRA. 

CERVETTO,  an  Italian,  of  extraordinary 
cliaracter  in  the  musical  world.  He  played  the 
bass  at  Drury-lane  Theatre,  and  died  January 
14,  1783,  in  his  103d  year.  One  evening,  when 
Mr.  Garrick  was  performing  the  character  of 
Sir  John  Brute,  during  the  drunkard's  muttering 
and  dozing  till  he  falls  asleep  in  the  chair,  (the 
audience  being  most  prolbnndly  silent  and  at- 
tentive to  the  admiralile  performer,)  Cervetto, 
in  tlie  orchestra,  uttered  a  very  loud  and  im- 
moderately-lengthened yawn  !  The  moment 
Garrick  was  off  the  stage,  he  sent  for  the  mu- 
sician, and  witli  considerable  warmth  repri- 
manded him  for  so  ill-timed  a  symptom  of  som- 
nolency ;  when  the  modern  Naso,  with  great 
address,  reconciled  Garrick  to  him  in  a  trice,  by 
saying,  witJi  a  shrug,  "I  beg  ten  tousand  par 
dons  1  but  I  always  do  so  ven  I  ^m  ver  luusch 
115 


CII 

pleasu!"  Mr.  Ccrvettovvas(]isiin;;uislicd  among 
his  Cncucls  of  the  galleries  by  Uie  iiidicrous  name 
of  No.sey,  from  the  prominency  of  his  nasal 
fcatnrf!. " 

CESALPIiVUS,  a  celebrated  Italian  writer  on 
botaiiv,  bO'  n  in  ir>19,  died  in  l(i03. 

CE&ALPINUS,  Andrew,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, born  about  1J09. 

CE>,\lvINI,  Julian,  a  Romaii  cardinal,  em- 
ployed  by  several  popes,  was  slain  in  1444. 

CESARIM,  Virginio,  a  learned  Uoinan,  cham- 
berlain to  Tiban  VIII.,  died  in  lii24. 

CESARO'l'TI,  Meli  liior,  an  Italian  poet,  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric,  and  afterwards  oi  Greek  and 
Hebrew,  in  Padua,  his  native  city,  died  in  1808. 

CESPEDr.S,  Paul,  a  Spanish  painter,  of  me- 
rit, and  a  writer,  (lit  d  in  1G08. 

CEZELiI,  Constance  de,  wife  of  Barri  de  St. 
Aunez,  governor  of  Leucate  under  Henry  IV., 
celebrated  for  her  bravery. 

CHABANES,  James  de,  a  Frenchman,  of 
great  bravery,  who  fell  at  the  battle  of  Pavia, 
in  l.'j'-j. 

CIIAB.ANON,  N.  de,  member  of  the  acad.  mv 
of  belles  lettrcs,  and  an  author,  died  at  Paris,  in 

CH  ABOT,  Francis,  a  capuchin,  was  a  violent 
jacobin,  cruel  in  his  sentiments,  and  was  guillo- 
tined in  1794. 

CH.^BRIAS,  an  Athenian  general,  who  took 
Cyprus,  and  died  355  B.  C. 

"CHARRIT,  Peter,  an  advocate  in  the  parlia- 
ment o!  Paris,  of  great  erudition,  died  in  1785. 

CHABRY,  Mark,  a  distintfiiished  painter  and 
sculptor,  died  at  Lyons,  in  J 727. 

CHAIS,  Clia.ies',  born  at  Geneva,  pastor  of  a 
church  at  the  Ha?ne,  distinguished  as  a  preacher 
and  scholar,  died  in  1786. 

CH.\ISE,'Fai  her  de  la,  a  Jesuit,  of  unccramon 
abilities,  and  confessor  to  Louis  XIV.,  born  at 
Forez,  in  the  province  of  Lyons,  about  162.). 
The  learned  Huetius,  bishop  of  Avranchos,  calls 
him  "  a  man  incredibly  well  versed  in  all  parts 
of  learning,  of  philosophy  and  divinity  in  par- 
ticular." 

CHALCIDIUS,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  of  the 
3d  century. 

CHALCOXDYLES,  Laonicus,  an  Athenian, 
of  the  15ih  century,  who  wrote  a  history  of  the 
Turks. 

CHALCOi\DYLES,  Demetrius,  a  native  of 
Athens,  and  one  of  those  learned  men  whom 
Pope  Nicholas  V.  sent  to  Rome  to  translate  the 
Greek  authors  into  Latin.  Under  his  inspection 
and  care  was  first  published  at  Florence,  in 
140!",  the  "  Greek  Le.\icon"  of  Suidas.  He  died 
about  1530. 

CIIALES,  Claudius  Francis  de,  a  Jesuit,  of 
Chaniheri,  a  royal  professor  at  Lyons,  and  au- 
thor of  several  works,  died  in  lfi73. 

CHAI.IER,  Marie  Joseph,  a  French  revolu- 
tionist, f<f  sanguinary  character ;  he  was  guillo- 
tined in  nori. 

Cf I  VLKLEY,  Thomas,  a  preacher  amons  the 
Quakers,  in  Pennsylvania,  in  1701,  died  in  Tor- 
tola,  while  on  a  visit,  in  1741 ;  he  jiublished 
some  works  on  reIi?ion. 

CHALLE.  Charles  Michael  Ancolo,  a  profes- 
sor of  painting  in  tlie  Paris  academy,  died  in 

CHALMERS,  Lionel,  M.  O.,  a  learned  phy- 
*ipiun,  of  South  Carolina,  published  several  re- 
spectable works  on  medical  subjects,  about  1767, 

C(I.\I,ON'ER,  Sir  Thomas,  born  at  London, 
about  1515  He  was  much  ern;i!'n  ,'d  in  embas- 
sies and  ueijotiations  with  foreign  courts  ;  and 
116 


CH 

died  in  1.505,  leaving  behind  him  a  work  called 
"The  right  ordering  of  the  Kiis?li«h  Republic." 
He  also  discovered  the  tirst  alum  mines  in  Eng- 
land. 

CHALONER,  Sir  Thoma.^  educated  at  Ox- 
lord,  was  tutor  to  the  prince  of  Wales,  and  died 
in  l(il5. 

CHALONER,  James,  son  of  the  preceding, 
educated  at  Oxford,  was  one  of  King  Charles' 
judses,  and  died  in  Holland,  in  itif)]. 

CHALOiNER,  Edward,  head  of  Alban  hall, 
Oxford,  a  good  preacher  and  learned  divine,  died 
in  lti25. 

CHALOTAIS,  Lewis  Rene  Caradeue  de  )a, 
knowii  as  the  author  of  a  work  on  the  Jesuits, 
died  in  1715. 

CHAMKAUD,  Lewis,  author  of  a  Frencli 
Dictionary  and  Grammar,  and  other  usefu 
school-books,  died  in  1776. 

CHA.MBERLAINE,  Robert,  an  Englishman 
.and  author  of  several  works,  died  in  the  17  th 
centurv. 

CHAMBERLAYNE,  Edward,  born  atOdinz- 
ton,  in  Gloucestershire,  in  1610,  died  in  1703 
He  wrote  m-iny  bonks ;  the  best  known  of  wliich 
is,  "  Angliit  Notitia ;  or,  the  Present  State  of 
England." 

CHAiMRERLAYNE,  John,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  continuator  of  that  useful  book, 

The  Present  state  of  England,"  was  bom 
about  1670,  and  died  in  1724,  having  published 
many  ingenious  critical,  theological,  and  moral 
works. 

CHAMBERS,  Sir  Robert,  a  learned  judge, 
educated  at  Oxford,  chief  justice  in  Bengal,  and 
president  of  the  Asiatic  society,  died  in  180:). 

CHAMBERS,  Ephraim,  author  of  the  cele- 
brated Dictionary  of  .Arts  and  ScientSes  which 
goes  under  his  name,  was  born  at  Milton,  in  the 
county  of  Westmoreland.  When  he  became  of 
a  proper  age,  he  was  put  apprentice  to  .Mr.  .Se- 
nex,  the  globe-maker,  a  business  which  is  con- 
nected with  literature,  and  especially  with  as- 
tronomy and  geography.  It  was  during  Mr. 
Chambers'  residence  with  this  skilful  mecha- 
nic, that  he  contracted  that  taste  for  science  and 
learning,  which  accompanied  him  through  life, 
and  directed  all  his  pursuits.  It  was  even  at 
this  time  that  he  formed  the  design  ot  his  grand 
work,  the  "  Cyclopa'dia  ;"  and  some  of  the  tirst 
articles  of  it  were  v.-ritten  behind  the  counter. 
He  died  May  1.5,  17)0.  The  first  edition  ol  the- 
Cyclopa'dia  was  published  in  1728,  In  2  vols, 
folio.  Another  edition,  with  considerable  im- 
provements, by  Dr.  Iti-es,  was  hMjun  to  be  pub- 
lished, in  weekly  numbers,  in  1778,  and  w.is,  in 
1785,  completed  in  4  vols.  January  1,  1802,  Dr. 
Rees  C'jinnicnced  the  publication  of  an  edition 
still  farther  enlarged,  which  has  been  recently 
completed  in  45  vols.  4to.;  most  highly  adorned, 
and  fully  illuifated,  by  engravings,  in  a  style 
of  excellence  well  suited  to  the  exalted  merif  of 
the  work  itself:  which  is  at  once  an  ornament 
10  its  editor,  and  to  the  country. 

CHAMBKRS,  Sir  William,  an  eminent  archi- 
tect, whose  name  will  be  transmitted  to  late 
posterity  as  the  builder  of  that  gre.at  national 
ornament,  Somerspt  Place.  This  superb  struc- 
ture was  begun  in  1776,  and  inhabited  iu  178.5. 
Sir  William  vi'as  by  birth  a  Swede,  but  was 
broueh!  over  to  England  at  two  years  of  ate 
Hp  vvrotp  r.n  exc(t!lc!it  '■  Treatise  on  Civil  At- 
'lilectiir,',"  a  "  Dissertation  on  Oriental  Gar- 
denins,"  i.tiblirib'-d  "  Desisns  for  Chinese  Build- 
ijigs,"  &r.   and  died  March  8,  1796. 

CHAMIER,  Daniel,  a  French  protcstant,  pro 


*.■- 


CH 


fossor  ol'  divinity  ai  Mmilaiibau.     He  ilii^w  ii|' 
the  lainous  utlici  of  A'aiiles,  and  was  kiilt-d  in 

CH.xMILLARn,  Stei)lic-n,  a  Jtsuit,  of  Boiir- 
jjfs,  oiiiineiit  as  a  scliolar  and  antiquary,  died  in 
i7;i0. 

CUAMILLART,  Michael  de,  an  rxcellent 
liilliaid  player,  was  (iionioted  to  liiv'ii  offices  ol 
Btate  bv  Lewis  XIV.,  and  died  in  \'r2\. 

CHAMOUt?^F,T,  Cliatles  Humbert,  Pierron 
de,  judge  isi  Hie  parliament  of  Paris,  a  man  of 
universal  benevolence,  died  in  1"73. 

CHAMPAGNE,  Piiilipof,  a  celebrated  painter, 
born  at  Brussels,  in  ItiChJ,  died  in  11)74. 

CHAMPAGNE,  John  Bapiiste  de,  born  at 
Brussels,  was  prolessor  of  the  academy  of  paint- 
ing at  Paris,  and  died  in  IS83. 

CHAMPEAUX,  or  CAMPELLENSIS,  Wil- 
liam de,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Paris,  vvlicre 
Abelard  was  his  pupil,  died  in  lliJl. 

CHAMPFORT,  N.,  a  Parisian,  devoted  to 
literature,  and  a  friend  of  the  revolution.  He 
destroyed  l.iniself  in  1T94. 

CHAMPU'.R,  Synipliorien,  Caniperius,  or 
Campegiiis,  a  Erenchmai;,  and  physician  to  lliei 
duke  of  Lorraine,  died  in  1540.  | 

CHAMPIOX,  Joseph,  an  Englisliman,  emi- 
nent as  a  penman 

CHAMPLAIN,  Samuel  de,  a  Frenchman, 
sent  on  a  voyage  of  discovery  to  America  by 
Henry  IV.  An  American  lake  bears  his  name. 
He  (lied  in  1635. 

CH  AMPM  ESLE,  Mary  Desmares  dc,  a  French 
actress  of  celebntv,  died  in  1098. 

CHAN'CELLOil,  Richard,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
lish navigator,  was  engaged  in  an  exploring 
vovage,  in  1553 

CHANDLER,  Mary,  an  English  lady,  distin- 
guished by  her  talent  for  poetry,  born  at  Malmes- 
burv,  in  Wiltshire,  in  1087,  died  September  11, 
1745. 

CH.\NDLER,  Samuel,  an  eminent  dissenting 
minister  and  theolo?ical  vvriter,  born  at  Hun 
gerford,  Berks,  in  16i)3,  died  in  17()6. 

CH.\NDLER,  a  native  of  England,  and  a 
baptist  minister,  settled  on  Asliley  river,  Soutii 
Carolina,  died  in  1740. 

CHANDLER,  Edward,  an  English  prelate 
and  an  author,  died  in  1730. 

CHANDLER,  Thomas  Bradbury,  D.  D.,  an 
eminent  episcopal  n)inister  and  writer,  of  Eli/.n- 
bethtown,  New-Jersey,  published  several  works 
in  defence  of  episcopacy  ;  he  died  in  17>jO. 

CH.A.NDLER,  Richard,  D.  D.,  an  ominnnt 
English  divine  and  antiqnarv,  died  in  1810. 

CHANTEREATf  LK  FF,V'RR,  Lewis,anative 
of  Paris,  and  an  author,  died  in  1658. 

CHANUT.  Peter,  a  Frenchman,  sent  as  am 
bassador  to  gweden  and  Holland,  died  in  Ififi'i. 

CHAPELAIN,  John,  a  French  poet,  born  at 
Paris,  in  1595,  chiefly  distinguished  himself  by 
a  heroic  poem,  called  "  La  Pucelle,  ou  France 
Delivree,"  and  died  in  1674. 

CHAPELLE,  Claude  Emanuel  Lullicr,  a  ce- 
lebrated French  poet,  born  at  Chapelle,  in  KiOl 
He  is  said  to  have  been  a  very  pleasant,  but 
withal  a  very  vohiptuousrnan,  and  died  in  '.SSG 
CHAPELLE,  John  de  la,  secretary  to  the 
prince  of  Conti,  whose  life  he  wrote,  died  in 
1723. 

CHAPELLIER,  Isaac  RencGuy  de,  a  native 
of  Rennes,  a  zealous  advocate  oi"  liberty  ;  he 
was  guillotined  in  1792. 

CHAPMAN,  George,  born  in  1557,  and  high  1 
ly  celebrated  in  his  time  for  his  dramatic  wri 
tings,  and  poetry.    He  translated  "  Homer's  Ili- 


CH . 

ad  and  Odyssey,"  which  are  still  looked  upon 
with  sonic'  respect.     He  wrote  17  dramatic  pie- 

s,  and  died  in  I(;34. 

(HL'VPI.l  AN,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  English 
divine,  critic,  and  vindicator  of  the  Christian 
religion,  against  Morgan,  Tindal,  and  others,  was 
born  inl'04,  and  died  1784. 

CHAPMAN,  William,  an  Englishman,  who, 
among  many  other  useful  discoveries  and  im- 
proveinenis,  was  the  first  who,  about  1758,  gave 
ilie  idea,  and  at  sea  established  by  practice,  the 
invaliialile  secret  of  making  salt  water  fresh. 
He  died  at  Newcastle,  Oct.,  1793. 

CHAPMAN,  George,  a  schoolmaster  at  Dal- 
keith, and  afterwards  at  Dumfries,  author  of 
several  works  on  education,  died  in  180(3. 

CHAPPE  D'AUTEROCHE,  Jolm.  Vid.  AU- 
TEROCIIE. 

CHAPiJNE,  Hester,  an  elegant  English  poet, 
and  moral  writer,  born  of  a  respectable  North- 
amptonshire family,  of  the  name  of  Mulso,Oct. 
27,  1727.  Her  pen  was  always  directed  to  mo- 
1  al  purposes ;  and  virtue,  far  from  showing  re- 
pulsive austerity  in  her  representations,  was  dis- 
tinguished by  endearing  graces.  She  will  long 
be  distinguished  on  the  rolls  of  literature  for  her 

Letters  on  the  Improvement  of  the  Mind, 
addressed  to  a  Young  Lady,"  2  vols.  12n)o, 
1773,  and  "  Miscellanies  in  Prose  and  Verse," 
12nio,  1775.  Mrs.  C.  died  at  Hadley,  in  Middle- 
sex, Dec.  25,  1801. 

CHAPPEL,  William,  a  very  learned  and  pi- 
ous divine,  bishop  of  Cork,  Cloyne,  and  Ross, 
in  Ireland,  born  at  Lexington,  in  Nottingham- 
hire,  in  1582,  died  1M9.  He  published,  the  yeai 
before  his  diiatli,  "  Methodus  Concionandi ;" 
that  is,  "  The  Method  of  Preaching ;"  which, 
lor  its  usefulness,  was  translated  into  English. 
To  this  bishop,  among  other  divines,  has  been 
ascribed  the  composition  of  that  excellent  book, 

The  Whole  Dntv  of  Man." 

CHAPUZEAU,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
and  preceptor  to  William  ill.,  of  England,  died 
in  1701. 

CHARAS,  Moses,  a  phj-sician,  at  Paris,  well 
known  as  an  author,  died  in  1698. 

CHARDIN,  Sir  John,  a  famous  voyager,  was 
born  at  Paris,  in  1643,  but  went  to  London  upon 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  in  1085. 
He  went  to  Persia  and  the  East  Indies,  and  traf- 
licked  in  jewels  Charles  II.,  king  of  England, 
conferred  upon  him  the  honour  of  knighthood, 
lie  died  at  London,  in  1713.  His  "  Voyages" 
have  always  been  much  esteemed,  as  very  cu- 
rious and  very  true. 

CHARELON,  a  Jesuit  missionary,  employed 
many  years  among  the  Indians  in  Michigan. 

CHARENTON,  Joseph  Nicholas,  a  French 
Jesuit,  and  missionary  to  China,  for  15  years ; 
he  died  in  1735. 

CHARES,  a  Grecian  statuary,  who  immor- 
talized himself  by  the  Colossus  of  the  Sun,  at 
Rhodes,  which  has  been  reckoned  one  of  the 
seven  wonders  of  the  world. 

CHARETTE  DE  LA  COINTRIE,  Prnncis 
Athanasins  de,  a  French  roysli.-t,  w  ho  signal- 
ized himself  by  an  able  resistance  against  the 
republican  forces,  in  la  Vendee  ;  he  was  taken 
and  shot  in  1706. 

CHARITON,  a  native  of  Cyprus,  and  an  au- 
ti'or,  in  the  4th  century. 

CHARKE,  Chariotte,  was  youngest  daughter 
of  Colley  Cibber,  the  actor,  and  afterwards  po- 
et laurcat.  At  eight  years  old  she  was  put  to 
school,  but  had  an  education  more  suitable  to  a 
bov  than  a  girl ;  and  as  she  grew  up,  followed 
117      ' 


CH 


CH 


tlie  same  plun,  being  more  truqueiitly  in  the 
stable  than  in  the  hedcliauiber,  and  mistress  ol' 
tlie  cunycomb,  though  iynoianl  of  tlie  needle. 
Her  adventures  during  the  remainder  of  her  lile. 
are  nothing  but  one  variegated  scene  ol  distress- 
es, of  a  kind  which  no  one  can  he  a  stranger 
to,  who  has  eitlier  seen,  or  read  accountj>  of 
those  most  wretched  of  all  human  beings,  the 
members  of  a  mere  strolling  company  of  actors. 
In  1755  she  went  to  London,  where  she  publish- 
ed ihe  "  Narrative  of  her  own  Life,"  to  wliicii 
death  put  a  period,  and  at  the  same  time,  to  one 
contimied  course  of  misery,  Ihe  inevitable  con- 
sequence of  folly,  imprudence,  and  absurdity, 
in  J  759. 

CllARLEM.VGNE,  or  CH.'VRLES  I.,  king  of 
France  by  succession,  and  emperor  of  the  \Vest 
by  conquest,  in  800,  (which  laid  the  foundation 
of  the  dynasty  of  the  Western  Franks,  who 
ruled  the  empire  47-2  years,  till  the  time  of  Ko- 
dol|)lms  Atispergensis,  the  founderof  the  house 
of  Austria.)  Charlemagne  was  as  illustrious 
in  the  cabinet  as  in  the  field  ;  and,  though  he 
could  not  write  liis  name,  was  the  patron  of  men 
of  letters,  the  restorer  of  learning,  and  a  wise 
legislator ;  he  wanted  only  the  virtue  of  huma- 
nity to  render  him  the  most  accomplished  of 
men  ;  but  when  we  read  of  his  beheading  4.500 
Saxon.s,  solely  for  their  loyalty  to  their  prince, 
in  opposing  his  conquests,  we  cannot  think  he 
merits  the  extravagant  encomiums  bestowed  on 
hini  by  some  historians.  He  died  in  814,  in  the 
7-lth  year  of  his  age. 

C(i.\r»LES  II.,surnamed  the  Bald,  succeeded 
to  the  Erencli  crown  in  840,  was  elected  empe- 
ror by  the  pope  and  the  Roman  people,  in  875, 
and  poisoned  in  877. 

Cli.VRLES  HL,  or  Simple,  succeeded  to  the 
fhroiie  of  France  in  893.  He  was  unequal  to 
the  government  of  a  kingdom,  and  at  last  died 
in  prison,  in  929. 

CHARLES  IV.,  the  Fair,  succeeded  to  the 
French  throne  in  132-2,  and  died  in  1328. 

CHARLES  v.,  or  Wise,  succeeded  to  the 
throne  of  France  in  1364.  By  his  abilities  and 
courage,  the  English  were  dispossessf.d  of  nearly 
all  their  provinces  in  France.  He  died  In  1380. 
CHARLES  V[.,  succeeded  to  tlie  French 
throne  in  1.380.  His  ine.tperience,  and  a  civil 
war,  weakened  the  kingdom,  and  the  defeat  ati 
Agincourt,  completed  his  misfortunes.  He  died! 
in  1422. 

Cn.\RLES  VII.,  surnamed  the  Victorious, 
succeeded  to  the  throne  in  1422.  By  his  great 
vigour  and  activity,  he  drove  the  Englisli  from 
his  kincdoin,  and  died  in  1461. 

CH  A  RLESVm.,  called  the  Affable,  ascend- 
ed the  tinone  in  1483.  After  having  conquered 
Italy,  and  heing  crowned  king  of  Naples,  and 
emperir  of  Constantinople,  lie  was  driven  into 
France,  and  died  in  1498. 

CHARLES  IX.,  ascended  the  throne  in  1.560. 
Dnriu!:  his  reign,  the  fatal  massacre  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew took  place,  which  renders  liis  name 
odious.     He  died  in  1574. 

CHARLES,  the  Fat,  son  of  Lewis,  the 
German,  was  elected  king  of  Italy,  and  em- 
peror, in  831.  By  the  intrigues  of  his  prime 
minister,  he  was' driven  from  his  throne,  and 
died  in  889. 

CH.\RLES  IV.,  grandson  of  the  emperor 
Henry  VH.,  ascended  the  imperial  throne,  in 
1317.  He  founded  the  university  of  Prague,  and 
died  in  1378. 

CHARLES  v.,  eldest  son  of  Philip,  of  Aus- 
tria, ascended  the  Spanisl)  throne  in  1516,  and 
118 


was  elected  empernr  of  Gerniany,  in  1518.  He 
resigned  his  crowns  in  1555,  retired  to  acloisivi 
and  died  in  1558. 

CHARLES  VI.  was  proclaimed  kingof  Spain, 
in  1703,  and  elected  emperor  of  Germany,  iil 
1711.  A  great  part  of  his  reign  was  spent  in 
war;  he  ilied  in  1740. 

CHAULES  VII.,  elector  of  Bavaria,  in  1726; 
he  conlested  llie  imperial  throne  with  Maria 
'riiercsii,  and  died  in  1745. 

CHARLES  1.,  kingof  Spain,  wasChailes  V., 
inperor  of  Germany. 

CHARLES  H.,  son  and  successor  of  Philip 
IV  ,  of  Spain,  in  I'JSS,  wastlie  last  of  the  eldest 
branch  of  Austrian  princes  who  reigned  in 
Spain.     He  died  in  1700. 

CHARLES  HI.,  king  of  Spain,  son  of  Philip 
v.,  was  a  monarch  of  ability  and  virtue ;  he 
died  in  1789. 

CHARLES  I.,  kingof  England,  ascended  the 
throne  in  1625.  His  reign  was  turbulent,  and  in 
the  civil  wars  he  was  defeated.  He  was  at  last 
tried  bcfoie  a  self-created  court  of  his  subjects, 
and  condemned,  and  executed,  in  1648. 

CHARLES  II.,  king  of  England,  was  in  IIol 
land  at  the  time  of  the  death  of  Charles  I.,  and 
was  restored  to  the  throne  in  IGfiO.  He  wanted 
the  virtues  ri"  Ills  father,  and  was  licentious  and 
inimoral ;  he  died  in  1685. 

CHARLES  GUSTAVUS  X.  a.scended  the 
throne  of  Sweden  in  1054.  lie  was  a. prudent 
and  warlike  monarch,  and  died  in  ICCO. 

(  HARLES  XI.,  son  and  successor  of  the  pre- 
ceding, \\  as  successful  in  war,  and  respected  aa 
a  just  prince  ;  he  died  in  1697. 

CH.ARLES  XII.,  of  Sweden,  was  born  Juno 
27,  1682,  and  set  off  in  the  style,  and  with  the 
spirit  of  Alexander  the  Great.  His  preceptor 
asking  him  wliat  he  thought  of  that  hero?  "  I 
tliink,"  says  Charles,  •'  that  I  should  choose  to 
be  like  him."  "  Aye,  but,"  said  the  tutor,  "  he 
only  lived  32  years."  "Oh,"  answered  the 
piiiice,  "  that  is  long  enough,  when  a  man  has 
conquered  kingdoms."  Inipalient  to  reign,  he 
caused  himself  to  be  declared  of  age  at  15;  and, 
at  his  coronation,  he  snatched  the  crown  from 
the  archbishop  of  Upsal,  and  put  it  njion  his 
head  himself,  with  an  air  of  grandeur  that 
struck  the  people.  His  whole  reign  \va.s  one 
continued  scene  of  warfare,  and  concluded  at 
the  siege  of  Frederickshall,  in  Nom'ay,  Decem- 
ber, 1713  ;  where,  as  he  was  visiting  "the  works 
of  his  engineers  by  star-light,  he  was  struck  upon  . 
the  head  by  a  ball,  and  killed  upon  the  spot. 
He  might  be  called  the  ftui.\otte  of  the  north, 
carrying  all  the  virtues  of  the  hero  to  an  excess, 
which  made  thenras  dangerous  and  pernicious 
as  the  opposite  vices.  His  firmness  was  obsti- 
nacy; his  liberality,  profusion;  his  courage, 
rashness;  his  severity,  cruelty;  he  was,  in  his 
last  years,  less  a  king  than  a  tyrant,  and  more 
a  soldier  than  a  hero.  The  projects  of  Alexan- 
der, whom  he  affected  to  imitate,  were  not  only 
Iwise,  but  wisely  executed :  whereas  Charles, 
^knowing  nothuig  but  arms,  never  regulated  any 
lof  his  movements  by  policy,  according  to  the 
[exigencies  of  the  conjuncture ;  but  suffered  him- 
self to  be  borne  along  by  a  brutal  courage,  which 
loftcn  led  him  into  difficulties,  and  at  length  oc- 
Icasioiied  his  death.  He  was,  in  short,  a  singu 
lar,  rather  than  a  great  man. 

CHARLES  I.,  king  of  Naples,  and  brother  to 
the  king  of  France,  was  an  able  and  politic 
prince  ;  he  died  in  1285. 

CHARLES  II.,  king  of  Naples,  surnamed  the 
Lame,  employed  himself  in  promoting  pea'd 


CH 

ami  commerce,  niicl  the  practice  of  religion 
amon>;  lii?!  people  ;  he  died  in  1309. 

CUARI-ES  HI.,  king  of  Naples,  grandson  of 
the  preceding,  obtained  the  kingdom  in  1380, 
and  died  in  I'.JSfi. 

CriAULKS  U.,  kini;  of  Navarre,  surnamed 
the  Bad.  CrueUy  aiul  artilice  marked  hi«  con 
duct ;  he  died  in  I'.iSl. 

CHARLES  MARTFX,  son  of  Pepin  IIoriFtal, 
»nd  duke  of  Austrasia,  conquered  France,  d 
t'eated  and  slew  375,000  of  the  Saraceii<>,  and 
died  in  741. 

CHARLES,  duke  of  Burgundy,  surnamed  the 
Warrior,  was  generally  successful,  but  at  last 
slain,  in  1477. 

CHARLES,  count  of  Flanders,  in  Vlli).  He 
was  benevolent  and  virtuous,  but  was  slain  in 
1124. 

CH.ARLES  I.,  duke  of  Lorraine,  claimed  the 
French  crown,  but  was  defeated,  and  died  in  9!H. 
CHARLES  U.,  duke  of  Lorraine,  a  prudent 
and  warlike  prince, died  in  1430. 

CHARLES  IV.,  duke  of  Lorraine,  was  fond 
of  military  glory,  but  lost  his  dominions,  and 
died  in  1G75. 

CHARLES  v.,  of  Lorraine,  nephew  of  Charles 
IV.,  entered  the  service  of  the  emperor  Leo- 
pold, aud  acquired  great  military  renown ;  he 
died  in  im.  \ 

CHARLES  ALEXANDER,  of  Lorraine,! 
grandson  of  Charles  V.,  was  general  of  the  im- 
perial armies,  and  a  brave  warrior ;  he  died  in 
1780. 

CHARLES  EMANUEL,  duke  of  Savoy, 
surnamed  the  Great,  an  ambitious  prince,  and 
brave  warrior,  died  in  lf)30. 

CHARLES  EMANUEL  IT.,  son  of  Victor 
Amadeus  I.,  and  duke  of  Savoy,  in  ir)38.  He 
was  an  amiable  and  benevolent  prince,  and  died 
ill  1675. 

CHARLES  EMANUEL  IH.,  son  of  Victor 
Amadeus  H.,  duke  of  Savoy,  in  1730.  He  was 
a  good  prince,  and  died  in  1773. 

CHARLES  EDWARD,  grandson  of  James| 
II.,  of  England,  known  as  the  Pretender,  landpd 
in  Scotlaud,  in  1745,  and  defeated  the  Biiiishl 
troops,  but  was  afterwards  defeated,  and  re- 
turned to  France,  where  he  died  in  1788. 

CARLETON,  Walter,  an  English  physician 
of  eminence,  died  in  1707. 

CHARLRVAL,  Charles  Faucon  de  Rey,  lord 

of,  a  French  author  of  genius,  who  died  in  1G93. 

CHARLEVOIX,  Peter  Francis  Xavier  de,  a 

learned  Jesuit,  celebrated  for  liis  travels,  died  in 

1761. 

CHARMIS,  a  physician  at  Rome,  under  Nero. 

CHARNACE,   Hercules    Giraid,   baron  de, 

sent  ambassador  to  Sweden  by  Richelieu,  died 

in  1637. 

CHARNOCK,  John,  bom  November  28, 1750, 
entered  a  gentleman-commoner  of  Mcrton  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  1774,  died  in  the  King's  Bench  pri- 
son. May  16,  1807 ;  leaving  behind  him,  among 
other  works,  "  Biographia  Navalis;"  6  vols.  8vo. 
1704,  &c.:  "  AHistorvof  Marine  Architecture," 
3  vols.  4to.,  1802;  and  a  "  Life  of  Lord  Nelson," 
1806.  His  father,  who  was  a  man  of  large  for- 
tune, totally  forsook  him  in  his  distress;  but 
buried  him,  with  great  ceremony  and  expense, 
at  Lea,  near  Blackheath,  in  the  same  grave 
which,  within  two  years  after,  received  both  his 
father  and  mother. 

CHARNOCK,  Stephen,  an  eminent  divine 
among  the  presbyterians  and  independents,  who 
published  liis  works  in  2  vols,  folio,  and  died  in 
IBSO. 


CH 

CHARNOIS,  N.  Va.'heur  de,  the  author  of 
some  popular  romances,  was  barbarously  mur- 
dered at  I'aiis,  in  1792. 

CH  \I!()N1).\S,  a  legislator,  born  in  Sicily, 
dourishud  about  400  B.  C. 

OH.VRl'ENTIER,  Francis,  dean  of  the  French 
aca<lemy,  a  man  of  learning  and  abilities,  died 
iu  1702. 

CHARRIER,  Mark  Anthony,  a  French  law- 
yer, and  ineMibor  of  the  states  general,  in  1789, 
who  bolilly  denounced  all  innovations.  He  was 
coudeniui'd  to  death,  in  1794. 

CI  I A  RIION,  Peter,  born  at  Paris,  in  1541,  died 
iu  lfi03.  He  wrote  a  book  called  "  Les  Trois 
Verites,"  The  Three  Truths,  which  he  pub- 
lished in  1594.  These  three  truths  are  the  fol- 
lowimr :  1.  That  there  is  a  God  and  a  true  reli- 
gion ;  2.  That  of  all  reliuions  the  Christian  is 
the  only  true  one ;  3.  That  of  all  the  Christian 
communions,  the  Roman  CalJiolic  is  the  only 
true  church.  His  celebrity,  however,  was  es- 
tablished by  his  "  Boolcs  of  VVisdoui,"  which 
have  been  twice  translated  into  English. 

CHARTiER,  Alan,  secretary  to  Charles  VI. 
and  Vli.,  of  France,  acquired  great  celebrity  as 
a  writer,  and  dif^d  in  1449. 

CHAIlTfER,  Rene,  a  physician  to  the  French 
king,  and  editor  of  the  works  of  Hippocrates  and 
Galen,  in  the  17th  century. 

CHASSENEUX,  Bartholomew  de,  president 
of  the  paiiiamenl  of  Provence,  who  boldly  op- 
posed the  prosecution  of  the  Vaudois.  He  was 
poisoned  in  1511. 

CH  ASTEL,  John,  the  son  of  a  woollen-dra- 
per at  Paris,  who  attempted  to  kill  Henry  IV., 
of  France,  December  27,  1.594.  This  prince, 
having  taken  a  journey  to  the  borders  of  Artois, 
had  returned  to  Paris  that  very  day.  He  was 
in  the  chamber  of  his  mistress.  Gabriella  d'Es- 
tree,  who  lived  then  at  the  hotel  de  Bouchage  . 
and  as  he  was  going  to  embrace  Montigni,  he 
was  struck  iu  his  under  lip  with  a  knife,  which 
broke  a  tooth  in  his  mouth.  John  Chastel,  who 
gave  him  that  blow,  and  designed  to  cut  his 
throat,  was  then  but  18  or  19  years  old.  He  had 
no  sooner  given  it,  than  he  dropped  his  knife, 
and  hid  himself  in  the  crowd.  Every  body  stood 
amazed,  being  at  a  loss  to  know  who  the  villain 
was ;  and  he  was  likely  to  escape  ;  but  some- 
body happened  so  cast  an  eye  upon  him,  and  he 
was  taken  ar  a  veuturo  ;  the  wildness  of  his 
look,  as  it  is  said,  betraying  him.  He  was  sen- 
tenced to  death  by  a  decree  of  the  parliament, 
December  29,  1594,  and  sulTi^red  the  same  day 
by  the  ligln  of  flambeaux.  Being  drawn  on  a 
sledge  to  la  Place  de  Greve,  (a  place  of  execu- 
tion like  Tyburn,  in  Eiisland,)  he  there  had  the 
flesh  of  his  arms  and  thighs  torn  off  with  red- 
hot  pincers ;  and  his  right  hand,  in  which  he 
held  the  knife  wherewith  he  endeavoured  to 
commit  the  murder,  cut  off;  at'terwards  his 
body  was  drawn  and  quartered  by  four  horses 
pulling  several  ways,  and  his  members  and 
corpse  thrown  into  the  fire,  and  burnt  to  ashes, 
and  the  ashes  thrown  up  into  the  air. 

CHASTELAIN,  Claude,  a  French  ecclesias- 
tic and  author,  died  in  1712. 

CHASTE LLUX,  Francis  John,  inarqnis  de, 
iield  marshal  of  France,  serveil  in  America,  in 
the  war  of  the  revolution,  was  known  as  an  au- 
thor, and  died  in  1788. 

CHAT  DE  RASTIGNAC,  Raymond  de.  a 
brave  French  olVicer,  killed  in  109G. 

CHAT  DE  RASTIGNAC,  Lewis  James  de, 
of  the  same  family  '"i-is  bisliop  of  Tonirs ;  ho 
died  in  17.")0, 


CH 

CHATEAUBIIIANI),  Fniiices  de  Vmx,  wife 
of  thecountof  tliat  name,  aiiil  mistress  of  Fran- 
cis I. ;  slie  died  in  153T. 

CHATEAU  iJRUN,  John  Baptist  Vivien  de, 
of  Angouleine.  eminent  as  a  dramatic  writer, 
died  in  1775. 

CHATEAURENARD,  Francis  Lewis  Rous! 
6c!et,  count  de,  an  admiral  of  France,  distia- 
guislied  for  liis  courage,  died  in  171t). 

UHATEL,  Taunoh'iiy  fie,  a  French  general, 
was  intrusted  with  important  embassies,  and 
liied  in  1449. 

CIIATEL,  Peter  du,  or  CASTELLANUS, 
educated  at  Dijon,  was  a  learned  Grecian  scho- 
lar ;  he  died  in  1552. 

CHATEL,  Francis  du,  a  Dutch  painter,  of 
the  17th  century. 

CII.'VTELARI),  N.  du,  a  French  pentleman, 
passionaif'lv  fond  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots. 

CHATELeT,  Paul  du  Hay,  lord  de,  a  man 
of  integrity,  and  an  author,  died  in  Vj'M.' 

CHATELET,  Gabrielle  Emilie,  marchioness 
de.  a  most  illustrious  French  writer  on  pliilo- 
sopliical  subjects,  in  which  she  is  said  to  have 
rivalled  Leibnitz  and  Newton.  She  wrote  "  In 
stitutcs  of  Physics,"  a  vi'ork  considered  as  a 
masterpiece  of  eloquence  and  reasoning,  being 
a  commentary  on  Leibnitz's  philosophy.  This 
learned  lady  was  born  in  Pitardy,  in  170G,  and 
diedinl74it. 

CHATTERTON,  Thomas,  a  most  a.nonish- 
inc;  genius,  born  at  Bristol,  November  20,  1752, 
and  educated  at  a  charity-school  on  St.  Augus- 
tin's  Back,  where  nothing  more  was  taught  than 
reading,  writing,  and  accounts.  At  14  years  of 
age,  he  was  articled  cick  to  an  attorney  at 
Bristol,  with  whom  he  continued  about  three 
years:  and,  though  his  education  was  thus 
confined,  he  discovered  an  early  turn  toward 
poetry  and  English  antiquities,  and  particular- 
ly toward  heraldry.  In  April,  1770,  he  left 
Bristol,  disgusted  with  his  profession,  and  irre- 
concileable  to  the  line  of  life  in  which  lie  wa; 
placed  ;  and  going  to  London,  in  hopes  of  ad- 
vancing his  fortune  by  his  pen,  he  sank  at  Dnce 
from  the  subliniity  of  his  views  to  an  alsolute 
dependence  on  the  patronage  of  boofc-ellers 
He  continued  to  write  ince.ssantly  In  various 
periodical  publications ;  but  all  these  exertions 
of  his  genius  brought  in  so  little  profit,  that  he 
was  soon  reduced  to  the  extremest  indigence 
so  that,  at  last,  oppressed  with  poverty  and  dis 
ease,  in  a  fit  of  despair,  he  put  a  period  to  hi; 
existence,  August,  1770,  with  a  dose  of  poison 
In  1777,  were  published,  in  one  vol.  8vo.,  "  Poems 
supposed  to  have  been  written  at  Bristol,  by 
Thomas  Rowley  and  others,  in  the  15th  centu- 
ry: the  greatest  part  now  first  published  from 
the  most  authentic  copies,  with  an  engraved 
specimen  of  one  of  the  MSS.  To  which  are 
added,  a  preface,  an  introductory  account  of 
the  several  pieces,  and  a  glossary."  And,  In 
1778,  were  published,  in  one  vol.  8vo.,  "  Miscel- 
lanies in  Prose  and  Verse,  by  Thomas  Chatter- 
Ion,  the  supposed  author  of  the  Poems  published 
under  the  names  of  Rowley,  fee."'  Concerning 
th-;  authenticity  of  the  poems  under  the  name 
of  Rowley,  (that  is,  whether  thev  wi  re  really 
written  by  a  person  of  that  name,  or  were  only, 
what  they  are  now  generally  supposed  to  be,l 
the  forgeries  of  Chatterton,)  there  long  existed, 
a  mighty  controversy  ;  and  the  war  among  thei 
critics  has  even  now  scarcely  subsided.  An; 
edition  of  Chatterton's  Poems  was  pnl)lished  by 
Mr.  Soutliev,  n  vols.  8vo.,  1803.  ' 

CHAUCI:r,  Geoffrey,  one  of  the  greatest,  as 
well  as  most  ancient  of  the  English  poets,  was 
120 


CH 

boru  in  London,  in  13-2.S.  He  was  tducated  at 
Cambridge,  where  he  resided  in  his  13th  year, 
when  he  wrote  "  the  Court  of  Love,"  and  some 
other  pieces.  His  distinguished  accouiplish- 
ments,  both  of  body  and  mind,  gained  him  the 
friendship  of  many  persons  of  distinction,  by 
whom  he  was  drawn  to  court;  and,  in  1308,  he 
was  made  gentleman  of  the  king's  privy  cham- 
ber. In  1382,  navuig  given  ofl'oncc  to  the  clergy, 
by  adopting  many  of  VVicklifl'e's  tenets,  he  was 
obliged  to  quit  the  kingdom ;  and  in  Hainault, 
France,  and  Zealand,  he  wrote  most  of  his 
books.  His  necessities  forcing  him  to  return  to 
England,  he  was  discovered,  seized,  and  sent  to 
prison.  But,  upon  discovering  all  he  knew  of 
the  late  transactions  in  the  city,  he  was  dLs- 
charged.  Tliis  confession  brought  upon  him  a 
heavy  load  of  calumny.  To  give  vent  to  his 
sorrow  at  this  time,  he  wrote  his  "  'Testament 
of  Love,"  in  imitation  of"  Boethiusde  Conso 
latione  Philosophia;,"  and  not  long  after,  his 
.idinirable  "  Treatise  on  the  Astrolabe."  lie 
died  October  25,  1400,  and  was  buried  at  West- 
minster Abbey,  in  the  great  south  cross  aisle. 
His  "  Canterbury  Tales,"  the  most  considerable 
of  his  works,  have  been  incomparably  well  pub- 
lished hv  Mr.  Tyrwhitt. 

CHAtTMETTE,  Peter  Gaspard :  after  guiding, 
wilU  Hebcrt,  the  sanguinary  multitude  of  Paris 
he  was  guillotined  by  Robespierre,  in  1794. 

CHALTMONT,  Joseph,  an  Italian  Jesuit,  mis- 
sionary among  the  Indians  in  North  America. 

CHATJNCEV',  Charles,  a  nonconformist  di 
vine,  emigrated  to  America,  became  president 
of  Harvard  Colleee,  and  died  in  1671. 

CHAUNX'EV,  Charles,  D.  D.,  descendant  of 
the  preceding,  minister  of  the  first  church  in 
Boston,  eminent  for  his  learning,  and  author  of 
inimerous  pi!blicaiions,  died  in  17S7. 

CHAUNCKV,  Irhabod,  a  non-conform>«l 
ejected  from  his  living,  died  in  IfiOl. 

CHAUNCEY,  Maurice,  a  catholic,  confe.sF  ir 
to  queen  Mary,  and  a  historian,  died  in  l.j&l.» 

CHAUNCEY,  Charles,  L.  L.  D.,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  was  secretary  of  state,  and  aftervv-ards 
a  judge  of  the  superior  court  in  the  state  of 
Conuerticnt;  he  died  in  1822. 

CH.'VUNCY, Sir  Henry,an  eminent  antiquary, 
author  of  "  The  Antiquities  of  Hertfordshire,' 
folio.  This  work,  which  is  much  esteemed,  and 
now  become  very  scarce,  was  published  in  1700, 
in  which  vear  also  its  author  died. 

CHAUSSG,  Michael  Angelo  de  la,  a  learned 
antiquary,  of  Paris,  and  an  author  of  the  17th 
century. 

CHAUVEAU,  Francis,  a  celebrated  painter 
and  engraver,  of  Paris,  who  died  in  1676. 

CHAUVEAU.  Rene,  son  of  the  preceding, 
distinguished  as  a  sculptor,  died  in  1722. 

CHAUVIN,  Stephen,  a  French  prolestant  di- 
vine, born  1C40,  died  1725  His  principal  litera- 
ry productions  were,  "  A  Lexicon  Philosophi 
cum,"  and  a  new  "  Journal  des  Savans." 

CHAZELLE3,  John  Matthew,  a  celebrated 
French  mathematician,  who  died  in  17 10. 

CHECCLEY,  Saumel,  minister  in  Boston, 
was  a  plain  and  evangelical  preacher;  he  died  in 
1769. 

CHREVER,  Samuel,  first  mini.ster  of  Mar- 
blehead  ;  died  in  1734.  He  had  preached  5C 
years. 

CHKEVER,  Ezekiel,  an  eminent  instructer. 
at  New-Haven,  Ipswich,  and  Charlestown  ;  also 
a  poet  ;  he  died  in  1708. 

CH^KE,  Sir  .John, preceptor  to  Edward  VI. 
anil  a  c  itical  writer  on  Greek  literature,  bom 
at  Cambridge  t614.  dlcK  1557. 


ClI 

OHEFONTAlNES.Ctiriitophoide,  a  French 
man,  made  archbishop  of  Cssaria  by  Gregory 
XUl.,  a  learned  man,  died  in  1595. 

CHELONIS,  daughter  of  Leonidas,  king  of 
Sparta. 

CHEMIN,  Catliarine  du,  a  French  lady,  ce- 
lebrated tor  painting  flowers  ;  she  died  in  10il8, 

C'HEMlNAIS,TimoIeon,  a  celebrated  preach- 
er aiiionji  the  French  Jesuits,  died  in  1090. 

CHEMNITZ,  Martin,  a  Lutheran  divine,born 
at  Britzen,  in  Brandenburch,  in  152'i.  His  "  Ex- 
amination of  the  councif  of  Trent"  has  been 
considered  a  very  masterly  performance. 

CHEMNITZ,  Boreslaus  Philip,  a  (lerman, 
counsellor  of  state  totheijueen  of  Sweden,  and 
an  atithor.    He  died  in  1678. 

CHERILUS,  a  Greek  poet,  intimate  with  He- 
rodotus. 

CIJERON,  Elizabeth  Sophia,  daughter  of  a 
French  painter,  wiio  obtained  celebrity  by  her 
peiic;il,  and  died  in  1711. 

CHERON,  Lewis,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
and  of  tlie  same  profession,  died  in  17 lU. 

CHERIIBIN,  Father,  a  capuchin  friar  of  the 
17th  century,  was  a  mathematician  and  philoso- 
pher. 

CHESELDEN,  William,  an  eminent  English 
surgeon  and  anatomist,  born  atSomerby,  in  Lei- 
cestershire, 1688.  So  early  as  the  age  of  '22,  he 
read  lectures  in  anatomy  :  of  which  the  "  Syl- 
labus" was  lirst  printed  in  1711,  and  afterwards 
annexed  to  his  "  A  natomy  of  the  Human  Body," 
printed  first  in  1713,  8vo.  But  what  lie  more 
particularly  attended  to,  was  the  operation  of 
cutting  lor  the  stone.  In  1722,  he  gained  great 
reputation  in  this  way ;  and  the  year  after,  pub- 
tished  liis  "  Treatise  on  the  High  Operation  for 
the  Stone."  In  1728,  he  imniortahzed  himself 
by  giving  sight  to  a  lad  near  14  years  old,  who 
had  been  totally  blind  from  his  birth,  by  the  clo- 
sure of  the  iris,  without  the  least  opening  for 
light  in  the  pupil ;  and  drew  up  a  particular  ac- 
count of  the  whole  process,  with  the  various  ob- 
servations made  by  the  patient  after  he  had  re- 
covered his  sight.     He  died  April  10,  1752. 

CHESNE,  Joseph  du,  a  French  physician  and 
writer  on  chymistry,  died  11309.  Besides  his  pro- 
fessional works,  he  was  author  of  two  books  in 
verse  called  "  The  Folly  of  the  World,"  and 
!'  The  Great  Mirror  of  the  World." 

CHESNE,  Andre  du,  called  the  father  of 
French  history,  was  born  in  Touraine,  1584,  and 
crushed  to  death  by  a  cart,  as  he  was  passing 
from  Paris  to  his  country  house,  in  1640.  His 
principal  work  was, "  Uii  Recueil  des  Historiens 
de  France." 

CHESTER,  John,  an  officer  in  the  American 
army,  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of 
Bunker's  hill,  and  afterwards  attained  the  rank 
of  colonel ;  he  died  in  1809. 

CHESTERFIELD,  Philip,earl  of,  see  STAN 
HOPE. 

CHET  WODE,  Knightley,  dean  of  Gloucester, 
author  of  a  "  Life  of  lord  Roscommon,"  and  of 
several  poems,  died  1720. 

CHETWOOD,  William  Rufus,  many  years 
prompter  to  Drury-lane  Theatre,  author  of  some 
novels,  a  few  dramatic  pieces,  and  a  duodecimo 
volume  called,"  .\  General  History  of  the  Stage." 
He  died  in  March,  1766. 

CHEVALIER,  Anthony  Rodolphle,  a  French 
protestant,  who  tauL'ht  the  French  language  to 
queen  Elizabeth  ;  lie  died  in  1572. 

CHEVALIER,  Lewis,  an  eminent  French 
lawyer,  and  a  very  pious  man,  died  in  1744. 

CHEVERT,  Francis  de,  a  French  general  of 
•reat  bravery,  wiio  died  in  176D 


Q 


CH 

CHEVILLIER,  Andrew,  was  librarian  to  the 
Sorbonne,  and  an  author  ;  he  died  in  1700. 

CHEVREAU,  Urban,  born  at  Louduu,  in 
France,  1613,  died  17U1.  He  wrote  "  A  History 
of  the  World,"  which  has  been  printed  many 
times,  and  translated  into  several  languages. 

CHEW,  Benjamin,  a  native  oI'Maiyland,  was 
chief  Judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  afterwards  president  of  the  high  court 
of  appeals  in  that  state  ;  he  died  in  1810. 

CHEYNE,  George,  a  celebrated  physician, 
born  of  a  respectable  family,  iu  Scotland,  li)71, 
and  educated  at  Edinburgh,  under  Dr.  I'itcairn. 
He  passed  his  youth  in  close  study  and  great  ab- 
stemiousness ;  but  coming  to  London  when  a- 
boutSO,  and  liiiding  the  bottle  comjiaiiions,  the 
younger  gentry  and  free-livers,  to  be  the  most 
easy  of  access,  and  most  susceptible  of  friend- 
ship, he  changed  his  course  with  a  view  to  force 
a  (rade,  till  he  at  length  grew  excessively  fat, 
siiort-breathed,  lethargic,  and  listle.^s,  and  swell- 
ed to  such  an  enormous  size,  that  he  cxcei  (led 
32  stone  in  weight.  Having  tried  all  the  power 
of  medicine  in  vain,  he  resolved  at  last  to  use  a 
milk  and  vegetable  diet,  which  removed  his 
complninls.  His  size  was  reduced  to  almost 
one  tliird  ;  he  recovered  his  strength,  activity, 
and  cheerfulness,  with  the  free  and  perfect  use 
of  his  faculties,  and  by  a  regular  observance  of 
this  regimen  reached  a  mature  period  ;  for  he 
died  at  Bath,  in  ids  72dyear.  He  wrote  among 
other  things,  "  An  Essay  on  HeaUh  and  Long 
Life ;"  •'  An  Essay  on  the  true  Nature  and  due 
Method  of  treating  the  Gout ;"  "A  new  Theory 
of  acute  and  slow  continued  Fevers ;"  "  Philo 
sophical  Principles  of  Religion,  Natural  and  Re- 
vealed, ill  two  parts  ;"  "  The  Eut;lish  Malady  ; 
or  a  Treatise  of  Nervous  Diseases  of  all  kinds, 
in  three  parts." 

CHE  YNRL,  Francis,  a  non-conformist  pliysi- 
cian  and  controversial  writer  ;  he  wrote  chiefly 
against  Chillingworth:  he  was  born  at  Oxtord, 
1608,  and  died  1665. 

CHIABRERA,  Gabriello,  an  Italian  poet  <5f 
note,  died  in  1638. 

CHIARI,  Joseph,  a  historical  paintcr,of  Rome, 
died  in  1727. 

CHIAVISTELLI,  Jacob,  a  perspective  pain- 
ter, of  Florence,  died  in  1698. 

CHICHELY,  or  CHICHLEY,  Henry,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  was  born  at  Iligham  Fer- 
rers, in  Northamptonshire  ;  he  founded  and  en- 
dowed All  Souls'  College,  Oxford,  and  died 
April  12,  1443. 

CHICHERLY,  Sir  Henry,  lieutenant  governor 
of  the  colony  of  Virginia;  repeatedly,  in  the 
absence  of  the  governor,  at  the  head  of  the  go- 
vernment, which  he  administered  with  fidelity. 

CHICOYNEAU,  Francis,  phjsician  to  the 
French  king,  contended  that  the  plague  was  not 
contagious;  he  died  in  1752. 

CHICOYNEAU,  Francis,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, professor  and  chancellor  of  the  univers/iy 
of  Montpelier,  died  in  1740. 

CHIFFLET,  John  James,  a  Freneiiman,  phy- 
sician to  Philip  IV.  of  Spain. 

CHILD,  Sir  Josiah,  author  of  a  well  written 
"  Essay  on  "l^ade,"  was  born  1630,  and  died 
1699,  leaving  a  son  who  was,  in  1718,  created 
viscount  Castelmaine,  and  in  1731  earl  Tylney. 
The  title  of  Tylney  is  now  extinct. 

CHILDEBERT  I.,  king  of  France,  in  511,  de- 
feated the  king  of  Burgundy,  and  died  at  Paris, 
in  55S. 

CHILDEBERT   II.,  son    of   Sigebert  and 
Brunehaut,  succeeded  his  father  in  the  kingdom 
of  Austrasia,  in  575,  and  died  in  596. 
I  121 


<^n 

""CHirDEBERT  111.,  brother  of  flovis  HI.,] 
gui  named  tlie  Just,  died  in  711. 

CHILDKKK;  I.,  king  of  France,  in  456,  was] 
hani.shpd  for  his  ill  conduct,  ai'terwards  recalled, 
improved  hi.s  kiiijidoiii,  and  died  in  481. 

CHtLDKRtC  II.,  son  of  Clovis  and  Bathilda, 
succeeded  tiis  brother  Clotaire  III.,  in  070,  was 
licentious  and  cruel,  and  was  assassinated  in 
07.3. 

t^HILDERIC  III.,  surnamed  the  Ideot  and 
the  Idle,  was  raised  to  the  throne  by  his  minister 
Pepin,  in  74'2,  who  next  a5rendrd  it  himself. 

CHILLINGWOR'I'H,  William,  a  divine  of 
the  church  of  England,  celebrated  for  his  skill 
in  defending  the  cause  of  protestaiUs  against  pa 
pists,  born  at  Oxford,  lfi(tt,  died  KJ44.  His  most 
important  work  is,  "  A  free  Inquiry  into  Reli- 
gion." 

CHILMEAD,  Edmund,  was  ejected  from  his 
living,  and  died  in  1G54. 

CHILO,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of  Greece, 
died  .597  B.  C 

CHILPERIC  I.,  youngest  son  of  Clotaire  I., 
succeeded  to  the  kingdom  of  Soissons,in  561,  was 
a  wicked  and  cruel  monarch,  and  was  assassin- 
ated in  584. 

CHILPERIC  IT.,  son  of  Childerlc  11,  succeed- 
ed Dagobert  III.,  in  715.  He  lost  his  throne 
and  died  in  7-20. 

CHINE  NOrNG,  emperor  of  China,  about 
2837  B.  C,  instructed  his  subjects  in  various 
arts. 

CHING,  or  XI-llO\M-TI,  emperor  of  China, 
ahout240  B.  C,  is  said  to  have  built  the  great 
Chinese  wall. 

CHIR.\C,  Peter,  pliysician  to  the  French 
king,  was  an  author,  and  died  in  1732. 

CHTSHCLL,  Edmund,  educated  at  Oxford, 
was  the  author  of  travels  in  Turkey,  and  died 
in  1733. 

CHITTEMDEX,  Thomas,  first  governor  of 
Vermont;  a  native  of  Connecticut:  an  illiterate 
man,  but  possessed  great  talents,  and  of  great 
private  virtue.     He  died  in  1797. 

CHOIN,  Man,'  Emily  Joly  de,  a  lady  of  a  no 
ble  family  of  Havoy,  was  privately  married  to 
the  dauphin  of  F.-ance,  and  died  in  1744. 

CHOISETJL, Stephen  Francis  due  de.a  French 
politician  ofgrcat  abilities, and  a  generous  patron 
of  the  arts :  he  died  in  1785. 

CHOISI,  Francis  Tinioleon  de,  dean  of  P.a- 
yeux,  and  ambassador  to  the  king  of  Siam  ;  he 
died  in  1724. 

CHOMEL,  Peter  John  Baptist,  physician  to 
the  French  king,  and  an  author,  died  in  1740. 

CHOPIN,  Kon6,  a  distinguished  lawyer,  of 
Anjou,  died  in  1006. 

CHOllIER,  Nicholas,  advocate  in  the  par- 
liament of  Grenoble,  and  an  author,  died  in  1692 

CHOSROE3,  I.,  the  Great,  king  of  Persia 
In  531,  was  defeated  by  the  Romans,  and  died 
of  vexation,  in  579. 

CHOSROES  II.,  succeeded  to  the  Persian 
throne  in  590.  By  the  aid  of  the  Romans,  he 
ponquered  Eg>-pt,  Africa,  and  Juda;;  he  died 
in  027. 

CHOUET,  Jolin  Robert,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
and  professor  of  philosophy  at  Saumur,  of  dis 
tincuishcd  talents,  died  in  1731. 

CHOUL,  William  du,  a  French  antiquary, 
of  Lyons,  published  a  valuable  work,  in  1556. 

CHRISTIE,  Hugh,  master  of  the  grammar 
school  at  Montrose,  in  Scotland,  wrote  a  "  Latin 
Grammar,"  and  an  "  Introduction  to  the  mak- 
ing of  Latin,"  both  of  which  are  much  esteemed, 
and  died  in  1774. 
^Jt> 


CH 

iCHRISTIERN  I.,  king»f  Denmark,  succeed- 
ed Chri.stopher  of  Bavaria,  in  1448.  He  was  a 
popular  induarch,  and  died  in  1481. 

CHRISTIERN  II.,  surnam»d  the  Cruel,  as- 
cended the  Danish  throne  in  1513,  and  was  elect- 
id  king  of  Sweden,  in  1520.  He  was  expelled 
from  the  throne,  and  died  in  pris-on,  in  1.559 

CIIRIH  riERN  HI.,  successor  of  Frederic  I., 
in  1.534;  lie  embraced  the  opinions  of  Luther, 
and  died  in  1559. 

CHRIfiTlERN  IV.,  ascended  the  Danish 
throne  in  ].5''6.  He  was  an  able  and  benevolent 
monarch,  and  died  in  lt>48. 

CHRISTIERN  V.,  succeeded  to  the  throne  in 
1670 ;  he  was  a  warlike  prince,  and  died  in  1690. 

CHRISTIN.X,  queen  of  Sweden,  and  daugh- 
ter of  Gustavus  Adolphus  the  Great,  born  Dec. 
8,  10-26.  She  succeeded  him  in  the  government 
of  the  kingdom,  in  1633,  and  ruled  it  with  great 
wisdom  and  prudence,  till  lf).54,  when  slie  re- 
signed it  in  favour  of  her  cousin,  Charles  Gus- 
tavus. She  then  changed  her  religion  for  tliat 
of  the  Romish  church,  and  retired  to  Rome ; 
yet  upon  the  death  of  Charles  Gustavus,  whicli 
happened  in  1660,  she  returned  to  Sweden,  with 
an  intent  to  resume  the  goverTiment.  But  this 
could  not  be  admitted,  because,  by  thelawsand 
constitution  of  the  land,  Roman  Catholics  are 
excluded  from  the  crown.  She  died  at  Rome, 
in  1689.  She  was  a  woman  of  uncommon  parts, 
and  asunconmion  learning  ;  for  she  understood 
several  languages,  and  was  a  perfect  mistress 
in  the  belles  kttreg. 

CHRISTOPHKRSON,  John,  an  English  pre- 
late, and  m.ister  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
in  queen  Mary's  reign. 

CHRYSH'PIJS,  a  celebrated  stoic  philosopher, 
born  at  Soli,  a  city  of  Cilicia,  wrote  a  great  ma- 
ny books,  above  700,  as  we  are  told,  several  of 
which  belonged  to  logic.  He  died  in  the  143(1 
Olympiad ;  and  had  a  monument  erected  to  hits 
aniong  those  of  the  illustrious  Athenians. 

CHRYSOLORAS,  Emanuel,  alearned  Greek, 
Limbassador  to  England,  from  John  Palaeologus, 
died  in  1415. 

CHRYSOSTOM,  .lohn,  so  called  from  his 
eloquence,  was  born  at  Antioch,  of  a  noble  fa- 
mily, about  354,  consecrated  bishop  of  Constan- 
tinople, in  398,  and  died  407.  The  works  of  this 
father  arc  very  voluminous. 

ClirBB,  Thomas,  born  at  East  Hamham, 
near  Salisbury,  Wilts,  1679.  He  was  bred  a 
glover,  but  became  tolerably  versed  in  mathe- 
matics, geograi>hy,  and  many  other  branches  of 
science.  But  divinity  above  all  was  his  favour- 
ite study ;  and  it  is  said,  lliat  a  little  society  was 
formed  at  Salisbury,  under  the  management  antf 
iirection  of  Chubb,  for  the  purpose  of  debatint; 
upon  religious  subjects.  Here  the  Scripture? 
are  reported  to  have  been  read  under  the  guid- 
ance of  some  commentator;  and  every  man  de- 
livered his  sentiments  upon  all  points  freely,  anJ 
without  re?er\-e.  About  this  time,  the  contro- 
versy upon  the  Trinity,  w.as  carried  on  very 
warmly  between  Clarke  and  Waterland  ;  and, 
falling'  undi!r  the  cognizance  of  this  theological 
assembly,  Chubb,  at  the  request  of  the  mem- 
bers, drew  up  and  arranged  his  sentiments  about 
it,  in  a  kind  of  dissertation  ;  which,  after  it  had 
undergone  some  correction,  appeared  to  the 
world  under  the  title  of  "  The  Supremacy  of 
the  Father  asserted,  &c.,"  and  gained  him  great 
celebrity.  He  died  at  Salisbun,-,  in  his  68tl» 
vear,  leaving  behind  him  2  vols,  of  posthumous 
works,  which  he  calls  "  A  Farewell  to  his  Read- 
er ;"  from  which  we  may  fairly  form  this  judj- 


( 1 

niuiii  of  liis  (ipiuioiis  ;  "  that  ho  hud  liltlo  or  no 
belif  f  of  iwelatioii ;  indeed  he  plainly  icjecis 
tlie  Jevvisli  revelation,  and  consciiuently  the 
t'hi  islian  which  is  loinided  ii|ion  it ;  that  he  dis- 
claims a  future  jiidpiiient,  and  is  very  uncertain 
as  to  any  fniuie  slate  of  existence  ;  that  a  par- 
ticular Providence  is  not  dediicihle  from  the 
pliu'iiomena  of  the  world,  and,  iherelure,  that 
praver  cannot  be  proved  a  duty,"  &c.  &c. 

(;m'UU;i<;il,  l.ady  Maiy,  a  poet  and  mis- 
folianeous  wiiier,  horn  at  VXinsloder,  in  Uevon- 
ahire,  in  lG5(i,  died  17IU. 

<;HUH<JH,  Benjamin,  distinf,'uishcd  by  his' ex- 
ploits in  the  Indian  wars,  in  Kew  Enjiland.  He 
roinmanded  the  party  that  killed  the  famous 
Pliilip,  and  died  in  llis. 

CHURCHIH.,  Sir  Winston,  l<nown  as  the  fa- 
ther of  the  sireatilukeof  Marlborou|ili,  diedl(i88. 

CHURCHILL,  John,  duke  of  Marlborough, 
and  Prince  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  was  el- 
dest son  of  Sir  Winston  Churchill,  and  born  at 
Aslic,  in  Devonshire,  on  inidsuinnier-duy,  in 
KioO.  As  a  cou)mander-in  chief  of  the  British 
army,  he  stands  unrivalled  ;  but  the  limited  na- 
ture of  our  work,  will  not  allow  ns  to  relate  all 
tiie  military  acts  in  which  he  was  engaged  :  it 
is  suflicient  to  say,  that,  numerous  as  they  were, 
they  were  all  successful.  He  died  June  16,  l'!'22, 
at  Windsor  Lodge,  and  was  buried  in  West- 
jninster  Abbey. 

CHURGHILf,,  Chnrlps,  an  English  poet,  and 
celebrated  satirist,  born  in  L<indon,  in  171'.!,  and 
bred  to  the  church.  His  first  poem  was  "  The 
Rosciad  ;"  which  by  the  justness  of  its  remarks, 
and  particularly  by  the  severity  of  its  satire, 
greatly  excited  the  public  curiosity.  His  next 
perl'ormance  was  "  -An  Apology  to  the  Critical 
Heviowers ;"  a  performance  much  applauded 
also,  and  equally  satirical  with  tlie  former.  But 
what  fame  he  got  by  these  (iroductions,  whicli 
waa  indeed  very  great  and  deserved,  he  lost  by 
llis  morals  ;  and  while  his  writings  amused  the 
town,  his  actions  disgusted  it.  Drunk  with  suc- 
cess, he  now  quitted  his  wife,  and,  resigning  his 
gown,  with  all  clerical  functions,  commenced  a 
man  of  the  town,  and  indulged  in  all  the  gayc- 
tit:s,  and  even  vices  of  it.  His  next  poem  was 
entitled  "  Night;"  and  after  that.he  published 
"  The  Ghost."  Dr.  Johnson,  the  author  of  the 
"Rambler,"  had,  it  seems,  spoken  lightly  of 
Churchill's  productions:  in  this  poem,  he  has 
described  Johii.sou  under  the  character  of  Poni- 
poso,  and  the  description  is  allowed  to  have  me- 
rit. The  poems,  "  Night,"  and  "  The  Ghost," 
had  not  the  rapid  sale  expected  by  the  author; 
but,  "  The  Prophecy  of  Famine,"  which  suc- 
ceeded, produced  him  again  in  all  liis  lustre.  He 
afterwards  published  his  "  Epistle  to  Hogarth," 
'•  Gotham,"  "  Independence,"  "  The  Times," 
&c.,  and  died  at  Boulogne,  Nov.  5.  1764. 

CHURCHMAN,  John,  a  quaker  of  Mary- 
land, distinguished  for  his  philosophical  re- 
searches, died  in  1805. 

CHURCHYARD,  Thomas,  an  English  poet, 
principally  known  by  "  The  Wonliiness  of 
Wales,"  a  book,  in  its  time,  greatly  esteemed, 
and  reprinted  in  1776.    He  died  about  1570. 

CHYTR/EUS,  David,  divinity  professor,  at 
Bostock,  died  in  1600. 

CIACONIUS,  Alphonsus,  of  Baeca,  in  An- 
dalusia, styled  patriarch  of  Alexandria,  died  at 
Eomc,  in  1599. 

CIACONIUS,  Peter,  a  critic  of  Toledo,  who 
died  at  Itome  in  1581. 

CI.VMPELLl,  Augustine,  of  Florence,  an 
eininent  historical  paintRi,  died  In  IGIU. 


CI '_ 

CI Afll  PI N r,  John  J ustin,  a  learned  Italian  au' 
tlior,  died  in  ](i'j8. 

CIBIiER,  Colk  y,  poet  laureat  to  George  II., 
comedian,  and  dramatic  writer,  born  m  London, 
Nov.  6,  1671.  "  The  Careless  Husband,"  is 
reckoned  his  best  play,  and  was  acted  in  1704, 
with  great  and  deserved  success.  But  of  all 
his  plays,  none  wa-s  of  more  imiiortauce  to  him- 
self, than  his  comedy  called  " 'I'he  Nonjuror," 
which  was  acted  in  1'  17,  and  dedicated  to  tlie 
king;  for  when  he  presented  it  to  turn,  that 
monarch  ordered  liiui  200/. ;  and  the  merit  of  it, 
as  lie  bimself  confesses,  made  him  poet  laureat 
in  I7;iu.  The  same  year  he  quitted  the  stage, 
though  he  did  not  die  till  Dec.  1757.  He  did  not 
ucceed  in  writing  tragedy,  any  more  than  he 
did  in  acting  it  ;  nor  iu  his  laureate  capaciiy; 
his  odes  not  partaking  of  that  genius  and  spirit, 
which  he  has  shown  in  his  comedies. 

CIBBKR,  Theophilus,  a  comedian,  and  son 
of  tile  preceding,  was  born  in  1703.  After  lead- 
ing a  life  of  unboupded  extravagance,  he  was, 
in  the  winter  of  17.57,  engaged  by  Mr.  Sheridan 
to  go  over  to  Dublin,  and  perished  by  shipwreck 
on  his  jiassage.  His  name  appears  to  "  The 
Lives  of  the  Poets  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland," 
175:)  5  vols.  12mo ;  the  real  compiler,  however, 
was  Mr.  Robert  Shiels,  an  amanuensis  e*'  Dr. 
Johnson's.  In  the  dramatic  way,  he  1'%  alter- 
ed for  tlie  stage,  three  pieces  of  other  authors, 
and  ijroduccd  one  of  his  own. 

CIBIUOR,  Susannah  Maria,  who  for  several 
years  was  reckoned  not  only  the  best  actress  in 
England,  but  .supposed  by  many  to  excel  the  ce- 
lebrated Hiademoiselle  Clairon,  of  the  continent, 
was  the  daughter  of  an  eiiiinont  upholrjterer  in 
Covent  Garden,  and  sister  to  Dr.  Thomas  Au- 
gustin  A  rue,  celebrated  for  his  ta.ste  in  musical 
composition.  Her  first  appearance  on  the  stage 
was  asa  singer, in  which  light,  the  sweetness  of 
her  voice  rendered  her  very  conspicitous,  In 
April,  1734.  she  married  Theophilus  Cibbcr ; 
who,  luxurious,  prodigal,  and  rapacious  aftel: 
money  to  gratify  a  thousand  calls  from  jiassion 
or  vanity,  soon  resolved  to  make  a  sacrifice  of 
what  every  honest  man  holds  dear,  the  honouir 
of  his  wife.  With  this  view,  therefore,  he  ce- 
mented the  closest  friendsliip  with  a  gentleman 
whom  he  introduced  to  his  wife,  recommended 
to  her,  gave  them  frequent  interviews,  and  even 
saw  them  put,  as  if  by  accident,  in  the  same 
bed.  All  this  appeared  upon  the  trial  after- 
wards commenced  by  himself  for  criminal  cor- 
respondence, wherein  he  laid  his  damages  at 
5000Z.  How  the  jury  looked  upon  this  alTair, 
may  be  seen  by  their  verdict,  which  only  gave 
the  plaintifi"  101.  damages  :  a  sum  not  sufficient, 
to  reimburse  him  a  fortieth  partof  liis  expenses. 
Mia.  Cibbnr  thenceforth  resided  apart  from  her 
contemptible  consort,  till  she  died,  January  30, 
1766. 

CICERO,  Marcus  Tullius,  one  of  the  greatest 
men  of  antiquity,  whether  we  consider  him  as 
an  orator,  a  statesman,  or  a  philosopher,  was 
bom  at  Arpinum,  a  city  anciently  of  the  Sam- 
nites,  but  now  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples, 
Jan.  3,  in  the  647th  year  of  Rome,  about  107 
B.  C.  In  his  very  active  life,  the  most  striking 
incident  is  his  detection  of  the  conspiracy  of 
Catiline  and  his  accomplices,  for  the  subversion 
of  the  commonwealth,  during  Cicero's  consul- 
ship. For  his  conduc;  in  this  affair,  he  was  ho- 
noured with  the  glorious  title  of  "  Pater  Patria:," 
Father  of  his  country.  He  was  assassinated  on 
the  7th  of  December,  about  ten  days  fiom  the 
settlement  ol' the  tritnnvirate,  after  he  had  lived 
123 


1^ 


CI 

63  years  11  months  and  five  days.  His  works 
will  ever  l)o  Hie  standard  of  true  eloquence,  and 
his  pliilosopliical  Ireutises  are  an  invalualilc 
treasure  of  good  sense,  virtue,  and  true  pliilo 
sopliy.     See  FULVIA. 

CICERO,  UuinlusTullius,  brother  of  the  ora- 
tor, was  assassinated  under  tlio  triumvirs, 

CIU,  The,  a  Spanish  hero,  wliose  real  name 
wa-?  Don  Roderigo  Dias  de  Bivar,  one  of  tile 
greatest  generals  of  the  11th  century,  was  tin 
model  of  warriors  and  knights  of  his  time. 
He  signalised  liis  valour  against  the  Moort 
of  Spain,  from  whom  he  took  Valencia,  and 
otiier  important  places,  and  vanquished  tbeui 
in  many  battles  He  lived  in  the  reign  oi 
Alphnnso  VI  ,  king  of  Leon  and  Castile ;  wtio, 
instead  of  rewaidiiig  him  lor  his  great  services, 
persecuted  him.  He  died  at  Valencia,  in  1099. 
i.Cid,  in  the  Arabic,  sisnilieslord.) 

CIGALA,  John  Michael,  an  impostor,  .who 
appeared  at  Paris,  in  1670,  as  an  Ottoman 
j)rince. 

CIGNANI,  Carlo,  an  Italian  painter,  died  in 
1719. 

CIM.VBUE,  Giovanni,  a  celebrated  painter 
and  architect,  born  at  Florence,  in  1240,  was  the 
lirst  wlio  revived  the  art  of  painting  iu  Italy, 
and  died  in  1300. 

CIAIAROSA,  Dominico,  a  most  celebrated 
music  composer,  born  at  Capodi  Monti,  in  Na 
jiles,  died  at  Venice,  Jan.  11,  1801.  A  persecu- 
tion that  iie  underwent  at  Naples  for  his  political 
opinions,  is  supposed  to  have  shortened  his  days. 
CIMOiV,  an  Athenian  general,  famous  for  de- 
feating; the  Persians.     He  died  449  B.  C. 

CINCLVNATU.S,  Lucius  Uuintus,  the  Roman 
dictator, taken  from  the  plough, to  be  advanced  to 
the  di;;iiity  of  consul,  in  which  office  he  restored 
public  tranquillity,  and  then  returned  to  his  rural 
employments.  Being  called  forth  a  second  time, 
to  he  dictator,  he  conquered  the  enemies  of 
Rome,  and,  refusing  all  rewards,  retired  again 
to  his  farm,  after  he  had  been  dictator  only  six- 
teen days ;  the  same  circumstance  occurred  once 
more  in  the  80th  year  of  his  age.  He  was  born 
45G,  and  died  MG'B.  C. 

CINCIUS  ALIMENTUS,  Lucius,  author  of 
a  history  of  the  wars  of  Annibal,&c. 

C'IN.'V.'V,  Lucius  Cornelius,  a  Roman  consul, 
about  cJ7  B.  C. 

CL\.\.\MUS,  John,  a^  Greek  author,  in  the 
service  of  the  emperor  Manuel  Commenus. 

CINO  DU  PISTOIA,  or  DE  SIGIBTTLDI, 
known  as  a  lawyer  and  senator  of  Rome,  died  in 
1336. 
CINQ  M.VRS,  Henry  Coisster,  marquis  of,  was 
a  ma'shal  of  France,  and  the  favourite  of  Lew- 
is XiII.,  but  was  ungrateful,  and  lost  his  head 
in  1042. 

CIOPANI,  Hercules,  an  Italian  critic,  and  an 
t'lo.-  of  a  commentary  on  the  works  of  Ovid,  it 
ICT:?. 

CIPRIANI,  or  CYPRIANI,  John  Baptist,  a 
very  eminent  draftsman  and  painter.  He  was 
:in  Italian  by  birth,  but  most  distinguished  as  an 
artist  in  London,  where  he  became  a  royal  aca 
<lemician,  and  died  Dec.  15,  178.>,  aged  58.  He 
was  interred  in  Clielsea  burial-ground,  whereis 
an  elegant  Latin  inscription  to  his  memory. 

C1R\NI,  Elizabeth,  an  Italian  lady,  distin- 
guished as  a  painter. 

riRClGXA.VO,  Nicolo,  called  Pomeraneio, 
wliose  paintings  are  preserved  in  the  churches 
of  Rome  ;  she  died  in  1588. 

CIRILLO,  Domine,  a  botanist,  and  professor 
of  medicine  at  Naples,  lost  ids  life  in  17Dj. 
124 


CL 

CIROEKRKl,  a  Roman  painter  and  architect, 
died  iu  1689. 

CISXER,  Nicholas,  professor  of  philosophy, 
at  Wittemberg,  and  an  author,  died  in  1583. 

CIVILIS,  Claudius,  a  Bataviau  ^^eneral,  in 
the  service  of  Rome,  in  the  time  of  the  emperor 
Vespasian. 

CIVOLI,  Lewis,  or  Cardi,  an  Italian  painter 
and  poet. 

CLAGETT,  William,  an  English  divine,  ac 
tive  in  opposing  the  popish  plans  of  James  II., 
died  in  liiS8. 

CLAGETT,  Nicholas,  brother  of  William, 
was  also  a  preacher,  and  author  of  sermons ; 
he  died  in  17-27. 

CLAIBORNE,  WiUiara  Charles  Cole,  gover- 
nor of  the  Mississippi  territory,  and  of  the  state 
of  Louisiana,  and  afterwards  elected  to  the  so 
nate  of  the  United  States,  died  in  1803. 

CL.A.IRAULT,  Alexis,  member  of  the  French 
academy  of  sciences,  and  one  of  the  most  illus- 
trious mathematicians  in  Europe,  died  in  1765. 
ile  was  one  of  the  academicians  who  were  sent 
to  llie  north  to  determine  the  exact  iigure  of  the 
earth. 

CLAIRF.'MT,  N.,  count  de,  an  Austrian  ge- 
neral, who  distinguished  himself  against  the 
French  in  the  revolution.    He  died  in  1798. 

CLAIRON,  Clara  Joseph  Hypollyta  Lewis 
Delatude,  an  admirable  French  actress,  born  in 
1722,  died  by  fallingout  of  her  bed,  (wherein  she 
lav  sick,)  January  28,  180.!. 

CLANCY,  Michael,  M.  D.,  educated  at  Dub- 
lin, wrote  some  poems  and  comedies  ;  he  died 
in  1746. 

CLAP,  Roger,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Dor- 
chester, JIassachusetts ;  he  wrote  memoirs  of 
New- England,  and  died  in  1691. 

CLAP,  Nathaniel,  minister  of  Newport,  R. 
I.,  eminent  for  zeal  and  tidehty  in  his  profes 
sion  ;  he  died  in  1745. 

CLAP,  Thomas,  president  of  Yale  College, 
one  of  the  most  profound  scholars  of  his  age, 
published  a  history  of  Yale  College,  and  conjec- 
tures upon  meteors,  and  constructed  the  first 
orrery,  or  planetarium,  in  America;  he  died  in 
1767. 

CL.ARA,  a  native  of  Assisi,  and  abbess  of  a 
new  order  of  nuns,  died  in  1193. 

CLARIO,  Isidore,  an  Italian  bishop,  distin- 
guished at  the  council  of  Trent,  died  in  15.55. 

CLARK,  Peter,  a  highly  respectable  minister, 
of  Danvers,  Massachusetts,  published  several 
sermons,  and  died  in  1768. 

CL.ARIC,  Jonas,  a  minisler,  of  Le.xington, 
Massachusetts ;  at  a  short  distance  from  his 
door  was  shed  the  first  blood  in  the  war  of  the 
revolution  ;  he  died  in  1805. 

CLARK,  Thomas,  was  born  near  Coventry; 
and  at  the  age  of  22,  came  to  London,  and  ob- 
tained a  porter's  place.  By  rigid  economy  he 
saved  enough  to  take  a  stick  shop,  at  the  corner 
of  Exeter  'Change,  in  the  Strand.  After  a  time, 
he  purchased  the  Menagerie,  and  used  to  give 
his  customers  a  ticket  to  see  the  lions,  &c.  He 
e.xtended  his  business  to  the  cutlery,  turnery, 
&c.,  till  his  own  shops  occupied  one  half  of  the 
'Chanse,  and  he  himself  rented  the  whole.  His 
dealings  were  marked  with  the  utmost  integrity ; 
and  he  realized  a  fortune  estimated  at  .'lOOiOOOi. 
by  the  penurious  nature  of  his  habits.  His  own 
dinner,  (msix  days  in  the  week,  never  exceeded 
6t/.,aud2'/.  for  a  glass  of  cin  and  water.  Though 
addicted,  however,  to  the  accumulation  of  mo- 
ney, it  was  by  ho.^ourable  means;  and  what 
appeared  to  otiiers  hard  self-privation,  was, 


CI. 


<;l 


probably,  to  him,  wlio  relished  no  higher  plea- 
sures, :iii  eiijoviiient,  as  it  was  asccoiiil  uatiiro 
Mr.  Clark  ditrl  at  Tiuilico,  in  his  80th  year, 
Septcmlier  0, 1810. 

CLARKE,  John,  one  of  the  first  founders  ot 
Rhode  Island,  to  which  he  was  obliged  lo  retire, 
o;i  account  of  his  religious  senti»ient.>i,  which, 
(being  a  baptist.)  were  at  varian-ie  with  ihiLsi 
which  prevailed  in  Massachusetts  ;  he  died  ii 
167t). 

CLARKE,  Dr.  Samuel,  a  very  celebrated 
English  philosopher  and  divine,  horn  at  Nor- 
wich, in  11)7.),  died  May  17, 17:i9.  His  works  are 
very  numerous. 

CL.\RlvE,  William,  a  divine  and  antiquary, 
born  at  f  laglimon  Abbey,  in  Shropsiiire,  in  1006, 
died  in  1771. 

CLARKE,  Richard,  an  elegant  classical  scho- 
lar, who  came  to  America  in  17.50,  hut  returned 
to  England  in  1758 ;  he  published  several  works. 
CLARKE,  John,  D.  D.,  colleague  with  Dr. 
Cliaunry,  in  Boston,  was  much  esteemed ;  he 
published  some  occasional  sermons,  and  letters 
to  a  student.  Sec,  and  died  in  1798. 

CLARKE,  John,  governor  of  the  state  of  De 
laware,  died  at  Suivrna,  in  I82I. 

CLARKE,  Edward  Daniel,  L.  L.  D.,  profes- 
sor of  mineralogy  in  Cambridge,  and  author  of 
travels  in  Europe  and  A.-^ia,  died  in  18-i2. 

CLARKE,  Abraham,  a  momi)er  of  congress 
before  and  after  the  adoption  of  the  federal  con- 
stitution, and  a  siLuier  of  the  declaration  of  in- 
dependence ;  he  died  in  1794. 

CLARKE,  Henry,  L.  L.  D.,  a  distinguished 
mathematician,  professor  of  the  royal  military 
college  at  Marlow,  died  in  1818.  His  writings 
on  mathematical  and  other  subjects,  are  nunie 
ous,  and  are  highly  valued. 

CLARKE,  Samuel,  a  celebrated  oriental  scho- 
lar, of  England,  died  in  1069. 

CLARKE.  Jeremiah,  president  of  the  colony 
of  Rhode  Island,  died  in  1648. 

CLARKE,  Walter,  was  governor  of  Rhode 
Island  for  several  years  ;  lie  died  about  1700 

CL.\RKE,  George,  an  English  lawyer,  was 
governor  of  the  colony  of  New- York,  in  1737. 
He  returned  to  England,  and  died  in  1703. 

CL.ARKE,  Samuel,  a  non-conformist  under 
Cromwell,  was  highly  esteemed,  and  died  in 
1082. 

CL.ARKE,  Edward,  chaplain  to  Lord  Bris- 
tol's embassy  to  Madrid,  died  in  1780. 

CLARKSON,  David,  ejected  from  his  living 
for  non-conformity,  a  learned  and  respectable 
man,  died  in  1686. 

CLARK.SON,  Gerardus,  a  respectable  physi- 
cian, of  Pliiladelphia,  died  in  1790. 

CLARKSON,  Matthew,  of  New- York,  born 
in  1758,  died  April,  1825.  He  was  a  major  ge- 
neral in  the  revolutionary  war,  and  particularly 
distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of  Bridge- 
water.  He  subsequently  held  various  public 
trusts,  and,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  was  first 
vice-president  of  the  American  Bible  Society. 
His  name  is  associated  with  those  who  fought 
and  bled  for  American  Independence  ;  and  in 
private  life,  with  the  most  elevated  virtues. 

CL.VUDE,  a  monk  of  the  celestine  order,  in 
the  15th  cnnturv. 
X:L  AUDE  of  LORRAINE,  a  famous  landscape 
painter,  born  in  lf>00.  He  was  sent  to  school,  but 
proving  e.xtremely  dull  and  heavy,  he  was  sent 
thence,  and  bound  apprentice  to  a  pastry-cook, 
with  whom  he  served  out  his  time.  Afterwards 
he  went  with  some  young  fellows  to  Rome,  with 
a  view  of  getting  a  livelihood  there  ;  but  beingi 

n 


unable  to  speak  the  hinguayi-,  and,  w  ithiil,  Very      t 
ill-bred,   iicbody  cared    lo    sit   him   lo   work. 
Chance  brought  him  at  length  to  Angnstino 

rasso,  who  hired  him  to  pound  his  culouis, 
clean  his  pallet  and  pencils,  look  alter  hi?  house, 
dress  his  meat  for  him,  and  do  all  his  hou.sehold- 
IrndgOry  ;  for  Augustiiio  kept  no  oilier  servant. 
This  master,  hoping  lo  make  himserviceuble  to 
him  in  some  of  his  greatest  works,  laught  him 
by  degrees  the  rules  ol  perspective,  and  the  ele- 
ments of  design,  t.'laude  at  first  did  not  know 
wliat  to  make  of  those  principles  of  art;  but 
being  encouraged,  and  not  failing  in  application, 
he  came  at  length  to  understand  them  ;  then  his 
soul  enlarged  itself  apace,  and  he  cultivated  the 
art  with  wonderful  eagerness.  He  removed  his 
study  to  the  banks  of  the  Tyber,  and  into  the 
open  fields,  where  he  would  continue  from  morn- 
ing to  night,  taking  all  his  lessons  from  Naiure 
herself;  and  by  many  years  diligent  iniilalion 
of  that  excellent  uusiress,  he  climbed  to  the 
highest  step  of  perfection  in  landscape  painting. 
His  memory  was  so  good,  that  he  would  paint 
with  great  accuracy,  when  he  got  home,  what 
he  had  seen  abroad.  He  has  been  universally 
admired  for  liis  invention,  the  delicacy  of  his 
colouring,  and  the  charming  variety  and  tender- 
ness of  his  tints;  for  his  artful  distributions  of 
h"  lighis  and  shadows,  i'or  his  wonderful  con- 
duct in  the  disposition  of  his  ligures,  and  for  the 
h.armony  of  his  compositions.  Claude  was  em- 
ployed by  Pope  Urban  VIII.,  and  many  of  the 
Italian  princes,  in  adorning  their  palaces.  He 
died  in  ltjg2,  and  was  buried  at  Rome. 

CLAUDE,  John,  a  French  protcstant,  dis- 
tinguished as  an  orator,  and  writer  in  defence 
of  the  protestant  church,  died  in  1687.  His  son, 
Isaac  Claude,  published  his  works,  settled  at  the 
Hasue,  and  died  in  161>j. 

CLAUDIANUS,  Claudius,  a  Latin  poet 
flourished  in  the  fourth  century,  under  the  em- 
peror Thcodosins,  and  his  song  Arcadius  and 
Honorius;  the  two  latter  of  whom,  at  the  se- 
nate's request,  ordered  a  statue  to  be  erected  for 
him  in  'rrajan's  Ibrum  :  on  whicii  was  soon 
after  placed  the  following  epigram,  in  Greek  : 

"  Rome  and  the  Casars  here  his  statue  raise, 
"  Who  Virgil's  genius  joined  to  Homer's  lays.'' 

CLAUDIUS  I.,  successor  to  the  emperor  Ca- 
ligula, much  given  to  vice ;  he  was  poisoned, 
A.  D.  54. 

CLAUDIUS  II.,  sticcessor  of  Gallienus,  em- 
peror of  Rome,  died  in  271.  much  lamented. 

CLAUDIUS,  Appius.  progenitor  of  the  Ap- 
pian  family  at  Rome,  504  B.  C. 

CLAUDIUS,  Appius,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
consul  at  Rome,  and  severe  in  his  discipline. 

CLAUDIUS,  Appius,  a  Roman  decem\ir,  in- 
famous for  aliemptiMg  to  violate  the  chastity  of 
Virginia  ;  he  died  in  prison. 

CLAL'DIL^S,  Appius,  snrnained  Ceecns,  cele- 
brated for  making  the  Appian  way,  at  Rome. 

CLAVIUS,  Christopher,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, born  in  Germany,  in  1537,  and  con 
sidered  as  the  Euclid  of  his  age,  died  at  Rome, 
in  1012. 

CLAYTON,  Dr.  Robert,  a  learned  prelate, 
and  writer,  bishop  of  Cork,  in  1735;  of  Clogher, 
in  1745 ;  died  in  175S  ;  he  was  averse  to  the  Ni- 
cene  and  Athanasian  creeds. 

CLAYTON,  John,  an  eminent  botanist  and 
physician,  of  Virginia,  who  came  from  England 
in  1705,  died  in  1773.  He  was  a  member  of 
pome  of  the  most  learned  societies  of  Europe 
and  corresponded  with  Liiuiseus,  &c. 
*  126 


CL 

A  CLAYTON,  Jnjima,  a  physician,  was  cover 

~      nor  ot  Delaware,  aiid  a  member  oi'  tlie  United 
States'  senate  ;  lie  died  in  179U. 

CLF:aVKR,  William,  prebendary  of  Wijst- 
miiister,  afterwards  bisliap  i)f  Chester,  Bangor, 
and  t!t.  Asaph's,  died  in  Irtlj. 

CLEANTHEri,  a  stoic  philosopher,  disciple 
of  Zeno,  flourished  at  Athens,  '240  B.  C.  lie 
maintained  himself  in  the  day  by  working  in 
the  night ;  a4id  being  once  questioned  by  the 
magistrates  how  he  subsisted,  he  brought  a 
wonian  for  whom  he  kneaded  bread,  and  a  gar 
Uerier  for  whom  he  drew  water ;  and  refused  a 
present  offered  him  by  his  judges,  having  a  trea- 
sure, (as  he  said,)  in  his  abihty  to  labour. 

CLEEVE,  Joseph,  a  Flemish  painter,  whose 
pieces  were  raisers  counting  their  treasures  ;  he 
died  in  1.5:)6. 

CLEGHORN,  George,  a  physician  and  medi- 
cal wri'c;r,  born  at  Granton,  near  Edinburgh,  in 
ITJd,  died  in  1789.  FUs  chief  publicatio*i  was 
oji  "  The  Diseases  of  Minorca." 

CLEIVELAXD,  John,  a  noted  loyalist  and 
popular  poet  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  He  Iiulj, 
hoivever,  had  the  fate  of  those  poets  who,  pay- 
ing their  court  to  temporary  prejudices,  have 
been  at  one  lime  too  much  praised,  and  at  ano- 
ther too  much  neglected.  Cotemporary  with 
Milton,  he  was,  in  his  time,  exceedingly  pre- 
ferred before  him  ;  and  Milton's  own  nephew 
says,  that  he  was  by  some  esteemed  the  best  of 
the  English  poets.  ButCleiveland  is  now  sunk 
into  oblivion,  while  Miltor;'s  fame  is  universally 
diifused.  He  was  born  at  Loughborough,  Lei- 
cestershire, in  1613,  and  died  in  l(i58. 

CLEMANCIS,  Nicholas,  aFrcnchman,  rector 
of  the  university,  who  advocated  a  reform  of 
the  Komish  church  ;  he  died  in  1440. 

CLEMENCET,  Charles,  a  Frenchman,  of 
great  memory,  and  a  distinguished  writer,  died 
in  1778. 

CLEMENS,  Titus  Flavins,  a  father  of  the 
church,  succeeded,  in  191,  to  the  famous  school 
at  .\lexandria,  where  he  died. 

CLE.VIENS,Romanus,  a  father  of  the  church, 
companion  of  Paul,  bishop  of  Rome,  and  author 
of  ail  epistle  to  the  Corinthians,  died  A.  D.  100. 

CLEMENT  XL,  bishop  of  Bamberg,  a  Saxon, 
elected  pope,  in  1047,  died  in  1048,  distinguished 
for  his  zeal  asainst  simony. 

CLEMENT  III.,  bishop  of  Prasneste,  succes- 
sor of  Gregorv  VIII.,  as  pope,  in  1187,  died  in  1191 . 

CLEMENT  IV.,  Guy  de  Foulgues,  a  French- 
man, of  great  moderation,  prudence,  and  impar- 
tiality, was  elected  pope,  after  Urban  V.,  in  liJtia, 
and  died  in  12r)8. 

CLEMENT  v.,  Bertrand  de  Goth,  a  French- 
man, bishop  of  Bordeaux,  elected  pope,  in  1305, 
was  accused  of  licentiousness  and  extravagance ; 
lie  died  in  1314. 

CLEMENT  VI.,  Peter  Roger,  doctor  of  Paris 
university,  elected  pope,  in  1.34iJ,  a  worthy,  go 
nerous,  and  learned  prelate,  but  represented 
otherwise  bv  some  ;  he  died  in  135i!. 

CLEMENT  VII.,  Julius  de  Medicis,  an  Ital- 
ian, elected  pope,  in  1523 ;  he  was  besieged  by 
Charles  V.,  who  plundered  Rome ;  he  excom- 
municated Henry  VIII.,  which  led  to  the  refor- 
mation in  England,  and  died  in  1.134. 

CLEMENT  VIII.,  Hippolitus  Aldobrandin, 
a  liberal  minded  and  benevolent  pope,  elected 
in  1.5'.i2.  died  in  iro.i. 

CLEMENT  IX.,  Julius  Rospigliosi, a  Tuscan 
pope,  elected  in  1077,  died  of  grief  for  the  loss  of 
t 'andia  bv  the  Turks,  in  lf>ii9. 

ei-EMENT  X.,  John  Kaprtat  Bmlfinj  Altleri, 


CL 

ja  Roman,  succeeded  ivlemeiit  IX.,  in  1670,  of  a 
'mild  character  ;  he  died  in  1076. 

CLE.MENT  XI.,  John  Francis  Albaiii,  a  Ro- 
man, elected  pope,  in  1700,  an  able  politician  ; 
his  leigii  was  much  disturbed  by  the  Jani>euistit; 
he  died  in  1721. 

CLEMENT XII.,  Laurence  Corsini,  a  Roman, 
succeeded  Benedict  XIII.,  in  1730;  lie  was  very 
popular,  aud  corrected  many  abuses  in  the 
church  ;  he  died  in  1740. 

CLEiMENT  XIII.,  Charles  Rezzonico,  of  Ve- 
nice, succeeded  Benedict  XIV.,  in  1758,  and  died 
in  17U9,  greatly  respected. 

CLEMENl"  XIV.,  John  Vincent  Anthony 
Ganeanelli,  an  Italian,  raised  to  the  pojitdoui 
on  the  death  of  Clement  XIII.  Me  suppressed 
the  Jesuits,  and  died,  supposed  bysome  to  have 
been  poisoned,  in  1774. 

CLEMENT,  David,  a  native  of  Hof  Geisraar, 
a  minister  and  author,  died  at  Hanover,  in  ITiiO. 

CLEMENT,  Francis,  a  native  of  Beze,  in 
Burgundy,  a  historian  of  much  celebrity,  died 
in  1793. 

CLEMENT,  Petnr,  a  native  of  Geneva,  tra- 
velling tutor  of  Lord  Waidegrave,  a  poet,  and 
conductor  of  Nouvelles  Lueraires  of  Franw, 
died  in  17ti7. 

CLEOBULTJS,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of 
Greece,  who  died  about  ooO  B.  C. 

CLE0M8R0TUS,  there  were  two  of  this 
name,  kings  of  Sparta ;  one  flourished  371,  the 
other  about  480  B.  C. 

CLEOMENES,  a  king  of  Sparta,  who  slew 
himself,  491  B.  C.  ;  another  reigned  61  years  : 
a  I  bird  was  defeated  hv  the  Achafans,  fled  to 
Egvpt,  and  killed  himself,  219  B.  C. 

CLEOPATRA,  queen  of  Egypt,  famous  alike 
for  her  beauty,  and  her  licentious  passions,  w.is 
daughter  of  Ptolemy  Auletes,  and  had  a  son  by 
Ca'sar,  called  Cssario.  She  killed  herself  after 
the  defeat  of  Marc  Antony,  that  she  might  not 
be  carried  to  Rome  in  triumph ;  and  with  her 
ended  the  family  of  the  Ptolemies  in  Egypt,  after 
it  had  reigned,  from  the  deatli  of  Alexander,  294 
years  ;  for  Egypt,  after  that,  was  redrxed  to  a 
Roman  province,  in  which  dependence  it  re- 
mained till  it  was  taken  from  thein  by  the  Sara- 
cens, A.  D.  641. 

CLEOSTRATUS,  a  Grecian  astronomer,  who 
invented  the  signs  of  the  Zodiac,  53G  B.  C. 

CLERC,  Sebastian  le,  engraver  to  Lewis 
XIV.,  rose  from  obscurity  to  eminence;  he  was 
admirable  in  his  l.indscapes,  and  died  in  1714. 

CLERC,  John  Ic,  a  celebrated  philosophical 
and  theological  writer,  and  universal  scholar, 
born  at  Geneva,  in  1657,  died  in  1736. 

CLERC,  Daniel  le,  a  native  of  Geneva,  and 
professor ;  also  eminent  as  a  physician,  and 
learned  antiquary  ;  he  died  in  1728. 

CLERC,  John  Ic,  a  Frenchman,  was  knighted 
at  Venice,  and  died  in  1C33. 

CLERKE, Gilbert,  an  ableGreek  scholar,  and 
mathematician,  a  Socinian,  fellow  of  Sidney 
Collei;e,  Cambridiie,  died  in  1695. 

CLERMONT  TONNERRE,  Stanislaus,  count 
of,  a  French  nobleman  in  the  stales  general  at 
Paris,  in  1789,  was  massacred  for  his  opposition 
to  the  Jacobin  club,  in  1793. 

CLEVELAND,  John.  Vid.  CLEIVELAND. 

CLEVEI/AND,  John,  a  pious  and  much  ei- 
teeined  minister,  of  Ipswich,  Massachusetts; 
he  was  author  of  several  religious  works,  and 
died  in  17<»9. 

CLIFFORD,  Martin,  an  English  writer,  who 
made  every  man's  fancy  the  guide  of  liis  reli- 

.111  i  he  died  in  1677. 


CL 


CO 


CUKKOUl),  Gcoige,  carl  of  Cuiiibi'daiid,  a 
CelebiatcJ  Kiigiisli  navigator,  born  in  1558,  died 
ill  1G05. 

CLINTON,  Honry,  a  British  general  in  the 
American  war;  evacuated  Piiiladclpliiain  1778 
took  Oiiarlestiin,  ill  17H0  ;  was  governor  ol' Gi 
^raltar  in  1795,  and  died  sliorUy  after. 

CIJN'i'ON,  James,  was  a  gentleman  of  ta 
Jents  in  tlie  colony  of  New- York,  and  ancestor 
of  the  present  disiiiifiuished  family  of  that  name 

CLINTON,  ClrJiiles,  a  native  of  Ireland,  ear 
ly  emigrated  to  Anierii  a,  where  he  maintained 
a  higli  character  for  usefulness  and  respetahili 
ty.  He  waa  tlie  father  of  Jatnes  and  George 
Clinton,  and  died  in  1773. 

CLINTON,  James, son  of  the  preceding,  and 
major  general  in  the  American  army  during  the 
revolution,  dif  tiugulshed  himself  as  a  brave  and 
indefatigalJle  ottie(;r,  in  the  wars  with  the  French 
and  Indians  ;  and  during  the  revolutionary  war, 
he  was  with  General  Sullivan  in  his  expedition 
against  the  Indians ;  was  for  some  time  com- 
mander of  the  northern  section  of  the  union, 
stationed  at  Albany,  and  was  afterwards  at  the 
siege  of  Yorktown.  He  closed  his  military  ca- 
reer, by  bidding  farewell  to  Washington  at 
New- York,  and  retiring  to  private  life  ;  lie  died 
ill  1812. 

CLINTON,  George,  brother  of  the  general, 
was  an  eminent  lawyer  and  member  of  Congress 
in  1776.  He  was  an  aetive  supporter  of  the 
principles  of  the  revolution  and  of  liis  country's 
rights  ;  and,  during  tlie  war,  he  rendered  essen- 
tial services  to  the  American  arms.  He  was 
repeatedly  chosen  governor  of  the  state  of  New- 
York,  and  was  elevated  to  the  office  of  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  States  in  1804.  He  died 
at  Washington  in  1812. 

CLINTON,  George,  vice-admiral  of  the  En- 
glish navy,  and  governor  of  the  colony  of  New- 
York,  afterwards  returned  to  England.  The 
time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

CLISSON,  Oliver  de,  a  native  of  Brittany,dis- 
tiuguished  for  his  valour,  died  in  1407,  much 
respected. 

CLISTHENES,  an  Athenian, who  introduced 
the  law  of  ostracism. 

CL[TOMACHUS,aCarthagin)an  philosopher, 
who  wrote  400  vols.,  and  committed  suicide. 

CLIVE,  Robert  Lord,  an  eminent  East  India 
governor,  and  a  striking  instance  of  the  ineffi- 
ciency of  wealth  or  external  honours  to  confer 
liappiiiess,  was  born  at  Moreton-Say,  near  Mar- 
ket Drayton,  Shropshire,  1725;  and  died,  as  is 
taid,  by  his  own  hand,  Nov.  22,  1774. 

CLIVE,  Catherine,  an  eminent  actress  in 
Bjw  comedy,  born  1711,  died  1785. 

CLODIUS,  Publius,  a  debauched  Roman  sen- 
Itor,  killed  by  Milo,  53  B.  C 

CLOOTS,  Anacharsis,  a  native  of  Prussia, 
who  in  the  French  revolution  called  himself  the 
erator  of  the  human  race  ;  profane,  and  irreli- 
gious ;  he  was  guillotined  in  1794. 

CLOPINEL,  or  JOHN  de  MEUN,  a  French 
poet,  celebrated  at  the  court  of  Philip  the  fair  : 
he  died  in  13fi4. 

CLOSTERMAN,  N.,  a  portrait  painter,  who 
made  himself  rich  in  London  ;  he  died  in  1713. 

CLOTAIRE  I.,  fourth  son  of  Clovis,  king  of 
Soissons,  and  in  558  king  of  all  Prance  ;  lie  died 
in  561. 

CLOTAIRE  II.,  king  of  Soissons,  waa  cruel 
and  oppressive,  and  died  in  628. 

CLOTAIRE  HI.  kingofBurgundy,diedin670. 

CLOVIO,  George,  a  Sclavonian,  eminent  as 
a  historical  and  miniature,  painter,  died  in  1078. 


CLOVIS  I.,  founder  of  the  French  monarchy,      ♦ 
was  converted  to  cluistianity,  iiiid  died  in  511. 

CLOVIS  li.,succe(.ried  his" father  Uugobert  m 
638  ;  he  was  mild  but  debauchi'd. 

CLOVIS  III.,  succeeded  liiti  father  Thierrt 
HI.,  in  (i9]. 

CLOWES,  William,  surgeon  to  q«cen  Eliza- 
beth. 

CLUENTIUS,  a  Roman,  accused  of  murder- 
ing his  lather,  defended  by  ticero. 

CLUVER1U9,  Philip,  a  celebrated  geogra- 
pher, born  at  Dantzic,  1580,  died  at  Leyden,  in 
1623. 

CLYMER,  George,  a  member  of  Congress  in 
1770,  was  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of  indo- 
pendente,  and  a  distinguished  advocate  of  Am- 
erican rights  ;  he  died  in  1813. 

COBB,  James,  sectetaiy  at  the  East  India 
House,  in  England,  and  a  very  siiccebsfnl  wri- 
ter of  operas  and  farces,  died  June  2,  1818,  in 
his  62d  year. 

COBB,  Samuel,  author  of  "  Observations  up- 
on Virgil,"  and  a  "Collection  of  Poems,"  inSvo 
1700,  died  in  1713. 

COBB,  Ebenezer,  remarkable  for  longevity, 
was  born  in  Mass,  in  1694,  and  died  in  1801 ,  aged 
107  years ;  he  lived  in  three  centuries. 

COBBET,  Thomas,  an  eiuinent  minister  and 
writer,  born  in  England,  but  on  account  of  non- 
conlbrniily,  came  to  America,  in  1637,  and  be- 
came minister  at  Ipswich  ;  he  died  in  1686. 

COBDEN,  Dr.  Edward,  an  eminent  English 
divine  and  theological  writer,  born  about  1684, 
died  1764. 

COBENTZEL,  count  Louis  de,  an  eminent 
statesman  of  Germany,  died  Feb.  22,  1809.  He 
was  born  at  Brussels,  Nov.  21,  17.53,  and  com- 
menced his  political  career,  under  the  nunister 
count  de  Pergen,  in  1772.  Two  years  after,  he 
was  named  minister  plenipotentiary  extraordin- 
ary to  the  court  of  Denmark  ;  in  1777,  to  that 
of  Prussia.  He  was  recalled  at  the  epoch  of  the 
war  of  llie  Bavarian  succession,  and  was  des- 
tined to  negotiate  the  peace  of  Teschen  ;  but  a 
sickness  which  he  had,  prevented  him.  The 
same  year  he  was  named  minister  from  Austria 
to  Petersbnrgh.  On  his  return  to  Vienna,  aftei' 
the  signing  of  the  preliminaries  of  Leobt;n,  he 
concluded,  in  1797,  the  treaty  of  Canipo  For- 
mio ;  and  in  the  month  of  December,  in  the 
same  year,  the  military  convention,  at  Radstock 
with  Buonaparte.  After  the  conferences  of  Selz, 
he  returned  to  Petersburg.  On  the  9th  Febru 
ary,  1801,  he  concluded  the  peace  of  Luneville, 
and  filled,  in  the  month  of  December  following, 
the  places  of  directory  minister  of  state  and  con- 
ferences, and  vice-chancellor  of  state  for  foreign 
affairs. 

COCCEIUS,  Henry,  a  native  of  Bremen,  pro- 
fessor of  the  law  of  nations ;  a  distinguished 
author  ;  he  was  created  baron,  and  died  in  1719. 

COCCEIUS,  Samuel,  a  German  baron,  grand 
chancellor  of  Prussia,  died  in  1747. 

COCCEIUS,  or  COCK,  John,  a  native  of  Bre- 
men, and  Hebrew  professor  there ;  afterwards 
removed  to  Leyden  ;  he  mahitained  that  the  bi- 
ble is  mystical  of  Christ  and  the  church ;  he  died 
in  1669. 

COCCHI,  Anthony,  professor  of  Physic,  at 
Florence  and  Pisa;  was  intimate  with  Boerhaave 
and  esteemed  for  his  learning ;  he  died  in  1758. 

COCHIN,  Charles  Nicholas,  a  French  en- 
graver, whose  pieces  are  admired ;  he  died  in 
1654.  Another,  of  the  same  name,  equally  dis- 
tinguished, died  in  1790. 

COCHIN  Henrv,  a  native  of  Paris,  as  emi 


CO 

nciit  at  the  bar,  as  Bourdalouc  was  in  the  pulpit ; 
lie  died  in  1747. 

COC II  Lii^LTS,  John,  a  catliolic  of  Nurcmburs, 
who  violriilly  attacked  Luther,  Bucer,  Calvin, 
&c.,  die.l  in  1552. 

COCHRAN,  Robert,  a  Scotch  architect,  hung 
by  the  old  nobility,  because  he  was  raised  to 
the  earldom  ol"  Mar,  in  1484. 

COCHRAN,  ^Villiani,  a  very  eminent  painter 
ill  Scotland,  born  at  Stralhavcn,  in  Clydesdale, 
1738.  died  Oct.  25,  1785 

COCKAIN,  Sir  Alston,  a  dramatic  writer 
born  at  Aslibourn,  in  Derbyshire,  KJOii,  died  in 
11584.  His  works  were  printed  in  lt35»;  and  a- 
gain,  in  2  vol=.  small  8vo.  16R9,  and  arc  very  rare 

COCKBURN,  Catharine,  born  in  lt)79,  gave 
marks  of  a  genius  for  poetry  before  she  had 
passed  her  childhood ;  and  in  her  17th  year  pro- 
duced a  tragedy  called  "Agnes  de  Castro," 
Avhich  was  acted  in  1695.  In"  1098  she  brought 
a  second  traaedy  upon  the  stage,  and  in  1701,  a 
third  trazedy  and  a  comedy.  But  poetry  and 
dramatic  writing  were  the  least  of  this  lady's 
talents:  she  had  a  great  and  philosophic  turn 
of  mind,  and  wrote  a  defence  of  Locke's  "  Es- 
say on  the  Human  Understanding,"  against 
some  remarks  wiiich  had  been  made  upon  it  at 
several  limes,byDr.Burnet  of  the  Charter-house. 
This  defence  was  finished  as  early  as  Dec.  1701, 
when  slie  was  but  22  years  of  age :  she  died  in  1749. 

COCKER,  Edward,  deservedly  esteemed  one 
of  the  improvers  of  the  arts  of  writing  and 
arithmetic,  died  1677,  having  published  14  copy- 
books engraved  by  his  own  hand;  some  books 
on  Vulgar  and  Decimal  Arithmetics  ;  a  small 
Dictionary ;  and  a  book  of  sentences  for  writing, 
calledi  Cocker's  Morals. 

COCLES,  Publ.  Ilorat.  a  Roman,  celebrated 
for  his  defence  of  a  bridge,  across  the  Tyber,  a- 
gainst  the  whole  armv  of  Porsenna. 

CODDIXGTON,  William,  the  father  of  R 
Island  ;  first  settled  in  Mass.,  but  havhig  some 
religious  differences,  he,  with  others,  removed 
he  was  governor  of  R.  Island  several  vears,  and 
died  in  1078. 

CODM.^N,  John,  a  member  of  the  Senate  in 
JJass.  highly  esteemed  for  his  honesty  and  fidel- 
ity; he  died  in  180X 

CODRINGTO.V,  Christopher,  a  native  of 
Barbadoes,  distinguished  for  bis  knowledge  of 
physic  and  belles  lettres  ;  sometime  governor  of 
the  Leeward  Islands;  died  in  1710. 

CODRUS,  the  last  king  of  Athens,  who  de- 
voted himself  to  death  for  hiscountrv,  1070,  B.  C. 

COEFFETEAU,  Nicholas,  a  Dominican  of 
Calais,  author  of  a  Roman  History;  died  in  1623. 

COEN.  John  Paterson,  governor  of  the  Dutch 
Ea-st  Indies  ;  founded  the  city  of  Batana,  and 
died  in  1629. 

COilUR,  James,  a  French  merchant,  the  rich- 
est subject  in  Europe;  lent  Charles  7,200,000 
crowns  ;  he  was  basely  imprisoned,  butescaped 
and  died  at  Chio,  in  1456. 

COFFEY,  Charles,  a  dramatic  writer,  prin- 
cipally known  by  his  farce  of  "The  Devil  to 
Pay."  died  1745. 

COG.\N,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  master  of 
Manchester  school,  and  author  of  the  "  Haven 
of  Health  forSludenls." 

COGGESHALLE,  Ralph,  an  Enclish  monk, 
author  of  an  account  of  the  siege  of  Jerusalem, 
by  Saladin,  died  about  1228. 

COGSWELL,  James,D.D.,m)ni9ter  in  Wind- 
ham, Con.  distinguished  for  his  learning  and 
piety,  was  dismissed  in  old  ago,  and  died  at 
ffartford,  in  1807. 
128 


CO 

COHA(Jt?EN,  John  Henry,  a  German  physi- 
cian, who  maintained  that  fife  might  bee.i:tend- 
cd  to  1 15  years  by  taking  in  the  breath  of  youug 
women,  died  in  1750. 

COHOilN,  Meniiion,  a  very  celebrated  Dutch 
cneineer,  and  autlmrof  a  treatise  in  the  Flem 
isli  language  on  the  "  Method  of  Fortifying 
I'lacei-,"  born  1C32,  died  1704. 

COIGNET,  Giles,  an  eminent  painter,  who 
sold  Ilia  scholars'  productions  as  his  own,  died 
in  1600. 

COINTE,  Charles  le,  a  distinguished  Frencli 
historian,  died  in  1611. 

COITER,  Volcherins,  celebrated  as  a  surgeon,, 
physician,  and  anatomist,  born  at  Groningen  ; 
died  about  1600. 

COKE,  Sir  Edward,  lord  chief  justice  of  Eng- 
land, and  one  of  the  most  eminent  lawyers  of 
that  kingdom, wan  born  at  Mileliain,in  Norfolk, in 
1.549,  aiid  died  at  Stoke  Fogey's  in  Bucks,  Sept. 
3,  1634.  Sir  Edward  had  great  quickness  of 
parts,  deep  penetration,  a  faithful  memory,  and 
a  solid  judgment.  He  committed  every  thing 
to  writing  with  an  industry  beyond  example, 
published  a  great  deal,  and  met  with  many 
changes  of  fortune  :  being  sometimes  in  power, 
and  sometimes  in  disgrace.  He  was,  however, 
o  e.xcellent  at  makiug  the  best  of  a  disgrace, 
that  king  James  used  to  compare  him  to  a  cat, 
who  always  fell  upon  her  legs.  "  His  learned 
and  laborious  works  on  the  laws,"  saya  Fuller, 
[Worthies,  p.  251.]  "  will  be  admired  by  judi- 
cious posterity,  while  Fame  tias  a  trumpet  left 
her  or  any  breath  to  blow  therein."  His  prin- 
cipal works  are,  "  Reports  of  Cases  during  the 
most  happy  reign  of  the  most  illustrious  and  re- 
nowned queen  Elizabeth,  the  fountain  of  all 
justicf  and  the  life  of  the  law  ;"  "  A  Book  of 
Entries  :"  and  his  "  Institutes." 

COKE,  Thomas,  LL.  D.,  a  leading  minister 
of  theWesleyan  Methodists,  a  very  zealous  and 
able  divine,  and  most  excellent  man,  was  born 
at  Brecon,  in  Wales,  educated  at  Jesus  college, 
Oxford,  and  entered  into  orders  in  the  Estab- 
lished Church.  For  the  last  28  years  he  dis- 
charged, with  unremitting  diligence  the  exten- 
sive duties  of  general  superintendent  of  the 
Methodist  missions ;  which  so  warmly  engaged 
his  active  and  incessant  energies,  that  he  many 
times  crossed  the  Atlantic,  visiting  the  West 
India  islands,  and  travelling  through  the  United 
States.  Ho  gave  to  tire  world,  among  other 
works,  a  "  Life  of  John  Wesley,"  a  "  History 
of  the  West  Indies,"  and  a  "  Commentary  on 
the  Bible."  in  6  large  vols.  4to.  Dr.  Coke  died 
May  3,  1814,  on  his'voyage  to  India,  with  six 
mi-ssionaries,  intended  forCevlon  and  Java. 

» •OLARDE.'VU,  Charles  Pierre,a  Frenchman 
who  translated  Pope's  Eloisa  to  Abelard ;  hi, 
wrote  some  irasedies,  and  died  in  1776. 

COLBERT,  John  Baptist,  marquis  of  Segne- 
lai,  one  of  the  greatest  statesmen  that  France 
ever  had,  was  born  at  Paris  1619,  and  died  1683. 
He  was  a  pattern  for  all  ministers  of  state ;  and 
every  nation  may  wish  itself  blessed  with  a 
Colbert. 

CtJLBERT,  John  Baptist,  marquis  of  Torey,. 
ambassador  to  Portugal,  Denmark  and  England, 
secretary  of  stale,  &c.,  died  at  Paris,  in  1746. 

GOLDEN,  Cadwallader,  a  respectable  phj'si- 
cian,  botanist  and  astronomer  of  Scotland,  who 
first  came  to  America  in  1703,  and  again  in  1716, 
and  afterwards  sustained  several  high  politick 
oflirps  :  published  several  learned  works. 

COLE,  William,  born  at  Adderbury,  in  Ox- 
fordahire,  about  1626,  was  the  most  famous 


CO 

bo-^nist  of  his  time.  In  lOofi,  Jie  published 
"  -i  >i  Art  of  Sinipliiig:"  and  in  Kif)?,  "  Adatii 
in  tilcu,  or  Nature's  Paradise :"  lie  died  in 
1662. 

COLE,  Thomas,  a  disisenting  minister  in  Eng- 
land, and  precejitor  of  the  great  Locke,  died  in 
ltJ07. 

COLE,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Gloucestershire, 
di^iiiiguished  for  making  a  curious  collection  of 
herbs,  &.C. 

COLES,  Elisha,  born  in  Northamptonsliire, 
in  1040,  became  one  of  the  ushers  ot  Rlerchant- 
Tailor's  school,  and  wrote  several  useful  and 
ncces.sary  books  for  the  instruction  of  bejiinners,! 
the  principal  of  which  were  "  The  Complelel 
English  Sclioolniaster,"  "  The  newest,  plainest, 
and  shortest  Slmrihand,"  "  Nolens  volens  ;  or, 
you  shall  make  Latin  whether  you  will  or  no, 
containing  the  plainest  directions  for  that  pur-| 
pose,"  "  An  English  Dictionary,"  and  "  An 
English-Latin,  and  Latin-Enghsh  Dictionary." 

COLET,  Dr.  John,  a  learned  English  divine, 
horn  in  Lonrion»  in  14G6,  was  the  eldest  sou  of 
Sir  Henry  Colet,  knt. ,  twice  lord-major,  who 
had.  besides  him,  21  children.  Being  dean 
St.  Paul's,  and  having  a  very  plenlilnl  estate 
without  any  near  relations,  (for  numerous  ai 
his  brethren  were,  they  were  all  dead  and  hii 
ried,)  he  resolved,  in  the  midst  of  life  and  healih 
to  consecrate  the  whole  property  of  it  to  some 
standing  and  perpetual  benefacfion.  And  this 
he  performed  by  founding  and  endowing  St. 
Paul's  school,  in  London,  of  which  he  appuint- 
ed  William  Lilly  first  master,  in  1512.  He  or- 
dained that  there  should  be  in  this  school  a  higli| 
master,  a  subniaster.and  a  chaplain,  who  should 
teach  gratis,  15.3  children,  divided  into  8  classes  ; 
and  he  endowed  it  with  lands  and  houses,  a- 
mounting  then  to  1221.  4s,  7d.  halfpenny  per  an- 
juim,  of  which  endowment  he  made  the  lom- 
[lany  of  mercers  trustees.  He  died  September 
llj,  1519. 

COLEY,  Henry,  an  eminent  astrologer,  in 
England,  died  in  16D0. 

COLIGNI,  Gaspard  de,  a  celebrated  admiral 
of  France,  who  bravely  supported  the  cause  of 
the  French  protestants  against  the  duke  of  Guise 
and  his  adherents ;  but  after  several  victories 
gained  over  their  persecutors,  was  at  last  basely 
assassinated  by  oneof 'hedomesticsof  theduki 
of  Guise,  in  the  beginning  of  the  horrid  niassa 
ere  of  Paris,  on  the  eve  of  St.  Bartholomew's 
day,  1572. 

COIJGNI,  Henrietta,  daughter  of  a  marshal 
of  P'ranceof  the  same  name,  celebrated  for  her 
poetical  productions,  died  in  1673. 

COLLADO,  Diego,  a  Spaniard,  superintend 
ent  of  the  convents  of  the  Philippines, and  author 
of  a  work  on  the  Japanese  language. 

COLLANGE,  Gabriel  de,  a  Huguenot,  killed 
at  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomews,  in  1572, 

COLLATINT'S,  husbarid  of  the  celebrated 
Lncretia,  in  conjunction  with  Brutus,  expelled 
the  Tarquin  family  from  Rome,  and  establislied 
the  consular  government. 

COLLE,  Charles,  a  Frenchman,  distinguish 
cd  as  a  comic  writer,  died  in  1783. 

COLLEGE,  Stephen,  a  protestant  mechanic, 
unjustly  condemned  in  ItiS],  as  engaged  in  the 
conspiracy  against  Charles  II. 

COLLEONE,  Bartholomew,  a  native  of  Ber 
gamp,  distinguished  for  his  military  successes  in 
the  service  of  the  Venetians,  died  "in  1475. 

COLLET,  Peter,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  of  Ter 
nay,  author  of  several  works  on  'heology  and 
Wography  died  in  1770- 

R 


CO 

COLLET,  Pliilibert,  a  French  a.lvocate;  au- 
thor of  treatises  on  excommunications,  lythes, 
&c.,  died  in  17JS. 

COLLETET,  William,  a  French  academician, 
who  wrole  for  the  tlieatres,  under  Riciielieu, 
died  in  1095. 

COLLE'I'ON,  James,  was  governor  of  the 
colony  of  South  Carolina,  about  \Ctf-t). 

COLLIEK,  Jeremy,  an  eminent  English  di- 
vine, born  at  Stow-Uui,  in  Cambridgishire,  in 
i()50,  died  172C.  He  published  "i,ssa>s  npcm 
seveial  moral  subjects,"  which  have  pnssed 
through  many  editions.  In  1698,  he  Uiudc  an 
attempt  to  reform  the  stage,  by  publibliing  his 
"  Short  View  of  the  Immorality  and  Profane- 
iiess  of  the  English  Stage,"  and  other  pamphlets. 
This  engaged  him  in  a  controversy  wilh  the 
wits ;  and  Congreve  and  Vanbrugh,  whom,  with 
many  others,  he  had  taken  to  task  very  severely, 
appeared  openly  against  him.    In  this  contro- 

rsy  with  thv  stage.  Collier  e.xerled  himself  to 
the  utmost  advantage :  his  labours  were  alicnd- 
ed  wilh  success,  and  actually  produced  repent- 
ance and  amendment ;  for  it  is  allowed  on  all 
hands,  that  the  decorum  which  has  been,  for 
the  most  jjart,  observed  by  the  later  writers  of 
dramatic  poetry,  is  entirely  owing  to  the  ani- 
niadver,';ions  of  Collier.  Collier  also  publiilied 
"An  Ecclesiastical  History  of  Great  Britain," 
2  vols,  folio,  which  is  written  with  great  judg- 
ment ;  and  translated  Moreri's  "  Historical,  Geo- 
graphical, Genealogical,  and  Poetical  Dictiona- 
i)-,"  ill  4  vols.  foUo,  a  work  of  very  great  la- 
bour. 

COLLINGS,  John,  an  eminent  textuary  and 
criiic,  born  in  1(;23,  died  1G90.  He  wrote  inany 
books  of  controversial  and  practical  divinity, 
the  most  singular  of  which  is  "  The  Weaver's 
Pocket-book;  or  Weaving  spiritualized, "  8vo  ; 
and  he  had  a  principal  hand  in  Matthew  Poole's 
Annotations  on  the  Bible. 

COLLlNGWt)OD,  Cnthbert.  lord,  a  gallant 
British  admiral,  the  intimate  friend  of  the  im- 
mortal Nelson,  and  bis  successor  in  the  com- 
mand of  the  Mediterranean  fleet,  which  achiev- 
ed the  glorious  victory  of  Trafalgar.  His  lord- 
ship was  born  in  the  county  of  Northumberland, 
in  1750;  was  created  a  peer  of  the  realm,  with 
a  handsome  annuity,  Nov.  20,  180.5,  and  died 
March  7,  1810,  on  board  his  flag  ship,  the  'V'ille 
de  Paris,  oft'  aiinorca.  He  was  a  man  of  great, 
but  unobtrusive  merit.  He  comniandi'd  a  74  in 
the  battle  of  the  1st  of  June,  under  lord  Howe. 
In  the  great  battle  of  Aboukir,  he  also  bore  a 
distinguished  part ;  but  it  was  reserved  for  the 
battle  of  Trafalgar  to  raise  his  fame  to  its  high- 
est jiitch.  His  ship,  tlie  Royal  Sovereign,  in 
which  he  broke  through  the  centre  of  the  ene- 
my's line,  appeared,  as  viewed  from  the  Victo- 
ry, which  led  the  other  division,  a  blaze  of  lire. 
"  See,"  said  the  great  Nelson,  on  viewing  it, 
"  how  that  noble  fellow,  ColHntrwood,  carries 
his  ship  into  action.  On  the  death  of  the  ter- 
mer lamented  liero,  he  succeeded  to  the  com- 
mand in  chief.  Since  that  great  and  memora- 
ble day,  comprising  an  interval  of  about  four 
years  and  a  half,  his  lordship  had  never  set  foot 
upon  land  ;  beins  employed  in  the  arduous  and 
harassing  duty  of  watching  tiie  Toulon  fleet ; 
so  that  he  never  took  his  seat  in  the  bouse  of 
peers,  nor  revisited  his  family  or  country,  after 
his  signal  merits  had  obtained  the  distinguished 
honours  and  rewards  that  we  have  stated. 

COLLINS,  John,  a  maihematician  and  arith- 
metical writer,  born  at  Wood  Ealon,  near  Ox- 
ford, 1624,  died  1683. 

129 


co_ 

COLLlNd,  Aatlioiiy,  an  eminent  writer  on 
polemical  subjtct.s,  and  ilie  friend  and  corres 

fiondenl  of"  ilic  ureal  Mr.  Locke,  waa  born  at 
Icstoii,  near  llounslow,  in  Middlesex,  in  ICTti, 
and  died  ITi'J.  He  publislied  llis  celebrati'd 
"  Discourse  ol"  Free-tliinking,"  in  8vo,  i7j;i, 
and  Ills  "  Discourse  ot'  the  Grounds  and  Rea- 
sons of  the  Ciiristian  Relit;ioii,"  in  1724  ;  and 
wrote,  besides  these,  a  great  many  books,  which 
were  warmly  attacked  by  the  orthodox  writers 
of  thai  time. 

COLLINS,  Arthur,  author  of  "  The  Peerage 
of  England,"  was  the  ^on  of  William  Collins, 
esq.  (gentleman  usher  to  queen  Catharine,  in  the 
year  IG69,)  aud  born  in  1(362.  Having  received 
a  liberal  educalioii,  and  being  from  his  youth 
inucli  inclined  to  the  study  of  antiquities,  he 
conceived  the  arduous  design  of  digesting  a 
compendious  account  of  the  nobility  of  these 
kingdoms,  whose  genealogies  had,  till  that  time, 
been  mouldering  in  private  cabinets.  The  work 
liadgreat  merit;  the  rewardsof  his  labour  were, 
however,  by  no  means  adequate  to  the  lime  he 
devoted  to  these  researches.  The  other  works 
known  to  be  publi.siied  by  Mr.  Collins,  were 
"  Sydney  btaie  Papers,"  "  Historical  Collec- 
tion'sof  the  Families  of  Cavendish,  Holies,  Vere, 
Ifarley  and  Ogle,"  "  The  Life  of  Edward  the 
Black  Prince,"  and  "  Proceedings,  Precedents, 
and  .'Vrirnnnnts  on  Claims  and  Controversies, 
conceriiing  Baronies  by  Writ,  and  other  Ho- 
nours." He  died  in  ITW,  and  was  buried  in  the 
church  of  Battersea,  Surrey.  Whatever  praise 
is  due  to  Biographical  literature  in  general,  cer- 
tainly belongs  to  one  who  dipped  even  into  the 
funereal  uru  to  stamp  his  labours  with  authen- 
ticity;  and  such  is  the  credit  tliey  have  obtaiii- 
,  ed,  that  while  there  remains  a  spark  of  venera- 
tion for  the  exploits  of  the  ancient  English  peer- 
age, the  volumes  which  record  them,  and  bear 
-Crtliur  Collins'  name,  will  be  consulted  as  the 
anthentic  history  of  that  splendid  and  viial 
pan  of  the  British  constitution.  A  grandson  of 
Arthur  (Colonel  David  Collins)  has  lately  given 
to  the  world  a  very  valuable  "  Account  of  the 
English  Settlement  of  New  South  Wales,"  from 
its  first  establishment,  in  January,  178d,  4to,  vol. 
1,  1798,  vol.  2,  180-2;  repr.nted  in  1  vol.  in  1804. 
Colonel  Collins  died  governor  of  the  British  set- 
tloment  on  Van  Diemen's  Land,  March  24, 1810. 
COLLIN'S,  Samuel,  aw  English  physician,  au- 
thor of  the  present  stale  of  Russia,  1(171. 

COLLINS,  William,  an  unfortunate,  but  ad- 
mirable poet,  was  horn  at  Chichester,  in  1721, 
and  died  June  12, 1759.  During  his  residence 
at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  he  applied  hiin- 
gelf  10  poetry,  and  published  the  "  Persian,"  or, 
as  they  have  since  been  entitled,  "  Oriental  Ec- 
logues," with  regard  to  which,  i;  may  justly  be 
asserted,  that  in  simplicity  of  description  and 
expression,  that  in  delicacy  and  softness  of  num- 
bers, and  in  natural  and  unatiected  tenderness, 
they  are  not  to  be  equalled  by  any  thing  of  the 
pastoral  kind  in  the  English  language.  About 
1744,  he  suddenly  left  the  university,  and  went 
Jo  London,  a  literary  adventurer.  He  designed 
many  works :  but  his  great  fault  was  irresolu- 
tion. He  published  proposals  for  a  "  History 
of  the  Revival  of  Learning  ;  but  probably  not  a 
page  of  the  history  was  ever  written.  His  un- 
cle, Mr.  Marlin,  a  lieutenant-colonel,  left  him 
about  5M001.  But  man  is  not  bom  for  happiness ; 
Collins,  who,  while  he  studied  to  live,  felt  no 
c\il  but  poverty,  no  sooner  lived  to  study,  than 
llis  life  was  assailed  by  more  dreadful  calami- 
ties, disease  and  inEaiv>tv;  andh«  died  a  lunatic 
130 


CO 

All  elegant  monument  his  b'.en  erected  to  hid 
memory  in  Chichester  cathedral,  with  some 
beautiful  lines  inscribed  from  the  pen  of  Mr. 
Hayley. 

(OLLINS,  John,  the  ingenious  author  of 
"  The  Evening  lirnsli,"  an  oial  tnlertaiimicnt 
of  story,  song,  and  seiilimeiil,  whicii  he  deli- 
vered many  years  with  gri'at  success  in  all  the 
principal  towns  of  Great  Britain  and  frelund  ; 
he  was  born  in  17'i3,  and  died  at  Birmingham, 
May  2,  1808. 

COLLINS,  John,  a  member  of  congress,  and 
governor  of  Rhode-Island,  died  in  17U5. 

COLLINS,  John,  governor  of  Delaware, 
died  in  1822. 

COLLINSON,  Peter,  F.  R.  S..  an  ingeniouj 
botanist  and  natural  historian,  died  August  11, 
17()8. 

COLLIUS,  Francis,  doctor  of  a  college  of 
Milan  ;  author  of  a  work  in  which  he  decrees 
salvation  to  the  sa^es  of  Greece,  the  midwives 
of  Egypt,  &r.,  died  in  1640. 

COLLOT,  Germain,  a  French  surgeon,  fa- 
mous for  his  skill  in  lithotomy,  died  in  1656. 

COLLOT  D'HERP,OIS,  J.  M.,  who,  becoming 
a  member  of  the  French  convention,  was  depu- 
ted to  punish  the  revolt  of  the  city  of  Lyons, 
and  completely  destroyed  it,  because,  while  a 
player,  he  had  been  hissed  there;  afterwards 
tile  companion  of  Robespierre ;  he  died  iu  con- 
linement,  at  Cayenne. 

COLLUTHUS,  a  priest  of  Alexandria,  who 
maintained  that  God  was  not  the  author  of  the 
wicked :  he  was  condemned  as  a  heretic  in  324. 

C'OLMAN,  George,  an  eminent  dramatic  wri- 
ter, sou  of  Thomas  Colnian,  esq.,  British  resi- 
dent at  Florence,  was  born  at  Florence,  in  1732, 
and  placed  at  a  very  early  age  in  Westminster 
school.  In  1758  he  removed  to  Christ  Church 
College,  Oxford,  and  there  took  the  degree  of 
M...\.  During  his  progress  at  Westminster,  and 
while  at  College,  he  formed  those  literary  con- 
nexions with  whom  he  remained  in  friendship 
till  they  severally  dropped  off  the  stage  of  life. 
Lloyd,  Churchill,  Bonncl,  Thornton,  and  other 
ceiebraled  wits  of  a  former  day,  «  ere  among 
the  intimate  associates  of  Mr.  Colman,  and  gave 
eclat  to  his  name,  by  noticing  him  in  several  of 
their  coinpositifms.  Mr.  C.  was  admiiled  into 
the  society  of  Lincoln's-Iiin,  and  was  called  to 
the  bar,  where  he  practised  a  very  short  time. 
About  the  year  1768,  Mr.  Beard,  being  incapa 
ble  of  bearing  any  longer  the  fatigues  of  a  thea 
trical  life,  and  wishing  to  retire  from  the  ma- 
na^eineiit  of  Coveiit-Garden  theatre,  disposed 
of  ills  properly  in  that  house,  to  Messrs.  Col 
man,  Harris,  Powell,  and  Rutherford.  These 
gentlemen  were,  for  a  short  time,  joint  mana- 
gers, but  Mr.  Colman  appearing  to  desire  a  great- 
er authority  than  theothers,(exceptMr.  Powell) 
which  they  were  unwilling  to  yield,  he  was  in 
duced,  after  a  literary  warfare,  which  was  pub- 
lished, to  dispose  of  his  share.  Soon  after,  Mr. 
Foote,  then  proprietor  of  the  Hay-market  thea- 
tre, having  been  induced  to  withdraw  fronj 
the  stage,  disposed  of  his  theatre  to  Mr. 
Colman,  for  a  handsome  annuity,  which  he 
did  not  long  enjoy.  On  Mr.  Foote's  death, 
Mr.  C.  obtained  the  license.  This  gentleman 
was  one  of  the  chief  writers  in  "  The  Con- 
noisseur," and  produced  a  variety  of  misceV 
laneous  poems  and  papers,  which  he  collect- 
ed in  three  volumes.  As  a  scholar,  he  holds 
a  very  respectable  rank,  as  may  be  seen  in  his 
translations  of  Horace's  "  Art  of  Poetry,"  and 
of  the  "  Comedies  of  Terence ;"  and  his  man 


Hers  wuif  as  pitiwiiig  as  liis  talciita  were  re' 
wpectalile.     Mr.  V.  tl'u.d  August  14,  l';94. 

COLiMAN,  Penjaiiiiii,  an  emiiieiilly  pious 
anil  Utiffiil  minister  u(  Jkattle-sueel  cliuicl), 
lies; oil  (listini-'uislicU  tor  liis  eloquence  ;  Jie  pub- 
lished iiiauy  occasional  >c.iniouis,  and  died  in 
1747. 

t'OLOCCI,  Aiigelo,  an  Italian,  bishop  of  No- 
rcia,  and  ^rovernor  of  Ascoii,  dij^tintjuislifd  loi 
making  u  viilur.lili:  collection  of  Ixioks,  was  au- 
thor ol  1-aliu  (xieins,  and  died  in  1549. 

COLO(J\K,  Pilei  de,  a  naiive  of  Ghent,  the 
friend  of  Calvhi  and  ISe/a,  and  a  vindicator  of 
tlieproicsljints. 

COLoiMUJCUE,  Claude  de  la,  a  famous  Je- 
suit, very  jmpniar  as  a  pitacher,  helore  Jaines 
II.,  of  Kntjiand,  inventor  of  "  TlieSnlenmity  of 
[he  Ilearl  of  .losus;"  lie  died  in  l()8i. 
COLOiMIi;t>,orC'OLO.MJii?lUS,raul,a  French 
proicstam,  wiio  travelled  ihrnugh  Europe,  was 
iiuihor  of  several  works,  and  dud  in  Id'j-i. 

COLON!,  Adain  and  Adrian,  two  dutch  his- 
torical iiainters  ;  the  father  died  in  1065,  and  the 
son  in  17(11. 

t;oj^Oi\N.A,  Fabio,  a  botanist,  the  first  who 
g.tve  names  to  the  petals  and  leaves  of  tlowers; 
ilie  inventor  of  the  ponlachoidon,  and  author 
of^workson  hoUiny,&c. 

COLONNA,  Francisco  Maria  Fompeio,  a 
Frenchman,  autlior  of  the  natural  history  of  the 
universe  ;  he  perished  by  file,  in  17:26. 

COjyOX.NA,  I'rospero,  a  distincni.-ihrd  war- 
rior, under  (.'harles  VIII.,  of  France,  who  con- 
ijuered  Naples,  and  then  reconquered  it  for  Aus- 
tria ;  he  died  in  ].52;i. 

COLONNA,  Ponipeo,  a  restless  ecclesiastic  ; 
the  cause  of  many  calamities  lo  the  Romans, 
bj'  his  ambition  and  intrigues  for  tlie  popedom  ; 
he  died  in  1.532. 

COLONNA,  Francis,  a  Venetian,  who,  being 
disappointed  in  love,  wrote  a  curious  book  call- 
ed Hypnerotomachia  di  Polyphilo  ;  he  died  in 
1527. 

COLONNA,  Victoria,  an  Italian,  author  of 
some  ell  <!ant  poems,  died  in  1,547. 

COLorvNA,  Mark  .Antonio,  duke  of  Paliano, 
defeated  the  Turks  in  the  battle  of  Lepanto, 
and  entered  Rome  in  triumph;  lie  died  in  1584. 
COLONNA,  Ascanio,  son  of  the  preceding, 
distinguished  for  his  defence  of  the  pojie  in  his 
dispute  with  the  Venetians,  died  in  1008. 

COLONNA,  John, a  pajial  lepate  to  the  Christ 
inn  army  in  Palestine,  taken  by  the  Saracens, 
and  cruelly  treated  ;  but  was  saved  on  account 
of  h's  fortitude  ;  he  died  in  1245. 

COLOKNA,  Giles,  bishop  of  Bourges,a  learn- 
ed man,  and  theological  professor,  died  in  1316 
COLONNA,   Fabricio,  a  celebrated  warrior 
against  the  Ursini,  died  in  1520 

COLUliHOUN,  Patrick,  L.  L.  D  ,  a  merchant 
and  lord  provost  of  Glasgow,  afterwards  distin 
guished  as  a  police  magistrate  of  London,  and 
a  writer  on  the  police  of  that  city  ;  he  died  in 
1820. 

COLRANE,  Henry  Hare,  lord,  a  learned 
Englishman,  who  travelled  three  times  through 
England,  and  made  a  noble  collection  of  prints 
and  drawings  of  antiipiities ;  he  died  in  1749. 

COLSTON,  Edward,  a  person  ever  memora- 
ble for  his  benefactions  and  charities,  was  born 
at  Bristol  1636,  and  died  at  Mortlake,  in  Surrey, 
Oct.  11,  1721.  He  was  buried  in  the  church  of 
All-saints,  Bristol,  where  a  monument  is  erected 
to  his  memory,  on  which  are  enumerated  his 
public  charities  to  an  amazing  extent. 
COLUMBUS.,  Christopher,  a  Genoese,  bom 


1442,  and  famous  in  history  for  beiiig  the  disco- 
verer of  Anierna,  though  it  took  its  nume  from 
Aniericus  V'esiiuiius,  who,  by  the  encourage- 
ment of  Emanuel,  king  of  Portugal,  n.nde,  in 
1497,  Home  addilioi^al  diiscoveiicB  to  those  of  Co- 
lumbus,    ("olunibub  diiMi  1300. 

CtJLUMBUS,  Uarihoiomcw,  brother  of  (he 
preceding,  who  accompanied  him  in  his  voya- 
ges of  discovery  ;  being  sent  to  Kiiglaiid  to  boli 
cil  aid,  he  was  taken  bj  pirates ;  he  founded 
St.  Domingo,  and  died  in  1514. 

COLUMBI-'S,  Realdus,  an  Italian  anatomi- 
cal writer,  whose  opinions  on  the  blood,  iiiaily 
approached  to  Harvey's  discovery  of  the  circu- 
lation ;  he  died  in  1577. 

COLUMI'.LLA, a  Latin  writer,  who  flourished 
about  the  year  42.  and  has  left  us  some  hecks 
upon  agriculture,  and  a  "Treatise  on  Trees," 
which  are  curious  and  valuable. 

COLUMNA,Guy,  a  naiive  of  Sicily, author 
of  a  chronicle  in  36  hooks. 

COLUTHUS,  a  Greek  poet,  who  lived  in  tlie 
beginning  of  the  Olh  century. 

COLVlUS,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Dort,  trans- 
lator of  Father  Paul's  treatise  on  the  inijuisuion, 
author  of  some  eli^gant  poetry  ;  died  in  16^1. — 
His  son  Nicholas  \\  as  also  a  learned  and  elo- 
quent divine,  and  died  in  1717. 

COLWILL,  Alexander,  principal  of  Edin- 
burgh college,  in  1669;  author  of  the  Scotch 
Hudihras,  in  which  he  ridiculed  the  presbyti 
rians;  he  died  in  1076. 

COMI5E,  Charles,  M.  D.,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian and  critic,  and  highly  distinguished  as  a 
medalist,  was  horn  in  London,  Sejit.  23,  1743, 
and  educated  at  Harrow-school.  He  died  in 
Bloomsbury  square,  March  18,  1817. 

COMBEFI.S,  Francis,  known  as  a  learned 
editorof  several  Greek  lathers  ;  he  died  in  1679. 

COMBER,  Dr.  Thomas,  dean  of  Durham, 
born  at  VVesterham,  in  Kent,  1645,  died  1699. — 
He  was  the  author  of  several  learned  works 
chietly  relating  to  the  "  Common  Prayer :"  and, 
amongothers,  of  the  "  Companion  tothe  Altar." 

COMBER,  Thomas,  feUow  of  Trinity  college 
and  D.  D.,  dean  of  Carlisle;  advocated  the  di- 
vine right  of  tythes,  against  Selden  ;  he  died  in 
1653. 

COMENIUS,  John  Amos,  a  protestant,  emi- 
nent as  a  divhie  ;  but  still  more  so  as  a  gram- 
marian ;  born  in  Moravia;  author  of  "Janua 
Linguarum,"  which  was  translated  into  12  lan- 
guages :  he  died  in  1671. 

COME  NATALIS,  or  NATAL  CONTI,  au- 
thor of  Greek  and  Latin  poems,  and  a  valuable 
work  on  mvthology ;  died  in  1590. 

COMIERS,  Claude,  a  professor  of  mathema- 
tics; wrote  on  comets  and  spectacles,  and  died 
in  1C93. 

COMINES,  Philip  de,  an  excellent  French  his- 
tori.in,  born  in  Flanders,  1446,  died  1509,  leav- 
ing beliind  him  "  Memoirs  of  his  own  Times." 

COMM.'iNDINUS,  Frederic,  an  Italian,  of 
noble  birth,  an  excellent  Greek  scholar,  and  ma- 
thematician ;  he  translated  Archimedes,  Euclid, 
&c.,  and  died  in  1575. 

COMMELIN,  Jerome,  an  eminent  printer,  of 
France  ;  he  printed  Chrysostom's  works  in  4 
vols,  and  died  in  1.598. 

COMMENDONE,  John  Francis,  a  native  of 
Venice,  wrote  Latin  verses  at  10, afterwards  sus- 
tained many  ofiices  under  Julius  III.,  Paul  IV., 
and  Pius  IV. ;  he  died  in  1584. 

COMMFRSON,   Philibert,  botanist  to    the 
French  king,  acconip.-mied  Bougainville  round 
the  world,  and  dlstingnishcd  himself  by  his  la? 
131 


CO 

bours  and  collections,  he  leli  201)  vols,  in  folio,  i 
and  Ji  cases  of  plants.  He  died  at  tlie  Isle  of 
France,  in  1773. 

C(.)MiMlRE,  John,  author  of  fables,  which 
are  esieenied  equal  to  lliose  of  Fha;dru3 ;  he 
died  at  Paris,  in  170-2. 

CUMMOOl,  Andrea,  an  admired  Florentine 
jjaiuler,  died  in  KJ'.W. 

COMMODIANUS  of  Gaza,  a  Chri.-tian  poet, 
of  the  4lh  centur>',  autlior  of  "  institutiunes." 

C(J.MMOULfS,  Lucius  Aurelius  Auioninus,  a 
dissipated  emperor  of  Konie,  180. 

COMiVEiV'A,  Anna,  a  most  accomplished  la- 
dy, and  daughter  of  the  Greek  emperor,  Alex- 
ius Conuieuus,  flourished  about  1118,  and  wrote 
15  books  upon  the  life  and  actions  of  herfallier, 
whicli  she  called  "  The  Alexiad." 

CtJAlP'J"Oi>J,  Spencer,  master  of  the  robes  to 
the  prince  ot  VVales,  afterwards  Charles  I.,  and 
E.  zealous  advocate  for  him  ;  he  was  slain  at  the 
battle  of  Hopton-heath,  in  164:!. 

COMPTOiV,  Henr)-,  bishop  of  Oxford,  who 
was  intrusted  with  the  education  of  the  prin- 
cesses -Mary  and  Anne,  disj.ieased  James  II.,  by 
his  zeal  as  a  protestaui,  and  was  dismissed  from 
the  privy  council,  and  although  restored,  took 
part  with  William,  prince  of  Orange,  against 
James.     He  died  in  J7i:!. 

CO.MTE,  Lewis  le,  a  French  Jesuit,  missiona- 
ry to  China,  in  lt>85. 

CONANT,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  English  di- 
vine, born  Oct.  IS,  l!i08,  at  Veatonton,  in  Devon- 
shire, was  educated  at  Exeter  College,  0.xford, 
where  his  uncommon  parts  and  learning  soon 
acquired  hitn  the  favour  of  Dr.  John  I'rideaux, 
then  rector  of  that  college,  who  used  to  say  of 
him,  Conauti  nihil  est  di.iicile ;  an  excellent  pun, 
which,  however,  would  be  lost  in  translation. 
Having  taken  his  degrees,  he  was  by  the  par- 
liament constituted  one  of  the  assembly  of  di- 
^^nes,  though  he  seldom  or  never  sat  with  them. 
In  J647,  lie'  was  chosen  rector  of  his  college  ; 
shonly  after,  Regius  professor  of  divinity,  and 
ia  i657',  made  vice-chancellor  of  the  university. 
In  167ri,  he  was  made  archdeacon  of  Norwich, 
by  bishop  Reynolds,  whose  daughter  he  married 
in  1651 ;  and  in  1G81,  aprebendary  of  Worcester, 
by  king  Charles  II.  In  KiSi),  he  lost  his  sight;  and 
ill  1693,  died,  leaving  behiud  him  a  number  of 
admired  sermons,  of  which,  six  volumes  are  in 
print.  Dr.  C.  was  buried  in  tlie  church  of  All- 
t'aims,  Northampton,  of  which  he  had  been 
vicar  many  years,  and  possessed  a  considerable 
estate  in  the  neighbourhood. 

CO\C.\,  Sebastian,  a  painter,  bom  at  Gaeta 
died  in  1761.     His  pieces  are  much  admired. 

CO.N'C.V.NEN,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Ireland, 
who  went  to  England,  and  gained  some  reputa 
tion  by  writing  in  support  of  the  ministry  ;  he 
was  afterwards  attorney-general  for  Jamaica, 
]~  vears,  and  died  in  1749. 

CONCINA,  Daniel,  a  celebrated  Venetian 
preacher,  author  of  a  system  of  theology,  &c., 
dieil  in  17.56. 

("OMCIXI,  better  known  by  the  name  of  mar- 
clial  d'.-^ncre,  a  Florentine, who,  by  his  intrigues, 
bi'came  a  marquis  and  niarechal  of  France,  but 
was  shot  by  one  of  his  eiiemies,  in  1617. 

CO.\DAMI.\E,  Charles  Marie  de  la.  a  cele- 
brated French  traveller  atid  poet,  born  at  Paris, 
in  7701,  died  1774,  leaving  many  ingenious  and 
valuable  works. 

CON'DE,  I^ewis,  first  duke  of,  distinsnished  for 
his  valour  at  the  banle  of  Qniiiiin,  and  after- 
wards asthe  loailerof  t'^HHU'-'ueno;;  ;  he  died  in 
15()9,  of  w<jund3  received  in  the  battle  of  Dreux. 
132 


^CO 

CONDE,  Henry,  prince  of,  known  in  tlia 
court  of  Henry  IV.,  of  France,  was  sent  to  the 
b.isiile,  in  1616,  and  liberated  three  years  after; 
he  was  restored  to  iavour,  and  displayed  his  va- 
lour in  tlie  service  of  his  country ;  he  died  in 
1646. 

CONDE,  Louis  de  Bourbon,  duke  d'Enge  in, 
and  prince  of,  usually  styled  tiie  Great  Coi";e. 
He  lived  under  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  and 
was  one  of  the  bravest  and  most  skiiful  gene- 
rals that  Fiance  ever  produced. 

CONDE,  Henry  Julius  de,  distinguisiied  him- 
self under  his  lather,  at  the  pa.-^sage  of  the 
Rhine,  and  was  a  patron  of  learning.  He  died 
in  1709. 

CONDER,  John,  an  eminent  dissenting  nii 
nister,  born  in  Cambridgeshire,  1714,  died  m 
London,  in  1781 ,  having  published  "  .An  Essay 
nn  the  importance  of  the  Ministerial  Charac- 
ter," and  several  sermons  on  public  occatioiis. 

CONDILLAC,  Stephen  Bonnot  de,  a  French 
writer  on  commerce,  politics,  and  metaphysic?, 
died  Aug.  2,  1780.  He  was  preceptor  to  the  in- 
fant duke  of  Parma,  and  composed  for  the  use 
of  his  illustrious  pupil  "  A  Course  of  Study," 
which  was  afterwards  published  in  1776,  in  16 
vols.  12mo,  and  is  deserving  of  great  praise. 

tXJNDORCET,  Joliii  Anthony  Nicholas  Ca- 
ritat,  marquis  de,  a  French  geometrician  and 
philosophical  writer,  and  perpetual  secretary  of 
the  academy  of  sciences  at  Paris,  born  at  Rihe- 
mont,  in  Picardy,  Sept.  17,  1743,  died  ]March28, 
1794.  His  mathematical  writings  are  numerous 
and  useful ;  but  those  on  philosophical  subjects 
strike  at  the  root  of  religion,  both  natural  and 
revealed. 

CONDREN,  Charles  de,  known  for  his  influ- 
ence in  procuring  a  reconciliation  between  the 
king  and  the  duke  of  Orleans,  died  in  1641. 

CONFUCIUS,  the  celebrated  Chinese  philo- 
opher,  was  born  in  the  kingdom  of  Lu,  which 
is  at  present  the  province  of  Chan  Long,  551 
years  before  the  birth  of  Christ.  His  extensive 
knowledge  and  great  wisdom  made  him  every^ 
where  known  :  his  integrity,  and  the  splendour 
of  his  virtues  made  him  beloved :  kings  were 
governed  by  his  counsels,  and  the  people  reve- 
renced him  as  a  saint.  He  died  in  the  73d  year 
of  his  age. 

CONGREVE,  W'illiam,  an  English  dramatic 
writer  and  poet,  bom  at  Bardsey,  near  Leeds, 
in  Februan',  1669.  Though  hied  to  the  law,  he 
found  no  charms  in  that  profession, but  turned  his 
mind  to  polite  literature,  particularly  to  dramatic 
composition,  and  wrote  a  comedy  called  "  The 
Old  Bachelor,"  of  which  Dryden,  to  whom  he 
was  recoHimendedjSaid  "  that  he  never  sawsuch 
a  first  play  in  his  life  ;"  and  in  the  performance, 
t  met  with  such  general  applause,  that  Con- 
rreve  was  thenceforward  considered  astheprop 
of  the  declining  stage.       Having  written  four 

omedies,  a  tragedy,  an  oratorio,  and  a  ina.sque, 
and  enjoyed  some  lucrative  employments  under 
L'overument,  he  died  Jan.  19,  17^9,  and  was 
buried  in  Westminster-abbey. 

CONNOR,  Dr.  Bernard,  a  medical  and  histo- 
rical writer,born  in  Kerry,  Ireland,  in  1666.  and 
died  1698.  In  1694,  he  was  appointed  physician 
to  John  Sobieski,  king  of  Poland  ;  and  while 
there,  wrote  "  A  History  of  Poland."  Going 
afierwardsto  England,  he  read  lectures  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  in  1697,  publish.«d  "  Evangeliutn 
Medici,"  &c.,  a  work  which  gained  him  much 
repntaiion  by  its  learning  and  ingenuity.  Hi3 
Historv  of  Poland  is  in  2  vols.  8vo. 
CONON,  aa  Athenian  general,  defeated  by 


^ 


<;o 


Lysaiiiler  ;  he  al'tcrw.iids  delealud  llie  Spartans, 
and  was  put  to  dSaiii  39:i  15.  V 

COMOiV,  an  astronomer  of  Samoa,  and  friend 
of  Arcliiini'des. 

CONIIAD  I.,  count  of  Franconia,  and  king 
of  Germany,  in  912. 

CONRAU  II.,  king  of  Geru.any  in  1024,  and 
emperor  of  Rome  3  years  after  ;  lie  conquered 
Burgundy,  and  died  in  1039. 

COJVKAD  HI.,  elected  emperor  of  Germany, 
and  though  opposed,  he  reconciled  his  enemies, 
and  entered  upon  a  crusade,  in  which  he  nearly 
lost  his  armv  by  poison  ;  he  died  in  1152. 

CONRAD"  IV.,  succeeded  his  father,  Frederic 
II.,  as  emperor,  in  1250,  unsuccessfully  opposed 
by  Innocent  IV.  ;  he  died  suddenly,  supposed 
by  poison,  in  1254. 

CONRADIN,  or  CONRAD,  son  of  Conrnd 
IV.,  beheaded  by  his  uncle,  regent  of  Naples, 
when  only  10  years  old. 

CONRART;  Valentin, secretary  to  the  French 
king's  council,  and  father  of  the  French  acade- 
my ;  he  died  in  lti75. 

CONRI,  Florence,  an  Irishman,  educated  in 
Spain,  sent  by  Philip  III.  to  reconcile  the  disaf- 
fected .Irish  to  the  prospect  of  a  Spanish  inva- 
sion, but  his  perfidious  schemes  were  defeated, 
and  he  died  in  lt)29. 

CONRINGIUS,  Ilermannus,  professor  of  law 
at  Hehnstadt,  born  atNordcn,  in  Frisia,  in  iriU(>,j 
died  ]()81.  He  composed  many  works  upon  law 
and  history,  which  have  been  printed  in  6  vols, 
folio. 

CONSTANT,  David,  professor  of  pliilosophy, 
Greek,  and  divinity,  at  Lausanne  ;  he  died  m 
1733. 

CONSTANTIN,  Robert,  professor  of  physic, 
and  belles  lettres,  at  Caen  university,  author  of 
a  valuable  Greek  and  Latin  Lexicon,  with  otlier 
works  ;  he  died  in  1605. 

CONSTANTINE,  usually  called  the  Great, 
and  memorable  for  having  been  the  first  empe- 
ror of  the  Romans  who  established  Christianity 
by  the  civil  power,  was  born  at  Naissus,  a  town 


stantinopip,  wlien  besieged  and  taken  by  the 

Turks,  in  1453.    In  liim  ended  the  Greek  empire 

I    CONSTANTINE,  Flavins  Julius,  a  jirivatR 

jfloldier,  who  invested  himself  with  the  iuip(;rial 

puriplein  Hrltain,  and  added  Gaul  and  Spain  to 

his  dominions  ;  lie  was  put  to  death  by  Constan- 

tius,  in  411. 

!     CONSTANTINE,  a  native  of  Syria,  raised 

to  the  papal  chair,  in  706,  died  in  the  east,  in 

;715. 

j     CONSTANTINE,  of  Carthage,  in  Africa,  a 

physician  of  the  lltli  century,  who  first  brought 

the  Arabian  and  Greek  physic  into  Italy. 

I    CONSTANTIUS,  Chlorus,  fatlierof  Constan- 

tine  the  Great,  died  in  30(5. 

CONSTANTIUS,  I-'lavius  Julius,  succeeded 
his  two  brothers,  Constans  and  Constantine,  in 
the  empire  of  Rome  ;  he  died  in  301. 

CONTAllINI,  Gaspard,  a  native  of  Venice, 
made  a  cardinal,  in  1538,  was  sent  a  legate  to 
the  council  of  Trent,  in  1541.  He  wrote  against 
Luther,  and  died  in  1542. 

CONTARIM,  Giovanni,  an  eminent  Vene 
tian  painter,  died  in  lf.05. 

CONTARINI,  Vincent,  professor  of  eloquence 
at  Padua,  and  a  learned  author,  died  in  1617. 

CONTE,  Jacobino  del,  a  Florentine,  portrait 
painter,  died  in  15'J8. 

CONTI,  Guisto  de,  a  highly  esteemed  Italian 

poet,  died  about  the  middle  of  the  ICth  century. 

CONTI,  Abbe  Anthony,   a  noble  Venetian, 

who  travelled  njuch,  and  wrote  some  poems 

and  tra^redies  ;  he  died  in  1749. 

CONTI,  Arniand  de  Bourbon,  prince  of,  an 
author  of  some  note,  who  warmly  espoused  the 
cause  of  the  insurgents  against  his  brother,  the 
reat  Cnnde,  in  the  civil  wars  of  France. 
CONTI,  Francis  Lewis  de  Bourbon,  elected 
king  of  Poland,  in  1097,  but  supplanted  by  the 
elector  of  Saxony,  died  in  1709. 

CONTO-PERTANA,  Don  Joseph,  a  Portu- 
guese poet  of  great  merit ;  he  died  in  1735. 
CONYUEARE,  Dr.  John,  bishop  of  Bristol, 
,  born  at  Pinhoe,  near  Exeter,  in   1692,  died  at 

of  Dardania,  in  272.^    He  died  337,  and  divided jIBath,  in  1755.    His  "  Defence  of  Revealed  Re- 
.1  ;.._  i  .  ■    ..  „  ligion,"  published  in  1732,  in  answertoTindal's 

"  Christianity  as  old  as  the  Creation,"  is  an  ad- 
mirable work,  and  rendered  eminent  service  to 
the  church. 

COOK,  James,  a  celebrated  English  circumna- 
vigator, was  born  at  Marton,  in  Yorkshire,  Oc- 
tober 27,  1728,  of  poor  parents,  and  apprenticed 
on  board  a  vessel  in  the  coal-trade.  In  the  war 
of  n.^o,  between  England  and  France,  he  en- 
tered as  a  seaman  in  the  royal  navy.  His  be- 
haviour in  tills  station  soon  endeared  him  to 
the  officers  ;  and,  on  the  15th  of  May,  1759,  he 
obtained  a  master's  warrant  for  the  Mercury, 
which  was  soon  after  employed  in  the  famous 
siege  of  Quebec.  During  this  siege,  a  ditTicult 
and  dangerous  service  was  to  be  performed ; 
namely,  to  take  soundings  in  the  channel  of  the 
river  St.  Lawrence,  directly  in  front  of  the 
French  fortified  camp.  Tliis  he  performed  at 
the  imminent  hazard  of  his  life,  with  which  in- 


the  empire  between  his  three  sons,  Constantine, 
Constantius,  and  Constans. 

CONSTANTINE  II.,  son  of  Constantine  the' 
Great;  after  his  father's  death,  became  master 
of  Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain ;  he  was  slain  at 
Aquileia,  in  34X). 

CONSTANTINE  III.,  son  of  Constantius  II., 
was  crowned  emperor,  in  608,  and  died  in  085. 

CONSTANTINE  IV.,  CAPRONYMl^S,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Leo,  in  1752;  he  defeated  the 
Saracens,  who  made  an  insurrection  against 
him,  and  died  in  775. 

CONSTANTINE  V.,  succeeded  his  father, 
Leo  IV.,  in  1780  ;  he  was  defeated  by  the  Bul- 
garians, who  took  him  and  put  out  his  eyes,  in 
<92. 

CONSTANTINE  VH.,  PORPHYROGEM- 
TUS,  a  learned  man,  wascrowned  at  7  years  of 
«ge  ;  he  defeated  the  Lombards,  and  drove  away 
Uie  Turks  ;  he  was  poi.=ioiied  by  his  son,  in  959. 


CONSTANTINE  IX.,  son  of  Romanus,  sue-  deed  he  very  narrowly  escaped;  he  was  succcs 

tcedcd  to  the  throne,  in  970,  and  died  in  1028.  sively  rewarded  with  the  appointments  of  m.is- 

CONSTANTINE  X.,  MONOMACHUS,  or  ter  of  the  Northumberland  man  of  war,  marine 

GLADIATOR,  ascended  the  throne,  in  1042,  surveyor  of  Newfoundland  and  Labrador,  lieu- 

and  died  in  1024.  tenant  in  the  navv,  and  commander  of  the  En- 

CONST.\NTINE  XI., or  DUCAS,  succeeded  deavour  bark,  fitted  out  for  the  purpose  of  tak- 

IsaacCommenus,  in  1059.    His  reign  was  ren-  ine  some  astronomical  obser\'ations,  and  making 

dered  unhappy  by  an  invasion  of  the  Scythians;  discoveries  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.    On  this  e.-cpe- 

Jie  died  in  1007.  '  dition,  he  sailed  from  Deptford,  July  .30,  1768, 

CONSTANTINE  Xin.  succeeded  his  brother  and  returned  to  England,  July  12,  1771.    He 

John,  in  I'MS :  he  fell  iti  the  defence  of  Con-  sailed  again.  April  2, 1772.  in  the  Resolution 

12  '  133 


^ (JO 

accoiupaiiieil  by  caiitaiii  riinifaux,  in  tliu  Aii- 
vsuUiire,  to  drtcniiiuf  the  OMSteiice,  or  uoii-tx- 
istiMico  of  a  soutlierii  conuiioiit.  I'y  tliia  voy- 
a;;c',  I'rom  vvliich  lie  retuiued  in  1775,  ilie  illu- 
sions of  a  Turra  Australia  Incognita  to  any 
purpot^es  of  commerce,  colonization,  or  utility, 
vvi'ic  (tispollcil ;  but  as  a  reward  lor  ca|iuiiii 
Cook's  iniportaul  iniprovemoius  for  preserving 
the  lieallli  of  seamen,  very  happily  numifested 
in  tliis  voyaije,  tlie  Royal  Society  hesiowed  on 
Iiim  tile  nieiialof  Sir  Godfrey  Copley.  Another 
grand  question  was,  the  practicability  of  a 
uonliern  passage  to  the  Pacific  Ocean ;  to  de- 
termine which,  captain  Cook  sailed,  in  177G,  on 
board  the  Kosolution,  accompanied  by  captain 
Clerke,  in  the  Discovery.  This  voyage  served 
to  prove  that  there  was  no  practicable  passage 
between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans  to- 
ward the  north  ;  but,  on  his  return,  it  uufortu- 
naiely  happened,  that  our  navigator  was  Ijilled 
in  an  allVay  witli  the  natives  of  Owhyhee,  one 
of  the  Sandwich  isles,  February  14,  1779.  His 
death  was  universally  regretted,  not  only  in 
Great  Britain,  but  throughout  all  Europe,  where 
his  grrat  merits  and  public  services  were  If  nown. 
COOKE,  Sir  Anthony,  preceptor  to  Edwarli 
VI.,  boiu  atGidding-lIail,  in  E.ssex,  in  ISOO,  died 
in  1570.  He  was  a  man  of  singular  piety  and 
goodness,  and  of  uncommon  prudence  in  tlie 
management  of  his  lamily.  Knowing  that 
women  are  as  capable  of  learning  as  men,  he 
instilled  that  into  his  daughters  at  night,  which 
he  had  taught  the  prince  in  the  day.  He  was 
remarkably  happy  in  these  daughters ;  for  they 
tvera  learned  above  their  sex  in  Greek  and  La- 
tin, and  were  equally  distinguished  by  their 
virtue,  piety,  acd  good  fortune.  Several  witty 
and  ingenious  sayings  of  his  are  recorded  ;  par- 
ticularly the  following;  "That  there  were  three 
olijccts  before  wliom  he  could  not  do  amiss ;  his 
prince,  his  conscience,  and  hischildren."  This 
facetious  story  is  likewise  related  of  him  :  "  A 
Susse.t  knight,  having  spent  a  great  estate  at 
court,  and  reduced  himself  to  one  park,  and  a 
fine  house  in  it,  was  yet  ambitious  to  entertain 
the  king,  (Edward  VI.)  For  that  purpose,  lie 
liew  painted  his  gates,  with  a  coat  of  arms  and 
this  motto  over  them,  in  large  golden  letters, 
OlA  VANITAS.  Sir  Anthony,  offering  to  read 
It,  de.'ired  to  know  of  the  gcnlleinan  what  he 
meant  by  01.\  ;  who  told  liim  it  stood  tor  omnia, 
"  1  wonder,  (replied  he,)  tiiat  having  made  your 
omnia  so  little  as  you  have,  you  should  yet 
make  your  vanitas  so  large." 

COOKE,  Thomas,  born  at  Braintree,  in  Es- 
sex, in  1702.  When  only  W,  he  gave  the  world 
a  very  correct  edition  of  "  Andrew  Marvel's 
Works,  with  a  Life  of  the  author  prefixed." 
He  published  translation?  of  "  Hesiod,"  "  Cicero 
de  Natura  Deoruni,"  and  "Terence,"  and  pre- 
pared a  translation  of  "  Plautus,"  but  only  pub- 
lished the  "  Ainphytrion."  He  was  also  a  dra- 
matic writer,  and  author  of  five  or  six  pieces, 
which,  however,  were  not  attended  with  any 
success. 

COOKE,  Elisha,  a  respectable  physician,  of 
Boston,  and  an  agent  to  England  to  procure  the 
restoration  of  the  charter  of  Mass.,  in  1715. 

C'OOKE,  Elisha,  disthiguished  in  the  political 
liisiory  of  Ma-ssachuaetts,  was  a  representative 
in  the  general  court,  counsellor,  &.C.,  and  died 
IT)  r.-.i-. 

COOKE.  Samuel,  first  minister  of  the  2d  pa- 
,  rish  in  <\imbridge,  Massachusetts,  died  in  1783. 
He  was  a  man  of  science,  and  published  several 
sermons. 

134 


CO 

COOKE,  Uobert,  an  able  English  divine,  and 
proctor  of  the  t)xtoid  univaisity.  He  retired 
upon  the  vicarage  of  lit  eds,  and  died  in  1614. 

COOI'ER,  Thomas,  1).  D.,  a  leanied  Eiigiiah 
prelate,  ho^n  in  lol'i ;  he  was  author  of  a  work, 
eutith'd  "  Thesaurus  Linguie  llomanu!  et  Bri- 
taiiiiic;e,"  which  was  highly  patronised  by  queen 
Eli/.abeth. 

COOPER,  Anthony  Ashley,  earl  of  Shaftes- 
bury, and  sometime  lord  higli  cliaucellor,  was 
born  at  Winborne  St.  GileV,  in  Dorsetshire, 
July  23,  1021,  and  died  January,  1G82  3.  Hi  is 
suposed  to  have  been  a  little  iiilemperate  in  his 
gallantries;  and  it  is  recorded,  that  Charles  11., 
who  would  both  take  liberties  and  bear  tliom, 
once  said  to  the  earl  at  court,  in  a  vein  of  rail- 
lery and  good  humour,  and  in  reference  only  lo 
his  amours,  "  I  believe,  Shaftesbury,  Ihnu  art 
the  wickedest  fellow  in  iny  dominions."  To 
which,  with  a  low  bow  and  very  grave  face, 
Ihc  earl  re])lied,  "  May  it  please  your  majesty, 
of  a  subject  I  believe  1  am  ;  at  wliicli  tlie  merry 
monarcli  laughed  most  heartily. 

COOPER, "Anthony  Ashley,  earl  of  Shaftes- 
bury, the  celebrated  author  of  the  "Charac- 
teristics," was  grandson  of  the  preceding  earl, 
and  born  at  Exeter-house,  hi  London,  Febru- 
ary 2G,  1670-1.  Soon  after  his  cimiing  into  par- 
liament, as  a  burgess  for  Poole,  he  had  an  op- 
portunity of  showing  that  spirit  of  liberty  vv  hich 
he  maintained  to  the  end  of  his  life,  and  by 
which  he  uniformly  directed  his  conduct  on  all 
occasions  :  it  was  the  bringing  in  and  promoting 
"  The  act  for  granting  counsel  to  prisoners  ia 
cases  of  high  treason."  This  he  looked  upon 
as  important,  and  had  prepared  a  speech  in  its 
behalf;  but  when  he  stood  up  to  speak  it  in  the 
House  of  Coimnons,  he  was  so  intimidated,  that 
he  lost  all  memory,  and  was  quite  unable  to 
proceed.  The  house,  after  giving  him  a  little 
time  to  recover  his  confusion,  called  loudly  for  y 
him  to  go  on ;  when  he  proceeded  to  this  effect : 
■'  If  I,  sir,  (addressing  himself  to  the  sjicaker,) 
who  rise  only  to  give  my  opinion  on  the  bill 
now  pending,  am  so  confounded  that  I  am  un- 
able to  express  the  least  of  what  I  proposed  to 
say,  what  must  the  condition  of  that  man  be, 
who,  without  any  assistance,  is  pleading  for  liia 
life,  and  under  apprehension  of  being  deprived 
of  it?"     He  died  in  1712-13, 

COOPER,  Maurice  Ashley,  brother  of  the 
foregoing,  translated  "  Xenoplion's  Cyropoedia," 
which  was  published  in  2  vols.Svo.,  1728,  being 
a  short  time  after  his  decease.  A  third  edition 
was  published  in  1770  ;  "  not,"  as  is  said,  "  with 
the  eclat  of  popular  applause,  but  with  the  silent 
approbation  of  the  studious  few." 

COOPER,  Samuel,  an  eminent  English  pain- 
ter, born  in  London,  in  1G09,  and  commonly 
tyled  the  Vandyck  in  little.  Hedied  in  1G72, 
and  was  buried  in  Pancras  church. 

COOPER,  John  Gilbert,  author  of  a  "  Life  of 
Socrates."  He  wrote  one  or  two  numbers  of 
the  periodical  paper  called  "  The  W'orld  ;"  was 
author  of  "  Letters  on  Taste  ;"  "  Ver  Vert,  or 
the  Nunnery  Parrot ;"  and  published  a  volume 
of  "  Poems  on  several  subjects,"  17G4,  12ino. 
He  died  in  April,  1769. 

COOPER,  Dr.  Miles,  a  learned  divine  aiid 
poet,  who  published  sermons  "  On  the  Origin 
of  Civil  government,"  and  a  volume  of  poems, 
and  died  at  Edinburgh,  in  1785. 

COOPER,  William,  minister  in  Bostoii,  of 
which  place  he  was  a  native ;  he  was  distin- 
guished for  his  faithfulness  and  zeal,  and  died 
in  17-13  ;  he  published  several  discoursc-s 


CO 

COOPER,  Samuel,  minister  ill  lioston,  son  of 
William,  whom  lie  succeydeU  in  Bratlle-strcei 
church  ;  was amomj the  firstot'lliosc patriots wlio 
look  part  asanist  Great  lirirain  ;  he  died  in  178H. 
COl)PKK,Miles,  D.D.,  president  oIKine's  Col- 
lege, Novv-york,  a  native  of  Knj^land  ;  he  caiae 
toAmericaiii  17(ji,  published  a  volume  of  poem 
returned  to  England,  and  died  in  I'Ho. 

COOTE,  Sir  Eyre,  a  celebrated  coiTiinandcr 
of  the  East  India  Coiiipanv's  forces  in  India, 
who  {gained  great  renown  by  his  frequent  vic- 
tories over  Hyder  Ally  ;  in  one  of  wiiich,  near 
I'orto  Niivo,  Hyder's  army  consisted  of  more 
than  150, OUU  men,  and  General  Coote's  of  only 
10,000.  lie  was  boni  in  172U,  and  died  at  Ma- 
dras, Aiiiil,  178J. 

COOTVViClI,  John,  of  Utrecht,  a  civilian 
and  traveller.  The  account  of  his  "Travels 
into  Jerusalem  and  Syria,"  was  published  in 
I<atiri,  4to.,  1019.  It  is  very  curious,  and  is  now 
become  exiremely  sciirce.  The  dates  of  his 
birth  and  dirith  are  uncertain. 

COPKII.VICUS,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  as- 
tronomer, born  at  Tliorn,  in  Prussia,  in  147-2.  He 
adopted  aud  unproved  liie  hypothesis  of  the  Py- 
tiiagoreans,  wliicli  made  the  sun  the  centre  of 
the  system,  and  the  eartli  to  move,  not  only 
round  the  sun,  but,  round  its  own  axis  also;  and 
established  thai  system  of  the  world  which  ;;oes 
by  his  name,  and  is  now  universally  received. 
This  he  performed  in  a  work  entitled  "  De  Re 
volutioaibus  Orbiuni  CcElestinm."  Apprehen 
sion.?,  arising  from  the  novelty  of  his  opinions, 
hail,  it  is  said,  almost  brouL-hl  him  to  drop  all 
thoughts  of  publislnng  his  book,  which  had  lain 
ill  his  escrutoir  not  nine  years  only,  (which  is 
the  term  Horace  prescribes,  but  almost  four 
times  nine  years.  At  length,  however,  by  the 
importunity  of  his  friends,  iie  was  prevailed 
upon  to  let  it  come  out ;  but  a  copy  of  it  w.-i 
no  sooner  brought  to  him,  than  he  was  preseni  ly 
seized  with  a  violent  effusion  of  blood,  which 
put  an  end  to  his  life.  May  21,  1513. 

COPPA,  Cavalier,  a  disciple  and  imitator  of 
Cuido,  died  in  lOlio. 

CO(i,  Peter  le,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  superior 
of  the  Eudistes,  and  disthiguished  for  his  piety, 
iearnin;?,  &c.,  died  in  1777. 

COQlJES,  Gonzalo,  a  Flemish  painter,  who 
excelled  in  historical  conversations  ;  he  died  in 
IG84. 

CORAM,  Captain  Thomas,  born  in  lOGfl,  spent 
the  first  part  of  his  life  as  master  of  a  colonial 
trading  vessel.  While  he  resided  in  that  part 
of  London  wliich  is  the  common  residence  of 
seafaring  people,  business  often  obliged  him  to 
come  early  into  the  city  and  return  late  :  when 
he  Jiad  frequent  occasions  of  seeing  young  chil- 
dron  exposed,  through  the  indigence  or  cruelty 
of  their  parents.  This  excited  his  compassion 
60  far,  that  he  projected  the  Foundling  Hospital ; 
in  wliich  humane  design  he  laboured  17  years, 
and  at  last,  by  his  sole  application,  obtained  the 
royal  charter  for  it.  Indeed  he  spent  a  great 
pait  of  his  life  in  serving  the  public  ;  aud  with 
so  total  a  disregard  to  his  private  interest,  that, 
toward  the  latter  part  of  it,  he  was  himself  sup- 
ported by  the  voluntary  subscription  of  public 
spirited  persons.  This  singular  and  memorable 
man  died  March  29,  17.51,  and  was  interred, 
pursuant  to  his  desire,  in*  the  vauU  under  the 
chapel  of  the  Foundling  Hospital 

COR.VS,  John  de,  professor  of  law  at  Toulouse 
at  the  age  of  18  ;  afterwards  chaniellor  to  the 
qpeen  of  Navarre;  he  was  imprisoned  for  favour- 
ing the  pr«testants,  and  murdered  in  157-;;. 


CO 

CORAS,  James  de,  a  native  of  Toulouse,  and 
an  author  of  iittli!  merit,  died  in  1077. 

CORBET,  John,  a  zealous  non-conformist, 
autiior  of  several  works  of  merit,  died  in  1080. 

CORBET,  Dr.  Richard,  bi-hop  of  Norwich, 
and  an  ingenious  poet,  died  1035.  His  poemfl 
were  printed  in  lOmo.,  under  the  title  of  "  l>oe- 
tica  Stromata,"  im7,  and  again  in  176'i.  Mr. 
Gilchrist  published  an  edition  of  them  (with  his 
life  prefixed)  in  1807.  Some  pleasant  anecdoles 
are  recorded  of  him,  among  which  are  the  fol- 
lowing ;  after  he  was  doctor  of  divinity,  he  sung 
ballads  at  the  Cross  at  Abingdon.  On  a  mar- 
ket-day he  and  some  of  his  comrades  were  at 
the  tavern  by  the  Cross  ;  the  ballad  singer  com- 
plained he  had  no  custom,  and  could  not  put  off 
his  ballads.  ThejoUy  doctor  puis  off  his  gown, 
and  put  on  the  ballad-singer's  leathern  jacket ; 
and  being  a  handsome  man,  and  a  rare  full  voice, 
he  presently  vended  a  great  many,  and  had  a  great 
audience,  lliscouveisation  was  exiremely  plea- 
sant. Dr.  Rtubbins  was  one  of  Ids  cronies  ;  he 
was  a  jolly  doctor,  and  a  very  good  house-keeper. 
As  Dr.  Corbet  and  he  were  riding  in  Loli-lane, 
in  v\'et  weather,  (it  is  an  e.xtraordinary  deep 
dirty  lane,)  thecoach  fell,  and  Corbet  said,  ilia 
Dr.  S.  w.ts  up  to  the  elbows  in  mud,  and  he  was 
up  to  the  elbows  in  Stubbins.  His  chaplain, 
Dr.  Lushington,  was  a  veiy  learned  and  inge- 
nious man  ;  and  they  loved  one  another.  The 
bishop  would  sometimes  take  the  key  of  the  wine 
cellar,  aud  he  and  his  chaplain  would  go  and 
lock  themselves  in,  and  be  merry :  then,  first  he 
lays  down  his  episcopal  hood,  ■'  There  lies  the 
doctor;"  then  he  puts  off  his  gown,  "There 
lies  the  bishop  ;"  then  it  was,  "  Here'sto  thee 
Corbet."     "  Mere's  to  thee  Lushington." 

CORBULO,  Doinifius,  a  Roman  general, 
who  carried  hi.s  arms  again.st  the  Parthians, 
and  placed  Tigranes  on  the  throne ;  lie  destroyed 
hims^-lf,  A.U.  67. 

COR  DAY  D' ARMANS,MaryAnne  Charlotte, 
a  native  of  Normandy,  who  avenged  the  death  of 
her  lover,  by  ftabbing  Marat,the  author  of  it,  to 
the  heart,  for  which  she  was  guillotined  in  1793. 
CORDEMOI,  Geraud  de,  a  French  academi- 
cian, and  a  great  partisan  of  Descartes'  systems  ; 
he  wrote  several  works,  and  died  in  17'2i2, 

CORDIER,  or  CORDERIUS,  Mathurin,  a 
schoolmaster,  died  at  Geneva,  in  »5tW.  aL'ed  R'i : 
having  continued  the  otiice  of  teaching  till  with 
in  a  few  days  of  his  death.  Calvin  was  his 
scholar.  Among  many  other  works,  he  pub- 
lished "  Colloquia,"  one  of  the  most  popular  of 
our  school  books. 

CORDUS,  Aulus  Crcmentius,  a  Roman,  au- 
thor of  a  histoiyof  the  civil  wars  of  Rome,  much 
commended  by  Tacitus  and  Seneca. 

CORDUS,  Euricius,  a  German  phy.sician  and 
poet,  intimate  with  Erasmus  ;  died  in  1535. 

CORDUS,  Valerius,  son  of  the  preceding : 
devoted  himself  particularly  to  botany,  and  tra 
versed  the  mountains  of  Germany,  &c. ;  he  died 
in  1554. 

CORELLI,  Arcanselo,  a  famous  musician  of 
Italy,  born  at  Fusignano,  a  town  of  Bologna,  in 
11553.  His  merits,  as  a  performer  on  the  violin, 
were  sufficient  to  attract  the  patronage  of  the 
great,  and  to  silence,  as  they  did,  all  competi- 
tion ;  but  the  remembrance  of  these  is  at  this 
day  absorbed  in  the  contemplation  of  his  excel- 
lencies as  a  musician  at  large,  as  the  author  of 
new  and  original  harmonies,  and  the  father  of 
a  style  not  less  noble  and  grtind  than  elegant 
an<l  pathetic.  He  died  at  Rome,  iu  1713,  ami 
was  buried  in  the  riiurCli  of  the  Rotunda,  ofhoi 
135 


CO 

wise  called  the  Panlhuon  ;  where,  for  many 
yt:ars  aiier  his  decease,  lie  was  commemorated 
liy,  a  solemn  musical  perlbrmance  on  tlie  anni- 
versary of  liis  doatli. 

COKINN  A,  a  Greek  poetess,  who  gained  the 
prize  tive  limes  over  Pindar. 

COlirO,  Bernardine,  a  historian  of  Milan:  he 
wro.e  the  hisiory  of  his  country,  which  is  much 
tsteemed,  and  died  in  IJOO. 

COtvlOLANL'S,  C.  Marcius,  a  famous  Ro- 
man captain,  who  took  Oorioli,  a  town  of  the 
Volsci,  wh^tice  he  had  his  name.  At  la.<t,  dis- 
gustint;  the  people,  he  was  banished  Rome  by 
the  tribune  Deciu.s.  He  then  went  to  the  Volsci, 
and,  persuadini;  ihem  to  take  up  arms  aj^aiust 
the  Kouians,  they  encamped  within  four  miles 
of  Rome.  Ilere  Coriolauus  wo\ild  not  listen  to 
a  peace,  which  the  Romans  sued  lor,  till  he  was 
prevailed  ujjon  by  his  wife  Veturia,  and  his 
inoiher  V'olumuia,  who  w^ere  followed  by  all  the 
Ri>?nan  ladies  in  tears.  He  was  at  last  pnt  to 
death  by  the  Volsci  as  a  traitor,  who  had  made 
liiem  quit  their  conti'iest:  upon  which  the  Ro- 
man ladies  went  into  mourning:  and  in  the 
same  place  where  his  blood  was  shed,  there  was 
a  temple  consecrated  to  Female  Fortune. 

CORLGT,  Elijah,  was  master  of  the  gram- 
mar school,  in  Cambrid'^c,  M.^ss.,  for  40  or  .50! 
years,  aud  was  much  esteemed  ;  he  died  in  1087. 

CORXARIUS,  or  FIAGUKXBOT,  John,  a| 
German  physician,  early  distinguished  as  aj 
scholar.  He  was  the  translator  of  the  works  of 
Ili|)pocrates,  &c.,  and  died  in  loS-'. 

CORNARO,  Lewis,  a  noble  Venetian,  born 
1464,  wrote  in  Latin  a  celebrated  treatise  "  Oti 
the  -Advantages  of  a  Temperate  Life."  By  fol 
lovviiiaihisowii  rules,  he  lived  to  upwards  of  100 
vears  ot  age,  dying  in  15G5. 

CORXARO, "Helena  Lucretia,of  the  same  fa 
inilv  with  the  above,  a  prodigy  of  learning ;  of 
whom  it  is  related,  that  all  people  of  quality  or 
fashion  who  passed  through  Venice,  were  more 
solicitous  to  see  her,  than  any  of  the  curiosities 
of  that  superb  city.  She  was  born  at  Venice,  in 
1G46,  and  educated  at  Padua,  where  she  obtain- 
ed the  degree  of  doctor,  and  died  in  1685. 

CORNAZZANl,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Placen- 
tia,  in  the  15th  century ;  he  wrote  the  lives  of 
the  Virgin  Mary,  &c. 

CORNBURY,  lord,  governor  of  New- York 
in  1702,  was  universally  detested  for  his  despo- 
tism, bigotry,  and  injustice ;  he  was  removed 
ill  1708. 

CORNEILLE,  Michael,  a  French  painter, 
who  gained  a  prize  for  one  of  his  pieces,  and 
was  afterwarils  professor  of  the  academy  of  Pa- 
ris ;  he  died  in  1703. 

CORNEILLE,  Peter,  a  celebrated  French 
poet,  born  at  Rouen,  in  1006,  and  died  1684.  His 
works  have  been  often  printed,  and  consist  of 
above  '\0  comedies  and  tragedies. 

CORNEILLE,  Thomas,  a  French  poet  also, 
but  inferior  to  Peter  Corneille,  whose  brother  he 
was.  He  died  1709,  aged  84. — Thomas  Corneille 
was  the  author  of  "  A  Dictionary  of  .'  rls,"  in 
2  vols,  folio ;  and  "  A  Universal  Geographical 
and  Historical  Dictionary,"  in  3  vols,  folio. 

CORNELIA,  a  Roman  lady,  who  educated 
lier  sons  Tiberius  and  Caius  Gracchus,  and  when 
they  were  killed,  e.thibited  great  fortitude. 

COR>fELISZ,  Lucas,  a  painter,  of  Leyden, 
%vho  became  chief  painter  to  Henry  VIII.  of 
England. 

CORIVELISZ,  .lames,  a  Dutch  painter  of  the 
16th  centm',  his  descent  from  the   cross  is 
much  adni'-'d. 
136 


CO    

CORNELISZ,  CorneUus,  of  Haerlern,  was 
eminent  as  a  painter. 

CORNELIUS,  bishopof  Rome,  after  Fabian, 
was  banished,  and  soon  al'tor  died,  in  252. 

CORNETO,  Adrian,  an  Italian  ecclesiastic, 
much  employed  by  Innocent  VH.  and  his  suc- 
cessors, as  a  legate  :  he  was  an  author  of  some 
distinciiou. 

COUNUTtJS,  a  grammarian  and  philosopher 
of  merit,  and  tutor  to  the  poet  Persius.  He 
was  put  to  death  by  Nero,  A   D.  44. 

CORNVVALLIS,  Sir  Charles,  second  son  of 
Sir  William  Cornwallis,  a  man  of  superior  abi- 
lities ;  was  sent  by  James  I.  as  ambassador  to 
-pain  ;  and  died  in  UVM). 

CORNWALLIS,  Charles,  marquis,  a  brave 
British  general,  born  in  1738.  In  the  .\merican 
war  he  displayed  great  military  talents,  took 
possession  of  Philadelphia,  contributed  to  the 
reduction  of  South  Carolina,  aud  defeated  Gen. 
Gatue  with  a  very  inferior  force.  But,  in  J781, 
iie  was  under  the  necessity  ofsurrendering  to  the 
united  American  and  French  army  ;  soon  after 
which  he  returned  to  England.  He  was  ne.xt 
sent  out  as  governor -general  of  India  ;  where  in 
December,  171)0,  he  took  Bangalore,  which  wae 
followed  by  the  defeat  of  Tippoo  Saib,  who  de- 
livered to  his  lordship  his  two  sons  as  hostages. 
Lord  Cornwallis  was  next  appointed  lord  lieu- 
tenant of  Ireland  ;  where  he  quelled  an  insur- 
rection, defeated  a  French  invading  army,  and 
succec'd'id  in  effecting  a  union  of  the  two  king- 
doms. In  1801,  he  was  employed  as  minister 
plenipotentiary  in  France,  where  he  signed  the 
preliminary  treaty  of  peace  at  .Amiens.  His 
lordsliij)  again  accepted  the  government  of  In- 
dia, in  1805:  but  died  al  Ghazepoor,  in  the  pro 
vince  of  Benares,  on  the  5th  of  October,  in  the 
same  year. 

CORONEL,  Paul,  a  native  of  Segovia,  era- 
ployed  by  Cardinal  Ximenes  in  the  publication 
of  ills  Polyglott  Bible :  he  died  in  15^4. 

CORONELLI,  Vincent,  a  Venetian  geogra- 
pher, made  cosmographer  to  the  French  king 
in  1085.  He  published  400  geographical  charts, 
and  died  in  1718. 

CORRADINl,  Peter  Marcellinus,  a  learned  ci- 
vilian, and  favourite  of  Pope  Clement  XI.,  he 
died  in  1743. 

CORRADUS,  Sebastian,  a  grammarian  and 
professor  at  Boloeiia,  died  in  1550. 

CORREGIO,  Antonio  da,  a  most  e.xtraordi 
nary  painter,  so  called  from  Corregio,  a  town 
in  the  dukedom  of  Modena,  where  he  was  born 
in  1494.  This  artist  is  remarkable  for  having 
borrowed  nothing  from  the  works  of  other  men 
Corregio  spent  the  greater  part  of  his  life  at 
Parma :  and  notwithstanding  the  many  fine 
pieces  that  he  made,  and  the  high  reputation 
lie  had  gained,  he  was  extremely  poor  and  al- 
ways obliged  to  work  hard  for  the  maintenance 
of  his  family,  which  was  somewhat  large.  Ha 
was  very  humble  and  modest  in  his  behaviour, 
lived  very  devoutly,  and  died  much  lamented  in 
1534,  when  he  was  but  40  years  of  age.  The 
cause  of  his  death  was  a  little  singular.  Go- 
ing to  receive  50  crowns  for  a  piece  that  he 
had  done,  he  was  paid  it  in  a  sort  of  copper 
money  called  quadrinos.  This  was  a  great 
weight,  and  he  had  12  miles  to  carry  it,  though 
it  was  in  the  midst  of  summer.  He  was  over- 
heated and  fatigued  ;  in  which  condition,  indis- 
creetly drinking  cold  water,  he  brought  on  a 
pleurisv  which  put  an  end  to  his  life. 

CORROZET,  GUes,  a  French  bookseller,  au- 
thor of  several  works  of  merit ;  died  in  1568. 


CtHtSlM,  Edward,  an  Italian,  a  man  of  great 
triKiiiion;  author  of  some  valuable  worKs  on 
(.lilu-isni,  philosophy,  &.c.  ;  died  in  1705. 

COIIT,  Cornelius,  a  native  of  Holland.  Hi.s 
enf  ravings  are  the  best  wliitti  that  country  has 
prodiired  ;  lie  died  in  1578. 

CURTESI,  William,  a  French  painter,  patro- 
nised by  Alexander  VIII.,  died  in  1079. 

CORTEril,  Giovainia,  a  female  painter  of 
miniatures,  of  Florence  ;  died  in  1736. 

CORTKZ,  Ferdinand,  a  Spanish  gentleman, 
famous,  under  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  for  the 
conquest  of  Mtxico.     He  died  in  1554,  aged  ti:i. 

COXITE'/I,  Paul,  a  learned  Italian,  a  patron 
of  literature  ;  was  bishop  of  Urbino,  and  died 
in  1510. 

COUTl,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Pavia,  a  phy- 
sician to  (Element  VII. ,  wrote  on  fevers,  &c. 
and  died  in  IHH. 

CORTICELlil.  Salvatore,  a  monk  of  Bolojina, ! 
author  of  a  much  admired  Italian  granmiar,{|inveiitor  of  printiiisr,  about  1430. 
died  in  1770.  1440. 

CORVATE,  Thomas,  a  famous  English  tra-  !  COSTFIA,  Ben  Lura,  a  christian  philofopher, 
vcller,  cliierty  on  foot.  He  visited  almost  all  jjOf  Balbec,  who  translated  several  Greek  works 
paits  of  tile  world,  and  published  relations  of  jiinto  Arabic. 

his  voyages  and  travels  ;  but  the  singularity  of  |  COTA,  Rodriguez,  a  native  of  Toledo,  whose 
tile  titles^  and  of  iiis  iiianners,  exposed  him  toj  tragi-coniedia  dc  Colisto  &  Melibcra,  has  ap- 
much  ridicule,  and  occasioned  the  character  of  I'peared  in  Latin  and  French,  flourished  in  liie 
his  works  to  be  misrepresented,  as  well  as  thall'lGth  century. 

of  their  author,  v.ho  was  certainly  a  man  of  1]  COTELERIUS,  John  P.aptist,  a  learned 
great  learning.  His  best  known  works  are,  |,Frenchman,  who  published  the  works  of  all  the 
■  Crudities  hastily  gobbled  up  in  Five  Months'  |fathers  in  the  Apost'olic  age,  with  learned  notes, 
Travels  in  France,  Savoy,  Italy,"  &c.    He  was!:died  in  168G. 

born  at  Odcombe,  in  Somersetshire,  1577,  and  11  CO*rES,  Roger,  an  illustrious  English  matlit'- 
died  at  Sural  in  the  East  Indies,  1C17.  ||niaticiai!,  philosopher,  and  astronomer,  born  in 

COSBY,  William, governor  of  tile  colonies  of  jlCS\J,  died  1716. 
.\'ew-York  and  New  Jersey,  died  in  1736.  COTES,  Francis,  an  English  painter,  in  oij 

COSIERS,  John,  a  painter  of  Antwerp,  pa    and  crayons  died  in  1770. 
tronised  by  many  crowned  heads.  COTIN,  Charles,  a  French  writer,  and  elo 

COSIMO,  Andrew  and  Peter,  Italian  painters,!  quent  preacher,  known  for  the  severity  of  Roi- 
the  former  e.xcelled  in  the  claro-obscuro,  the  jleaii  ai;d  Moliere's satires  against  him,  died  in 


CO  

wtion  travelling  in  Asia,  was  taken  prisoner) 
and  detained  in  captivity  many  years;  he  pub- 
lished an  account  of  Indian  plants. 

COSTA,  Emanuel,  a  Portuguese  lawyer  pro- 
fessor at  Salamanca,  1550. 

COSTA,  John,  professor  of  law,  at  Caliors, 
died  in  1637. 

COSTA,  Margaret,  an  Italian  poetess,  wliose 
works  were  published  at  Paris. 

COST.ANZO,  Aiigelo  di,  an  Italian,  wrote  a 
history  of  Italy,  and  was  a  poet  of  considerable 
merit ;  he  died  about  1590. 

COST.\Rl»,  George,  an  English  scholar,  who 
iwrote  15  treatises,  chiefly  on  astronomy,  diii!  in 
11782. 

[  COSTE,  Peter,  a  native  of  Uzez,  who  trans 
latfcd  into  French,  Locke  on  the  understanding 
and  Newton's  optics,  &c.  ;  lie  died  in  1747. 
i  COSTKR,  Lawrence,  an  inhabitant  oi  Hacr 
Icin,  .supposed  by  the  Dutch  to  have  been  llio 
lie  died  in 


latter  in  ludicrous  pieces.    Peter  died  in  1521. 

COSIN,  John.an  English  prelate,  deprived  of 
nis  preferments  by  preaching  a  seditious  ser- 
mon ;  but  at  the  restoration  he  was  re-instated 
and  preferred  to  the  see  of  Durham.  He  wrote 
various  works,  and  was  a  learned  and  humane 
man.     He  died  in  1672. 

COSME,  John  Baseillac,  eminent  as  a  litho- 
T.omist,  whose  instruments  were  much  used  fur- 
fnerly ;  he  was  banished  tlirough  the  envy  of 
>iis  rivals ;  and  died  at  Paris,  in  1780. 

COSMO  I.,  son  of  John  de  ftledici,  who  rais- 
ed himself  to  the  supreme  aut^ority  of  the  state 
of  Florence,  and  put  down  all  conspiracies 
against  him :  he  died  in  1574. 

COSMO  n.,  grandson  of  Cosmo  I ,  succeed- 
ed his  father  Ferdinand,  in  1609;  he  was  a 
benevolent  prince,  and  died  in  1621. 

COSJIO  in.,  succeeded  his  father  Ferdinand 
II.  ;  he  was  a  patron  of  learning,  and  c  ne  of  the 
richest  sovereigns  of  Europe  ;  he  died  in  1723. 

COSNAC,  Daniel  de,  a  native  of  Limousin, 
raised  to  the  see  of  Valence,  and  afterwards  to 
that  of  Aix,  died  in  1708. 

COSPE.AI',  Philip,  a  French  prelate,  repie 
sented  to  have  been  very  eloquent ;  died  in  1646 

COSS.\RT,  Gabriel,  a  native  of  Pontoise,  who 
assisted  Labbe  in  his  grand  collection  of  conn 
cils,  which  was  contained  in  28  vols,  fol  o,  died 
in  1674 

COSSE,  Charles  de,  mareclial  de  Briesac,  a 
French  general  of  great  military  talents,  ],  itron- 
ised  by  the  king  of  France,  was  ambassador  to 
Charles  V.,  and  died  in  15i;3. 

COSTA,  Christopher,  a  Portuguese,  who 


S 


11678. 

COTOLENDI,  Charles,  an  advocate  in  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  and  respectable  as  an  an- 
ithor.  He  wrote  tlie  life  of  Cokunbus,  of  de 
Sale.^,  and  nnmerous  other  works. 

COTTA,  John,  a  Latin  poet,  author  of  some 
epigrams  and  orations,  died  at  Viterbo  in  loll. 

COTTE,  Robert  de,  of  Paris,  director  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Architecture,  who  a«ionied 
many  of  the  public  buildings  in  Paris;  died  in 
J1735. 

I  COTTFREI-,  Sir  Charles,  groom-porter  to 
,laint:s  I.,  and  master  of  requests  to  Charles  II., 
well  skilled  in  modern  languages. 

COTTIN,  Sophia  de,  wife  of  M.  Cottin,  a 
banker  of  Paris,  died  in  1807.  She  wasthcatlior 
of  Malvina,  Matilda  Mansfield,  the  exiles  of  Si- 
beria, and  other  novels. 

COTTINGTON,  Francis,  lord,  chancellor  of 
the  exchequer,  and  first  lord  of  the  treasury,  in 
the  reign  of  Cliarles  I.,  died  in  1651. 

COTTO.N',  orCOTON,  Peter,  a  learned  Je 
uit,  born  in  France,  in  15l>4,  wretescveral  books 
on  controversial  subjects,  and  died  in  1626. 

COTTON,  Sir  Robert  Bruce,  an  emintnt  Eng- 
lish antiquary,  born  at  Denton,  in  Huntingdon- 
shire, in  ].')70.  His  writings  are  very  numerous 
and  valuable :  but  it  may  reasonably  be  ques- 
tioned, whether  he  lias  not  done  more  service 
to  learning,  by  securing,  as  he  did,  his  valu.ible 
library  for  the  use  of  posterity,  than  by  all  his 
writings.  The  Cottoniau  library  is  deposited 
in  the  British  Museum. 

COTTON,  Cliarles.  lived  in  the  reigns  of 
cinirlc^  aiiri  .lames  II.  He  had  sometbiiig  of  a  ge- 
2*  137 


nius  lor  piiciiy,  luiil  was  jiarticulariy  lamousfor 
burlcscjiie  vur.s'!.  Ilu  ira'islatcdoncofCorriPille's 
tragedies,  called  "  lliiiace,"  piinfeil  in  1071.  H« 
publislicil  a  voluij)'.-  of  poems  mi  several  occa- 
siouii:  ■'  Tlie  WoudtTsof  the  P<;ak  in  Oerby- 
yiiiro;"  "  S';arronidi;s,  or  Virnil  Travtstle  ;" 
and'  li'iciaii  burlesqiied,orllieScolierKcoired:" 
an  elilion  of  llie  llirt-e  last  mentioned,  was 
printed  in  I71o.  aiid  lias  been  Irf-nuoniiy  rt>piint- 
ed.  Hut  the  cliicf  of  all  Ins  pr(Hliiction>,  and 
lor  which  pcrliap:^  lie  deserves  the  l)isl  praisB 
of  his  coiintrviiifii,  is  liis  translation  of  "  iMon- 
taigne's  Essavs." 

COTTON, Dr.,  author  of"  Visions  in  Verse, 
for  the  instruction  of  Younger  flliiids,"  was  dis- 
tui!;uished  for  his  great  care,  humanity,  and  at- 
ti'iiiion  as  a  phvsician,  at  St.  Albans,  wliere  he 
died  Aua.  -2,  ifdS. 

CO'J'TOX,  John,  one  of  the  most  di.stinsiiish- 
eJ  early  ministers  of  New  England,  born  in  Kng- 
iand ;  tie  sustained  a  lii^jli  reputation  for  wisdom 
and  learniiijj ;  iiis  publications  were  numerous. 

COTTON,  Seaiiorii,  son  of  John,  minister  of 
Hampton,  N.  H.,  was  bjrn  at  sea,  died  in  KiSS. 
He  was  a  sood  scholar,  and  an  able  preacher. 

COTTON,  John,  son  of  the  Rev.  John  Cot- 
ton, minister  of  riyinout'i,Mass.,  and  of  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina,  lie  was  a  faithful  minis 
icr,  and  eminent  for  his  koowlege  of  the  Indian 
lant;na^e.  He  rewsed  and  superintended  the 
prliitiimof  Elliot'.s  Bible. 

COTTON,  John,  minister  of  Newton,  Mass  , 
highly  respected,  died  in  1757. 

COTYS,  a  king  of  Thrace,  in  the  age  of 
-Mexander,  died  about  35G  D.  C.  A  second  of 
1110  name  lived  in  the  age  of  Porapey,  and  a 
third  in  the  age  of  Augustus. 

COIJDRETTE,  Christopher,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, opposerof  the  Jesuits,  and  of  the  pope's 
bull,  uiiiiienitus,  died  in  1774.  His  chief  work 
is  a  history  of  the  Jesuits. 

COULON,  Lewis,  a  French  priest,  whose 
geographical  works  are  much  esteemed,  died  in 
J  1)64. 

COUPERIN,  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  much 
admired  for  his  execution  on  the  harpsichord, 
died  in  1733. 

COUPLET,  Philip,  a  Jesuit  missionary  to 
China,  wrote  some  works  on  the  Chin  c  lan- 
guage :  he  died  in  1693. 

COURAYER,  Peter  Francis,  a  French  divine, 
author  of  Paul's  history  of  the  council  of  Trent, 
in  French,  &c.,  died  in  177t). 

COURCELLES,  Stephen  de,  a  native  of  Ge 
neva,  professor  of  divinity  at  Amsterdam,  and 
author  of  various  theological   tracts,  died  in 

COURT  DE  GEBELIN,  Anthony,  a  protest- 
ant  minister  of  Lausanne,  author  of  "  Monde 
Primitif,"  in  9  vols.  4to,  a  work  of  great  merit, 
died  in  1784. 

COURTANVAUX,  Francis  Caesar,  marquis 
de,  a  French  nobleman,  who  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  wars  of  Bohemia  and  Bavaria ;  he 
diedinl7S). 

COURTEN,  William,  son  of  a  tailor,  of  Me- 
nix,  in  the  Netherlands,  who  made  himself  im- 
mensely rich,  by  making  French  hoods,  in  Lou- 
don ;  he  died  in  1636. 

COURTEN,  William,  descendant  of  the  pre- 
ceding, who  collected  whatever  was  curious  and 
important,  in  medallic  and  antiquarian  history, 
and  no  lei^s  than  38  vols,  in  folio,  and  8  in  4to, 
all  of  which  were  purchased  for  the  British 
M'lseuni,  for  Uie  swn  of  20,0001.    He  died  in 

138 


CO 

COUR'I'i'JNAY,  John,  a  member  of  parlia 
ment,  and  commis-sioncrof  the  treasury,  known 
also  as  a  writer,  died  in  1816. 

rOURTILZ.  Garien  de  sieur  de  Sandras,  of 
Paris,  coiiiincri  in  the  Rastile  9  years,  for  his  po- 
litical works,  died  in  171-'. 

COURTIVRON,  Gaspard,  marquis  de,  a  na- 
tive of  Uijoii,  a  soldier  and  a  scholar;  he  was 
wounded  in  atti'iupting  to  save  the  life  of  mar- 
shal Saxc.  and  diijin  1785. 

COURTNEY,  William,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbui-j'i  a  persecutor  of  Wicklift'e,  and  his  li.l- 
lowers,  died  in  1396. 

COURTOI.S,  James,  a  painter,  who  delinoa- 
ted  the  battles  of  the  French,  in  the  campaigns 
of  Italy  ;  he  died  in  1676. 

COURTOIS,  William,  alfo  a  painter,  much 
admired,  was  patronised  by  Ale.xander  VH., 
and  died  in  1673. 

COUSl?-;,John,  a  painter  and  mathematician, 
in  France ;  he  was  called  the  Great,  and  was 
patronised  by  Henry  H.,  Francis  U.,  Cliarlcs  IX., 
and  Henry  IH. 

COUSIN,  James  Anthony  Joseph,  an  emi- 
nent mathematician,  was  professor  of  natntal 
philosophy  in  the  college  of  France,  and  ai'ter- 
wards  of  mathematics  in  the  military  school; 
he  died  in  18')3. 

COUSTON,  Nicholas,  scnlptorto  the  French 
king ;  his  pieces  adorn  th(!  palaces  of  ParLs, 
Versailles,  and  Marly ;  he  died  in  1733. 

COUSTON,  William,  brother  to  the  preced- 
ing, director  of  the  academy  of  painting  and 
sculpture,  died  in  1746. 

COUSTON,  William,  son  of  the  preceding 
was  improving  himself  in  the  arts,  at  Rome. 
where  he  died  in  1777. 

COUTHON,  Georges,  a  native  of  Orsay,  in 
Auvergne,  a  member  of  the  convention  in  the 
French  revolution,  odious  for  his  ferocious  and 
vindictive  conduct ;  he  was  guillotined  in  1794 

COUVREUR,  Adrianne  le,  a  French  actress, 
wlio  played  with  much  applause,  died  in  1731). 

COVEL,  John,  an  English  divine,  chaplain  to 
the  embassy  to  Constantinople,  published  an  ac- 
count of  the  Greek  church,  and  died  in  1722. 

COVERDALE,  Miles,  bishopof  Exeter,  in  the 
time  of  Edward  VI.,  was  ejected  from  his  see 
by  queen  Mary,  and  thrown  into  prison.  Being 
liberated  by  queen  Elizabeth,  he  attached  him- 
self to  the  puritans,  and  died  in  1567,  at  the  age 
of  81.  He  assisted  Tindal  in  the  English  ver- 
sion of  the  Bible,  published  in  1537,  and  after- 
wards revised  and  corrected  the  edition  of  it  in 
a  larger  volume,  with  notes,  in  1540. 

COWARD,  William,  a  medical  and  meta 
physical  writer,  born  at  Winchester,  in  1056 
died  between  1722  and  1725. 

COWELL,  Dr.  John,  a  learned  and  eminent 
civilian,  born  at  Ernesboroiigh,  in  Devonshire, 
in  15.54  :  and  well  known  by  a  laborious  work 
which  he  published  at  Cambridge,  in  1607,  enti- 
tled "  The  Interpreter."  Besides,  this,  he  pub- 
ished,  in  1605,  "  Institutiones  Juris  Anglicaui," 
&c. ,  that  is, ' '  Institutes  of  the  Laws  of  England, 
in  the  same  metliod  as  Justinian's  Institutes.' 
He  died  in  1611. 

COWLEY,  Abraham,  an  eminent  Englidt 
poet,  born  in  London,  in  1618,  died  1667,and  was 
buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  ncarChaucer  an4 
Spenser,  where  a  monument  was  erected  to  his 
memory.  Cowley  was  a  staunch  loyalist;  and 
when  Charles  II.  heard  of  his  death,  he  was 
pleased  to  say,  "  that  Mr  Cowley  had  not  left 
I  better  man  behind  him  in  England."  Addi- 
son has  observed,  that  of  all  authors,  none  ever 


CO 

abiiiiiidoil  so  much  iiiwit,  according  to  Locke's 
truH  dt'linitioii  of  it,  as  Uowluy. 

COWLEY,  Hannah,  a  voiy  ingenine  drama 
tic  writer,  and  a  poetoss,  indcvd,  in  ahnosi 
every  branch  of  the  art,  born  at  Tiverton,  Di- 
voii,  in  1743,  died  March  11,  180U,  at  the  plact 
of  lier  nativity,  in  lierCfilli  year 

COWPER,  William,  bishop  of  Galloway,  in 
Scotland,  born  in  Perth,  in  l^i'l,  died  l(il7,  leav- 
ing a  folio  voliune  of  works  ou  divinity. 

COWPER,  William,  dean  of  Durham,  was 
the  son  of  earl  Cowper,  born  in  London,  in 
1713,  and  died  1 1  <ii.  He  wrott;  a  learned  "  I'rea- 
rise  on  »;(!(inietry,"  eight  "Sermons,"  and 
"  Advice  lo  a  Lady;"  all  of  which  are  much 
esteemed. 

(;OWPER,  William,  a  physician  and  anti- 
quary, at  Chester,  died  in  1707. 
COWPER.Wiiliani,  an  excellent  English  poet, 
equally  disiinyuished  by  his  c<'nhis  and  his  vir 
tues.  He  was  born  at  Berkhanipstead,  Herts, 
Nov.  1731,  was  the  grandson,  of  judge  Cowper, 
great  ne[)hew  of  f!ie  lord  lii<i)i  chancellor  of  the 
same  name,  and  died  .April  ii,  IdOO.  His  poems 
are  various ;  but  the  most  celcbra;ed  of  thcin  is 
called  "  Tlie  Task  ;"  and  the  tendency  of  all 
his  writings  is,  to  enlarge  the  soul  to  every  libe- 
ral sentiment,  and  to  improve  the  heart.  Mr. 
Cowper  also  published  a  translation  into  blank 
verse,  of  Homer's  Iliad  and  Odyssey  ;  wliicii  is 
more  remarkable  for  its  fidelity  to  the  original, 
than  for  ifs  poetical  elegajicn. 

COX,  Richaru,  bishop  of  Ely,  born  at  Whad- 
don,  in  Huckiniiliamahire,  in  1499,  died  1581. 
He  was  the  chief  framer  of  the  liturgy,  and 
translator  of  the  Bible  called  "  Tlie  Bishop's 
Bible,"  made  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeili. 

COX,  Sir  Richard,  lord  chancellor  ol' Ireland, 
and  author  of  "  A  History"  of  that  kingdom, 
was  born  at  Bandou,  in  Cork,  in  1050,  and  died 
1733. 

COX,  Leonard,  agramniarian,  sometime  mas- 
ter of  Reading  school,  with  great  reputation, 
and  teacher  in  several  countries  ou  the  conti- 
nent, died  in  1549. 

COXETER,  Thomas  a  faithful  and  indus- 
trious collector  of  old  English  literature,  was 
uorn  at  Leclilade,  in  Glocestershire,  in  1089. 
He  amassed  materials  for  a  biography  of  the 
English  poets,  and  assisted  Mr.  Ames  in  the 
"History  of  Britisli  Typography."  He  had  a 
curious  collection  of  old  plays,  and  ])oititei]  out 
to  Theobald,  many  of  the  black  letter  books 
which  that  critic  used  in  his  ediiion  of  Sliak 
speare.  Coxetcr  was  the  first  who  formed  the 
scheme,  afterwards  adopted  by  Uodsley,  of  pub- 
lishing a  collecion  of  ancient  plays.  He  died 
in  1747. 

COXIS,  Michael,  a  painter,  of  Mechlin,  who 
imitated  Raphael,  died  in  1592. 

COYER,  I'Abbe  Gabriel  Francis,  a  Fren«h- 
man,  who  wrote  the  life  of  John  Sobieski,  Tra- 
vels in  Italy,  Holland,  &c.,  and  died  in  1782. 

COYPEL,  the  name  of  several  painters,  who 
were  very  eininent  in  France,  in  the  17tli  and 
18th  centuries. 

COYSEVOX,  Anthony,  chancellor  and  re- 
gent of  'he  academy  of  painting  and  sculpture, 
in  Fran-e,  died  in  1720. 

COYTIER,  James,  physician  to  Lewis  XL, 
of  France,  and  memorable  for  nothing  particu- 
larly, but  the  dexterity  he  showed,  in  managing 
that  monarch.  Lewis  had  no  principle  to"  lay 
•  hold  of,  except  an  intense  fear  of  dying  ;  which 
most  conteiTiptibIc  cowardice,  (/Oy  tier  taking  the 
advantage  of,  and  often  tiireatening  his  master 


CR 


with  a  speedy  dissolution,  obtained  from  lime 
to  time,  great  and  iiinunjerahle  favours.  Lew- 
1:5,  howe\  er,  once  ren.vured  strength  of  mind 
I  nough  to  be  ashamed  of  his  weakness;  and 
I'eeliiig  a  momentary  resenlinent  tor  (what  lie 
(hen  thought)  the  insolciiii;  of  his  jjliysitiaii,  or- 
dered him  to  be  privatily  despaiclnd.  Coyiier 
apprized  of  this  by  theotljcer,  who  was  his  in-' 
limate  friend,  replied,  '■  that  the  only  concern 
he  felt  about  iiiniself  was,  not  il.at  he  must  die, 
but  that  the  king  could  not  survive  i.'im  above 
.'our  days ;  and  that  he  (llie  said  "  "oyiier)  kn^-w 
ihif  by  a  particnlai  science  (meaning  astrolopy, 
which  then  prevailed)  and  only  mentioned  it  to 
liini  in  ronfRlence  as  an  intimate  triend."  Lew  is 
informi'd  of  this  was  frightened  more  than  >  vtr, 
and  ordered  Coytier  to  be  at  large,  as  usual. 

CO'/'/.A,  Francesco,  born  in  Sicily,  einiiiei^.t 
in  fresco  and  oil  painting,  died  in  WCA. 

CRAASItECK,  Joseph  Van,  of  Brussels,  a 
painter,  who  excelled  in  representing  alehouse 
ijuarrels,  died  in  KitjS. 

CRAH,  Roger,  an  English  hermit,  who  lived 
at  Ickhani,  near  Uxbridge,  and  acquired  great 
reputatidii  for  r.anctity  and  abstinence. 

Cu/\.I'iC,  Habakliuic,  an  eminent  dissenter,  lii 
En!f!and,died  in  1795. 

CRACHEUODE,  Rev.  Clayton  Mordaunt, 
one  of  tiie  inistc'es  of  the  British  Museum,  and 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  and  Aiitiquariaij  Societies, 
His  attahiments  were  various  and  cotisiderable : 
he  wrote  elegantly  in  Latin  verse  ;  as  may  be 
seen  in  the  "  Carmina  Guadrigesimalia,"  for 
tlie  year  1748.  He  employed  a  considerable 
part  nf  a  large  revenue,  in  making  collections 
of  what  was  best  and  most  curious  in  litera- 
ture, and  certain  branches  of  the  arts.  Ilia  li- 
brary was  unrivalled  in  its  kind  ;  and  his  cabi- 
net of  prints,  drawings,  and  medals,  was  consi- 
dered as  among  the  most  select  and  valuable  iii 
a  country  that  posseses  so  many  of  them.  He 
was  ail  exquisite  judge  of  art,  both  ancient  and 
modern,  particularly  of  sculpture,  painting,  and 
music,  and  collected  the  choicest  of  early  print- 
ed books,  drawings,  coins,  and  gems,  of  which 
a  complete  catalogue  raisonne  would  require  a 
volume.  Mr.  Cracherode  died  April  6,  1799, 
and  bequeathed  his  immense  collection  of  books, 
medals,  drawings,  &.C.,  &c.,  to  the  British  Mu- 
seum. 

CRADD0(;K,  Luke,  an  ingenius  English 
painter,  chiefly  of  birds,  died  in  1717.  Vertue 
records,  that  Craddock's  pictures  rose  quickly 
after  his  death,  to  three  or  four  times  the  price 
that  he  was  paid  for  them  when  living. 

CRADDOCK,  Samuel,  a  learned  divine,  au- 
thor of  "  A  History  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ment," an  "Apostolical  History,"  and  "  The 
Harmony  of  the  Four  Evangelists,  died  in  1700, 
aged  86.  The  latter  of  these  works  was  revi- 
sed by  Dr.  Tillotson,  who  preserved  it  from  the 
flames  in  the  fire  of  London. 

CRADOCK,  Thomas,  rector  of  St.  Thomas, 
Baltimore  county,  Maryland,  published  Psalma 
of  David  in  heroic  verse,  in  1750. 

CRACKANTHORP,  Ricliard,  an  eloquent 
English  preacher,  chaplaui  to  an  embassy  lo 
the  emperor,  and  an  author  of  merit,  died  in 
1624. 

CRAIG,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Dane ;  he  waa 
engaged  by  the  king  of  Denmark  in  some  im- 
portant negotiations,  and  wrote  annals  of  Den 
mark.     He  died  in  1G02. 

CRAIG,  Sir  Thomas,  a  learned  Scotcli  law- 
yer, kviown  for  his  "Jus  Feudale,"  died  in 
IfiOS, 

139 


CR 

CUAIG,  James,  a  Scolcli  divine,  admired  a^: 
a  preactiJi- :  lio  publislied  3  vols,  of  sermons,  and 
died  in  J744. 

CHAW,  Joiin,  a  Scotch  mathematician,  who 
made  liis  name  I'amous  by  a  .-^niali  woik  ol'  '.V'> 
pa^es  in  4to,  entitli-d  "  Tlicologia  Clirisliante 
Pnnclpia  Mailicmaiica." 

CKAIG,  VVilliain,a  Scotch  divine,  celebrated 
for  iiis  pulpit  oratory,  dii'd  in  1783. 

CRAIR,  .lames,  M.  D.,  a  native  orScotland, 
came  to  Virginia,  where  he  became  a  distin- 
guished physician,  received  an  appoiniment  in 
the  army  of  the  revolution,  and  «'as  physician 
to  the  family  of  General  Washington.  He  died 
in  I8I4. 

CR,\MER,  .Tohn  Frederic,  learned  professor 
at  Duisburg,  translated  Puffendorf's  introduc- 
tion ro  hisiiny,  and  died  in  1715. 

CUAJIKR,  Gabriel,  of  Gejieva,  well  known 
ovi'r  Kurope  as  a  maihemalician,  died  in  175i. 

CRAHIER,  iVicholas,  a  Flemish  painter,'dis- 
tinguished  for  taste  and  correctness,  died  in  1710. 

ORAMKR,  Daniel,  a  native  of  Bellz,  in  Uran- 
denhurg,  professor  of  eloquence,  at  Witteniherg, 
and  linkable  divine,  wrote  on  Aristotle's  logic; 
he  died  in  1598. 

CR.AMER,  John  James,  professor  of  oriental 
langaugc  at  Zurich,  and  afterwards  at  Ilerborn, 
and  author  of  several  theological  works;  lie 
died  in  170'2. 

CRAMER,  John  Andrew,  a  native  of  Qucd 
linburs,  who  first  reduced  the  art  of  assaying 
in  inelaliurgy  into  a  system  ;  ho  died  in  1777. 

CR.\?tIER,  John  Andrew,  a  German  divine 
not  distinguished  excepting  as  a  poet.  He  was 
professor  in  several  institutions,  and  died  in 
1785. 

CR.\JN'E,  Thomas,  a  non-conformist  divine, 
author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  Divine  Providence," 
died  in  1714. 

CRANFIELD,  Edward,  v\-as,  for  ashorttime, 
governor  of  the  colony  of  New  Hampshire,  af-l 
ier  lli^-2. 

CRANIUS,  Luca,  a  painter  of  Bamberg,  whose 
pieces  were  once  admired,  died  in  l;i5:i. 

CRANMCEi,  Thomas, an  English  archbishop, 
memorable  for  having  endured  niartyrdoni  in 
the  cause  of  proiflstar.lism,  was  born  at  Aslac-| 
ion,  in  Nottinghainsliire,  in  1489,  and  burnt  at| 
Oxford,  Mardi  21,  1555,  by  order  of  queen  Ma-| 
ry.  .  He  was  an  open,  generous,  honest  man  ;  a 
lover  of  truth,  and  an  enemy  of  falsehood  and 
superstition  ;  he  was  gentle  and  moderate  in  h\s\ 
temper,  andthougli  heartily  zealous  in  vliecausej 
of  the  rcfonnaiion.  yet  a  friend  to  the  piiisonsj 
of  those  wlio  most  strenuously  opposed  it ;  he 
was  a  great  patron  of  leiuniiig  and  ihe  univer- 
sities, a  very  learned  man  himsell",  and  author 
of  several  works. 

CRANSTON,  Samuel,  governor  of  Rhode- 
Islnnd,  from  109?  to  1727. 

CR  APO.XE,  Adam,  a  native  of  Salon,  known 
for  the  canal  which  bears  his  name,  between 
Aries  and  the  Durance ;  he  was  poisoned  tlirough 
envv,  in  1598. 

CRASHAW,  Richard,  an  English  poet,  who 
was.  in  his  lifetime,  honoured  witli  the  friend- 
ship of  Mr.  Cowley,  and  after  his  death,  by  the 
praise  of  Mr.  Pope,  wlio  rondesceiuled  both  tof 
read  his  jioenis,  and  to  borrow  from  them.  He 
dii'd  at  liorotio,  in  Italy,  in  W50. 

f 'R  ASSO.  T.awrence,  baron  of  Pianura,  wrote 
a  history  of  tiie  Greek  poe^s,  commended  by  the 
Italians,  but  censured  bv  ilie  French. 

CRAS?U.S,  (,uc:nsr,ici!iius,  a  Roman  orator, 
greatly  coiutncnded  by  Cicero,  died  92  15.  C. 
140 


CRABSIJS,  Marcus  Licinius,  one  of  the  tri- 
umvirs with  C;esar  and  Ponipoy,  was  defeated- 
aad  kiln  d  in  Syria,  53 B.  C. 

CRATES,  a  pliilosoplicr,disciple  of  Diogene.s, 
the  cynic,  prided  himself  on  his  poverty  and 
meanness,  lived  328  B.  C. 

CRATES,  an  academic  philosopher  of  Athens, 
272  B.  C. 

CRATESIPOLIS,  a  queen  of  Sicyon,  cele- 
br.af'd  lor  her  valour,  314  B.  C. 

CR.'\TIN  L'S,  one  of  the  great  masters  of  what 
we  call  the  ancient  comedy.  He  tlomislied  in 
the  aist  Olympiad,  some  20  or  30  years  before 
Aristophanes.  lie  was  an  Athenian  b(nn,  and 
appears  to  have  been  an  excessive  drinker  ;  aniV 
the  excuse  lie  gave  lor  lliat  vice  was,  that  it  was 
absolutely  necessary  to  warm  his  fancy,  and  to 
put  a  soul  into  his  verse.  Aristophanes,  in  his 
"  Irene,"  has  given  us  a  pleasant  account  of 
Cralinus'  death,  where  he  says  that  it  was 
caused  by  a  fatal  swoon,  at  the  siglit  of  a  noble 
cask  of  wine  split  in  pieces,  and  washing  the 
streets.    Suidas  tells  us  that  he  wrote  21  plays. 

CRATIPPUS,  pronounced  by  Cicero,  to  be 
by  far  the  greatest  of  all  the  peripatetic  philoso- 
phers that  he  ever  heard,  was  of  Mityleue,  and 
taught  philosophv  there. 

CRATO,  or  DE  CRAFTIIBIM,  John,  physi- 
cian to  the  emperor  Ferdinand  I.,  intimate  with 
Luther— wrote  "  Luther's  Table  Talk;"  he 
died  in  1583. 

CRAVEN,  Charles,  colonial  governor  of  S. 
Carolina,  returned  to  England  in  1716. 

CRAWFORD,  David,  author  of  "  Memoirs 
of  Scotland,"  a  "  Peerage  of  Scotland,"  a  '•  His- 
tory of  the  royal  family  of  Stuart,"  a  topogra- 
phical description  of  the  "  County  of  Renfrew," 
&c.,  was  born  near  Glasgow,  in  16ti5,  and  died 
1720. 

CRAWFORD,  William,  born  at  Kelso,  in 
)C7fi,  wrote  "  Dying  Thoughts,"  and  some 
"  Sermons,"  published  in  2vols.  12ino,  and  died 
in  1742. 

CRAWFORD,  Dr.  Adair,  an  emhicnt  Eng- 
lish physician  and  chymist,  author  of"  Experi- 
ments and  Observations  on  Animal  Heat,"  and 
Ihe  hist  who  found  out  the  medical  uses  inherent 
in  the  Terra  Ponderosa,  born  in  1749,  died  1795. 

CRAWFORD,  Anne,  a  celebrated  English 
actress,  both  in  comedy  and  tragedy,  but  better 
remembered  by  her  name  of  Barry,  was  born  at 
Baib,  in  1734,  and  died  Nov.  29,  1801. 

CRAYER,  Gasiiar  dc,  a  celebrated  painter 
of  Antwerp,  greatly  esteemed  by  Reubens  and 
Vand\ck.  died  in  1009. 

CRElill.LON,  Prosper  Joliot  dc,  a  French 
writer  of  tragedy,  and  usually  ranked  after 
Corneille  and  Racine,  was  born  at  Dijon,  in  1674, 
and  died  1702. 

HIEBILLON,  Claude  Prosper  Joliot  de,  son 
of  the  foreuoing,  and  a  celebrated  writer  of  rto- 
vels,  letters,  and  romances,  was  born  in  Paris, 
1707,  and  died  there  in  1777.  The  ease  and  ele- 
gance, together  with  the  seducing  levity  of  his 
writings,  have  obtained  for  him  the  appellation 
of  the  Petronius  of  France.  His  works,  chictly 
of  a  voluptuous  tendency,  have  been  collef  ted 
in  11  vol,-'.  12mo,  1779. 

CREDI,  Lorenzo  di,  an  Italian  painter  of  Flo- 
rence, died  in  1530, 

CKEKCH,  Thomas,  eminent  for  his  transla- 
tions of  ancient  authors,  both  in  prose  and  verse, 
was  horn  near  Sherborne,  in  Dorsetshire,  in 
1059,  and  died  bv  his  own  hand,  ia  1701.  His 
principal  works'are  translations. of  Lucretins 
and  Horace  ;  but  he  transltited  other  things  of  a 


cu 

sniullcr  kind,  IVoiii  Tijeocritiis,  Ovid,  Vi;gil,  Ju- 
veiial,  I'liilarcli,  Coriidius  NcpoB,  &.c.  tc. 

CllELL,  Lewis  l^liri.stiaii,  a  iiaiiic  of  Neu- 
stadt,  and  prolcssor  at  Leijisic,  diwi  in  ITDS. 

("KELLIUS,  John,  a Socinian,  vvlio staled iu 
J'oland,  where  lie  btitame  piotossoi  lo  llio  uni- 
tarians, lie  was  a  man  ol'  grcai  learning,  and 
wroie  against  Grotius. 

ORKMOMiM,  C.as.ar,  an  Italian  iiliilosoplier, 
wlio  advocated  tlie  doflrinesof  ArisloUi',  in  re- 
spect to  ilic  materiality  of  the  soul ;  iie  died  in 
1030. 

CRENIUS,  Tliomas,  a  writer  whose  works 
were  numerous.  He  wrote  chiefly  on  philoso- 
phical snlijt!c!s,  and  died  at  L<>>  den,  in  i'liiti. 

t'EF.tilfl,  Cliarlfsdc,  (iriiHcde  Foix,  a  niare- 
chal,  and  peer  of  Prance,  distinguished  i'or  liis 
valour;  he  was  killed  by  a  cannon  ball  at  tlie 
siege  of  Bremen,  in  3G38. 

CKEQ.UI,  I-'rantis  de,  great  grandson  of  the 
preceding,  a  marechal  of  Franrc,  disiingiiislied 
for  his  niiliiary  enterprises  and  heroic  courage 
he  died  in  ](i87. 

CRESCKMBENt,  John  Maria,  an  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Maurata,  in  Ancona,  IGS;'.  He  pro- 
jected the  establishment  of  a  new  aeadenjy,  un- 
fertile name  of  Arcadia,  the  members  of  which, 
at  fust,  did  not  exceed  14,  but  afterward 
creased  much.  They  calle^J  themselves  (he 
shepherds  of  Arcadia,"  and  each  took  the  name 
of  some  shepherd,  and  sntne  place  in  that  an- 
cient kingdom.  The  founder  of  this  society  was 
appoinTed  the  director  of  it,  in  ICt'O,  and  held  it 
to  the  year  of  his  death,  1728. 

CKF.SC'ENS,  a  cynic  philosopher,  in  the  2d 
cenlurv,  who  persecuted  the  Christians. 

CRl^SCENTIUS,  Peter  de,  a  native  of  Boii 
logne,  in  the  14th  century,  who  travelled  30 
years  as  a  law  practitioner  ;  he  published  a  va 
Inable  treatise  on  agriculture. 

CRESri,  Daniel,  a  celebrated  portrait  pain- 
ter, of  Bologna,  died  in  1630. 

CRESPf,  Guiseppe  Maria,  a  painter  of  Bo- 
logna, who,  by  darkening  his  room  very  much, 
gave  greater  vivacity  to  his  subjects,  died  in 
1747. 

CRESSEY,  Hugh  Paulin,  an  English  divine, 
who  became  a  catholic,  and  was  chaplain  to 
queen  Catharine  ,  lis;  was  much  respected,  and 
published  some  valuable  works,  particularly  an 
able  ecclesiastical  history.     He  died  in  1074. 

CRESTI,  Dominico,  a  historical  painter,  of 
Florence,  died  in  1638. 

CRETIN,  William  Du  Bois,  whose  chief  me- 
rit consisted  in  puns,  low  wit,  &c.  He  was  his- 
torian to  Charles  VIII.,  Lewis  XII.,  &c.,  and 
died  in  1525. 

CREVIER,  John  Baptiste  Lewis,  a  Parisian, 
trained  under  the  celebrated  Rollin,  and  after- 
wards professor  of  rhetoric.  Upon  the  death 
of  his  master,  in  1741,  he  took  upon  him  to  fi- 
nish his  "  Roman  History."  He  published  other 
works,  and  was  greatly  serviceable  to  the  cause 
of  virtue  and  religion,  as  well  as  letters.  His 
death  happened  in  1765. 

CREW,  Nathaniel,  bishop  of  Durham,  in  the 
time  of  James  II.,  whose  cause  he  espoused 
he  died  in  1721. 

CRICHTON,  James,  a  Scotch  gentleman 
born  at  Perth,  in  1560,  and  blest  with  most  ex-i 
Uaordinary  endowment',  both  of  bodv  and; 
mind.  He  was  murdered  by  his  pupil,  Vijicen-i 
tio  di  Gonzaga,  son  of  the  duke  of  iMantua,  in' 
1582.  Though  so  young  a  man,  Chrichton  was 
skilled  in  twelve  languages,  atid  in  several  uni-j 
'^'crsities',  gave  public  ciiallenses  to  disputations! 


in  as  many.  He  is  usually  styled  The  Admirable 

Cnchlon. 

CliIl.i,fJN,  Lewis  de  Berthon  dc,  a  French 
general,  who  dislingnished  himself  by  his  va- 
lour, in  the  time  of  liemy  11.  HI.,  and  IV  He 
died  in  1615. 

CKILLONMAIION,  N.  duke  de,  distinguish- 
ed himselt' in  lire  .seven  years  war,  andlil'ier- 
wardsiji  tlie  cniiseof  Hpain.     He  died  in  I7ii(i. 

CRli\l>'irS,  Christoidier,  a  native  of  Lulie- 
inia,  who  |inblished  several  Teamed  works  ;  he 
died  in  1626. 

t.'RlA'lTI'S,  Petriis,  a  native  of  Florence,  a 
man  of  great  learnins,  but  addicted  to  the  basest 
sensualities  ;  he  died  in  1505. 

CRISP,  Tobias,  a  controversial  writer  on  di- 
vinity, and  the  great  champion  of  Antinomian- 
isni,  dieil  iti  1642. 

CRlTIAti,  one  of  the  thirty  tyrants  of  Athens, 
he  fell  ill  battle  400  B.  C. 

t'RITO,  one  of  the  pupils  and  friends  of  S.> 
crates. 

CRITOBUIJTS,  a  physician,  who  is  said  i*' 
have  extracted  the  arrow  which  wounded  the 
eye  of  Pliiiip  of  Macedon. 
CRlTOLAf'S,  a  Greek  historian. 
CJU'l'OLAUS,  an  Arcadian,  who,  when  de- 
feated by  the  Romans,  poisoned  himself,  14(5 
B.  C.  ' 

CROESE,  Gerard,  a  protestant  divine,  of  Am- 
sterdam, author  of  a  liistory  of  the  Quakers, 
died  in  1710. 

CRCF.SUS,  the  fifth  and  last  of  the  Mermna- 
dsB,  who  reigned  in  Lydia ;  was  supposed  the 
richest  of  mankind.  He  was  the  first  who  made 
the  Greeks  of  Asia  tributary  to  the  Lydian?, 
and  his  court  was  the  asylum  of  learning  and 
the  polite  arts.  After  a  reign  of  14  years,  he 
was  defeated  by  Cyrus,  548  B.  C. :  the  time  an4 
manner  of  his  death  are  unknown. 

CROFT,  Herbert,  an  English  prelate,  who 
wrote  in  favour  of  the  proteslants  about  1675  : 
he  died  in  1691. 

CROFT,  William,  a  celebrated  musician, 
who  succeeded  Dr.  Blow  as  master  of  the  child- 
ren,and  composer  to  the  Chapel  Royal,  and  also 
as  organist  in  Westminster  Abbey.  Tn  1712  he 
published,  but  without  his  name,"  Divine  Har- 
mony, or  a  new  collection  of  select  anthems;" 
to  which  is  prefixed,  "A  Brief  Account  of 
Church  Music."  In  1715,  he  w.i.>=  created  doc- 
tor in  music  at  Oxford  ;  and  in  1724  published 
by  subscription,  a  noble  work  of  his  own,  en- 
titled, "  Musica  Sacra,  or  Select  Anthems  in 
Score,"  in  2  vols,  the  tirst  containing  the  fune- 
ral service  which  Purcell  had  begun,  but  did  not 
live  to  complete.  He  was  born  at  Nether-Eating- 
ton,  in  Warwickshire,  about  1077,  and  died  Aug. 
1727. 

CRORHJS,  or  DE  CROI,  amini.ner  of  Ihez, 
wiio  wrote  several  works  in  Latin  ;  he  died  in 
1659. 

CROIX,  Francis  Petit  de  la,  secretary  and  in- 
terpreter to  the  king  of  France  hi  the  Turkish 
and  Arabic  languages,  died  Nov.  4,  1095,  in  his 
73d  year. 

CROIX,  John  Baptist  de  la,  second  bishop  of 
duebec  ;  came  to  Canada  in  1685;  he  founded 
three  hospitals,  and  died  in  1727. 

CROIX  DU  MAINE,  Francis  Crude  de  la. 
a  Frenchman  of  the  lOtli  century,  who  publish 
cd  an  account  of  all  French  authors. 

t'I'OKE,  Fir  George,  many  years  one  of  llie 

judges  of  111  ^  King's  Bench,  and  an  eminent 

law-\vriier,  was  born  a,t  Chilton,  Bucks,  in  1559, 

and  died  i'l  ]f>4l.    The '-Reportis"  of  Sir  George 

141 


CR 

Croke,  are  of  Hit  highest  autliority  with  the 
prolessioii.  tiir  Echnuiid  Coke,  recommendiiii; 
to  the  5ludeiit  an  attention  to  tlicse  Uejioiu, 
says,  "  Tlicie  is  no  knowledge,  case,  or  point  in 
law,  seem  it  of  never  so  litilu  account,  hut  will 
sijind  him  in  stead  at  one  time  or  other  ;  and 
therefore  in  reading,  nothing  is  to  be  pretermit- 
ted." 

CROMPTON,  William,  a  non  conformist  di- 
vine, author  of  several  small  tracts,  died  1696. 
CROMWKI.L,«Thoinas,  earl  of  Essex,  an 
eminent  statesman  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.. 
was  the  son  of  a  blacksmith  at  Putney,  inSurr* , 
and  born  about  1-190.  He  was  for  some  time 
clerk  or  secretary  to  the  English  lactory  at  Anl- 
M"<;rp. — On  his  return  to  Eiiijlaiid  he  was  admit- 
ted into  the  family  of  Cardinal  VV'olsey  as  his 
solicitor  ;  to  wlioni  he  approved  hhnself  by  his 
fidelity  and  diligence  in  several  important  afliiiirs; 
and  after  the  cardinal's  fall,  the  king  employed 
him  in  his  own  service,  and  raised  hira  in  a  short 
time  to  several  eminent  dignities.  Having  been 
instrumental  in  promoting  the  Reformation,  the 
king  granted  him  many  noble  manors  and  large 
estates,  the  spoils  of  the  religions  houses  ;  ad- 
vanced him  to  the  dignity  of  earl  of  Essex :  and 
constituted  him  lord  high  chamberlain  of  Eng- 
land. The  tide  of  prosperity,  which  had  hither- 
to liowed  in  upon  him,  began  now  to  take  a  turn : 
a  scheme  that  he  laid  to  secure  bis  greatness 
proved  his  ruin  ;  such  is  the  weakness  of  hu- 
man policy !  He  used  his  utmost  endeavours  to 
procure  a  marriage  between  king  Henry  and 
Anne  of  Clcves.  As  her  friends  were  all  Lu- 
therans, he  imagined  itraight  tend  to  bringdown 
the  popish  party  at  court ;  and  tie  expected  great 
support  from  a  queen  of  his  own  maiung.  But 
the  capricious  monarch,  being  disgusted  vvilh 
her  person,  on  the  lirst  night's  cohabitation,  took 
an  invincible  aversion  to  the  promoter  of  the 
marriage,  who  was  soon  after  arrested  at  the 
council  table, attainted  of  high  treason  and  here- 
sy, and  executed  on  Tower-hill,  after  six  >veeUs 
imprisonment,  July.  1540. 

CROMWELL,  Oliver,  protector  of  the  com- 
monwealth of  England,  was  son  of  Mr.  Robert 
Cromwell,  and  born  in  the  parish  of  St.  .John, 
Huntingdon,  April  23, 1599,  baptized  the  29th  of 
the  same  month,  and  was  educated  in  grammar 
learning  at  the  free-school  in  that  tijwn.  From 
Huntingdon  he  was  removed  to  Sydney  college, 
in  Cambridge,  where  he  was  admitted  fellow 
commoner,  April  23,  lOKi.  ile  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  third  parliament  of  Charles  I., 
which  met  Jan.  20,  lfi28,  and  from  this  lime  to 
1641  was  ill  warm  opposition  to  all  the  measures 
of  the  court.  At  length  when  the  king  and 
parliament  came  to  an  open  rupture,  Cromwell 
obtained  a  captain's  commission  ;  and  his  first 
military  exploit  was,  securing  the  town  of  Cam- 
bridge "for  the  parliament.  He  was  afierwards 
rapidly  promoted  to  the  rank  of  licutenant-geu- 
wal  under  the  earl  of  Manchester,  in  which  ca- 
pacity he  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of 
Marston  Moor.  He  was  then  made  lieutenant- 
general  of  horse  under  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax,  had 
the  principal  share  in  defeating  the  royal  party 
at  Naseby,  made  himself  master  of  Winchester 
and  several  other  places,  reduced  Carlisle  and 
Berwick,  and  entered  Scotland  in  triumph. 
Having  dismissed  the  Hamiitons  (of  the  king's 
party)  from  all  ofRces  of  public  trust,  he  return- 
ed to  England  with  every  mark  of  honour  and 
oslcem  on  the  part  of  the  Scots  .  and,  on  his  ar- 
val  in  London,  took  hisseat  again  in  parliament, 
and  received  the  tlianks  of  th<;  lionse  for  this 
142 


signal  service,  vvbicli  was  the  last  he  perlbrmcd 
lin  his  militaiy  capacity  till  the  king's  deaiii. 
After  that  event  (to  which  he  was  eijuaiiy 
prompted  by  fear  and  ambition,)  Cromwell  was 
appointed  lord  governor  of  Ireland,  to  wliicn 
jkiiigdoin  he  went  in  great  (xjinp,  and  very  soon 
imade  himself  master  of  l)io^lii;ii;i,  and  liie  oilier 
Iplaccs  which  had  been  luld  by  tlie  royalists. 
'Having  done  this  service,  he  was  recalled  to 
(England,  and  made  captain-general  of  ail  the 
iparliament  forces,  marched  again  intoScotlanJ, 
idef'ated  the  Scots  at  Dunbar,  lollowed  Cliarles 
iil.  into  Worcester,  and  totally  roi  ted  Ins  whole 
]force.  Oomweli  now  found  his  powu  eo  an- 
jCOiitioUable,  that  lie  ventured  on  a  otep;  bolder 
iperliaps,  tiian  ever  biibre  had  entered  ihe  lieaJ 
of  any  man  in  Engiand-  He  abruptly  dis- 
solved the  Longrarliaineiit,  and,  having  turned 
all  the  members  out  of  the  lion.-e,  locked  ti.e 
doors,  put  the  keys  in  his  pocketj  and  tetiiriud 
home.  This  liappened  on  the  20th  of  Ajiri!, 
10.53.  On  the  ItJth  of  December,  in  the  same 
year,he  was  invested  with  supreme  authority, 
under  the  title  of  lord  protector  of  the  tliree  na- 
tions, England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  ;  in  which 
station,  having  for  t\\n  years  adniinistered  the 
arfairs  of  the  kingdom  with  great  vigour  ami 
ability,  he  died  Sept.  3,  IfioS. 

CROMWELL,  Richard,  eldest  son  of  Oliver, 
and  named  by  hira  as  his  successor,  was  born 
at  Cheshiint,'l626,  and  died  1712.— An  act  v.as 
passed,  for  recognising  him  as  Protector,  and  for 
restoring  the  house  of  lords:  but  liie  Commons 
fell  into  debates  about  settling  the  chief  niagis- 
trcile's  power,  and  that  of  the  upper  house  ;  and 
the:!e,  with  other  proceedings,  terniinaltd  in  a 
jealousy,  between  the  protector  and  his  army. 
At  last  they  discarded  him,  and  took  the  govern- 
ment into  their  own  hands.  On  the  restoration 
he  went  abroad,  but  returned  in  ItJSO,  under  the 
assumed  name  of  Clarke,  and  settled  at  Che.^ii- 
unt,  where  he  lived  privately  and  died  beloved  , 
;biit  he  was  not  by  any  means  qualitiedto  si;p- 
port  the  station  to  which  the  aspiring  laltnls  of 
his  father  had  raised  him. 

CRONECK,  John  Frederic  baron  de,  born  at 
Anspach,  distinguished  himself  as  an  ingenious 
poet ;  he  died  in  1758. 

CRONSTEDT,  Axel  Frederic,  a  native  of 
Sweden,  a  naturalist,  and  inspector  of  the 
mines :  he  published  various  works,  and  died 
in  1765. 

CROOK,  Sir  George,  an  Englishman,  who 
became  chief  justice  ;  died  in  1641. 

CROSBY,  Brass,  born  at  Stockton-ujxin-Tees, 
in  172-5,  came  early  in  life  to  London,  where  he 
practised  several  years  as  an  attorney  :  became 
alderman  of  the  ward  of  Bread-street,  in  1765, 
and  was  elected  lord  mayor,  September  34, 1770. 
March,  1771,  in  the  case  of  the  proclarr.ation 
against  Wheble  and  other  printers,  Mr.  Alder- 
man Oliver  was  committed  to  the  Tower ;  and 
Mr.  Crosby  (then  lord  Mayor)  was  ordered  into 
the  custody  of  the  serjeant  at  arms ;  but,  on 
his  spiritedly  observing,  "  tliat  if  any  offence 
had  been  committed,  he  was  the  greatest  offen 
der,  and  that  he  longed  to  join  his  brother  in  of 
fice,"  an  order  was  signed  for  his  commitment 
to  the  Tower.  The  parliament  was  prorogued 
on  the  23d  of  July,  wlien  tlie  lord  mayor  was 
released  and  carried  from  the  Tower  to  the 
mansion-house  wth  every  possible  mark  of  the 
approbation  of  his  fellow-citizens;  and,  after 
the  expiration  of  his  mayoralty,  was  again  re- 
warded  bv  the  thanks  of  the  corporation,  and  a 
ci!p  of  mi.  in  valne.    He  died,  Feb.  M,  179:^ 


CH 

CROSS,  Michael,  an  Englisli  artist,  and  la 
mnua  copii^r  of  paintings,  flouridbed  in  the 
reisns  of  Cliarles  1.  ami  II. 

CRO.St!,  Lewis  a  painter,  who  retouched  a 
picture  of  Mary,  ti'ieen  of  Scots,  in  a  masterly 
niariiinr;  hedied  in  lT-i4. 

CROSWELIj,  Andrew,  a  minister  in  Boston, 
much  engaged  in  controversy,  died  in  ITS'). 

CROUSAZ,  Jolm  Peter  de,  a  celebrated  phi- 
fosoplier  and  mathematician,  born  at  Lausanne, 
in  Switzerland,  April  13, 16fi3,  died  1748. 

CR<)\VNR,John,  an  American  by  birth,  went 
to  England,  and  was  patronised  hy  Charles  II., 
at  whose  command  he  wrote  several  dramatic 
pieces:  the  best  known  of  which  are,  "City 
Politics,"  and  "  Sir  Courtly  Nice  ;"  the  latter 
Of  which  has  been  several  times  acted  of  late 
years.  His  plays  were  17  in  number ;  some  of 
which  were  performed  with  great  success,  lie 
died  about  1703. 

CRO.XALL,  Dr.  Samuel,  a  writer  of  good 
repute,  born  at  Walton  upon  Thames,  and 
known  as  publisher  of  the  following   works 


viz :  "  The  l^air  CircaMrian,"  a  poem  ;  "  Fable.-'  | 
of  .-Esop  and  others,  translated  into  English  ;" 
"  Select  JVovels  ;  "  Scripture  Politics  ;"  "  The 
Royal  Manual,"  &c.     He  died  1752. 

CROZE,  Maihurin  Veyssicre  la,  a  native  of 
Na:ites,  was  rtistinguished  for  his  learning  and 
works  ;  he  dieil  in  1739. 

CRUCrGER,  Gaspar,  a  protestant  of  Leipsic, 
author  of  commentaries  on  Scrinture,  died  in 
ir,t>*. 

CRUDE.V,  Alexander,  a  corrector  of  the  press, 
w!5ose  literary  labours  will  ever  entitle  him  to 
the  veneration  of  all  students  of  the  sacred  wri- 
ting. His  "  Concordance  of  the  Holy  Scrip- 
tures of  the  Old  and  New  Testament,"  is  his 
chief  work,  and  a  singular  instance  of  indefati- 
gable labour  and  perseverance  in  the  most  use- 
ful employment.  His  private  character  (though 
naturally  liberal  in  the  e.«reine)  was  influenced 
by  a  temporary  frenzy,  which  gave  a  certain  co- 
lour to  all  his  actions,  and  suggested  to  him  ma- 
ny whimsical  plans  of  reformation,  hopes  of 
superiority,  and  visionary  views  of  ambition, 
wliicli  were  as  useless  to  himself  as  unprotita- 
wlc  to  others.  Of  his  singularities,  however, 
wiiicli  wore  many,  the  tendency  was  uniformly 
virtuous.  He  was  bom  at  Aberdeen,  in  1701, 
and  was  found  dead  on  his  knees,  apparently  in 
the  posture  of  prayer,  at  his  lodgings  in  Isling- 
ton, on  the  morning  of  Nov.  1,  1770. 

CRUIKSHANK,  William  Cumberland,  an 
eminent  anatomist,  born  at  Edinburgh,  1745, 
went  to  London  1771 ;  where  he  soon  got  into 
most  extensive  practice  as  a  surgeon.  As  a  wri- 
ter, he  is  principally  distinguished  by  his  "  Ana- 
tomy of  tlie  Absorbent  Vessels  in  the  Human 
Body,"  first  published  in  1786;  and  "E.tperi- 
inenls  on  the  Insensible  Perspiration  of  the  Hu- 
man Bodv,"  1705.— Mr.  C.  died  June  27, 1800. 

CRUSltTS,  or  KRANS,  Martin,  of  Bamberg, 
the  first  who  taught  Greek  in  Germany,  died  in 
1007. 

CRUTTWELL,  Rev.  Clement,  a  gentleman 
wliose  various  literary  performances,  for  labour 
extent,  and  utility,  have  rarely  been  equalled  , 
and,  wnei.  regarded  as  the  productions  of  an 
unassisted  valetudinarian,  have  perhaps  never 
been  surpassed.  Mr.  C.  first  appeared  as  an  au- 
thor i'l  his  edition  of  "  Bishop  Wilson's  Bible 
and  Works,  to  which  he  has  prefixed  a  life ;  and 
in  the  splendid  edition  of  the  Bible,  he  has  in- 
serted  collations  from   the  various  texts;    an 


CV 

to  tiuit  most  laborious  iiiidertnkiiii;,  his  "  Con- 
cordance of  Parallel  Texts'  <if  Scripture  ;"  a 
work  which,  according  to  the  usual  computa- 
tion of  time  and  assiduity,  woi-ld  be  sutiicient 
to  occupy  the  life  of  an  ordinary  man ;  and 
when  it  is  considered  that  lie  printed  it  in  hia 
own  house,  and  corrected  the  press  as  lie  pro- 
ceedeil,  some  idea  may  be  formed  of  his  indus- 
try and  perseverance.  Scarcely  had  he  recover- 
ed from  a  severe  illness,  which  his  incessant  ap- 
plication had  produced,  and  which  obliged  liim 
to  have  recourse  to  the  baths  of  St.  Amand.  in 
Flanders,  when  he  projected  the  scheme  of  lii« 
"Universal  Gazetteer;"  in  the  execution  of 
which  he  spent  ten  years  of  unwearied  dili 
gence  ;  the  sale  of  the  first  edition  sufficiently 
proved  the  favourable  light  in  which  it  was  re- 
srarded  by  the  public,  and  he  had  just  gone 
tiirough  the  laborious  office  of  editing  a  second 
edition,  comprising  30,000  new  articles  ;  when, 
on  tile  road  to  his  native  town,  Wokingham,  ii. 
Berkshire,  he  was  arrested  by  a  sudden  illiies.-:, 
which  terminated  fatallv  before  medical  assist- 


ance could  be  procured.     He  died  at  FroxfieUi, 
Somersetshire,  in  his  65th  year,  Sept.  5,  1808. 

CRUZ,  Juana  Inez  de  la,  a  lady  of  Mexico, 
distinguished  for  her  poetry,  and  her  acquaint- 
ance v/i!l)  the  sciences  ;  slie  died  in  liiflS. 

CRYTOPYLUS,  Metroplianes,  a  Greek,  edu^ 
ated  at  Oxford,  and  afterwards  raised  to  the 
see  of  .\lexaiidria  ;  he  died  in  1641. 

CTE.~iIAS,  a  Greek  physician  in  the  service 
of  Ariaxerxes,  king  of  Persia:  he  wrote  a  his- 
tors'  of  Persia. 

CTESIBIUS,  a  mathematician  of  Alexan- 
dria, the  inventor  of  the  pump,  water  clock, 
&c.  ISo  B.  C. 

CTESIPHON,  an  Athenian,  whose  attempt 
to  decree  a  golden  crown  to  Demosthenes,  was 
opposed  by  TEschines,  and  produced  the  twe 
famous  orations  of  the  rival  orators. 

CUDWORTH,  Ralph,  an  eminent  Engiish 
divine,  was  born  at  Aller,  in  Somersetshire, 
1017,  and  died  1688.  He  was  a  man  of  very 
extensive  learning,  exeeilently  skilled  in  the 
learned  languages  and  antiquity,  a  good  mailie- 
raatician,  a  subtle  philosopher,  and  a  profound 
metaphysician.  His  great  work,  "  The  True 
Intellectual  System  of  the  Universe,"  was  pub- 
lished in  folio,  1078. 

CUERENlfERT,  Theodore  Van,  a  native  of 
Amsterdam,  distinguished  for  science;  but  es- 
pecially for  maintaining  that  a  Christian  should 
not  enter  a  place  of  worship;  he  died  in  1590. 

CUEVA,  Alfonsus  de  la,  an  ambassador  from 
Philip  III.  to  Venice,  who  plotted  the  seizing 
of  the  city,  which,  however,  failed  ;  he  died  in 
1665. 

CUFF,  Henry,  a  celebrated  wit  and  excellent 
scholar,  born  at  Hiiiton,  St.  George,  in  Soiner- 
seLshire,  about  1560.  He  gave  early  marks  of 
genius  and  application  ;  arrived  in  time  at  the 
Greek  professorship  at  Oxford,  and  was  chosen 
proctor  of  the  university,  in  1594.  To  the  cele- 
brated Robert,  earl  of  Essex,  Cuft"  became  se- 
cretary ;  he  was  involved  in  all  the  misfortunes 
of  that  unhappy  earl ;  and  with  Sir  Gelly  Mer- 
rick, the  earl's  steward,  executed  at  Tyburn, 
1601. 
CUGNIERES,  Peter  de,  an  upright  magistrate, 
^vho,  ill  1329,  advocated  the  rights  of  Philip  Va- 
lois  asainst  the  clergy. 

CIJJACIUS,  .Tames,  a  celebrated  French  law- 
ver,  born  at  Thoulouse,  about  1520  and  died  at 
Bourses,  l.SiM). 


employment  which  fiVst  directed  his  thoughts!]    Cb'LLEN,  Dr.  V/iUiam,  an  eminent  Scotch 


cu 

pliviiciun  ai)(l  mwlical  writer,  wlint^f.-  priiicjipal 
uorUsarc,  "  Syiioiisis  Nosuloga;  Jltlliodicr,  l.d- 
iiib.,177'i,"  iJvols.  8vo. ; "Lectures on  tlio  Rlate- 
riaMedica,  Ijoiifl.'Mto. ;  "First  lines  of  the  Prac- 
tice of  Physic,  I'Tf),"  8vo.  [This  is  said  to  liavc 
produced  him  3000/.J  "  Institutions  of  Medi- 
cine, Part  I.,  containing  Physiology,"  Bvo.  "  On 
the  Recovery  of  Drovvned  Persons ;"  and  "  A 
Treatise  tjn  "the  Materia  Medica,"  2  vols.  4to., 
178y.  He  was  born  in  Lanarkshire,  and  died 
February  5,  17i)0. 

Cl'LLUM,  sit  John,  an  Englishman,  who  piih- 
lislied  the  history  and  antiquities  of  llawsied, 
Sutlolk  :  he  died  in  I'tSo. 

CULMiilR,  Richard,  a  violent  fanatic  in  Eng- 
land, who  was  employed  by  parliament  to  break 
down  and  deface  imnfres,  &;c. 

CULPEPEK,  j\ ii:Iiolas,  was  educated  at  Cam- 
bridize,  and  bound  apprentice  to  an  apothecary ; 
but  employed  all  his  leisure  hours  in  the  study 
of  astroloey,  which  fallacious  science  he  after- 
wards professed.  He  wrote  many  books,'  but 
the  most  noted  is  his  "  Herbal,"  wherein  he  tells 
us  under  what  planets  the  simples  grow,  and 
speaks  of  thciigood  and  bad  qualities.  He  died 
in  Spitalliolds,  1654. 

CULFEPER,  Thom.ts  lord,  lieutenant-po- 
vcrnor,  and  afterwards  governor,  of  llio  colony 
of  Virginia,  died  in  1719. 

CUMBERLAND,  Dr.  Richard,  a  very  learn- 
ed English  divine,  and  bishop  of  Peterboroufih, 
born  in  London,  in  1()IJ2,  died  in  1718.  Me  had 
studied  mathematics  in  all  branches,  and  ilie 
Scriptures  in  their  original  languares.  His  book 
"  De  Legibus  Natura'"  is  his  capital  work,  and 
will  always  be  read  while  sound  reasoning  sliall 
continue  to  be  thougiit  the  best  support  of  re- 
ligion. 

CUMBERLAND,  William,  duke  of,  second 
son  of  George  H.,  distinguished  lor  his  mili- 
tary siiccesses ;  he  died  in  1705. 

CUMUERLAND,  Richard,  an  eminent  poet, 
essayist,  novelist,  and  dramatic  writer,  was  a 
son  of  the  bishop  of  Kilmore,  and  a  grandson, 
by  the  maternal  side,  of  the  learned  Dr.  Kichard 
Bentley,  under  whose  loof,  in  the  Master's 
Lodge  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  he  was 
born,  Feb.  19,  IT.fi.  He  received  his  education 
at  the  school  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  at  West- 
minster, and  at  Trinity  College.  As  a  writer, 
the  miinber  of  his  works  is  very  extraordinary. 
The  drama,  however,  appears  to  have  been  his 
favourite  pursuit ;  and  a  list  of  his  performances 
in  this  luio  of  literature,  will  be  found  in  the 
"  Biographia  Dramatica,"  8vo.,  1812.  He  died 
in  London,  May  7, 1811,  and  was  buried  hi  Poet's 
Corner,  Westminster  Abbey. 

CUMBERLAND,  Henry  Frederic,  duke  of, 
whose  union  with  the  widow  of  a  Mr.  Horton 
produced  the  marriage  act ;  he  died  in  1790. 

CUMIJVG,  John,  an  eminent  physician,  of 
Concord,  Mass.,  and  a  benefactor  of  Harvard 
College  ;  died  in  1788. 

CITMING,  Williatn,  an  eminent  English  phy- 
sician, nmch  respected  for  his  learning  and  skill ; 
he  died  in  1788. 

Cl'MML\'G,  Alexander,  minister  in  Boston 
colleague  with  Dr.  t^ewall;  died  in  1763. 

CUNyEUS,  Peier,  a  lawyer,  professor  at  Ley 
den,  highlv  commended  by  Vossius,  Scaliger, 
&c..  died  in  1638. 

CUNECONDEjWife  of  Henry  H.,  (emperor) 
was  accusrd  of  incontinence,  and  retired  to  a 
nionasterv. 

CUNITIA,  a  lady  of  Silesia,  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury, who  greatly  excelled  in  mathematics  and 
astronomy ;  she  died  iii  1664. 
144 


CU  ■ 

CUNNINGHAM,  William,  a  "physician  of 
London,  greatly  distinguished  as  an  astronomer, 
died  after  1,563. 

CI'NNINGHAM,  John,  an  elegant  and  in- 
genious [.astoral  poet  and  a  dramatic  writer, 
born  in  JJnhlin,  1729,  died  in  Nortiiumberland, 
177:j. 

CUNNINGHAM,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, author  of  "  A  History  of  Great  Britain, 
from  the  Revolution  in  1688  lo  the  Accession  of 
George  I."  This  work  was  written  in  Latin, 
and  lay  in  manuscript  till  1787  ;  when  a  faithful 
traiislation  of  it  into  English  was  made  by 
William  Thompson,  LL.  D.,  and  published  in 
2  vols.  4to  The  work  was  undoubtedly  well 
deserving  of  publication  :  as  it  contains  the  his- 
tory of  a  very  iutertsling  period,  written  by  one 
who  had  a  considerable  degree  of  authentic  in- 
forinaiion,  and  comiiriscs  many  curious  particu- 
lars unknown  to  other  historian-.  The  author 
dii  d  17.37,  at  llie  adianced  age  oi'83 years. 

CUNY,  Lewis  Anthony,  author  of  funeral 
orations  on  the  dauphin  of  France,  queen  of 
Poland,  and  cardinal  Kolian. 

CUPANO,  Francis,  a  Sicilian,  author  of  a 
catalogue  of  plants  of  Sicily,  and  a  valuable  his- 
tory of  that  islaiul. 

CUPEKUS,  Gisbert,  professor  of  history,  of 
Da\cnler,  i>ublished  several  works,  and  died  in 
1716. 

CURyT^US,  Joachim,  a  German,  author  of 
the  annals  of  Silesia  and  Breslau ;  he  died  in 
1573. 

CURCELLjEUS,  Stephen, of  Geneva,  author 
of  an  edition  of  the  Greek  Testament  with  va 
rious  readings,  &c.;  he  died  inlG.^H. 

CUIUO,  an  orator,  of  Rome,  who  called  Cs- 
sar  the  man  of  all  the  women,  and  the  woman 
of  all  the  men. 

CUIUO,  Ccehtis  Sccundus,  a  Piedmontcsc, 
who  foreook  the  Romish  religion  for  Lutheran- 
ism  ;  he  was  professor  of  eloquence  at  Basil, 
and  died  in  1560. 

Cl'^RlUS,  Dentatus  Marcus  Annius,  a  Ro- 
man consul,  distinguished  in  the  wars  against 
Pyrrhus,  died  272  B.  C. 

CURL,  Edmund,  a  bookseller,  and  bookma- 
ker, rendered  notorious  by  Mr.  Pope,  in  his 
Dunciad.  He  was  generally  held  to  be  of  an 
immoral  character,  and  was  highly  injurious  to ' 
the  literary  world  by  his  piracies  and  forgeries. 
He  deservedly  lost  his  ears  in  the  pillory,  by  a 
sentence  of  the  law,  for  puWishing  obscene  per- 
formances, and  died  Dec.  11, 17-17. 

CUKOPALATE,  John,  author  of  a  Greek 
histoi-y,  from  813,  to  1081. 

CURR  ADI,  Francesco, an  Itahan  painter, whp 
excelled  in  historical  pieces;  he  died  in  1660. 

CURR  AN,  Rt.  Hon.  John  Philpot,  an  eminent 
Irish  lawyer,  and  orator,  and  sometime  master 
of  the  rolls  in  Ireland,  was  born  in  the  county 
of  Cork,  and  died  at  Brompton,  near  London, 
Oct.  1-4, 1817,  aged  nearly  70  years.  His  oratory 
was  completely  sui  generis  ;  always  the  sudden 
burst  of  strong  and  passionate  feelings,  which 
seemed  to  rise  in  proportion  as  the  grand  con- 
ceptions of  his  miiui  became  more  and  more  il- 
luminated by  the  coruscations  of  his  wit, — the 
lightning  flashes  of  a  vigorous  and  highly  poeti- 
cal imagination. 

CURRIE,  Dr.  James,  an  eminent  medical  and 
political  writer,  born  at  Kirkpatrick  Fleming,  iu 
Dumfriesshire,  May  31,  1750,  died  at  Sidmonlh, 
Aug.  31,  1805.  Besides  medical  writings,  which 
are  numerous,  he  furnished,  in  1800,  a  rich  treat 
to  the  lovers  of  elegant  literature,  by  publishing, 
llin  4  vols.  8vo.  "  The  Works  of  KobartBumes, 


cu 

with  an  Account  of  his  Life,  and  a  Criticism  on 
his  VViitinga:  to  which  are  prefixed,  some  Ob- 
iservations  on  the  Character  and  Condition  of 
the  Scottish  Peasantry." 

CURSON,  or  CURCEONE,  Robert,  an  Eng 
hshniaii,  chancellor  of  Paris  university  ;  he  was 
made  cardinal  by  pope  liuiocent  III.,  and  died 
in  1218. 

CURTIS,  William,  a  very  distinguished  bota- 
nist, born  at  Alton,  in  Hampshire,  rUioul  174t). 
His  great  work,  "  The  Flora  Londiuensis,"  is 
highly  interesting,  not  only  to  the  man  of  sci- 
ence, but  also  to  the  farmer  and  agriculturist ; 
as  it  combines  the  knowledge  of  entomology 
with  that  of  botany.  Mr.  Curtis  died  at  Bromp- 
ton,  near  Kiiighlsbiidge,  July  7,  1799. 

CURTIUS,  auinlUH,  a  Latin  historian,  who 
has  written  the  actions  of  Ale.xander  the  Great, 
in  10  books.  Where  this  author  was  born,  no- 
body pretends  to  know ;  and  even  when  lie  lived 
is  still  a  dispute  among  the  learned,  and  never 
likely  to  be  settled. 

CURTIUS,  MartiuB,  a  Roman,  who,  to  liene- 
fit  his  country,  plunged intoa  gulf,  whicii  caused 
his  death,  3«2  B.  C. 

CURTIUS,  Michael  Conrad,  professor  of  lo- 
gic and  metaphysics,  at  Luneberg,  and  after- 
wards of  history  and  rhetoric,  at  Marpurg,  &c., 
died  in  1802. 

CUSA,  Nicholas  de,  a  cardinal  and  bishop,  so 
called  from  Cusa,  the  place  of  his  birth.  Mis 
parents  were  mean  and  poor  ;  and  it  was  his  own 
personal  merit  which  raised  him  to  the  height 
of  dignity  that  lie  afterwards  attained.  He  was 
a  man  ol'  extraordinary  parts  and  learning ; 
particularly  lanious  for  his  great  knowledge  in 
law  and  divinity  ;  and  withal,  a  great  natural 
philosopher,  and  geometrician.  He  died  in  I4ti4, 
aged  ti3  years,  and  left  many  e.tcellent  works  be- 
hind him. 

CUSHING,  William,  LL.  D.  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  state  of  Massachusetts, 
and  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States, 
died  in  1810. 

CUSHING,  Thomas,  LL.  D.,  speaKcr  of  the 
house  of  representatives,  member  of  congress 
from  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  and  lieutenant 
governor  of  the  same,  died  in  1788. 

CUSHING,  Nathan,  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  died  in  1812. 

CUSHING,  Thomas,  LL.  II.,  lieutenant  go- 
vernor of  Massachusetts,  much  devoted  to  pub- 
lic life,  and  to  the  public  good  ;  he  died  in  1740. 

CUSHING,  Jacob,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Wal- 
thain,  Mass.,  much  esteemed,  died  in  1809. 

CUSIIMAN,  Robert,  one  of  the  first  emi- 
grants to  America,  returned  soon  on  business  to 
England,  where  he  died. 

CUSPINIAN,  John,  aGerman  historian,  born 
in  1473,  died  in  1529.  He  was  first  physician 
to  the  emperor  Maximilian  I.,  and  employed  by 
that  prince  in  several  delicate  negotiations. 

CUSSAY,  N.  governor  of  Angers,  who  told 
the  duke  of  Guise,  when  he  ordered  the  protest- 
ants  of  Anjou  to  be  massacred,  that  his  feliow- 
citizens  were  brave  and  loyal,  but  not  assassins. 

CUSTINES,  Adam  Philippe,  count  de,  a 
Frenchman,  who  assisted  the  Americans  in  the 
revolutionary  war  ;  he  perished  on  the  scaffold, 
for  treason,  in  1793. 

CUTHBERT,  an  English  saint,  of  sanctity, 
virtue,  &c.,  died  in  (186. 

CUTLER,  John,  an  eminent  physician  and 
surgeon,  in  Boston,  died  in  1761. 

CUTLER,  Timothy,  D.  D.,  president  of  Yale 
College,  a  native  «f  Chanestown,  Mass.     In 


DA 

1722,  becoming  an  epiBCoi)alian,  he  left  the  col- 
lege, and  went  to  England  for  orders  ;  after  Jiis 
lelurn,  hewas  settled  in  Boston.  He  died  in 
17u5. 

CUTLER,  Manasach,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguished 
congregational  clergyman,  of  Mas.-^achuhctts, 
and  a  member  of  congress  from  that  state,  died 
in  1823. 

CUTTS,  John,  lord,  a  brave  English  soldier, 
and  no  mean  poet,  died  at  Dublin,  in  1707.  His 
poems  were  published  in  1G87. 

CUTTS,  John,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
New  Ilauipshire,  and  president  of  that  colony, 
died  in  1081. 

CYAXARES  I.,  king  of  the  Sledes,  after 
Phraortes,  died  585  B.C. 

CYAXARES  II.,  king  of  Media,  supposed  to 
be  the  famous  Darius,  died  536  B.  C. 

CYGNK,  Martin  du,  a  learned  Jesuit,  of  St. 
Omer,  author  of  several  works,  died  in  lCi69. 

CYNiEGIRUS,  an  Athenian,  wh6  Inst  bin 
life  at  the  battle  of^  Marathon,  while  attempting 
to  stop  the  flight  of  the  Persians. 

CYNEAS,  a  Thessalian  philosopher,  who  ac- 
companied Pyrrliiis  in  his  invasion  of  Italy. 

CYPRIANl,  or  CIPRIANI,  an  eminent  Ita- 
lian painter,  who  settled  in  England,  died  in 
1785. 

CYPRIANUS,  Thascius,  Caecilins,  bishop  of 
Carthage,  a  principal  father  of  the  Christian 
chinch,  born  at  Carthage,  in  Africa,  about  the 
beginning  of  the  3d  century,  and  beheaded  theiv , 
Sept.  14,  2.58. 

CYR/VNO,  Bergerac,  a  French  author,  of  i 
singular  character,  born  in  Gascony,  about  ItSO, 
died  10.55.  His  works  consist  of  some  letters, 
written  in  his  youth,  with  a  tragedy,  entitled 
"  The  Death  of  Agrlppina,  Widow  of  Germa- 
nicus  ;"  a  comedy,  called  "  The  Pedant,  or  mere 
Scholar,  ridiculed  ;"  "  Comic  Histoi-y  of  the 
States  and  Empires  of  the  Moon  ;"  "  Comic 
History  of  the  States  and  Empires  of  the  Sun  ;' 
several  letters  and  dialogues,  and  a  fragment  on 
physic. 

CYRIL,  of  Jerusalem,  one  of  the  fathers, 
died  in  386. 

CYRIL,  made  bishop  of  Alexandria,  in  412, 
died  444.  His  works  are  voluminous,  and  have 
been  often  printed. 

CYRILL,  Lucar,  bishop  of  Alexandria,  and 
patriarch  of  Constantinople,  strangled  for  at- 
tempting to  reform  the  clergy,  in  1638. 

CYRUS,  founder  of  the  ancient  Persian  em 
pire,  died  5:^0  B.  C. 

CYRUS,  the  Younger,  defeated  by  bis  bro- 
ther Artaxerxes,  401  B.  C.  The  retreat  of  the 
10, (KM)  Greeks  who  accompanied  him,  is  cele- 
brated iii  ancient  history. 

CYRUS,  a  Latin  poet,  in  tiie  reign  of  tho 
younger  Theodosius. 

D 


T 


DAC,  John,  a  German  painter,  who  flourish- 
ed about  1586,  and  whose  pictures  are  in  grand 
style. 

DAf/IER,  Andrew,  a  vei-y  celebrated  French 
critic  and  pliilnsopber,  born  at  Castres,  in  Lan- 
L'ucdoc,  in  1651,  died  1722.  His  principal  wf^rks 
are  translations  of  "  Hornce;"  "Aristotle's  Poet- 
ics ;"  "  Plutarch's  Lives  ;"  the  works  of"  Hip- 
pocrates;"  "Plato;"  "TheLifeof  Pvthagoras," 
&c  &c. 

DA(^TER,  Anne,  wife  of  Andrew  Dacier,  and 
a  woman  of  extraordinary  learning,  as  her  woi  ks 
will  show,  of  which,  the  most  considerable  are 
13  145 


DA 

trsnalations  of  "  Anacreoii,"  Sapplio,"  "  I'lau- 
tus,"  "  Terence,"  and  "  Homor."  She  was 
born  at  Saumur,  in  France,  in  1651,  and  died  in 
17"20.  Madame  Dacier  was  a  woman  of  },'reat 
virtue  as  well  as  learning.  Slie  was  remarka- 
ble fjr  firmness,  generosity,  goodnature,  piety, 
and  modesty.  The  academy  of  Ricovrati,  at 
Padua,  chose  lierone  of  their  body,  in  1084. 

D  \G.\R,  Jacob,  an  eminent  historical  painter, 
of  Faris,  died  m  1716. 

DAGGETT,  Napthali,  D.  D., president,  and 
professor  of  tlieology,  in  Yale  College,  was  dis- 
tinguished as  a  thorough  scholar,  and  a  sound 
divine.  He  displayed  great  bravery  when  the 
British  attacked  New-Haven,  where  he  died  in 
1780. 

DAGOBERT,  I.,  king  of  France,  in  Ose8,  a  li- 
centious and  cruel  prince. 

DAGOBERT  II.,  king  of  Austrasia,  was  as- 
sassinated in  679. 

DAGOBERT  III.,  son  of  Childebert,  king  of 
Kcustria,  died  in  715. 

D.\GOBERT,  N.,  a  French  general,  who  dis- 
tineuished  himself  in  Italy  and  Spain,  died  in 
T794. 

D,\GOUMER,  William,  professor  of  philoso- 
phy, and  rector  of  the  university  of  Paris,  died 
in  1755. 

DAHL,  Michael,  a  Danish  painter,  patronised 
by  the  court  of  Denmark,  died  in  1743. 

DAHLBERG,  Erie,  a  Swedish  engineer, 
whose  services  were  rewarded  with  a  title  of 
nobility  ;  he  died  in  1703. 

D.AILLE,  John,  a  minister  of  the  church  of 
Paris,  and  one  of  the  ablest  advocates  the  pro- 
testants  ever  had,  was  born  at  Chatelherault,  in 
1594.  In  1628  he  wrote  his  celebrated  book, 
"  De  r  Usage  des  Peres,"  or  "  Of  the  Use  of 
the  Fathers,"  which  Bayle  has  pronounced  a 
master- piece. 

DALE,  Sir  Thomas,  chief  magistrate  of  the 
colony  of  Virginia,  carae  from  England,  in  1611, 
with  three  hundred  colonists.  His  adjiiinistra- 
tion  was  vigorous,  but  advantageous  to  the  co- 
lony, and  contributed  to  its  permanency  ;  he  died 
in  the  East  Indies. 

DALE,  Samuel,  an  apothecary  of  Essex,  who 
became,  i'"  '  '„  merit,  a  licentiate  of  the  college 
of  phvaicians,  and  fellow  of  the  royal  society  ; 
he  died  in  1739. 

DALECHAMPS,  James,  a  learned  physician, 
born  at  Caen,  in  Normandy,  in  1513.  Mischief 
work  was  a  translation  of  Pliny's  "  Natural 
History,"  with  notes;  he  died  in  1558. 

D.ALEN,  Cornelius  Von,  an  eminent  Dutch 
engraver,  who  flourished  in  1640. 

DALENS,  Dirk,  an  eminent  landscape  pain- 
ter, of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1689. 

D'ALIBRAI,  Charles  Von,  a  poet  of  Paris, 
who  wrote  bacchanalian,  satirical,  iieroical, 
moral,  and  Christian  poems;  he  died  in  1655. 

DALIN,  Glaus  de,  the  father  of  Swedish  poe- 
try, and  preceptor  to  prince  Gustavus,  was  born 
in  1708. 

DALLAS,  Alexander  James,  an  eminent  law- 
yer and  statesman,  came  from  the  island  of  Ja- 
maica, to  Philadelphia,  in  1783.  In  1791,  he  was 
appointed  secretary  of  the  state  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  a  "terwards  secretary  of  the  treasury 
of  the  United  State.s,  and  acting  secretary  of 
war,  and  died  in  1817.  He  published  4  volumes 
of  valuable  law  reports. 

DALLINGTON,  Sir  Robert,  author  of  the 
aphorisms  of  Tacitus,  was  knighted  by  queen 
Elizabeth,  and  died  in  1637. 

BALMATIN,  G«orge,  a  Lutheran  minister, 
146 


DA 

of  Layback,  who  translated  the  Bible  into  the 
Sclavoniaji  language,  in  the  lOthcciitun'. 

DALMATIUS,  a  bishop  of  Cyzicum.  who  al 
tended  the  council  of  Ephesus,  and  wrote  the 
acts  of  the  synod  of  Nice. 

DALRYMPLE,  Alexander,  son  of  Sir  James 
Drilrymple,  of  Edinburgh,  was  encaged  for 
several  years  in  the  service  of  the  East  India 
Company  ;  afterwards  as  hydrographer  to  tliat 
company,  and  to  the  admiralty.  He  is  known 
as  the  author  of  "  Discoveries  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean, "and  many  other  valuable  works;  he  died 
in  1808. 

DALRYMPLE,  Sir  David,  of  Hailes,  hart., 
belter  known  by  tiie  name  of  lord  Hailes,  one 
of  the  senators  of  the  college  of  justice  in  Scot- 
land. He  was  not  only  conspicuous  as  an  able 
and  upright  judge,  and  a  sound  lawyer,  but  was 
also  eminent  as  a  man  of  polite  literature,  and 
an  excellent  classical  scholar.  Numerous  are 
the  vvorks  that  have  issued  from  his  pen;  and  all 
of  them  distinguished  by  their  accuracy  and 
learning.  He  was  bora  at  Edinburgh,  in  1726, 
and  died  November  29,  1792. 

DALRYMPLE,  Alexander,  an  aminent  hy- 
drographer,born  at  New  Hailes,  near  Edinburgh, 
July  24,  1737,  died  in  London,  June  19, 1808. 

DALRYMPLE,  Sir  John,  many  years  a  baron 
of  the  Exchequer  in  Scotland,  author  of  '■  Me- 
moirs of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,"  tracts  on 
"  Feudal  Law,"  and  several  other  vvorks,  died 
Feb.  26,  1810,  aged  84. 

D  ALTON,  Tristram,  a  native  of  Massachu- 
setts, speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives, 
and  a  member  of  the  senate  of  that  state,  and 
afterwards  a  member  of  the  United  Slates'  se- 
nate, died  in  1817. 

DALTON,  Michael,  an  English  lawyer,  au- 
thor of  two  well-known  books  on  "  The  Olfice 
of  a  Justice  of  Peace,"  and  "  On  the  Duty  of 
Sheriffs,"  &c.  The  times  of  his  birth  and  death 
are  uncertain,  but  the  latter  was  probablv  about 
1620. 

DALTON,  Dr.  John,  prebendary  of  Worces- 
ter, born  at  Dean,  in  Cumberland,  in  1709.  He 
adapted  Milton's"  Masque  at  Ludlow  Castle"  to 
the  stage,under  the  title  of  "  Comus,  a  Masque," 
and  died  in  1763. 

DALZELL,  Andrew,  an  eminent  Greek 
scholar,  born  near  Edinburgh,  and  a  professor 
at  the  university  there.  He  was  a  most  amia- 
ble, as  well  as  learned  man  ;  he  died  in  180<). 

DALZIEL,  Thomas,  a  Scotch  officer,  who 
escaped  to  Russia,  where  the  czar  made  him  a 
general.  At  the  restoration,  he  returned,  and 
was  made  commander  in  clxief,  in  Scotland. 
He  was  a  very  singular  man. 

DAMASCENUS,  John,  an  illustrious  father 
of  the  church,  in  the  8th  century.  He  died  about 
750,  leaving  behind  him  many  compositions  of 
various  kinds. 

DAMASCIUS,  a  stoic  philosopher,  who  flour- 
ished in  the  6th  century. 

DAM  ASUS  I.,  a  Spaniard,  raised  to  the  papal 
throne  in  366. 

DAM.VSUS  II.,  bishop  of  Brixen,  was  elected 
pope,  but  died  23  days  after,  in  1048. 

DAMBOURNEY,  N.,  bom  at  Rouen,  distin- 
guished as  a  merchant,  and  man  of  science,  dieil 
in  1795. 

DAMIEN,  Peter,  cardinal,  and  bishop  of  Os- 
tia,  in  the  lltli  century.  He  was  a  pious  man, 
and  left  several  works ;  he  died  about  1073. 

DAMIENS,  Robert  Francis,  a  native  of 
Trance,  executed  March  23,  1757,  for  attempt 
ing  to  aMassinate  the  king.    For  the  form  and 


DA 

tnaiiiicr  of  his  execution,  see  CH  ASTEL,  whose 
punishment  was  similar. 

DAMO,  the  daughter  of  Pythagoras,  was  well 
skilled  in  the  philosophy  of  her  fatiier. 

DAMOCLES,  a  flatterer  of  the  tyrantDiony- 
sius ;  who, affecting  upon  some  occasion  orother, 
to  adinire  the  fortune  of  that  prince,  Dionysius, 
to  convince  him  that  princes  are  not  always  so 
happy  as  they  seem  to  be,  invited  him  to  a  feast, 
and  caused  a  naked  sword  lo  he  hung  over  his 
head,  which  was  only  held  by  a  single  hair.  Da- 
mocles, extremely  struck  with  a  sense  of  the 
hazardous  situation  he  was  in,  changed  his  opi- 
nion at  once,  and,  for  his  own  particular  part, 
begged  of  Dionysius,  that  he  might  retire  from 
court,  and  high  life,  into  that  mediocrity  of 
condition,  where  no  danger  was,  and  where  he 
Bliould  not  be  subject  to  a  reverse  of  fortune. 

DAMOCRITUS,  a  Greek  historian,  author  of 
a  treatise  on  tactics. 

DAMOiV,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher,  cele- 
brated for  his  friendship  with  Pythias. 

DAMON,  an  Athenian  musician,  the  friend 
of  Socrates. 

D AMOURS,  Lewis,  a  French  lawyer,  author 
of  some  works  of  little  merit. 

DAMFIER,  John,  a  native  of  Blois,  author 
of  some  elegant  Latin  poems,  died  in  1.5.50. 

DAMPIER,  William,  a  famous  English  navi- 
gator, born  in  Somersetshire,  m  16.52,  died  1699. 
His  "  Voyage  round  Uie  World"  is  well  known, 
and  has  gone  tlirougli  many  editions. 

DAMPIERRE,  N.,  a  French  officer,  who  dis- 
tinguished liimself  under  general  Dumourier, 
died  of  a  wound  by  a  cannon  ball,  in  1793. 

DAN,  the  fifth  son  of  Jacob,  by  Bilkah,  Ra- 
chel's maid. 

D.\NA,  Francis,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
of  Massachusetts,  was  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can congress  in  1776,  and  minister  I'roni  that  bo- 
dy to  the  court  of  St.  Petersburg  ;  afterwards 
chief  justice  of  the  state  of  Massachusetts.  He 
was  distinguished  for  the  fidelity  and  ability  with 
wliich  he  discharged  his  public  duties,  and  for 
bis  attachment  to  the  institutions  of  his  coun- 
try.    He  died  in  1811. 

DANCER,  Daniel,  a  most  singular  example 
of  penuriousness,  with  the  means  of  plenty,  lie 
lived  at  Pinner,  in  Middlesex,  with  a  sister  of 
his,  who  was  of  a  congenial  disiKisiiion  ;  and, 
though  possessed  of  30001.  a-year,  besides  great 
sums  in  specie  and  bank  notes  concealed  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  his  house,  he  denied  himself  the 
common  necessaries  of  life.  He  \isnally  "nad 
his  body  girt  with  a  hayband,  to  keep  together 
his  tattered  garments;  the  stockings  he  wore 
had  been  sofrequently  darned  and  patched,  that 
scarcely  any  of  the  original  could  be  seen ;  but 
hi  dirty  or  cold  weather,  they  were  thickly  co- 
vered with  ropes  of  hay,  which  served  as  sub- 
stitutes for  boots.  He  rarely  washed  his  face 
or  hands,  and  never  allowed  his  bed  to  be  made, 
or  his  house  to  be  cleaned.  He  hid  bank  notes 
amongthecobwebsin  his  cowhouse,  and  guineas 
in  the  fire-place,  covered  with  soot.  A  number 
of  singular  eccentricities  are  recorded  of  him, 
in  "  Biographical  Curiosities,"  12mo,  1797.  He 
died  in  October,  1794. 

DA^ff"HET,  Anthony,  a  French  dramatic 
poet,  born  atRiom,  in  1G71,  died  1748. 

DANDINI,  Jerome,the  first  Jesuit  who  taught 
philosophy  at  Paris.  He  wrote  a  commentary 
on  Aristotle,  and  died  in  1634. 

DANDINf,  Pietro,  an  eminent  painter,  born 
at  Florence,  died  in  1712. 

DANDINI,  Cssare,  a  historical  painter,  of 


DA ______ 

Florence,  who  finished  his  pictures  in  a  sapcrior 
style. 

DANDINIjHerculeFrancois,  professor  of  the 
law  at  Padua,  and  author  of  some  learned 
works,  died  in  1747. 

DANDOLO,  Henry,  duke  of  Venice,  a  brave 
admiral,  and  great  politician,  who  look  ('(in- 
slantinople,  in  1203,  and  had  the  modertaion  to 
refuse  the  imperial  dignity.    He  died  in  12J0. 

DANDOLO,  Andrew,  doge  of  Veni<  e,  of 
which  he  wrote  a  history.  He  corresponded 
with  Petrarch,  and  died  in  1354. 

DANDliE  BARDON,  Michael  Francois.  He 
was  a  professor  in  the  academy  of  i>ainting,  and 
was  admired  for  his  historical  writings  ,  he  died 
in  1783. 

DANDRIEU,  John  Francis,  a  famous  musi- 
cian, of  Paris,  who  composed  three  bonks  ui' 
pieces  for  the  harpsichord,  and  two  for  the  or- 
an  ;  he  died  in  1740. 

DANEAU,  or  DANiEUS,  Lambert,  a  Cal- 
vinist  preacher,  who  taught  theology  at  Paris, 
and  published  commentaries  on  Matthew  and 
Mark,  he  died  in  1596. 

DANES,  Peter,  Greek  professor  at  Paris.  He 
was  a  prelate  of  great  eloquence,  and  extensive 
learning ;  he  died  in  J577. 

DANET,  Peter,  a  French  abbe,  of  the  number 
of  those  learned  persons  who  were  pitched  up- 
on by  the  duke  of  Moniausier,  to  illustrate  clas- 
sical authors  for  the  use  of  the  dauphin.  He 
had  Phffidrus  allotted  to  his  share,  which  lie 
published  with  a  Latin  interpretation,  and  notes. 
He  was  aKso  author  of  "  A  Classical  and  Histo- 
rical Dictionary,"  in4to,  and  died  in  1709. 

DANFORTH,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  who. 
after  his  arrival,  was  elected  by  the  pcoi)le  of 
Maine,  as  their  president ;  he  died  in  16'J9. 

DANFORTH,  Samuel,  minister  of  Roxbnry, 
Mass.,  published,  besides  several  sermons,  snnie 
astronomical  works ;  he  died  in  1047. 

DANFORTH,  John,  minister  of  Dorchester. 
Mass.,  son  of  the  preceding,  distlnguislictl  for 
his  learning,  zeal,  and  piety ;  he  published  seve- 
ral sermons,  and  died  in  1730. 

DANFORTH,  Samuel,  minister  of  Taunton, 
Mass.,  author  of  a  MS.  Indian  dictionarv,  died 
in  1727. 

DANGEALT,  Louis  Courcillon  de,  a  member 
of  the  French  academy  of  sciences,  and  master 
of  a  great  variety  of  languages.  He  was  an 
industrious  and  good  man,  and  the  author  of 
many  works;  he  died  in  1723. 

dAngEAU,  Philip  de  Courcillon,  marquis  de, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  an  accomplished  and 
virtuous  nobleman.  He  was  a  great  favourite 
of  tlie  age,  and  died  in  1723. 

DANHEWER,  John  Conrad,  theological  pro- 
fessor at  Strasburg,  and  author  of  some  thcu- 
logical  tracts,  died  in  16G6. 

DANICAN,  Andrew,  a  Frenchman,  of  many 
good  qualities,  who,  only  two  months  before  l.e 
died,  played  at  the  same  lime,  two  games  of 
liess,  with  the  best  players,  he  being  blindfold- 
ed, and  beat  them  both,  died  in  1795. 

DANIEL,  the  last  of  the  four  great  prophets, 
was  of  tJie  royal  blood  of  Judaii,  and  was  car 
ried  away  into  captivity,  f>06  B.  C. 

DANIEL,  Arnauld,  count  of  Provence.  He 
wrote  several  poems,  from  which  Petrarch  took 
many  ideas;  he  tUed  in  1189. 

DANIEL,  Samuel,  an  eminent  English  poet, 
and  historian,  who  flourished  in  the  reigns  of 
Elizabeth  and  James  L,  to  the  former  of  whom 
he  was  poetlaureat,  was  born  near  Taunton,  in 
Somersetahire,  in  W62.  His  "  History  of  V.vf 
.147 


OA 

taind'  is  written  vvilh  jiri'at  liiovity  ami  polite- 
ness, and  his  political  and  moral  reflections  arc: 
useful  and  instructive.  He  wrote  also  sonic 
plays,  which  have  much  merit,  ajid  died  in  liil'J. 
The  judicious  Mr.  Headley  lias  observed,  that 
he  was  the  Atticus  of  his  day. 

DANIEL,  GabriHl,  a  very  ingenious  and  learn- 
ed Frenchman,  born  m  1649,  wrote  a  great  many 
books  upon  ditfercat  subjects,  but  is  most  me- 
morable for  his  "  History  of  France,"  in  7  vols. 
4to.  He  died  in  17'J8;  and  by  liis  death  the  .lo- 
Buifs  lost  one  of  the  greatest  ornaments  tlieir  or- 
der ever  could  boast. 

DANIEL,  Peter,  a  learned  advocate  of  Or- 
leans, died  at  Paris,  in  11)03. 

DANIEL,  Robert,  president  of  the  council 
of  North  Carolina,  and  deputy  governor  of  S.C, 
was  succeeded,  in  1717,  by  gov.  Johnson. 

DANTE,  Peter  Vincnt,  a  native  of  Perouse. 
He  was  eminent  for  liis  skill  iii  mathematics, 
and  was  faint'd  as  a  poet ;  he  died  in  15)3.    • 

D.VNTE,  Vincent,  f,'rand^oii  of  the  preced- 
ing, well-known  as  a  paiiuer,  sculptor,  and  ma 
theinatician,  died  at  Perouse,  in  1567. 

DANTl:),  .\iighieri,  an  eminent  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Florence,  in  12G5.  He  discovered  an 
early  inclination  and  genius  for  poetry  ;  but  wai 
ambitious;  and,  having  attained  some  of  tlii 
most  considerable  posts  in  the  commonwealih. 
Was  crushed  by  the  ruins  of  the  faction  wliicli 
he  embraced.  He  died  in  exile  at  Ravenna,  in 
1321.  The  most  con-Jiderable  of  his  works,  i 
his  poem  entitled,  "  The  Comedy  of  Hell,  Pur 
galory,  and  Paiailise." 

DANTE,  John  Baptiste,  of  the  same  family, 
probably,  with  the  preceding,  and  native  of  Pe 
rugia,  was  an  e.wellent  matiieniatir.ian  ;  and  is 
memorable  for  having  fitted  a  pair  of  wings  so 
e.vactly  to  his  body,  as  to  be  able  to  fly  with 
them.  He  made  the  experiment  several  times 
over  the  lake  Tiasimemis,  and  succeeded 
M'ell,  that  he  had  the  courage  to  perform  before 
tlie  whole  city  of  Pciugia.  He  shot  himsiHf 
from  the  liighest  part  of  the  city,  and  directed  his 
flight  over  the  square,  to  the  adniiralion'  of  the 
spectators ;  but,  unfortunately,  the  iron  vvitli 
which  he  managed  one  of  his  wings,  failed,  and 
then,  not  being  able  to  balance  weiglit  of  his 
body,  he  fell  on  a  church,  and  broke  liis  thigh. 
He  flourished  to^vard  the  end  of  the  ].5tii  centu- 
ry, and  died  before  he  was  forty  years  old. 

DANTE,  Ignatius,  a  descendant  of  the  great 
poet,  well  known  for  his  great  skill  in  mathe- 
matics and  astronomy,  died  in  1576. 

D,\NTON,  Ceoige  James,  one  of  the  most 
atrocious  and  unprincipled  amonc  the  associates 
of  Robespierre  and  Marat ;  he  was  guillotuied  in 
1794. 

D ANTZ,  John  Andrew,  a  learned  Lutheran 
divine  of  Germany,  wiio  wrote  a  Hebrew  and  a 
Chaldee  Graiumar;  died  in  1727. 

D.ARAN,  James,  a  native  of  Gascony,  sur- 
geon-general of  the  army  of  Turin  and  Milan. 
He  was  an  expert  operator,  and  a  good  writer  ; 
he  died  in  1784., 

D.-VRCET,  N.,  an  able  chymist  and  physician, 
professor  in  the  national  institute  at  Paris  ;  he 
died  in  I80I. 

D arc;!,  Patrick,  count,  an  eminent  philoso- 
pher and  mathematician,  wa^  born  in  Ireland,  in 
17-i5,  and  died  in  177!». 

D'ARCOX,  John  Claudius  Eleonorc  Limi- 
ceaiid,  an  eniinefit  French  engineer,  who  dis- 
piayed  great  talciitii  in  conducting  the  siege  of 
Oibraltar,  in  17.^0.  He  joined  the  popular  side, 
durhig  the  French  revolution,  and  died  in  l&M. 

un 


DA 

UAIUJONNE,  Dom  Uonaventure,  a  learned 
C-"artimsian  monk,  wlio  died  in  1704. 

DARIUS,  the  Mcde,  the  same  as  Cyaxares, 
son  of  Aslyagea,  died  at  Babylon,  about  348 
B.  C. 

D.VRIUS  I.,  king  of  Persia,  destroyed  Baby- 
lon, and  restored  the  captive  Jews  to  their  coun- 
try ;  he  was  defeated  at  Marathon,  and  died  in 
485  B.  C. 

DARIUS  If.,  king  of  Persia,  and  father  of 
Cyrus  the  Younger  ;  died  404  B.  C. 

DARIUS  HI.,  Codomanus,  the  last  king  of 
the  ancient  Peisian  empire,  who  was  conquered 
by  Alexander  ihe  Great,  and  at  last  treacherously 
assassinated  by  Bessus,  his  owng<'nera!,  govern- 
or of  Baclri:ina  (who  hoped  thereby  to  succeed 
to  hi.s  sovereignty),  331  B.  C. 

DARKE,  William,  a  brave  officer  in  the 
American  war ;  died  in  1801. 

l).\  RQ.U1ER,  Augustine,  an  eminent  astrono- 
mer, buJli  an  observatory  himself,  and  took 
pupils  gratis.  He  was  an  able  author  and  a  vir- 
(uous  man  ;  he  died  at  Toulouse,  in  1802. 

DARWIN,  Dr.  Erasmus,  an  eminent  poet, 
philosoiihcr,  and  physician,  born  at  Elston,  near 
Newark,  Nottinghamshire,  1731,  and  educated 
at  fJhesteifield  sciiool,  under  the  Rev.  Mr.  Cur- 
rows  ;  whence  he  went  to  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge.  He  afterwards  settled  as  a  i)hysi- 
cian  at  Litclifield.  HLs  principal  publications 
are,  "  The  Botanic  Garden,"  a  poem  with  phi- 
losophical notes,  4to,  1791.  "  Zoonoinia,"  4to, 
1794.  "  Phytologia,"  and  "  The  Siirine  of  Na- 
ture," a  poem  :  this  last  was  publisiied  after  his 
death,  which  happened  April  18,  1802.  In  his 
Zoonomia,  atheism  is  unblushingly  avowed. 

DARWIN,  Charles,  son  of  the  precding, 
born  at  Litchfield,  in  1758.  He  is  well  known 
as  the  autlior  of  a  treatise  on  the  means  of  dis- 
tinguishing pus,  from  mucus ;  he  died  in  1778. 

D.-VSSIER,  John,  a  medalist  to  the  republic  of 
Geneva.  His  nephew  was  appoi'ited  second 
engraver  in  the  British  mint,  in  1740. 

DASSOUCI,'a  French  musician  and  poet  of 
the  17th  century.  He  procured  the  patronage 
of  the  great  by  his  wit  and  drollery. 

DATAMES,  an  illustrious  Persian  general, 
who  was  assassinated  by  Mithridates,  361  B.  C. 

DAT!,  Angustin,a  native  of  Sienna,  where  he 
taught  rhetoric  and  the  classics  ;  he  died  in  1478. 

DATI,  Carlo,  professor  of  polite  literature  at 
Florence,  where  he  was  born,  became  famous 
as  well  for  his  works  as  for  the  eulogies  which 
many  writers  have  bestowed  on  him.  He  died 
in  1075. 

DAUBENTON,  John  Lewis  Marie,  born  in 
Burgundy ;  an  eminent  anatomist,  and  an  ac- 
tive associate  of  Bulibn.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  works  on  natural  subjects,  and  died 
in  1700. 

DAUBENTON,  William,  confessor  to  Philip 
v.,  of  Spain,  author  of  orations  and  sermons, 
died  in  1723. 

DAUMIUS,  Christian,  an  excellent  classical 
scholar,  regent  of  the  college  of  Zwickau,  died 
in  1fi87. 

DA  UN,  TiCopold  count,  a  great  general  who 
distinguished  hiinself  in  the  wars  of  Marit 
Theresa,  and  against  the  king  of  Prussia ;  he 
lied  at  Vienna,  in  1766. 

D.AUNOIS,  countess,  acquired  some  celebri- 
ty, by  her  romances  and  travels  in  Spain ;  she 
iied  in  170.5. 

D.AUR.AT,  John,  an  eminent  French  poet, 
born  in  1507.  Some  have  said  that  the  odes,  epi- 
•^raiijs,  hymns  and  other  poems,  in  Greek  and 


!^ 


Latin,  composed   by  Daurat,  aiiuxuit  to  about 


50,000  versi-s.    He  died  at  Paris,  in  1588. 

DAVAL,  Peter,  a  barrister  of  tiie  Middle 
Temple,  an  able  mathematician  and  engineer, 
died  in  i7()3 

DA VANZATl,Bernard,  a  native  of  Florence, 
who  translated  Tacitus  into  Italian  ;  lie  died  in 
J60G. 

DA VEN  /\NT,  Sir  William,  a  ccli'liraied  poe 
of  the  )7ih  century,  born  at  Oxford,  l('05.  His 
father  kept  an  inn  at  Oxford,  where  .Shakspeare 
used  10  lodge  in  his  journeys  bi:i  ween  liondon 
and  Warwicksliire  ;  and  as  his  nuitlter  was  a 
great  beauty,  some  ha>e  surmised,  but  without 
apparent  foundaiion,  that  he  derived  his  very 
being  and  along  with  it,  his  poetical  talents,  fion 
Siiakspeaie.  In  1637,  when  Ben  Jonson  died, 
he  was  created  poet  laureat.  lie  had  a  great 
turn  for  the  drama,  and  after  the  restoration  of 
Charles  11.,  obtained  a  patent  for  erecting  a 
new  company  of  actors,  under  the  patronage  of 
James,  duke  of  York.  They  performed  many 
years  in  Little  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  where  he 
died  lCf)8,  and  was  interred  in  Westminster 
Abbey.     His  works  consist  of  plays  and  poems 

DAVENANT,  Dr.  Charles,  tlie  eldest  son  of 
Sir  William  Davenant,  born  ItiSG,  and  died  1714. 
He  wrote  "  Circe,"  a  tragedy  ;  but  was  chiefly 
einplo\tilas  apolitical  and  commercial  writer. 

DAVENANT,  William,  fourth  son  of  Sii 
William,  a  noted  classical  scholar,  was  drown 
ed  at  Pari.*!,  in  1081. 

D.'VVKNANT,  John,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  a 
zealous  and  pious  divine,  author  of  many  lean 
r.-l  works,  the  tendency  of  which  was,  to  unite 
Christians  in  one  sentiment.    He  was  born  ii 
London,  l.'iTO,  and  died  in  1640, 

DAVENPORT,  Christopher,  a  learned  En- 
glisliman  who  became  a  Franciscan,  and  wrote 
several  relisions  works  ;  he  died  in  1680. 

DAVENPORT,  John,  first  minister  of  New- 
Haven,  Connecticut,  and  one  of  tlie  foniulers 
of  the  colony  of  that  name ;  he  published  nu- 
merous sermons,  and  died  in  1670. 

DAVENPORT,  John,  minister  of  Stamford, 
Connecticut,  eminently  faithful  in  liis  otlice  and 
distinsuislietl  for  his  knowledge  of  the  learned 
languages  ;  he  died  in  1731. 

DAVENPORT,  Addington,  a  native  of  Mass. 
and  a  judse  of  the  supreme  court  of  that  state, 
died  in  1736. 

D.WID,  king  of  Israel,  was  anointed  by 
Samuel,  while  keeping  the  flocks  of  his  father, 
Jesse.  His  courage  in  killing  Goliah  made  Jiim 
famous;  he  died  1015  B.  C. 

DAVID,  St.,  the  patron  of  Wales,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Bangor,  where  he  was  educated  in  the 
5th  century.  He  was  buried  at  St.  David's  Ca- 
thedral. 

DAVID,  an  Armenian  philosopher  of  the  5th 
century.  He  translated  some  of  the  Greek 
Cl.issicB. 

D.'WID,  de  Dinant,  taught,  in  the  13th  cen- 
tury, that  God  was  original  matter. 

DAVID,  de  Pomis,  a  Jewish  physician,  who 
prffefided  that  he  came  from  the  true  stock  of 
Judah.  He  wrote  a  Hebrew  and  Italian  dic- 
tionary. 

DAVID,  George,  a  most  extraordinary  here- 
tic, son  of  a  waterman  of  Ghent,  and  bred  a 
glazier,  or,  as  some  say,  a  glass-painter.  He 
began  about  T5"25  to  preach  such  whimsies  as 
these :  namely,  that  he  was  the  true  Messiah, 
the  third  David,  nepliev/  of  God,  not  after  the 
tiesh,  but  after  the  spirit.  A  pvoaecuiion  lieing 
commenced  against  liiin  aiul  his  followers,  he 


DA 

fled  first  to  Friesland,  and  from  thence  to  Basil" 


where  he  lurked  under  the  nameof  Jolin  Bruck, 
and  (lied  in  that  city  in  1.556. 

DAVID,  Gantz,  a  Jewish  historian  of  the 
16tli  century,  the  author  of  a  Hebrew  chronicle. 
DAVID,  of  Hirazug,  a  Welsh  divine  and  poet, 
called  the  Black,  about  13.50. 

DAVID   EL  DAVID,  a  Persian  Jew,  in  the 

I'.Hh  century,  who  pretended  to  be  the  Messiah. 

DAVID  ABGUILIJM,  a  celebrated  Welsh 

bard,  who  inscribed  147  poems  to  Jiis  mistress  ; 

she,  li(iwi;v<'r,  married  another  man. 

DAVID,  emperor  of  Trebizonde,  defeated  and 
slain  hv  Mahomet  11.,  in  1461. 

DAVID  AP  EDMUND,  a  V\  elch  poet,  presi- 
dent of  an  a.»seinbly  of  bards  who  met  at  tlie 
request  of  Edward  (V. 

DAVID  I.,  earl  ol  Northumberland  and  Hunt- 
ingdon, king  of  Scotland.  He  married  Wand, 
grand  niece  of  William  the  Conqueror,  and  was 
a  mild  and  popular  king  ;  he  died  in  1153. 

DAVID  II  ,  king  of  Scotland,  son  of  RoDcrl 
Bruce,  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  English  in 
1346,  and  confined  in  the  tower  10  years ;  he 
died  in  1371. 

DA  VIDIS, Francis,  a  Hungarian,  who  chang- 
ed his  religious  principles  lour  times,  and  finally 
declared  that  no  worship  was  due  to  Christ ;  he 
died  in  prison,  in  1579. 

DAVIDSON,  William,  a  brigadier-general  in 
the  American  revolutionary  army,  who  was 
killed  in  North  Carolina,  while  endeavouring  to 
prevent  the  passage  of  Coruwallis  over  the  Ca- 
tawba. 

DAVIE,  William  R.,  governor  of  North  Ca- 
rolina, was  distinguished  for  his  services  in 
the  army,  during  the  revolution.  After  the 
peace,  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  Congress, 
and,  in  1799,  was  appointed  one  of  the  commis- 
ioners  for  negotiating  a  treaty  with  France.  He 
soon  after  withdrew  from  public  life,  and  died  at 
Camden,  in  IfriO. 

DAVIE,  Mary,  of  Newton,  Mass.  ;  died  in 
1752,  aged  1 16  years. 

DAVlErf,  .lohn,  a  writing-master  and  poet, 
who  died  about  1613.  Besides  many  poems,  he 
left  a  book  called  "  The  Anatomy  of  Fair  Writ- 
ing." 

DAVIES,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
poet,  born  at  Chisgrove,  in  Wiltshire,  in  1570. 
He  was  successivly  attorney-general  and  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Commons  of  Ireland  ;  and,  go- 
ing over  into  England,  he  was,  in  1(526,  ap. 
pointed  lord  chief  justice  of  the  King's  Bench  ; 
but  before  his  in.stallation,  died  suddenly  of  ai; 
apoplexy.  His  works  on  legal  subjects  are  nii 
merous  and  valuable.  His  chief  poetical  work 
was  intitled  "  NosceTeipsum." 

DAVIES,  Dr.  John,  lorn  in  Denbighshire  to 
ward  the  latter  end  of  the  16th  century,  and 
highly  esteemed  for  his  knowledge  of  the  history 
and  antiquities  of  his  own  nation,  and  in  thi- 
Greek  and  Hebrew  languages.  He  assisted  in 
translating  the  Bible  into  Welch  in  that  correct 
edition  which  came  out  in  1620. 

DAVIES,  Thomas,  born  1710,  was  for  many 
years  an  actor  on  the  London  Stage.  This 
profession  he  at  length  quitted  for  that  of  a 
bookseller.  In  1780  he  wrote  and  published 
"  The  Life  of  Mr.  Garrick,"  which  acquired 
him  much  fame  and  some  money.  He  after- 
wards publishnd  "  Dramatic  Miscellanies,"  in 
3  vols,  in  wliich  he  discovered  much  learning 
and  critical  acumen,  and  enlivened  his  work 
with  many  interesting  and  valuable  anecdotes 
relating  to  the  stage  and  its  professors.  His 
13*  149 


DA 

Other  works  are,  "Some  Memoirs  of  Mr.  Hen- 
derson," "  A  Review  of  Lord  Chesterfield's 
Characters,"  "A  Life  of  Massinger,"  "  LiveH 
of  Dr.  John  Eachard,  Sir  John  Davies,  and  Mr. 
Lillo;"  and  fugitive  pieces  without  number,  in 
prose  and  verse,  in  ahnost  all  the  pubUc  news- 
papers    Mr.  Davies  died  in  1785. 

DAVIES,  Samuel,  president  of  Princeton  Col- 
lege, New-Jersey  ;  eminent  as  a  preacher  ;  pub 
llshed  several  sermons,  still  much  admired  ;  he 
died  in  17G1. 

DA  VILA,  Henry  Catherine,  a  celebrated  his 
torian,  born  of  an  illustrious  family  in  the  isle 
of  Cyprus.  Hia  most  important  work  is  his 
"  History  of  the  civil  wars  of  France,"  which 
is  divided  into  15  books,  and  contains  every  thing 
worth  liotice  that  passed  from  the  death  of  Hen- 
ry £1.,  1559,  to  the  peace  of  Vervins,  1598.  This 
liistory  has  always  been  reckoned  a  tine  one, 
and  lord  Bolingbroke  does  not  scruple  to  con- 
fess it  in  many  respects  equal  to  that  of  Livy.. 
Davila  was  murdered  in  1634. 

DAVILA,  Peter  Francis,  a  famous  Spanish 
naturalist ;  died  in  1785. 

DAVIS,  John,  an  English  navigator,  who  first 
discovered  those  straits  in  North  America  wliich 
bear  liis  name,  1585. 

DAVIS,  Henry  Edward,  was  born  at  Wind- 
sor, 175G,  and  at  the  age  of  21,  di-stingulshed 
among  the  earliest  and  most  able  examiners  of 
some  remarkable  assertions,  and  insinuations 
yet  more  exlraordiaary,  iucroduced  in  Mr.  Gib- 
bon's "  History  of  the  Decline  and  Pall  of  the 
Roman  Empire,"  and  tending  certainly  to  un- 
dervalue the  testimony  of  the  Christian  religion. 
He  died  in  1784. 

DAVISON,  Jeremiah,  a  portrait  painter,  born 
in  England,  of  Scotch  parents,  studied  under  sir 
Peter  Lely,  excelled  in  painting  satyrs  and  died 
in  1745. 

DAWES,  Sir  William,  an  English  nobleman 
and  prelate,  one  of  the  royal  chaplains  of  queen 
Anne ;  he  was  a  learned,  benevolent  and  pions 
man,  and  the  author  of  several  religious  works : 
he  died  in  1724 

DAWES,  Richard,  an  English  scholar,  cele- 
orated  for  the  publication  of  a  work,  intitled, 
"Miscellanea  Critica,"  born  1708,  died  1766. 

D.'VWSON,  John,  a  mathematician,  and  an 
eminent  teacher  of  mathematics  in  England, 
died  in  1820. 

Dj\Y,  John,  an  eminent  English  printer,  and 
the  first  who  printed  in  Greek  and  Sa.ton  cha 
racters  in  England,  died  in  1594.  He  printed  in 
1549  the  folio  Bible,  dedicated  to  Edward  VI. 

DAY,  Thomas,  was  born  in  London,  1743, 
bred  to  the  law,  and  called  to  the  bar ;  but,  dis- 
gusted with  the  technical  nicety  of  legal  process, 
he  soon  quitted  Westminster  Hall,  devoted  his 
mind  to  literary  pursuits,  and  bucame  the  advo- 
cate of  human  kind.  The  admirable  poem  of  | 
"The  Dving  Negro,"  written  by  himself  andl 
the  late  John  Bicknell,  esq.,  and  his  "  Fragmcntl 
of  a  Letter  on  Slavery,"  mark  him  among  the! 
first  of  those  who  exerted  their  efforts  to  eman-j 
cipate  a  large  portion  of  the  human  race  from! 
cruelty  and  tyrtinny.  His  latest  work,  "  The! 
History  of  Sandford  and  Merton,"  will  long  re-j 
main  an  instance  of  the  successful  application, 
of  genius  to  form  the  minds  of  youth  to  active' 
and  manly  virtue.  Plain  and  simple  in  his  ha-; 
hits,  denying  himself  all  the  luxuries,  and  ma-: 
ny  of  the  conveniences  of  lit'e,  no  man  could  ex-, 
pend  less  upon  himself,  or  bestow  more  upon' 
the  necessities  of  nilier? ;  and  he  devoted  the 
•jrwuter  part  of  an  ample  iiicoiiic  to  acts  of  pub- 


DE 

lie  and  private  charity.    Mr.   D.  lost  hit)  life 
Sept.  1789,  by  a  fallfroiu  his  horse. 

DAYTON,  Elias,  early  engaged  in  the  war 
of  the  revolution,  and  continued  in  it  till  it  end- 
ed ;  he  died  at  Philadelphia,  in  1807 :  be  was 
then  a  major  general. 

DAYTON,  John,  governor  of  the  state  of 
South  Carolina,  afterwards  a  district  judge  of 
the  United  States,  died  in  J822. 

DEACON,  James,  an  English  gentleman, 
known  for  his  skill  in  music,  painting  and  draw- 
ing, died  in  1750. 

DEAGEANT,  DE  ST.  MARCELLIN,  Gui- 
chard,  a  French  writer  and  statesman,  in  the 
time  of  Lewis  XIII. 

DEANE,  Silas,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  was 
chosen  a  member  of  Congress  in  1774,  and  af- 
terwards appointed  minister  of  the  United 
States,  at  the  court  of  France  :  he  died  in  1789. 

DEBOR.\H,  a  prophetess  of  Israel,  who  com- 
posed a  beautiful  ode,  1285  B.  C. 

DE  BURE,  William  Francis,  a  bookseller  a» 
Paris,  well  known  for  his  "  Bibliographe  Ins 
tructive,"  7  vols.  8vo.  ;  lie  died  in  1782. 

DECATUR,  Stephen,  a  captain  in  the  navy  of 
the  United  States,  distinguished  for  his  bravery 
and  professional  skill.  He  rendered  himself 
conspicuous  by  his  services  at  Tripoli,  in  1804, 
by  his  actions  with  two  British  frigates,  during 
the  last  war,  and  by  his  success,  against  the  AI 
gerinos  in  J815  ;  and  was  afterwards  a  niembei 
of  the  board  of  navy  commissioners  until  his 
death,  which  happened  in  a  duel,  in  1820. 

DKCEBABUS,  a  king  of  Dacia,  whose  coun- 
try was  reduced  to  a  Roman  province,  by  Tra- 
jan, in  105. 

DECEMBRIO,  Peter  Candido,  a  native  of 
Pavia,  secujtary  to  the  pope,  and  afterwards  to 
the  king  of  Arragon.  He  wrote  several  lives,  and 
translated  some  of  the  classics :  he  died  in  1477. 

DECHALES,  Claudius  Francis  Millict,  an, 
excellent  tnathcniatician,mechanic,  and  astrono- 
mer, born  at  Chamberry,  the  capital  of  Savoy, 
in  1611.  His  principal  performances  have  been 
collected  in  3  vols,  in  folio,  under  the  title  of 
"  Mundus  Mathematicus;"  being  indeed  a  com- 
plete course  of  all  the  mathematics.  He  died  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics,  in  the  university  of  Tu- 
rin, in  1678. 

DECIO,  Philip,  of  Milan,  a  celebrated  lec- 
turer on  jurisprudence  at  Pisa;  died  in  1(>35. 

DECIUS,  Publius,  aRonian  consul  and  brave 
general,  memorable  for  having  devoted  himself 
for  his  country  in  a  battle  with  the  Latins,  340 
B.  C.  Decius  Mns,  his  son,  followed  his  father's 
example,  as  did  a  grandson.  The  custom  was, 
that  the  officer  who  devoted  himself  to  the  gods 
for  the  service  of  his  country,  after  certain  ce- 
remonies of  consecration,  rushed,  completely 
armed,  into  the  enemy's  foremost  ranks,  when 
his  own  despaired  of  victory.  Though  this  was 
an  act  of  superstition  which  proved  fatal  to  the 
hero,  it  re-animated  his  party,  and  occasioned 
them  to  gain  the  battle. 

DECIUS,  a  Roman  emperor  after  Philip.  He 
perished  with  his  army  in  a  morass,  fighting 
against  the  Goths,  A.  D.  251. 

DECKER,  or  DECKHER,  John,  a  pious  and 
learned  Flemish  Jesuit,  who  wrote  much  on  Sa- 
cred Clironolosy,  was  born  1559,  and  died  1619. 

DECKER,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer  of 
some  celebrity  in  the  reign  of  James  I.  In  his 
"  Honest  Whore,"  and  the  comedy  of  "  Old 
Fortunatus,"  there  are  beauties,  asto  character, 
plot,  and  language,  especially  in  the  former, 
equal  to  tliose  of  any  dramatic  wfiier  (Shak- 


DE 


BE 


spcare  excepted)  that  England  has  produced. 
The  precise  lime  of  this  author's  birth  and 
deatli  are  not  recorded ;  yet  lie  could  not  have 
died  young,  as  the  tirst  play  we  (ind  of  his  wri 
ting  was  published  in  lUUO,  and  the  latest  date 
we  meet  with  to  any  other  is  "  The  Wonder  ot 
a  Kingdom,"  1636. 

1)E  COETLOGON,  Cliarles  Edward,  an  emi- 
nent English  divine,  assistant  preacher  to  the 
chapel  of  the  Lock-hospital,  and  rector  of  God- 
stone,  in  Surrey,  died  in  1820.  His  writings 
are  principally  on  theological  subjects. 

DEDEKIND,  Frederic,  a  German  of  the  16th 
century,  who  published  a  curious  ironical  eulo- 
gium  on  incivility  and  rudeness. 

DEE,  John,  a  great  mathematician,  and  very 
extraordinary  person  in  the  repubUc  of  letters, 
born  in  London,  1527.  He  was  a  man  of  un- 
common parts,  learning,  and  application  ;  and 
might  have  performed  great  things,  if  he  had 
been  poRscasedof  a  solid  judgment ;  but  he  was 
extremely  credulous  and  superstitious.  He  suf- 
fered himself  to  be  deluded  into  an  opinion,  that 
by  certain  invocations,  an  intercourse  or  com- 
munication with  spirits  might  be  obtained  ;  from 
whence  he  promised  himself  an  insight  into  the 
occult  sciences.  He  found  a  young  man,  one 
Edward  Kelly,  a  native  of  Worcestershire,  who 
had  already  dipped  deep  into  these  matters,  and 
who  readily  undertook  to  be  his  instrument  inj 
them,  for  which  he  was  to  pay  him  50/.  per  an- 
num. Dec.  2,  1581,  they  began  their  incanta-l 
tions;  in  consequence  of  which,  Kelly  was,  by 


some  nieasures  which  he  thought  unconstitu- 
tional and  unjust,  he  not  only  cheerfully  under- 
went the  punishment,  but  at  the  same  time 
wrote  "  A  Hymn  to  the  Pillory,"  as  a  defiance 
of  their  usage  of  him.  But,  after  all,  De  Foe  is 
by  nothing  better  known  at  present,  than  bv  his 
interesting  "  History  of  Robinson  Crncoe ;" 
which,  though  a  romance,  is  written  in  so  na- 
tural a  manner,  and  with  so  many  probable  in- 
cidents, that  it  was  judged  to  be  a  true  story 
(or  some  time  after  its  publication.  He  was 
born  in  London,  1660,  and  died  at  Islington, 17J1. 
DEGHUy,  an  eminent  French  engraver,  di^d 
in  1748. 

DEIDIER,  Anthony,  a  medical  professor,  of 
Montpelier,  author  of  a  dissertation,  "  De  Ve- 
neris Morbis." 

DEJAURE,  N.  a.  promising  French  poet,  who 
died  young,  in  1800.  He  wrote  Lodoiska,  an 
opera,  which  has  been  received  with  applause. 
DEJOTARUS,  king  of  Galatea,  espoused  the 
cause  of  Pompey,  for  which  he  was  dethroned 
by  Cesar. 

DELAMET,  .'idrian  Augustin  de  Bussy,  born 
in  Picardy,  a  relation  of  Cardinal  de  Retz, 
whom  he  attended  in  his  travels.  He  wrote 
"  nictioiiary  of  Cases  of  Conscience,"  2  vols., 
and  died  in  1691. 

DELANCy,  James,  a  judge  and  chief  justice 
of  the  supreme  court  of  the  colony  of  New- 
York,  and  afterwards  lieutenant  governor,  died 
in  1760. 


.        -.  ....,,     DELANY,  Dr.  Patrick,  a  theological  writer 

the  inspection  of  a  certain  table  consecrated  for  of  Ireland,  but  perhaps  better  known  as  the  in- 
that  purpose,  with  many  superstitious  ceremo-  timate  friend  and  correspondent  of  Dean  Swift 
nies,  enabled  to  acquaint  Dee  with  what  Uie  was  born  in  Ireland,1686,  and  diedat  Bath,176&' 
spirits  thought  fit  to  show  and  discover.  These!  DELANY,  Mary,  wife  of  the  foregoin"  ce- 
conferences  were  continued  for  about  twoyearsjilebraied  for  her  skUl  in  painting,  and  in  cutting 
and  the  subjects  of  them  committed  to  writing,!  flowers  and  other  ornaments  in  paper,  was  born 

...       .„„  „....i.„i,„j    ..        u  _...,  .  "' at  Coulton,  in  Wiltshire,  1700,  and  died  1788. 

DELAUNE,  Thomas,  wrote  in  ]f)83,  "  Plea 
for  Nonconformity,"  which  gave  so  much  of- 
fence, tiiat  he  was  castinto  prison, where  he  died. 
DELAWARE,  Thomas  West,  lord,  governor 
of  Virginia,  in  1610.  He  felt  a  deei;  interest  in 
the  affairs  of  the  colony,  and  may  be  considered 
as  one  of  its  first  founders.     He  died  near  the 


but  never  published,  though  still  preserved  ini 
Ashinole's  museum.  He  travelled  much  abroad' 


in  company  with  Kelley,  who  had  in  his  pos 
session,  as  was  reported,  a  philosophical  pow- 
der of  projection,  by  which  they  were  furnished 
with  money  very  profusely,  in  the  latter  end 
of  his  life,  however,  he  became  miserably  poor ; 
and  it  is  highly  probable,  that  he  remained  un- 
der his  delusions  to  his  death  ;  for  he  was  ac- 
tually providing  for  a  new  journey  into  Ger 
many,  when,  worn  out  by  age  and  distempers, 
he  died  in  1608,  aged  80,  and  was  buried  at 
Mortlake.  His  mathematical  works  are  nu 
merous  and  valuable. 

DEFESCH,  William,  a  German,  eminent  for 
his  skill  on  the  violin,  died  about  1750. 

DE  FOE,  Daniel,  equally  famous  for  politics 
and  poetry,  was  bred  a  hosier.  In  that  situa 
lion  he  was  unsuccessful ;  and  this  probably  in 
duced  him  to  apply  to  his  pen  for  eubsisience. 
Tutchin  havuig,  in  1700,  written  "  The  Foreign- 
ers," an  infamous  satire  on  king  William  and 
the  whole  Dutch  nation,  De  Foe  wrote  "The 
True-born  Englishman,"  as  an  antidote  to  it, 
and  thereby  recommended  himself  to  the  notice 
of  his  sovereign,  who  failed  not  to  reward  the 
author.  He  afterwards  wrote  an  amazing  num- 
ber of  tracts,  30  of  which  have  been  collected 
in  two  vols.  8v9.  One  of  these  tracts,  entitled, 
•'  The  shortest  Way  with  the  Dissenters,"  con- 
tained reflections  against  some  ecclesiastics  in 
power,  for  breathing  too  much  a  spirit  of  per- 
secution. Becoming  obnoxious  to  the  ministry 
en  this  account,  he  was  obliged  to  explain  him- 
self, whicli  he  did  very  clearly,  for  he  was  a  man 
of  great  tirinness  :  and  when  he  was  sentenced 
afterwords  to  staad  in  liie  pillory  for  attacking 


mouth  of  Delaware  bay,  on  his  return  from 
England,  whither  he  had  gone  for  the  benefit 
of  his  health,  in  1618. 

DELEYRE,  Alexander,  a  Frenchman,  au- 
thor of  an  analysis  of  Lord  Bacon's  works,  3 
vols.  12mo.,  died  in  1797. 

DELFT,  Jacob,  a  celebrated  portrait  painter 
of  Delft,  who  died  in  1061. 

DELILLE,  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
poetical  authors  that  France  has  hitherto  pro- 
duced, died  at  Paris,  December,  1814.  He  made 
at  an  early  age,  a  masterly  translation  of  Vir- 
gil's "  Georgics"  into  French  verse;  wrote  a 
counterpart  to  the  Georgics,  under  the  title, 
"  Les  Jardins  ;"  translated  the  "  vEneid,"  and 
vvrote  many  original  poems.  In  the  latter  pe- 
riod of  his  career,  he  published  a  translation  of 
Milton's  "  Paradise  Lost."  Like  most  other  au- 
thors, however,  he  appears  to  have  left  his  pos- 
terity nothing  but  his  writings ;  which,  as  his 
eulogist,  M.  Campenon,  savs,  "  Death  catmot 
destroy,  nor  time  annihilate.' 

DELILT3,  Christopher  Traugott,  a  native  of 
Walhausen,  an  eminent  mineralogist,  and  sur- 
veyor of  the  mines  of  Hungary  and  Venice, 
died  in  1799. 

DELMONT,  Deodalt,  a  historical  painter, 
pupil  to  Reubens,  who  higbly  esteemed  him  ; 
he  died  in  1634. 

151 


DK 

"ITeLOBKL,  a  Frftiuiii  painl.-r,  u(  tlie  ITtli 
century,  whoso  pieces  adorn  Uio  clmrcliea  anil 
catliedrals  ol'  France. 

UE  LOLME.    SeeLOl.MF. 

DEr..R10,  Martin  Anlliony,  a  mnst  Icarnod 
man,  born  at  Antwerp,  liijl.  'J'lie  pri)^'ro.s: 
he  Minde  in  letters,  while  a  vrry  boy,  in  rrconled 
with  wonder,  liuviiig  surprifecd  the  pnhlic  vvhi'n 
he  was  only  19  years  ot  a^<;  with  some  gui:tl 
notes  upon  the  tragedies  oi  Pcneca  i' 
he  cited  almost  JlOO  aiuliors,  with  aM  'i 
ance  of  a  man  who  had  read  them  t  icnnf  r/jy, 
and  weighed  (heir  seniiinenls  «iih  ijreai  judg- 
ment and  exactness.     He  died  in  1H08. 

DELRIO,  John,  dean  of  Antwerp,  who  wrote 
Gonunentaries  on  the  U9tU  psalm:  he  died  in 
1684. 

DE  LUC.    See  LUC. 

DEMADES,  an  Athenian  orator,  put  to  death 
by  Cassander  322,  B.  C. 

"DEiMARATl'S,  a  kin?  of  Sparta,  who  de- 
signed his  crown,  and  retired  to  Persia. 

UEMESTE,  .loiin,  chaplain  and  chief  surgeon 
to  the  forces  of  the  prince  of  Liege,  well  known 
as  the  author  of  come  letters  on  chymisiry, 
died  in  1783. 

DEMETRIUS  POLIORCETES,  king  of  Ma- 
cedon,  was  highly  Honoured  by  the  Athenians ; 
he  died  Wd  B.  C. 

DEMETRIUS,  SOTER,  king  of  Syria,  was 
for  some  time  a  hostage  at  Rome,  and  was  killed 
in  battle,  150  B.  C. 

DEMETRIUS  II.,  surnamed  Nicanor,  king 
of  Syria,  formed  an  alliance  witli  the  .lews;  he 
was  killed  by  the  governor  of  Tyre,  28'J  B.  C. 

DEMETRIUS,  PHALEEEUS,  a  peripaletio 
philosopher  of  Athens,  who  lived  in  the  time  of 
Alexander  the  Great.  Three  hundred  and  .sixty 
statues  were  erected  to  his  honour  in  that  city  ; 
and  not  undeservedly,  since  he  is  said  to  have 
augmented  the  revenues  of  it,  as  well  as  to  have 
improve^  and  polished  its  buildings.  Neverthe 
less  he  died  in  banishment  by  the  bite  of  an 
a^p,  284  B.  C.  His  writings  consisted  of  poetry, 
history,  politics,  rhetoric,  harangues,  and  em- 
bassies ;  but  none  are  extant. 

DEMETRIUS,  a  cynic  philosopher,  in  the 
reign  of  Caligula;  he  was  banislied  by  Ves 
pasian  for  insolence. 

DEMETRIUS,  czar  of  Russia :  which  coun 
try  he  invaded,  in  1604,  with  a  small  army,  and 
seated  himself  on  the  throne;  he  reigned  11 
months,  and  was  then  assassinated. 

DE  MISSY,  Ca-sar,  a  learned  divine,  born 
at  Berlin,  in  1703  ;  he  published  some  poetical 
pieces,  and  assisted  Jortin  in  his  life  of  Erasnnis. 

DEMOCEDES,  a  physician  of  Crotona,  who 
afterwards  became  the  slave  and  physician  of 
Darius,  king  of  Persia. 

DEMOCRITUS,  one  of  the  greatest  philo- 
sophers of  antiquity,  was  born  at  Abdera,  a  town 
of  Thrace,  about  the  80th  Olympiad,  that  is, 
about  4fi0  years  before  Christ. — He  is  said  to 
have  laughed  at  human  life  in  general,  which, 
Montaigne  says,  it  was  better  to  do  than  to  imi- 
tate Heraclitus,  who  wept  eternally  about  it; 
because  adds  he,  mankind  are  not  so  unhappy 
as  they  are  vain.  He  was  the  forerunner  of 
Epicurus,  whose  system  differs  from  his  no^ 
etherwise  than  in  some  improvements. 

DEMOtVRE,  Abraham,  an  illustriona  ma 
thematician,  born  at  Vitri,  in  Chnmpaigne, 
May  IGfi".  His  abilities  were  so  admired  by 
the  Royal  Society  of  London,  that  they  judued 
him  a  fit  person  to  decide  the  famous  conicst 
lielween  Newton  and  Leibnitz.  He  published 
some  capital  works,  but  is  generally  known  bv 
152 


DE 

his  "  Doctrine  of  Chances  ;  or.  Method  of  calcu- 
lating the  Probabilities  of  Events  at  Play."  He 
died  at  l,ondon,  in  1754. 

DEMf)\AX,  a  philosopher,  of  Crete,  in  tlie 
reign  ot  Adrian,  who  had  the  greatest  coniempC 
for  riiheis. 

I  HEMdSTHENES,  one  of  the  greatest  ora- 
jtois  of  antiijuily,  if  not  the  greatest,  was  born 
at  .\thens,  in  Ui'e2d  year  of  the  lOlsi  Olympiad  ; 
thai  is,  about  370  years  before  Christ.  It  is 
jir  '\ovsalJy  agreea,  that  no  orator  ever  spoke 
;v\  ith  such  force,  or  had  the  pas.sions  ofotliers  so 
inincli  in  his  power,  as  Demosthenes  ;  insomuch 
jthat  he  actually  appeared  like  one  inspired.  He 
|opp(.sed  Philip  of  Macedonia  with  all  his  might, 
land  Alexander  alter  him.  Alexander  requested 
of  ihe  Atheiiiars  to  have  Demosthenes  given  up 
|to  him,  but  this  was  refused  ;  yet,  when  Anti- 
;  pater,  his  successor,  niade  the  same  request 
afterwards,  it  was  granted.  But  Demosthenes 
Would  not  be  given  up,  and  therefore  eseajied 
into  the  island  ot  Celauria  ;  where  be  imbibed 
poison  that  he  had  kept  on  purpose  in  a  quill, 
to  prevent  his  being  taken  alive-  He  died  in 
the  3d  year  of  the  114th  Olympiad.  There  are 
extant  under  his  name  61  orations,  which  liave 
frequently  been  published.  But,  though  lie  ar- 
rived at  such  perfection  in  this  art,  he  set  out 
under  Rieat  disadvantages  :  for  he  had  an  im 
pediment  in  his  speech,  which  for  a  long  time 
would  not  sufiier  him  to  pronounce  the  letter  r  , 
he  had  a  weak  voice,  a  short  breath,  and  a  very 
uncouth  and  ungracious  manner;  however,  by 
dint  of  resolution  and  infinite  pains,  he  over- 
came all  these  detects.  He  would  climb  up 
steep  and  craggy  places,  to  help  his  wind  and 
strengthen  his  voice  ;  he  would  declaim  with 
pebbles  in  his  mouth,  to  remedy  the  imperlcc- 
tioii  in  his  speech  ;  he  would  place  a  looking- 
glass  before  him,  to  correct  the  awkwardness  of 
his  gesture ;  and  he  learned  of  the  best  players 
tiie  proper  graces  of  action  and  pronunciation, 
whicii  lie  thought  of  so  much  consequence  that 
he  made  the  vvliole  ait  of  oratory  in  a  manner 
to  consist  of  them.  He  was  so  intent  upon 
study,  that  he  would  often  retire  into  a  cave  of 
the  earth,  and  shave  half  liis  head,  so  that  he 
could  not  with  decency  appear  abroad  till  his 
hair  was  grown  again.  He  also  accustomed 
himself  to  harangue  at  the  seashore,  where  the 
agitation  of  the  waves  Ibrmed  to  him  an  idea 
of  the  commotion  in  a  popular  assembly,  and 
served  to  prepare  and  fortify  him  against  them. 
From  these  several  kinds  of  hardships,  wiiich 
he  imposed  upon  hhiiself,  it  is  plain  that  he 
was  not  so  mucli  born  an  orator,  as  an  instance 
how  far  parts  and  application  may  go  toward 
the  forniinn  of  a  great  man  in  any  profession. 

DEMOUKS,  Peler,  a  native  of  Marseilles, 
known  for  his  dexterity  as  a  surgeon  and  ocu- 
list ;  he  was  author  of  some  professional  works, 
and  died  in  1795. 

DEMPSTER,  William,  a  learned  Scotchman, 
who  refuted  Raymond  Lully,  and  wrote  an 
ecclesiastical  history;  Jie  died  in  1557. 

DEMP.'^TER,  Thomas,  a  Scotch  historian  and 
conimeiuator,  bom  l.'>79,  died  16i;5.  He  was  a 
very  learned  man,  but  of  a  singular  character ; 
being  as  prompt  to  draw  his  sword  in  quarrel, 
as  ro  wield  his  pen,  at  any  time.  He  became 
professor  of  the  Bi'llcs  Lettres,  at  Pisa,  Ki.vmes, 
and  Bologna,  and  had  s-uch  a  prodigious  me- 
mory, that  he  used  to  say  he  knew  not  what  it 
was  to  foreet.  This  gained  him  the  appellation 
of  "The  LivitTs  Library." 

DEMPSTER ,  George,  a  Scotch  lawjer,  and  a 
member  of  Parliament,  in  17G2.  He  retired  from 


DE 

public  life,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  improve- 
ment of  the  Highlands,  until  his  death,  in  1818. 

DENELLE,  one  of  the  infamous  friends  o£ 
Marat,  who  killed  his  wife  and  five  children 
with  his  own  hands.  He  suffered  a  niciited 
leaih,  on  the  scaffold. 

DENHAiM,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  poet,  born 
n  Dublin,  in  1615.  In  1641  he  published  his  tia- 
,edy  called  "The  Sophy,"  which  was  ex- 
'iTcmely  admired  by  the  best  judges ;  and  in  1R4'2 
was  first  printed  his  "  Cooper's  Hill,"  "a  poem 
(says  Dryden)  which,  for  majesty  of  style,  is, 
nnd  ever  will  be,  the  standard  of  good  writing." 
i^ope  has  celebrated  this  poem  very  highly  in 
his  "Windsor  Forest;"  and  all  men  of  taste 
Jiave  agreed  in  their  commendations  of  it.  He 
died  in  1668. 

DENIS,  Michael,  principal  keeper  of  the 
imperial  library  at  Vienna,  died  in  1800.  His 
writings  on  various  subjects  were  highly  es 
teemed. 

DENMAN,  Thomas,  M.  D.  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  writer  on  midwifery,  born  at  Bake- 
well,  Derbyshire,  1733,  died  in  London,  1815. 

DENNER,  Balthasar,  a  portrait  painter,  of 
Hamburgh,  who  refused  in  London,  500 guineas 
for  his  picture  of  an  old  woman ;  he  died  in  1747. 

DENNIG,  William,  proprietary  governor  of 
Pennsylvania,  in  1756.  He  was  superceded  in 
1759,  as  unpopular  and  obnoxious  to  the  people. 

DENNIE,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Massachusetts, 
was  educated  a  lawyer;  he  however  soon  re- 
linquished the  profession  for  literary  pursuits, 
and  as  editor  of  the  "Farmer's  Museum,"  a 
newspaper  published  in  New-Hampshire,  and 
afterwards  of  the  "  Port  Folio,"  in  Philadelphia, 
gave  evidence  of  a  powerful  and  highly  culti- 
vated mind,  and  of  a  genius  of  superior  order  ; 
he  died  in  1812. 

DENNIS,  John,  a  celebrated  critic,  born  in 
London,  1657.  Though  it  is  now  become  fash- 
ionable to  speak  lightly  of  him,  he  had  qualities 
enough  to  recommend  him  to  the  acquaintance 
of  some  of  the  most  eminent  personages  for 
birth,  wit,  and  learning,  of  his  time;  but  the 
black  passions  were  so  predominant  in  him,  and 
his  pride,  envy,  jealousy,  and  suspicion,  hurried 
him  into  so  many  absurd  and  ridiculous  mea- 
sures, that  his  life  appears  to  have  been  nothing 
but  a  mixture  of  folly  and  madness. — He  began 
to  be  a  writer  as  early,  if  not  earlier,  than  16y0, 
and  so  continued  to  the  time  of  his  death,  which 
happened  in  1733.  He  had  better  talents  for 
judging  of  the  performances  of  others,  than  for 
producing  any  thing  of  himself;  which  made  a 
smart  fellow  say,  that  "  Dennis  was  the  fittest 
man  in  the  world  to  instruct  a  dramatic  writer; 
for  he  laid  down  excellent  rules  for  writing  good, 
plays,  and  showed  what  were  bad  by  his  own." 

DENNY,  Sir  Anthony,  a  man  of  great  learn- 
ing and  pieiv,  privy  counsellor  of  Henry  VIII., 
he  died  in  1550. 

DENTON,  .lohn,  an  English  divine,  and  pre- 
hendary  of  York,  an  intimate  friend  of  Tillot- 
»on.  He  published' some  sermons  and  religious 
tracts  and  diid  in  1708. 

DE.NTREOOLLES,  Francis  Xavier,  a  Je- 
suit, who  went  to  China  as  a  missionary,  in  1741, 
and  wrote  several  works  in  the  Chinese  lan- 
guage. 

DENYS,  James,  a  historical  painter,  born 
at  Antwerp  in  1645. 

D'EON.     See  EON. 

DEPARCfF.I^X,  Anthony,  a  learned  French 
mathematician,  wlio  published  several  valuable 
works ;  he  di^d  in  1768. 

DEUr  Y  .ranies  Stanley,  earl  of,  an  English 

U 


DE 

nobleman,  celebrated  for  his  courage  during  the 
civil  wars.  He  was  finally  taken  and  basely 
beheaded  in  1651. 

DERCYLLIDAS,  a  Laceda-monian  general, 
who  avenged  his  country  against  the  Persians, 
■IDO  B.  C. 

DEREING,  Edward,  an  eminent  divitje, 
preacher  at  St.  Paul's,  London,  before  the  court. 
He  wrote  sermons,  lectures,  &c. ;  he  died  1576. 

DERHAM,  William,  a  very  eminent  philo 
sopher  and  divine,  born  at  Stoughton,  near  Wor- 
cester, 1657,  and  died  1735,  having  spent  liis  life 
in  the  most  agreeable  and  improving  study  of 
nature,  and  made  all  his  researches  there  in  sub- 
serviency to  the  cause  of  religion  and  virtue. — 
His  works  are  extremely  numerous;  of  these 
the  best  known  are  his  "  Physico-Theologj' ; 
<jr,  A  Demonstration  of  the  Being  and  Attri- 
butes of  God,  from  his  works  of  Creation  ;" 
and  "Astro-Theology,  or,  A  Demonstration  of 
the  Being  and  Attributes  of  God  from  a  Survey 
of  the  Heavens;"  both  which  are  works  of 
considerable  merit. 

DERING,  Sir  Edward,  first  a  republican,  and 
afterwards  a  royalist ;  a  member  of  parliament 
during  the  civil  wars.  His  speeches  were 
published  in  4to. 

DERMODY,  Thomas,  a  poet  of  considerable 
talent,  but  so  devoid  of  common  prudence,  that 
the  best  of  patronage  was  found  to  be  useless 
to  him.  He  was  born  in  the  south  of  Ireland, 
Jan.  1775.  His  father,  who  was  a  schoolmaster 
at  Ennis  for  some  time,  is  said  to  have  employ- 
ed this  son,  when  only  in  his  ninth  year,  as 
Greek  and  Latin  assistant  at  his  own  school ; 
and,  to  increase  the  wonder,  we  are  told  that 
he  had  written  as  much  genuine  poetry  at  ten, 
as  either  Cowley,  Milton,  or  Pope,  had  pro- 
duced at  nearly  double  that  age.  With  all  his 
talent,  however,  he  was  of  so  uniformly  de- 
praved a  conduct,  that  he  no  sooner  excited 
compassion,  and  profited  by  generosity,  than  he 
despised,  or  at  least  neglected,  the  advice  of 
his  benefactors ;  and  at  length,  wasted  by  dis- 
ease, arising  from  habitual  intemperance,  he 
died  at  an  obscure  hovel,  near  Sydenham,  Kent, 
1802,  in  his  28th  year. 

DERRICK,  Sanmel,  a  linen  draper  of  Dublin ; 
afterwards  a  writer  of  pamphlets  in  London, 
and  master  of  ceremonies  at  Bath  and  Tun- 
bridge,  died  1769. 

DERYK,orDERICK,  Peter  Cornelius,  aland- 
scape  painter  of  Delft ;  pupil  of  Jacobs.  He  died 
in  1030. 

DERYKE,  William,  a  historical  painter  at 
Antwerp,  died  1697. 

DESAGULIERS,  John  Theophilus,  a  cele- 
brated lecturer  on  experimental  philosophy, 
who  made  several  improvements  in  mecha- 
nics, was  born  at  Rochelle,  in  1683,  but  virent  to 
England  when  an  infant.  His  most  celebrated 
publicajion  is,  "  A  Course  of  Eiperimenal  Phi- 
losophy, 1734,"  2  vols  4to.    He  died  in  1749. 

DESAULT,  Peter,  a  French  physician,  who 
wrote  on  the  cure  of  syphilis,  without  saUva- 
tion,  and  on  tlie  stone  ;  he  died  in  1737. 

DESAULT,  Peter  Joseph,  a  French  surgeon, 
of  great  abilities,  who  attended  Lewis  XVII., 
and  died,  probably  by  poison,  lor  this  humanity. 
He  was  author  of  a  valuable  treatise  on  surgery, 
and  died  in  1795. 

DES  BARREAUX,  James  de  Vallec,  lord,  a 
French  nobleman,  counsellor  of  parliament,  al 
Paris.  He  was  an  infidel  and  libertine,  but,  be- 
fore he  died,  cave  himself  up  to  meditation  and 
penitence;  he  died  in  1647. 

DESBILLONS,  Francis  Joseph,  a  French 
153 


DE 

Jesuit,  who,  after  spending  15  years  in  the  col- 
lege of  Lewis  XIV.,  at  Paris,  retired  to  publish 
his  fables,  5.50  in  number,  2  vols.  He  died  in  1788. 

DESBOIS,  Francis  Alexander,  a  Frenchman, 
author  of  a  military  dictionary,  a  dictionary  of 
agriculture,  and  one  of  birds ;  he  died  in  1784. 

DESCARTES.    See  C.\RTES. 

DESERICIUS,  or  DESERIT'/,  Joseph  [nno- 
cem,  a  Hungarian,  made  a  Roman  cardinal,  au- 
thor of  many  works,  died  in  1705. 

DESGODETS,  Aniliony,  a  native  of  Paris, 
an  eminent  architect,  taken  by  the  Algerines, 
and  kept  16  months  in  slavery.  He  wrote  large- 
ly on  the  subject  of  his  profession,  and  died  in 
1738. 

DESHAIS,  John  Baptist  Henry,  a  French 
painter,  of  very  superior  merit,  who  obtained 
the  prize  of  the  academy  of  Paris,  in  1751.  He 
died  young. 

DESIDERIU3,  or  DIDIER,  the  last  kin?  of 
Lomhardy.     He  succeeded  Astolphus,  in  75tf. 

DESMAHIS,  Joseph  Francis  Edward  de  Cor- 
sembieu,  a  generous  aud  benevolent  French 
writer,  of  great  abilities,  author  of  a  comedy, 
and  of  some  elegant  poetiy  ;'he  died  in  1751. 

DB)S  MAIZEAUX,  Peter,  secretary  of  the 
royal  society  of  London,  was  born  at  Auvergne, 
in  1666.  He  retired  early,  probably  as  a  refugee, 
into  England,  and  died  there,  in  1745.  He  had 
intimate  connexions  with  St.  Evremont  and 
Bayle ;  gave  a  very  handsome  edition  of  the 
works  of  the  former,  in  3  vols.  4to,  with  the 
life  of  the  author  prefixed,  and  drew  up  the  life 
of  the  latter,  which  was  printed  before  the  edi- 
tion of  his  '•  Dicttonary,"  in  1730.  He  publish- 
ed also  the  "  Miscellaneous  Works  of  Bayle," 
in  4  vols,  folio.  He  was  the  editor  of  other 
things  ;  and  whatever  he  published,  he  always 
accompanied  with  literary  anecdotes. 

DESMARES,  Toussaint,  a  French  priest,who 
distinguished  himself  by  his  sermons,  and  other 
writings  ;  he  died  in  1687. 

DESMARETS,  Nicholas,  minister  of  state, 
and  comptroller,  in  the  reign  of  Lewis  XIV., 
died  in  1721. 

DESMOULINS,  Benedict  Caraille,  the  friend 
of  Danton,  and  one  of  the  original  members  of 
the  Jacobin  club,  at  Paris.  He  was  one  of  the 
trwst  vile  and  ferocious  of  that  bloody  club,  and 
was  beheaded  in  1794. 

DESMONTIER,  Charles  Albert,  a  French 
poet  and  dramatic  writer,  boru  at  Villers  Cote- 
rets,  in  17G0,  died  in  1801. 

D'ESPA\GE,  John,  minister  of  a  French 
congregation  in  London.  He  was  admired  as  a 
preacher,  and  died  in  1C60. 

DESP.IRD,  Edward  Marcus,  an  Irish  officer, 
long  in  the  English  service,  who  laid  a  plan  to 
assassinate  his  king,  which  being  detected,  he 
was  tried  and  beheaded,  in  1803. 

DESPAUTERE,  John,  a  Flemish  gramma- 
rian, whose  books  were,  at  one  time,  in  great 
repute ;  he  died  in  1.520. 

DESPIERRES,  John,  superior  of  the  Bene- 
dictine college,  at  Douay,  eminent  as  a  mathe- 
matician and  as  a  mechanic,  died  in  1664. 

DP:sPL,\CES,  an  eminent  French  engraver, 
died  in  1740. 

DESPORTES,  Claude,  a  painter,  of  Cham- 
pagne, highly  favoured  by  Lewis  XTV.  and  XV., 
died  in  1743. 

DESSAIX,  Louis  Charles  Antlumy,  a  brave 
and  very  succeasful  French  general,  in  the  rcvo- 
Jutionary  war,  was  born  in  August,  1768.  He 
fell  at  the  battle  of  Marengo,  at  the  moment  the 
victory  turned  in  favoilr  of  his  countrymen,  in 
1S4 


DE 

1800,  esteemed  by  the  French  soldiers,  honoured 
by  the  Austrians,  and  beloved  by  all  who  knew 
him.  His  body  was  carried  to  Milan,  embalmed, 
and  placed  in  the  hospital  of  Mount  St.  Bernard, 
where  a  monument  has  been  erected  to  his  me 
liiory.  Dessai.t,  united  to  bravery,  the  mostuu 
impeachable  integrity  ;  and  well  deserved  of  liis 
country  the  superb  monument  since  erected  at 
Paris.  On  this,  is  commemorated  the  share  he 
had  in  the  great  battles  of  Landau,  Kehl,  Weis- 
sembourg,  Malta,  Chebreis,  the  pyramids,  Sedi- 
man,  Sammanhout,  Kene,  Thebes,  and  Ma- 
rengo. 

DESTOUCHES,  Andre  Cardinal,  a  celebra- 
ted French  musician,  boru  at  Paris,  in  1672,  died 
in  1749. 

DESTOUCHES,  Philip  Nericaut,  a  French 
dramatic  writer,  born  at  Tour,  in  1680,  died  in 
1754.  Destouches  liad  not  the  gayety  of  Regnard, 
nor  the  strong  warm  colouring  of  Moliere ;  but 
he  is  always  polite,  tender,  and  natural. 

DEVAUX,  John,  a  native  of  Paris,  esteemed 
as  a  surgeon,  and  as  the  author  of  several  works, 
died  in  1729. 

DEVEREUX,  Robert,  earl  of  Esse.x,  born  in 
Hertfordshire,  in  1567,  is  memorable  for  having 
been  a  great  favourite,  and  an  unhappy  victim 
to  the  arts  of  his  enemies,  and  his  own  ambi- 
tion, in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth.  The  first 
great  shock  he  received  in  repaid  to  the  queen's 
favour,  arose  from  a  warm  dispute  between  her 
majesty  and  himself,  about  the  choice  of  souk 
tit  and  able  person  to  superintend  tlie  affaiis  of 
Ireland.  The  queen  looked  upon  Sir  William 
Knolles,  uncle  to  Essex,  as  the  most  proper  per- 
son for  that  charge  :  Essex  contended  that  Sir 
George  Carew  was  a  much  fitter  man  for  it. 
When  the  queen  could  not  be  persuaded  to  aji- 
prove  of  his  choice,  he  so  far  forgot  liimself  and 
his  duty,  as  to  turn  his  back  upon  her  in  a  con- 
temptuous manner  ;  which  insolence,  her  ma- 
jesty not  being  able  to  bear,  she  gave  him  a  box 
on  the  ear,  and  bid  him  go  and  be  hanged.  He 
immediately  clapped  his  hand  on  his  sword  ; 
and  the  lord  admiral  stepping  in  between,  he. 
swore  a  great  oath,  declaring  that  he  neither 
could  nor  would  put  up  with  an  affront  of  that 
nature  ;  that  he  would  not  have  taken  it  at  the 
hands  of  Henry  VIII.,  and  in  a  great  passion 
immediately  withdrew  from  court.  He  was  af- 
terwards reconciled  and  restored,in  appearance, 
to  the  queen's  favour ;  yet  there  is  good  reason 
to  doubt  whether  he  ever  recovered  it  in  reality ; 
alid  his  friends  have  been  apt  to  date  his  ruin 
from  this  unlucky  accident.  He  was  executed 
on  a  charge  of  treason,  Feb.  25,  1601. 

DEVEREUX,  Robert,  earl  of  Essex,  son  of 
Elizabeth's  favourite,  appeared  in  parliament  a 
violent  opposer  to  the  measures  of  government, 
and  fought  many  battles  at  the  head  of  the  re- 
publican troops ;  he  died  in  1646. 

D'EWES,  Sir  Symonds,  an  eminent  English 
historian,  and  antiquary,  born  at  Coxden,  In 
Suffolk,  1602,  died  in  1650.  When  he  was  little 
more  than  30  years  of  age,  he  had  finished  that 
large  and  accurate  work  for  whicli  he  is  chiefly 
memorable,  viz.  "  The  Journals  of  all  the  Par- 
liaments during  the  reign  of  Q,ueen  Elizabeth, 
both  Lords  and  Commons,"  &c. 

DEWEY,  Daniel,  an  eminent  lawyer.of  Ma.s- 
sachusetts,  was  a  member  of  tlie  council  of  that 
state,  a  member  of  congress,  and  a  judge  of  tin; 
supreme  court  of  the  state ;  he  died  in  1815. 

DE  WITT,  John,  the  famous  pensionary,  was 
the  second  son  of  Jacob  De  Witi,  (burgomaster 
of  Dort,  and  deputy  te  the  states  of  Holland,) 


DI 

uiid  burn  ai  Uort,  in  1&25.  He  was  Iho  zealous 
patron  ol'  the  glory  and  liberty  of  his  native 
country  ;  llie  greatest  genius  of  his  time  ;  the 
ablest  politician  in  war  as  well  as  peace  ;  the 
atlas  of  the  commonwealth :  but  was  barba- 
rously murdered  by  a  Dutcli  mob,  in  )t)72.  Dc 
Witt  wrote  a  book  containing  those  maxims  of 
government  upon  which  he  acted,  which  will 
be  a  never  fading  monument  to  his  immortal 
memory.  It  shows  the  true  and  genuine  princi 
pies  of  policy,  on  w/iich  alone  it  is  possible  to 
erect  an  administration  profitable  at  home,  and 
which  must  coniuiand  respect  abroad.  A  trans- 
lation of  it  from  the  original  Dutch,  entitled 
"  The  true  Interest  and  political  Maxims  of  the 
Republic  of  Holland,"  has  been  printed  in  Lon- 
don. 

DE  WITT,  James,  a  painter,  of  Amsterdam. 
His  best  worii  is  Moses  appointing  the  70  elders. 
He  was  born  in  1695. 

DEXTER,  Samuel,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  law- 
yer and  statesman,  of  Massachusetts,  was  born 
in  1761.  Soon  after  he  commenced  the  practice 
of  the  law,  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  con 
giess,  and  afterwards  of  the  senate  of  the  Uni 
ted  States,  where  he  gained  a  high  reputation 
for  talents  and  eloquence.  Under  the  first  pre 
sident  Adams,  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  the 
treasury,  and  acting  secretary  of  stare.  In  181.'», 
he  declined  the  oltice  of  minister  to  Spain,  and 
(iiod  suddenly  the  following  year,  at  Athens,  in 
-\ew-Yorlf. 

DRYNUM,  John  Baptist  Van,  an  eminent 
miniature  painter,  of  Antwerp,  born  in  1620. 

DEYSTER,  Lewis,  an  eminent  painter  and 
rniraver,  of  Bruges,  died  in  1711.  His  daugh 
tcr  .'\une  was  equally  lamous  as  a  painter. 

D' HOSIER,  Peter,  a  native  of  Marseilles,  the 
first  wlio  formed  genealogies  into  science,  died 
in  1C60. 

DIACONUS,  Paulus,  a  Lombard,  who  com- 
posed the  history  of  tlie  Lombards,  in  6  books, 
dii'd  in  1770. 

UIAGORASjSurnamed  the  Atheist,  flourish- 
ed in  Athens,  in  the  91st  Olympiad  ;  that  is, 
about  412  years  before  Clirist.  The  history  of 
Ills  atheism,  is  thus  told.  He  delighted  in  mak- 
ing verses,  and  had  composed  a  poem  which  a 
certain  poet  had  stolen  from  him.  He  sued  the 
thief,  who  swore  he  was  notguilty  of  the  crime  ; 
and  soon  after,  he  gained  a  great  reputation  by 
publishing  that  work  as  his  own.  Diagoras, 
considering  that  he  vvlio  had  injured  him  had 
not  only  escaped  unpunished  for  his  theft  and 
perj'uy,  but  also  acquired  glory  thereby,  con- 
Glnded  that  there  was  no  Providence,  nor  niiy 
gods,  and  wrote  some  books  to  prove  it.  He  died 
by  shipwreck. 

DIAZ,  Bartholomew,  a  Portuguese  navigator, 
who  discovered,  in  1486,  the  extreme  point  of 
Africa,  now  called  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

DIAZ,  John,  a  Spaniard,  who  embraced  the 
doctrines  of  Luther,  for  which,  his  brother,  Al- 
phoiisns,  a  violent  catholic,  hired  an  assassin  to 
(Jasli  out  his  brains,  in  1.546. 

DTiiDIN,  Charles,  a  celebrated  song-writer, 
and  dramatist.  In  the  former  character,  he  had 
scarcely  an  equal,  as  to  the  number  or  the  merit 
of  Ills  compositions.  His  songs  amount  to  up- 
wards of  1200;  and  it  may  truly  be  said,  that 
though  a  great  portion  of  them  are  in  praise  oC 
love  and  festivity,  not  one  passage  can  be  found 
in  the  whole  number,  of  a  licentious  tendency. 
On  the  contrary,  they  are  calculated  to  support 
the  intere.sts  of  virtue,  and  to  exercise  the  best 
aflections  of  the  heart,  as  well  as  to  enforce  the 


DI 


^iuties  of  loyalty  and  patriotisin.  The  influence 
tof  his  .songs  upon  seamen,  has  long  been  known, 
and  probably  has  strongly  contributed  to  stimu- 
late their  iicroi.sni,  and  inculcate  submission  to 
the  liardships  of  their  prol'ession,  and  to  the  will 
of  Providence.  His  "  Poor  Jack"  is  a  striking 
and  popular  example  of  this.  In  the  earlier  part 
of  his  life,  he  possessed  considerable  merit  as  an 
actor.  Mr.  Dibdin  was  born  at  Soulhanipton, 
about  1748,  and  died  at  Camden  Town,  neat 
London,  July  25,  1814. 

DICEARCHUS,  a  disciple  of  Aristotle,  bum 
at  Messina,  in  Sicily,  was  a  good  philosopher, 
historian,  and  mathematician,  and  composed  a 
great  many  books  upon  various  subjects,  and  in 
all  sciences,  which  were  much  esteemed. 

DICENEUS,  an  Egyptian  philosoplier,  in  the 
age  of  Augustus. 

DICETO,  Ralph  de,  was  dean  of  St.  Paul's, 
London,  and  author  of  English  history,  lives  of 
English  kings,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1210. 

DICK,  Sir  Alexander,  an  English  physician, 
president  of  the  college  of  physicians,  at  Edin- 
burgh. He  introduced  the  culture  of  rhubarb 
in  E-ngland,  and  died  in  1785. 

DICKINSON, Edmund, an  eminent  and  learn- 
ed physician  and  scholar,  wiio  wrote  in  defence 
of  the  Scriptures,  as  well  as  on  medicine.  He 
was  physician  to  Charles  II.,  and  died  in  1707. 
DICKINSON,  Jonathan,  first  president  of 
New-Jersey  college ;  he  published  several  ser- 
mons, besides  some  miscellaneous  works,  aiid 
died  in  1*747. 

DICKINSON,  John,  a  distinguished  political 
writer,  and  friend  of  his  country,  a  native  of 
Delaware,  and  member  of  tiie  first  congress ; 
he  died  in  180H. 

DICKINSON,  Philemon,  a  brave  oflicer,  in 
the  revolutionary  war,  particularly  active  in  tlie 
battle  of  Monmouth  ;  he  died  in  iSOO. 

DICKSON,  David,  a  Scotch  divine,  educated 
at  Glasgow,  and  divinity  professor  at  Edinburgh. 
His  violence  against  the  episcopalians  subjected 
him  to  persecution  ;  Se  died  in  1664. 

DICTYS  CRETENSIS,  a  very  ancient  histo- 
rian, who,  serving  under  Idomeneus,  a  king 
of  Crete,  in  the  Trojan  war,  wrote  the  liislory 
of  that  expedition,  in  nine  booke ;  and  Tzeix.es 
tells  ua,  that  Homer  formed  the  "  Iliad"  upon 
his  plan. 

DIDEROT,  Dicnysiua,  a  celebrated  French 
poet,  and  writer  on  physics,  geometry,  and  me- 
taphysics, ethics,  and  tlie  belles  lelties,  was  the 
on  of  a  cutler,  and  lorn  at  I^angres,  in  1711!. 
He  conceived  the  stupendous  design  of  a  "  Dic- 
tionuaire  Encyclopedique,"  which,  assisted  by 
D'Alembert  and  others,  he  accomplished,  him- 
self compiling  the  descriptions  of  arts  and  trades. 
So  ill  was  he  paid  for  above  20  years  labour  at 
this  book,  that  he  was  compelled  to  expose  his  li- 
brary to  sale,  for  a  subsistence.  The  em  press  of 
Russia  ordered  it  to  be  bought  for  her  at  the 
price  of  50,000  livres,  and  generously  left  liini 
the  use  of  it  during  his  life.  Certain  prwifiens  on 
government  and  religion,  in  tiie  "  Encyclope- 
dique," have  exposed  Diderot  to  the  charge  of 
having  favoured  atheistical  and  anarchical  prin- 
ciples, or  what  at  the  present  day  is  termed  Ja- 
cobinism. Diderot  died  suddenly,  in  Julv,  1784. 
DtDirS  JlfLIANUS,  M.  Salvius  Sevcnis. 
a  Roman  emperor,  wlio  purchased  the  diadem 
of  a  corrupt  soldiery.  He  reigned  66  days,  and 
was  put  to  death,  A.D.  193. 

DIDO,  or  ELISSA,  queen  of  Carthage,  fled 
from  Tyre,  to  the  coast  of  Africa,  wliere  slie 
founded  a  new  empire. 

155       , 


DI 


DI 


OIDOT,  Francis  Ambrose,  a  most  eminent 
French  printer,  born  at  Paris,  1730,  and  classi- 
cally educated.  He  introduced  a  number  of 
improvements,  not  only  in  priming-presses  (of 
whicli  the  present  time  is  profiting)  but  also  in 
mills  for  making  fine  paper.  One  of  liis  sons 
became  a  celebrated  type-lbunder.  Didotdied, 
it  is  supposed,  from  too  strict  an  application  to 
tbe  correction  of  ilie  press  of  a  stereotype  edi- 
tion of  Moutagne's  works  (every  sheet  of  which 
lie  read  five  times,  and  corrected  carefully  be- 
fore it  was  sent  to  the  press)  July  10,  1804.  His 
business  is  still  successfully  carried  on  by  his 
sons,  Peter  and  Firmin  Didot. 

DID  Y  MUS,  of  Aleiandria,  an  eminent  gram 
marian,  in  the  age  of  Augustus,  said  to  have 
written  400  books. 

DIDYMUS,  of  Alexandria,  an  ecclesiastical 
writer  of  the  4th  century. 

DIECMAN,  John,  rector  of  the  university  of 
Stade,  and  author  of  several  theological  and  piri- 
losophical  works,  died  in  17J0. 

DIEMEN,  Anthony  Van,  a  governor-general 
of  the  Dutch  East  India  seulements.  In  1642, 
he  sent  Tasraan  on  a  voyage  to  the  south  ;  the 
consequence  of  which  was,  the  discovei^  of 
that  part  of  New  Holland  called  Van  Diemen's 
Land.     He  died  in  1645. 

DIEMERBKOEK,  Isbrand,  a  professor  of 
physic  and  anatomy  at  Utrecht,  born  1G09,  prac 
lised  physic,  and  read  public  lectures  with  great 
reputation,  and  died  1674. 

DIEPENBECK,  Abraham,  a  painter,  who 
studied  with  Reubens  ;  first  painted  on  glass^and 
afterwards  in  oil ;  he  died  at  Antwerp,  in  1675. 

DIEST,  Adrian  Van,  a  landscape  painter,  of  | 
the  Hague,  who  painted  plants  in  England;  he, 
died  in  1704. 

DIETRIC,  John  Conrad,  a  Lutheran,  born  in 
Wetteravia,  and  professor  of  Greek  in  his  own 
town.  He  was  a  classical  scholar  and  author  ; 
he  died  in  1667. 

DIETRICH,  John  William  Ernest,  born  at 
Weimar,  a  celebrated  painter,  died  in  1/(4. 

DIETRY,  a  painter,  of  Dresden,  who  suc- 
ceeded particularly  in  landscape  views,  died  in 
1730. 

DIEU,  Lewis  de,  an  eminent  divine,  born  at 
Flushing.  He  refused  to  be  court  minister  at 
the  Hagae,  and  went  to  Leyden,  where  he  was 
made  divinity  professor.  He  publishei  many 
learned  works,  and  died  in  1642. 

DIGBY,  Everard,  an  EngHsh  gentleman  edu-j 
cated  at  Cambridge.  He  wrote  some  curious,, 
and  learned  books  in  Latin,  and  died  in  1592. 

DIGBY,  Sir  Everard,  boin  1581,  was  drawn  in 
to  be  privy  to  the  gunpowder  plot ;  and  though 
not  a  principal  actor  in  that  dreadful  affair, 
nor  indeed  an  actor  at  all,  yet  he  offered  1500i. 
toward  defraying  the  expenses  of  it ;  enter- 
tained Guy  Fawkes,  who  was  to  have  executed 
it  in  his  house  ;  and  was  taken  in  open  rebel- 
lion with  other  papists  after  the  plot  was  de- 
tected and  had  miscarried.  He  was,  with  other 
conspirators,  upon  the  30tli  of  January,  1605  6, 
hanged,  drawn,  and  quartered,  at  the  west  end 
of  St.  Paul's  church,  in  London. 

DIGBY,  Sir  Kenelin,  a  very  famous  English 
yihilosopher,  and  eldest  son  of  sir  Everard,  was 
born  at  Gothurst,  in  Buckinghamshire, 1603,  and 
died  on  his  birthday,  in  1665.  Having  read  ihe 
writings  of  Descartes,  be  resolved  to  go  to  Hol- 
land ou  pur])()Fe  to  see  him.  He  did  so,  and 
found  him  at  his  reiirernent  at  Egmond.  Des 
Maizeaux,  in  his  life  of  St.  Evrenioiiil,  tells  us 
of  a  convirsation  between    these  yreal  in<;n 


about  lengthening  out  life  to  the  period  of  the  pa 
triarchs.  Descanea  assured  Sir  Kenelm  that 
he  had  long  bten  projecting  a  scheme  for  that 
purpose  ;  and  a  veiy  notable  one  nndoubtediy 
it  would  have  been,  if  that  philosopher  had  liut 
lived  ;  but  he  had  the  misfortune  to  die  just  be- 
fore he  could  bring  it  to  bear. 

DIGBY,  Lord  George,  an  English  nobleman 
of  great  parts,  son  of  John  Digby,  earl  of  Bris- 
tol, was  born  at  Madrid,  1612.  "  He  was  (says 
a  late  writer,  somewhat  severely)  a  singular 
person,  whose  life  was  one  contradiction.  He 
wrote  against  popery,  and  embraced  it ;  he  was 
a  zealous  opposer  of  the  court,  and  a  sacrifice  for 
it ;  was  conscientiously  converted  in  the  midst 
of  his  prosecution  of  lord  Stafford,  and  was 
most  unconscientiously  a  prosecutor  of  lord  Cla- 
rendon. With  great  parts,  he  always  hurt  him- 
self and  his  friends;  roinanticly  brave,  he  was  al- 
ways an  unsuccessful  commander.  He  spoke  for 
the  test-act,  though  a  Roman  Catholic  ;  and  ad- 
dicted himself  to  astrology  on  the  birthday  "f 
true  philosophy."  He  died  earl  if  Bristol,  lfi7fi 
DIGBY,  John,  made  gentleman  of  the  privy 
chamber  by  James  I,  who  afterwards  knighted 
him,  and  sent  him  ambassador  to  Spain.  lie 
was  the  author  of  some  poems,  and  died,  i:i  ex- 
ile, at  Paris,  in  1653. 

UIGGES,  Leonard,  an  English  gentleman,  fa- 
mous for  his  mathematical  learniua,  died  about 
1.574. 

DIGGES,  Thomas,  only  son  of  Leonard  Dig- 
ges,  and  one  of  the  greatest  malhemaiicians  of 
lliis  age,  died  1595. 

DIGGES,  Sir  Dudley,  master  of  the  rolls  to 
I  Charles  I.,  was  eldest  son  of  Thomas  Digges, 
ju5t  mentioned,  and  born  1583.  He  was,  it  is 
said,  a  great  asserter  of  his  country's  liberty  in 
the  worst  of  times,  when  the  sluices  of  prero- 
gative were  opened,  and  the  banks  of  the  law 
were  almost  overwhelmed  by  the  inundations 
of  it.  He  was  author  of  several  literary  per- 
formances, and  died  1639. 

DIGGES,  Thomas,  brother  of  Sir  Dudley,  a 
learned  man,  who  translated  several  works  from 
the  Latin  and  Spanish  ;  he  died  in  1635. 

DIGGES,  Dudley,  third  son  of  Sir  Dudley 
He  wrote  on  the  unlawfulness  of  subjects  taking 
up  arms  against  their  sovereign,  and  died  in  1643. 
DIGGES,  Edward,  governor  of  Virginia,  in 
1654.  His  administration  was  judicious,  and 
calculated  to  improve  the  condition  of  the  col- 
ony. He  was  alierwaids  sent  to  England  as 
agent  for  the  colony. 

DILLENIUS,  John  James,  an  eminent  Ger- 
man botanist,  who  was  the  first  professor  of  bo- 
tany at  Oxford.  He  was  the  friend  and  cor- 
respondent of  Linna'us.  Hisdra\vingsand  manu- 
scripts still  remain  at  Oxfonl ;  lie  died  in  1747. 
DILLON,  Westworth,  earl  of  Roscommon. 
See  Roscommon. 

DILWORTH,  Thomas,  a  schoolmaster  of 
Wappinc,  England,  well  known  by  two  or  three 
useful  school-books  which  he  compiled,  and 
which  have  gone  through  editions  ahiiost  innu- 
merable.    iMr.  Dilworh  died  in  1761. 

DIMSDALE,  Thomas,  an  eminent  English 
physician,  whose  celebrity  w-as  such,  that  the 
empress  Catharine  requested  him  to  visit  Rus- 
sia, where  he  inoculated  herself  and  son  with 
the  small  pox  :  ho  died  in  1800. 

niN.ARCHCS,  a  Greek  orator,  the  pupil  of 
Theophrastus,  340  B.  C. 

DL\(;lEY,  Robert,  an  English  puritan,  and 
author ;  was  rector  of  Brixton,  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight ;  he  died  in  lf>59. 


DI 

DINO,  professor  of  jurisprudpiice  al  Holociia, 
•ndaiithorofsomevaliiablf  works,  died  in  I'Ml. 

DliNOCRATKS,  a  celebrated  ancient  arrlii 
♦«ct,  of  Macedonia,  employed  by  Alexander  ii 
Oiiiiding  the  city  of  Alexandria.  Another  nie 
•norable  instance  of  Uiiiocrates'  architectonic 
ekill  is,  his  restoring  and  building,  in  a  more 
angust  and  magniticent  manner  than  before, 
i/he  celebrated  temple  ol  Uiana  at  Ephi«ns,  after 
Eratostrafiis,  for  iiie  sake  of  immortalizing  his 
name,  had  destroyed  it  by  lire. 

UINOSTRATUS,  a  mathematician,  the  pupil 
of  Piato,  and  inventor  of  the  quadratic  curve. 

DINOTH,  lUchard,  a  protestant  writer  of 
France,  who  wrote  an  accurate  work,  "  DeBello 
civili  Gallico,"  and  died  in  1680. 

DINOHART,  Anthony  Joseph  Toussaint, 
rendered  famous  by  his  periodical  publications 
in  Paris,  which  drew  upon  liim,  troubles  and 
lawsuits  ;  he  died  in  1713. 

DINVVIDDIE,  Robert,  succeeded  Lee  as  go- 
vernor of  Virginia,  in  17.W.  Braddock's  expe- 
dition and  defeat,  occurred  under  his  adminis- 
tration. He  left  the  colony  in  1757,  and  died  in 
England,  in  1770- 

DIO  CHRYSOSTOM,  a  celebrated  orator  and 
philo.'opher  of  the  1st  century,  born  at  Prusa, 
a  city  of  Bithynia,  and  called  Chrysostom,  on 
account  of  his  eloquence.  There  arc  extant 
of  his,  80  orations  and  dissertations  ujwn  politi- 
tal,  moral,  and  philosophical  subjects. 

DIOCLES,  a  mathematician  in  the  .Ith  cen- 
Inry  inventor  of  the  cissoid  or  curve  line. 

iilOCLESIAN',  Caius  Valerius,  a  Roman  em- 
peror, whose  bloody  persecution  of  the  Chris- 
tians forms  a  chronological  ara,  called  the  ./Era 
xif  Dioclesian,  or  the  Martyrs  ;  it  was  for  a  long 
time  in  use  in  theological  writings,  and  is  -still 
followed  by  the  Coptes  and  Abyssinians.  It 
commenced  August  29th,  A.  D.  284. — Dioclesian 
was  born  233,  and  died  :U3. 

DIODATI,  John,  a  famous  minister,  and  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  Geneva,  born  at  Lucca,  in 
lo79,  died  at  Geneva,  in  lfi52.  He  is  distinguished 
by  translations  of  "The  Bible  into  Italian," 
"The  Bible  into  French,"  and  of  "Father 
Paul's  History  of  the  Council  of  Trent  into 
French." 

DIOUORUS  SICULUS,  an  ancient  historian, 
born  at  Agyrium,  in  Sicily,  flourished  in  the 
times  of  Julius  Ca;sar  and  Augustus.  Diodorus 
says,  in  the  beginning  of  his  history,  that  he 
was  no  less  than  30  years  in  writing  it,  in  the 
capital  of  the  world,  viz.  Rome.  He  calls  his 
work  not  a  "History,"  but  a  "Historical  Li- 
brary ;"  and  had  comprised  in  forty  books,  the 
most  remarkable  events  which  had  happened 
in  the  world  during  the  space  of  1138  years; 
but,  to  the  great  grief  of  the  curious,  of  "the  40 
books,  only  15  are  now  extant. 

DIODORUS,  bishop  of  Tarsus,  eminent  as  a 
divine  and  as  an  instructer  of  youth,  in  the  4th 
centurv. 

DIOGENES,  a  philosopher  of  Babylon,  200 
B.  C.    He  succeeded  Zeno  in  his  school. 

DIOGENES,  the  Cynic,  was  born  at  Sinope, 
»  city  of  Pontns,  413  B.  C,  and  expelled  from 
thence  for  coining  false  money  ;  as  was  his 
father  also,  who  was  a  banker.  He  retired  to 
Athens,  and  prevailed  on  the  philosopher  An- 
tisthenes  to  become  his  master.  He  not  only 
submitted  to  the  kind  of  life  which  was  peculiar 
to  the  followers  of  that  fotinder  of  tlie  Cynics, 
hut  ad<led  new  degrees  of  austerity  to  it.  He 
ordered  somebody  to  provide  him  a  cell ;  btit 
as  that  order  was  not  speedily  execulcd,  he 

I 


DI 

grew  impatient,  and  lodged  himself  in  a  tub. 
lie  looked  down  on  all  the  world  with  scorn, 
and  magisterially  censured  all  mankind.  Alex- 
ander oiie  day  paid  him  a  visit,  and  made  him 
an  offer  of  riches,  or  any  thing  else  ;  but  all 
that  the  philosopher  requested  of  him  was,  to 
stand  from  betwixt  him  and  the  sun :  as  if  he 
had  said,  "Do  not  deprive  me  of  the  benefits 
iif  nature,  and  1  leave  to  you  those  of  fortune." 
The  conqueror  was  so  affected  by  the  vigour 
and  elevation  of  his  soul  as  to  declare,  "that 
if  he  were  not  Alexander  he  would  choose  to 
be  Diogenes  :"  that  is,  if  he  were  not  in  posses- 
sion of  all  that  was  pompous  and  splendid  in 
lite,  he  would,  like  Diogenes,  heroically  despise 
it.  Diogenes  had  a  great  presence  of  mind,  as 
appears  from  his  smart  sayings  and  quick  re- 
partees ;  and  Plato  is  thought  to  have  passed 
no  ill  judgment  upon  him,  when  he  called  him 
'  a  mad  Socrates."  He  died  at  Corinth  when 
he  was  about  90  years  old  :  but  authors  are  not 
agreed  either  as  to  the  time  or  manner  of  his 
death.     Jerome  says  that  he  strangled  himself. 

DIOGENES,  a  Cretan  philosopher,  the  suc- 
cessor of  Anaximenes,  .IflO  B.  C. 

DIOGENES  LAERTIUS,  an  ancient  Greek 
author,  who  wrote  ten  books  of  the  "Lives  of 
the  Philosophers,"  still  extant. 

DIOGNETUS,  a  pliilosopher,  preceptor  to 
Marcus  Aurelius. 

DION,  a  Syracusan,  celebrated  as  the  friend 
|of  Plato,  and  the  opponent  of  the  Dionysii, 
tyrants  of  Sicily  ;  he  was  murdered,  354  B".  C. 
DION  CASSIUS,  an  ancient  Roman  historian, 
known  also  by  the  surnames  of  Cocceius  and 
Cocceianus,  was  bom  at  Nicffaja  city  of  Bithy- 
lia,  and  flourisiic^  in  the  3d  century.  His  histo- 
y  began  from  the  building  of  Rome,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  the  reign  of  Ale.xander  Severus.  What 
we  now  have  of  it  begins  with  the  expedition  o 
Lucullus  against  Mithridates,  king  of  Pontus, 
about  the  year  of  Rome  684,  and  ends  with  the 
death  of  the  emperor  Claudius,  about  the  year 
806. 

DIONIS,  Peter,  a  French  surgeon,  and  the 
first  wlio  demonstrated  anatomical  disscctionH 
and  chirurgical  operations,  established  by  Lewi? 
XIV.,  in  the  royal  garden  of  plants.  This  in 
genious  person  died  in  1718. 

DIONYSirs  I.,  tyrant  of  Sicily,  raised  him- 
self from  obscurity  to  the  throne;  he  reigned 
40  years,  and  died  366  B.  C. 

DIONY'SIUS  II.,  succeeded  his  father  as  ty- 
rant of  Sicily,  and  was  expelled  by  Dion,  34.? 
B.  C.  r  /  > 

DIONYSms,  a  tyrant  of  Heraclea,  who  mar- 
ried a  niece  of  Darius,  died  304  B.  C. 

DIONYSIUS,  a  bishop  of  Corinth,  who  suf 
fered  martvdom  in  178. 

DIONYSIUS,  an  ancient  poet  and  geographer, 
wrote  a  great  number  of  pieces ;  but  his  "  Pe- 
riege.sis,"  or  'Survey  of  the  World,"  is  the 
only  one  that  we  have  remaining  ;  and  it  would 
be  superfluous  to  say,  that  this  is  one  of  the 
most  exact  systems  of  ancient  geography,  when 
it  has  been  related  that  Pliny  himself  proposed 
it  for  his  pattern. 

DlONYSfUS,  bishop  of  Rome,  condemned 
the  heresy  of  the  Sabellians  in  a  full  synod,  died 
in  269. 

DlONVSirS  HALICARNASSENSIS,  a  his- 
torian and  critic  of  antiquity,  born  at  Hali- 
carnassus,  a  town  in  Caria  ;  which  is  also  me- 
morable for  having  produced  Herodotus  befors 
him.  His  history  is  intitled  "Of the  Romas 
l-Antiquities,"  and  was  comprised  in  20  Ikjoi 
i  157 


DO 

of  which  only  the  first  11  are  now  i/xtant.  The 
reputation  of  this  historian  stands  very  higli 
on  many  accounts.  As  to  wliat  relates  to  cliro- 
noiogy,  all  the  critics  have  been  apt  to  prefer 
hini  even  to  Livy  himself;  than  his  style  and 
diction,  nothing  can  be  more  pure,  more  clear, 
or  more  elegant. — But,  besides  the  "  Roman 
Antiquities,"  there  are  other  writings  of  his 
extant,  critical  and  rhetorical.  Flis  most  ad- 
mired piece  in  this  way  is,  "  De  Structura  Ora- 
tionis." 

DIONYSIUS,  a  Romish  monk,  called  "The 
Little,"  in  the  5th  century  ;  he  compiled  or 
wrote  several  works. 

DIONYSIUS,  bishop  of  Alexandria,  bom  a 
heathen,  was  a  diligent  inquirer  after  truth, 
which  he  looked  for  in  vain  among  the  sects  of 
philosophers ;  but  at  last  found  it  in  Christianity. 
He  was  made  bishop  oi  Alexandria,  in  247,  and 
died  207. 

DIONYSIUS,  the  Areopagate,a  learned  Athe- 
nian, member  of  the  court  of  Areopagus,  was 
converted  to  Christianity  by  the  preaching  of 
St  Paul. 

DIOPHANTUS,  a  celebrated  mathematician, 
t>{  Alexandria,  reputed  to  have  been  the  inven-l 
tor  of  algebra.  When  Diophantus  lived,  is  not 
known.  His  reputation,  however,  appears  to 
bave  been  very  high  among  the  ancients,  who 
made  no  scruple  to  rank  him  with  Pythagoras 
and  EucUd,  iu  mathemaiiral  learning. 

DIOSCORIDES,  Pedacius,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, of  Anaxarba,  since  called  Cocsarea,  in 
CiHcia,  who  flourished  in  the  reign  of  Nero,  and' 
composed  five  books  of  the  "  Mateiia  Medica.' 

DIPPEL,  John  Conrad,  a  curious  and  e.xtra 
vagam  character,  who  pretended  to  have  disco 
vered  the  philosopher's  stone,  and  yet  was  con 
fined  for  debt.  He  travelled  in  almost  all  parts 
of  Europe,  and  wrote  several  books :  he  died  in 
1734. 

DIROIS,  Francis,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne 
wrote  several  books  on  religious  subjects ;  he 
died  in  1700. 

DISNEY,  John,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  English 
clergyman,  chaplain  to  bishop  Law,  and  vicar 
of  Swinderly,  died  in  1816.  His  biographical 
sketches  of  distinguished  individuals,  have  ad 
Ued  to  his  reputation. 

DITHMAR,  a  monk,  bishop  of  Mersburg, 
known  as  the  author  of  a  chronicle  of  the  cm 
perors  Henry  I.  ,Otho  II.  and  III.,  and  Henry  II., 
died  in  1028. 

DITHMAR,  Justus  Christopher,  liistorical 
professor,  at  Frankfort.  His  work  on  the  histo 
ry  of  Germany  displays  great  learning;  he  died 
in  1737. 

DITTON,  Humphrey,  a  mathematical  and 
theological  writer,  born  at  Salisbury,  in  1C75, 
died  in  1715. 

DIVINI,  Eustachius,  an  Italian  artist,  employ- 
ed in  making  telescopes,  died  in  lt)t)4. 

DIXWELL,  John,  one  of  the  judges  who 
condemned  the  unfortunate  Charles  I.  to  tht 
block.  At  the  restoration,  he  fled  to  America, 
and  resided  at  New-Haven  until  his  death,  in 
1688. 

DLUGOSS,  JoJin,  a  Pole,  archbishop  of  Leo- 
pold, and  author  of  a  history  of  Poland,  in  La- 
tin; he  died  in  1480. 

DOBBi?,  Arthur,  governor  of  North  Carolina 
Jied  in  17(J5,  after  an  impolitic,  unpopular,  and 
weak  administration  of  12  years. 

DOBSO\,  William,  an  Enghsh  painter,  born 
in  lf)lu.    How  much  he  was  beholden  to  Van- 
dyke, may  easily  be  seen  in  all  liis  woiks,  no 
158 


DO 

paniter  having  ever  come  so  near  to  the  perfec- 
tion of  that  excellent  master  as  this  happy  imi- 
tator. He  was  also  further  indebted  to  the  ge- 
nerosity of  Vandyke,  in  presenting  him  to 
Charles  I.,  who  look  him  into  his  inmiediate 
protection.     He  died  in  1647. 

DOD,  John,  an  English  non-conformist,  whose 
pious  observations  were  once  very  popular.  He 
was  an  eminent  Hebrew  scholar,  and  died  in 
164.5. 

DODART,  Denys,  physician  to  Lewis  XTV., 
and  member  of  the  French  academy  of  sciences, 
liorn  in  1634.  Among  other  things,  he  was  the 
author  of  a  "  Statica  MedicinaGallica;  and  died 
in  1707.  Guy  Patin  called  him  "  monstrura 
sine  viUo,"  a  prodigy  of  wisdom  and  science, 
without  any  defect. 

DODD,  Dr.  William,  an  ingenious  divine,  of 
unfortunate  memory,  was  born  1729,  at  Bourne, 
in  Lincolnshire,  of  which  place  his  father,  being 
a  clergyman,  was  vicar.  Tn  17.53,  he  received 
orders  ;  and,  being  settled  in  London,  soon  be- 
came a  popular  and  celebrated  preacher.  He 
obtained  several  lectureships,  and  advanced  his 
llieological  character  greatly  by  an  almost  unin- 
terrupted publication  of  sermons,  and  tracts  of 
piety.  For  the  same  purpose  also,  he  was  very 
zealous  in  promoting  and  assisting  at  charitable 
institutions,  and  distinguished  himself  much  in 
regard  to  the  Magdalen  hospital,  which  wa.s 
opened  in  August,  1758  :  he  became  preacher  at 
the  chapel  of  thi.s  chanty,  for  which  he  was  al- 
lowed yearly  1001.  But,  notwithstanding  his 
attention  to  spiritual  concerns,  he  was  by  no 
means  negligent  in  cultivating  his  temporal  in- 
terests ;  for,  besides  writing  constantly  iu  the 
Public  Leger,  he  superintended  and  crjntribu- 
ted  largely  to  the  "  Christian's  Magazine;"  for 
which  he  received  from  the  proprietors  1001. 
yearly.  The  truth  is,  Dodd's  finances  by  no 
means  answered  his  style  and  manner  of  liv- 
:  they  were  indeed  much  too  small  for  it ; 
and  tills  obliged  him  to  recur  to  such  methods 
of  augmenting  them.  Happy  if  he  had  never 
recurred  to  expedients  worse  than  these  1 — Still, 
however,  he  preserved  theological  appearances, 
and  now  meditated  a  design  of  publishing  a 
large  "  Commentary  on  the  Bible,"  which  he 
began  to  publish  in  weekly  and  raonthy  num- 
bers, and  continued  to  publish  it  regularly  till  it 
was  completed,  in  3  vols,  folio.  In  1766,  he  took 
the  degree  of  LL.  D.,  at  Cambridge,  having 
been  made  a  chaplain  to  the  king  some  time  be- 
fore. In  1772,  he  was  presented  to  the  living  of 
Hocklilfe,  in  Buckinghamshire:  but  what  could 
such  preferment  as  this  avail  1  Tlie  habits  of 
e.xpense  had  gained  a  wonderful  ascendency 
over  him :  he  was  vain,  he  was  poraiwus,  which 
persons  emerging  from  low  situations  of  life  are 
apt  to  be,  and  thus  became  involved  and  sink- 
ing under  debts.  To  relieve  himself,  he  was 
tempted  to  astep  which  ruined  him  for  ever  with 
the  public ;  and  this  was,  to  procure  by  indirect 
means,  the  rectory  of  St.  George's,  Hanover 
Square.  On  the  preferment  of  Dr.  Moss  to  the 
see  of  Bath  and  Wells,  in  1774,  that  rectory  fell 
to  the  disposal  of  the  crown :  upon  which,  Dodd 
caused  an  anonymous  letter  to  he  sent  to  lady 
Apsley,  offering  the  sum  of  30001.,  if  by  her 
means  he  could  be  presented  to  the  Ii\ing.  Alas! 
he  was  unfortunate  in  his  woman :  the  letter 
was  immediately  communicated  to  the  chancel- 
lor, and,  after  being  traced  to  tlie  sender,  laid 
before  the  king.   His  name  was  in  consequence 

rdered  ro  be  struck  out  of  the  list  of  chaplains 
From  this  period  every  stapled  to  complete  hh 


DO 

ruin.  In  the  summer  of  177G,  lie  went  lo  France ; 
eut  returned  in  tlie  beginiiitig  of  winter,  and 
proceeiled  to  exercise  liis  function  as  usual,  par- 
ticularly at  tlie  Magdalen  C'liapel,  where  ins  last 
sermon  was  preaciied  Feb.  2,  1777.  Two  days 
after  this,  lie  signed  a  bond,  which  he  had  tor 
!;ed,  as  from  his  pupil,  lord  Chesterfield,  for  the 
sum  of  42001.,  and  upon  tiie  credit  of  it  oblained 
a  considerable  sum  of  money ;  but  detection  in- 
stantly Ibllowiiig,  he  was  committed  to  prison  ; 
tried  aad  convicted  at  tlie  Old  Bailey,  Feb.  24, 
a^nd  executed  at  Tyburn,  June  27. 

DODDRIDGE,  or  DODERIDGE,  Sir  John, 
one  of  the  judges  of  the  king's  bench,  about 
1620,  and  the  author  of  many  works  on  iJie 
laws  of  England. 

DODDRIDGE,  Dr  Philip,  an  eminent  dis- 
senting minister,  born  in  London,  in  1702,  died 
n.")!.  He  was  21  years  pastor  of  a  meeting- 
house, at  Northampton  ;  director  of  a  flourish- 
ing academy  ;  and  author  of  many  excellent 
writings;  in  which,  his  pious,  benevolent,  and 
indefatigable  zeal,  to  niaise  men  wise,  good,  and 
liappy,  is  every  where  manifest.  He  left  many 
works  behind  him  ;  the  principal  of  which  are 
'■•  The  Rise  and  Progress  of  Religion  in  the  Soul, 
Illustrated  in  a  course  of  serious  and  practical 
Addresses,  suited  to  persons  of  every  Character 
and  Circumstance ;"  and  "  The  Family  Expo- 
sitor, containing  a  Version  and  Parai)hrase  of 
the  New  Testament,  witli  Critical  Notes ;  and 
a  Practical  Improvement  of  eacli  Section,"  ii 
6  vols.  4to. 

DODOENS,  or  DODONi«:US,  Ramnert,  phy 
sician  of  the  emperor  Maxiiiiilian  II.,  and  Ro 
dolphus  II.  He  was  a  botanist,  and  professor  at 
Leyden,  and  died  in  1585. 

bODSLEY,  Robert,  an  eminent  bookseller, 
and  ingenious  writer,  bom  at  Manstield,  in  Not- 
tiiighamslHre,  in  1703.  His  first  setting  out  in 
life,  was  in  a  servile  station,  (footman  to  the 
honourable  Mrs.  Lowthcr;)  from  which,  Iww- 
ever,  his  abilities  very  soon  raised  him ;  for, 
having  written  "  The  Toyshop,"  and  that  piece 
being  shown  to  Mr.  Pope,  the  delicacy  of  satire 
which  is  conspicuous  in  it,  though  clothed  with 
the  greatest  simplicity  of  design,  so  strongly  re- 
commended its  author  to  thp  notice  of  that  cele- 
lirated  poet,  that  he  continued  from  that  time  to 
the  day  of  hia  death,  a  warm  friend  and  zealous 
jiatron  to  Mr.  Dodsley.  Hisfaice,  called  "  The 
King  and  Miller  of  Mansfield,"  made  its  appear- 
ance the  ensuing  year,  viz.  17.%.  From  the  suc- 
cess of  these  pieces,  he  entered  into  that  busi- 
ness which,  of  all  others,  has  the  closest  con- 
nexion with,  and  the  most  immediate  depend- 
ence on,  persons  of  genius  and  literature,  viz. 
that  of  a  bookseller.  In  this  station,  Mr.  Pope's 
Teconmiendation,  and  his  own  merit,  soon  ob- 
tained him  not  only  the  countenance  of  persons 
of  the  first  abilities,  but  also  of  those  of  the  first 
rank,  aud,  in  a  few  years,  raised  him  to  great 
eminence  in  his  profession,  of  which  he  was  al- 
most, if  not  altogether,  at  the  head.  He  wrote 
six  dramatic  pieces,  which  are  enumerated  in 
the  "  Biographia  Dramatica ;"  and  besides  these, 
lie  published  in  his  life-time,  "  The  Muse  in  Li- 
very ;"  "  Friendly  Advice  to  his  Brethren," 
1732 ;  a  little  collection  of  his  own  works  in  one 
vol.  8vo,  under  the  modest  title  of  "  Trifles," 
1745  ;  and  a  poem  of  considerable  length,  enti- 
tled "  Public  Virtue,"  1754,  4to.  A  second  vo- 
lume of  "  Trifles,"  was  collected  after  his  death, 
consisting  of,  1.  "  Cleone ;"  2.  "  Melpomene,  or 
the  Regions  of  Terror  and  Pity,  an  Ode  ;" 
3.  "  Agriculture,  a  Poem  ;"  aud  4.  "  The  Eco- 


BD 


nomy  of  Human  Life."  Mr.  Dodsley  also  exe- 
cuted two  vvoi  ks  of  great  service  to  the  cau.se 
of  genius,  as  they  are  the  means  of  preserving 
pieces  of  merit,  that  might  otherwise  sink  into 
oblivion  ;  viz.  tlie  publication  of  "  A  Collection 
of  Poems  by  different  eminent  Hands,"  in  ti  vols. 
8vo,  and  "  A  Collection  of  Plays  by  old  Authors," 
in  12  vols.  12mo.    He  died  Sept.  25,  17G4. 

DODSON,  Michael,  an  English  lawyer,  and 
commissioner  of  bankrupts.  Author  of  a  trans- 
lation of  Isaiah,  aiid  several  ives ;  he  died  iu 
1799 

DODS  WORTH,  Roger,  jorn  in  YorKshire,  in 
1585,  died  1054.  Mr.  Gougli  (Topographer  of 
Yorkshire)  thus  Bpeaks  of  him;  "  One  cannot 
approach  the  borders  of  this  county  without 
paying  tribute  to  the  memory  of  that  indefatiga- 
ble collector  of  its  antiquities,  Roger  Dods  worth, 
who  undertook  and  executed  a  work,  which,  to 
the  antiquaries  of  the  present  age,  would  have 
been  the  stone  of  Tydides.  122  volumes  of  his 
own  writing,  besides  original  MSS.  which  he 
had  obtained  from  several  hands,  making  all  to- 
gether 1G2  volumes  folio,  now  lodged  in  that 
celebrated  repository  of  ancient  monuments,  the 
Bodleian  library,  at  Oxford,  are  lasting  memo- 
rials of  what  his  country  owes  to  him  ;  ass  the 
two  volumes  of  the  "  Blonasticon"  (which, 
though  published  under  his  and  Dugdale's  namea 
conjointly,  were  both  collected  and  written  to- 
tally by  him)  will  immortalize  that  extensive 
industry  which  has  laid  the  whole  kingdom  un- 
der obligation." 

DODWELL,  Henry,  a  most  learned  and  pious 
man,  born  at  Dublin,  in  1641,  died  1711,  having 
written  a  great  number  of  theological  works. 

DODWELL,  Henry,  eldest  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  author  of  a  pamphlet,  "  Christianity 
not  founded  on  argument." 

DOES,  Jacob  Vander,  a  Dutch  painter,  whose 

landscapes  are  very  much  admired,  died  in  1073. 

DOES,  Jacob  Vander,  son  of  the  preceding, 

who  displayed  promising  talents  as  a  painter, 

but  died  aged  19. 

DOES,  Simon  Vander,  brother  to  thepreced 
ing.  His  landscapes,  battles,  &c.,  are  in  aplea»- 
ing  style  ;  he  died  in  1717. 

DOGGET,  Thomas,  a  comedian,  former)? 
belonging  to  Dinry-lane  Theatre,  where  he  bo- 
came  joint  manager  with  Wilkes  and  Cibber  < 
in  which  situation  he  continued  till,  on  a  disgu^ 
he  took  in  the  year  1712,  at  Mr.  Booth's  beinj[ 
forced  on  them  as  a  sharer  in  the  management, 
ho  threw  up  his  part  in  the  property  of  the  thea- 
tre, though  it  was  looked  on  to  have  been 
worth  lOOOI.  per  annum.  As  an  actor,  he  had 
great  merit ;  and  his  cotemporary,  Cibber,  in 
forms  us,  that  he  was  the  most  original,  and  the 
strictest  observer  of  nature,  of  any  actor  of  his 
time.  He  died  in  172L  In  his  political  princi- 
ples, he  was,  in  the  words  of  Sir  Richard  Steele, 
a  "  whig  up  to  the  head  aud  ears ;"  and  so  strict- 
ly was  hs  attached  to  the  interests  of  the  house 
of  Hanover,  that  he  never  let  slip  any  occasion 
that  presented  itself  of  demonstrating  his  senti- 
ments in  that  respect.  One  instance,  among 
others.  Is  well  known  ;  which  is,  that  the  year 
after  George  I.  came  to  the  throne,  this  perform- 
er gave  a  waterman's  coat  and  a  silver  badge 
to  be  rowed  for  by  s;x  watermen,  on  the  first 
day  of  August,  being  the  anniversary  of  that 
king's  accession  to  the  throne;  and,  at  his  death, 
bequeathed  a  certain  sum  of  money,  the  interest 
of  which  was  to  be  appropriated  annually,  for 
ever,  to  the  purchase  of  a  like  coat  and  badge, 
to  be  rowed  for  in  honour  of  the  day ;  which 
159 


DO 


DO 


ceremony  is  every  year  [jerformed  on  the  1st  of 
August,  Ibe  claimants  setting  out,  at  a  signal 
given,  at  that  time  of  the  tide  when  the  current 
is  strongest  against  them,  and  rowing  from  the 
Old  Swan,  near  London  bridge,  to  the  White 
Swan,  at  Chelsea.  As  a  writer,  Doggct  left  bt- 
liind  him  only  one  comedy,  which  has  not  been 
performed  in  its  original  stale  for  many  years, 
entitled  "The  Country  Wake,  Ifi'.IO,"  4to.  It 
has  been  altered,  however,  into  a  ballad-farce, 
which  occasionally  makes  its  appearance  under 
the  title  of  "  Flora,  or  Hob  in  the  Well." 

D01S^^I^^  Lewis,  a  Jesuit,  who  wrote  ele- 
gant Latin  verses  on  the  subject  of  sculpture 
and  engraving,  died  in  IT.'jS. 

DOLx\BELLA,  P.  Cornelius,  son-in-law  of 
Cicero,  a  friend  of  Caesar,  and  governor  of  Sy- 
ria, put  an  end  to  his  life  at  27  years  of  age. 

DOLBL\,  John,  a  man  of  education,  major 
in  the  king's  service,  during  the  civil  wars,  and 
afterwards  dean  of  Westminster,  and  bishbp 
of  Rochester  ;  he  died  in  1668. 

DOLCE,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Venice,  a  poet, 
translator  of  some  of  the  ancient  authors,  and 
author  of  several  learned  works,  died  in  1508. 

DOLCE,  Carlo,  a  painter,  of  Florence.  His 
St.  John,  painted  when  he  was  only  11  years 
old,  is  much  admired  ;  he  died  in  1686. 

DOLET,  Stephen,  a  learned  Frenclirnan,  a 
painter  and  bookseller,  at  Lyons,  was  burnt  for 
atheism,  in  1.546. 

DOLLOXD,  John,  a  very  eminent  optician,  i 
and  the  inventor  of  the  achromatic  telescope, 
was  born  in  Spital-fieliis,  June  10,  1706,  died 
Nov.  30, 1761.  He  was  reading  a  new  publica- 
tion of  M.  Clairaut,  on  the  Theory  of  the  Moon, 
and  on  which  he  had  been  long  intently  engaged 
when  he  was  seized  with  apoplexy,  and  died 
in  a  few  hours  after.  Th«  business  and  the 
abihties  of  the  father  were  inherited  by  his  two 
sons,  Peter  and  John. 

DOLLOND,  Peter,  son  of  the  optician,  known 
as  the  author  of  papers  communicated  to  the 
royal  society,  on  his  improvement  of  the  tele- 
scope, on  his  alterations  of  Hadley's  quadrant, 
&c.,  died  in  WiO,  aged  90. 

DOLOMIEU,  Deodat,  an  eminent  French 
naturalist,  who  visited  all  the  volcanic  regions 
of  Italy,  and  was  afterwards  sent,  among  other 
men  of  science,  to  collect  and  describe  the  anti- 
quities and  natural  curiosities  of  Egypt.  Re- 
turning from  that  country,  he  was  driven  into 
Naples,  and  there  committed  to  a  close  and 
loathsome  confinement ;  but,  after  suffering  a 
long  captivity,  he  was  liberatod  by  the  humane 
interposition  of  the  celebrated  Sir  Joseph 
Banks.  He  had  scarcely  reposed  after  his  fa- 
tigues, when  he  wont  to  visit  Mont  Simplon, 
whence  he  returned  rich  in  mineralogical  act^ui- 
sitions  ;  when  a  diseasi,  which  commenced  in 
his  imprisonment,  terminated  his  career,  De- 
cember, 1801. 

DOMAT,  John,  a  celebrated  French  lawyer, 
born  at  Clermont,  in  Auvergne,  in  1025,  died  at 
Paris,  in  1696.  The  confusion  which  he  had 
observed  in  the  laws,  put  him  upon  forming  a 
design  of  reducing  them  to  their  natural  order, 
which  he  completed,  and  published  in  four  vols. 
4to,  under  the  title  of  "  The  Civil  Laws  m  their 
Natural  Order,  1689."  It  has  been  usual  to  re- 
cammend  this  work  to  young  lawyer.?  and  di 
vines,  who  would  apply  themselves  to  the  study 
of  morality  and  the  civil  law. 

DOME.NiCHINO,  an  Italian  painter,  on  sacred 
subjects  and  landscapes,  bom  at  Bologna,  15S1. 
He  always  applied  himself  to  his  work  with 
160 


much  study  and  thouglitfuiness,nnd  never  ofTef- 
ed  to  touch  his  pencil  till  he  louiid  akind  of  en- 
thusiasm or  inspiration  upon  him.  His  excel- 
lence lav  principally  in  the  correctness  of  hi« 
style,  aiid  in  expressing  the  pa.ssions  and  affec- 
tions of  the  mind.  He  died  in  1641,  not  without 
the  suspicion  of  being  poisoned. 

DO.MINIC,  de  Guzman,  a  Spaniard,  founder 
of  the  order  of  the  Predicants,  born  in  Arragon, 
in  1170,  died  at  Bologna,  in  Italy,  in  1221,  and 
was  afterwards  made  a  saint  for  the  prodigioiM 
services  lie  had  done  the  church. 

DOMINICHINI,  Lodovico,  a  native  of  Pla- 
centia,  famous  for  his  voluminous  translations 
from  ancient  authors,  died  in  1574. 

DOMINIS,  Mark  Antony  de,  archbishop  of 
Spolato,  in  Dahnatia,  in  the  16th  century.  He 
wrote  against  the  j>apal  power;  turned  protes- 
tant ;  then  again  turned  catholic ;  he  was  sus- 
pected, seized,  and  imprisoned.  After  his  death 
his  body  was  dug  up  and  burned  as  a  heretic  in 
1645. 

DOMITIAN,  Titus  Flavins,  a  Roman  empe- 
ror, at  first  mild,  but  afterwards  licentious  and 
cruel,  was  assassinated  in  96. 

DOMITIANUS,  Domitius,  general  and  dio- 
clesian,  was  proclaimed  emperor  of  Egypt,  in 
'iSS  ;  he  died  bv  violence. 

DONALDSON,  John,  an  eminent  artist  of 
Edinburgh,  distinguished  as  a  miniature  portrait 
painter,  and  an  exact  imitator  with  his  pen  of 
the  old  engravers;  also  a  poet  and  achymist; 
he  died  in  1801. 

DONATO,  Bernardino,  Greek  professor  at 
Padua,  author  of  a  Latin  dialogue,  on  the  differ 
ence  between  Aristotle's  and  Plato's  philosophy , 
he  died  in  1550. 

DONATO,  an  arcliitect  and  sculptor,  of  Flor- 
ence, of  great  eminence,  died  in  14iJ6. 

DONATO,  Jerom,  a  Venetian  nobleman, 
eminent  for  his  learning,  his  military  services, 
and  particularly  for  his  negotiations,  dkd  in 
1511.  .      ^  „. 

DONATO,  Alexander,  a  jesuit  of  Sienna, 
who  wrote  a  valuable  description  of  Rome ;  he 
died  in  1640. 

DONATO,  Marcellus,  an  Italian  count,  who 
wrote  a  learned  wijt k  on  the  Latin  writers  of 
Roman  history,  8vo.,  in  1607. 

DONATUS,  bishop  of  Carthage,  banished  in 
356. 

DONATUS,  yElius,  a  grammarian  of  the  4tli 
century,  preceptor  of  St.  Jerome,  and  author  of 
commentaries  on  Terence  and  Virgil. 

DONATUS,  a  bishop  of  a  religious  sect  in 
Africa,  who  began  to  be  known  about  the  year 
329,  and  greatly  confirnjed  his  faction  by  his 
character  and  wVilings.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
parts  and  learning ;  but  withal  so  prodigiously 
haughty,  that  he  treated  all  mankind  with  con- 
tempt. The  Donatists  affirmed  baptism  in  other 
churches  to  be  imll  and  of  no  cfiect ;  while  other 
churches  allowed  it  to  be  valid  in  theirs :  from 
which  tlicv  inferred,  that  it  was  the  safer  to 
join  that  community  where  baptism  was  ac- 
knowkdLred  by  both  parties  to  be  valid,  than 
that  where  if  was  allowed  to  be  so  only  by  one 
DONCKER,  Peter,  a  painter,  of  Goiida,  stu 
died  at  Rome,  and  died  1668. 

DONDUS,  or  DE  DOXDIS,  James,  a  physi 
cian,  of  Padua,  learned  also  in  roathcmatits  anit 
mechanics,  died  in  1350. 

DO.%  LAU,  Hugh,  professor  of  law  at  Bourpe* 
and  Orleans.  He  wrote  commentaries  on  civil 
law,  5  vols.  foUo,  and  other  work!^,  and  died  ir> 
1591.    ■ 


DO 

D0N6AN,  Thomas,  earl  of  Liiiierick,  a  judi- 
cious and  popular  governor  of  Nt'W-Yoik,  re- 
signed the  office  in  1089,  and  returned  to  Eng- 
land, in  consequence  of  bis  sovereign's  displea- 
sure. 

DONI,  Anthony  Francis,  a  Florentine  priest, 
who  possessed  great  satirical  powers,  and  wrote 
many  books  ;  he  died  in  15T4. 

DONI  D'ATTICHl,  Lewis,  a  Florentine  no- 
Ueman,  whose  raodesty  and  learning  rccoin- 
mendedhim  to  Richelieu,  who  made  him  bislio|) 
of  Autun.  He  wrote  many  volumes,  and  died 
iu  16&1. 

DONI,  John  Baptiste,  professor  of  eloquence 
at  Florence.  His  treause  on  music  is  well 
known  ;  he  died  in  1647. 

DONNE,  John,  an  English  poet  and  divine, 
born  at  London,  1573,  and  descended,  by  his  luo- 
Iher,  from  tiie  family  of  sir  Thomas  Mure.  Soon 
after  his  taking  orders  (which  he  did  at  the  spc 
cial  request  of  king  James)  he  was  chosen 
preacher  of  Lincoln's-Inn ;  in  1021,  he  was 
made  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  and  there  was  some 
thing  singular  in  the  ciscumsiances  attendinu'it. 
The  deanery  becoming  vacant,  the  king  dent  for 
Dr.  Donne,  and  ordered  liinj  to  attend  him  the 
next  day  at  diimer.  When  his  majesty  was 
down,  before  he  had  eaten  any  meat,  he  .said, 
"  Dr.  Donne,  I  have  invited  yoii  to  dinner ;  and 
though  you  sit  not  down  with  me,  yet  I  will  carve 
10  you  of  a  dish  that  I  know  you  love  well ;  for 
knowing  you  love  London,  I  do  therefore  make 
you  dean  of  St.  Paul's  ;  and  when  I  have  dined, 
then  do  you  take  your  beloved  dish  home  to 
your  study;  say  grace  tliere  to  yourself,  and 
much  good  may  it  do  you  I"  He  died  1631,  and 
was  buried  in  the  cathedral  church  of  St.  Paul, 
where  a  monument  was  erected  over  him.  Ills 
poems  consist  of  songs  and  sonnets,  epigrams, 
«pithalamiums,  satires,  letters,  funeral  elegies, 
holy  sonnets,  &c.  published  at  different  times. 
Dryden  has  justly  given  Donne  the  character  of 
"  the  greatest  wit,  though  not  the  greatest  poet, 
of  our  nation  ;"  and  lord  Falkland  styles  Donne 
"  one  of  the  most  witty  and  most  eloquent  of 
modern  divines." 

DONNE,  Benjamin,  a  mathematician,  made 
master  of  mechanics  to  the  king  in  179ii.  He 
was  a  native  of  Devonshire,  and  wrote  several 
tfeatises  much  esteemed. 

DOOLITTLE,  Thomas,  a  non  conformist, 
Biany  years  minister  of  St.  Alpage,  London. 
He  wrote  several  books  on  practical  divinity, 
and  died  in  1707.  ""         •       ■ 

DOPPLE-MAIER,  John  Gabriel,  profe.=sor  of 
mathematics  at  Nurembnrg.  He  was  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  London,  &c. 

DORBAY,  Francis,  a  French  architect,  who 
furnished  designs  of  several  beautiful  works  al 
tJie  Louvre,  the  Thuilleries,  &e.,  died  in  1697. 

DORFLING,  a  Prussian,  who  from  a  tailor, 
became  a  soldier,  and  finally  a  field  marshal 
under  the  elector  of  BraiMlenburg. 

DORIA,  Andrew,  a  Genoese  admiral,  the  re- 
storer of  the  Independency  of  Genoa  when  un- 
der the  French  yoke,  born  1468.  died  1560. 

DORIGiVY,  Michael,  a  painior  and  ensrraver, 
professor  in  the  academy  of  painting  of  Paris. 
His  works  are  to  be  seen  in  the  castle  of  Vin- 
cennes  ;  he  died  in  1665. 

DORIGNY,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  French  en 
graver,  who  was  knighted  by  George  I.;  he  died 
at  Paris,  in  1746.  His  brother  Lewis,  also  an 
engraver,  died  at  Verona,  in  1742. 

DORING,  or  DORINK,  Ma'thias,  a  German 
Franciscan,  who  in  his  writing9,inveigh8a{;ainst 

X 


DO 

the  vices  ol  the  popes  and  cardinals.     He  was 
the  forerunniK-r  of  Luther,  and  dud  in  149-1. 

nOKISL.'VUS,  Isaac,  a  Dutchman,  wlio  went 
from  Leydeii  to  England,  and  read  lectures  on 
history  at  Cambridge.  He  was  all'irnatcly  a 
republican  and  royalist,  during  iho  civil  wars, 
and  turned  out  a  prolligate  and  guilty  man  ;  he 
died  in  1049. 

DOR.MANS,  John  de,  cardinal  and  chancel- 
lor of  France  under  Charles  V.  He  founded  a 
college  in  Paris,  and  died  in  1373. 

DORNAVllIS,  Gaspar,  a  physician,  born  in 
Voightland,  and  an  author  of  some  humorous 
and  whimsical  pieces,  died  in  1631. 

DORSCH,  Evcrard,  a  Dutch  engi-aver  of  ge- 
nius, of  superior  abilities,  died  in  1712.  His  son 
Christopher  was  equally  famous  in  the  same 
art,  and  died  in  l'i32. 

DORSEY,  John  Syng,  M.  D.,  professor  of  ma- 
teria niedica  in  the  university  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  afterwards  of  anatomy,  as  successor  to  Dr. 
VVisiar ;  he  died  suddenly  at  Philadelphia,  in 
1818. 

DOSITHyEUS,the  first  here3iarch,a  magician 
of  Samaria,  whose  followers  remained  24  hours 
in  the  sam.;  posture  in  wiiicli  they  were,  when 
he  Sabbath  commenced.  He  starved  himself  to 
dea'u. 

DOUBLET,  N.  an  eminent  French  surgeon, 
who  left  some  vali.able  professional  writings  : 
he  died  in  1795. 

DOUCLN,  Lewis,  a  French  Jesuit,  who  wrote 
a  history  of  the  Nesloriaus,  and  other  works ; 
he  died  1726. 

DOUFFET,  Gerard,  a  painter,  of  Liege,  and 
a  pupil  of  Rubens,  famed  for  tlie  variety  and 
acciirary  of  his  pictures,  died  in  1660. 

DOUGADOS,  Venance,  a  capuchin,  bom 
near  Carcassonne.  The  French  revolution  was 
a  field  fit  to  display  his  ambition  and  intrigue: 
he  was  dragged  to  the  scaffold  for  his  political 
opinions  in  1794. 

DOUGHERTY,  Michael,  one  of  the  first  set- 
tlers ot  Georgia  ;  died  in  1803.  aged  135. 

DOUGLAS,  Gawin,  bishop  of  Dunkeld,  and 
eminent  for  his  poetical  talents,  was  born  at 
Aunandale,  in  Scotland,  in  1471,  and  diwiof  the 
plague  in  London,  in  1522  Mr.  Warton  styles 
him  ''one of  tne  distinguished  luminaries  that 
marked  the  restoration  of  letters  in  Scotland,  at 
the  corameucement  of  the  10th  century."  He 
translated  the  "  .-Rneid"  of  Virgil  into  Scottiali 
heroics,  with  the  additional  (13th)  book  of  Ma- 
plieus  Vsgius,  4to,  1553.  He  also  wrote  an  ori- 
ginal piece  called  "The  Palace  of  Honour,"  and 
other  poems.  He  was  likewise  a  promoter  of 
public  spirited  works,  and  finished  the  stone 
bridge  over  the  river  "Tay,  begun  by  his  prede- 
cessor. 

DOUGLAS,  William,  a  Scotch  nobleman, 
commissioned  by  Robert  Bruce.  He  had  mads 
a  vow  to  go  on  a  crusade,  but  he  perished  on  the 
way,  in  1327 

DOUGL.\S,  James,  an  English  anatomist,and 
distinguished  practitioner  in  olwtetrica.  He  was 
also  an  eminent  author,  and  died  in  1742. 

DOUGLAS,  admiral  Sir  Charles,  a  native  of 
Scotland,  was  originally  in  the  Dutcli  service; 
and  it  was  not  without  some  dilTiculty  that  he 
was  enabled  to  obtain  rank  in  the  English  navy. 
He  was  so  excellent  a  linguist,  that  he  spoke  six 
European  languages  correctly.  On  the  war  with 
America  breaking  out,  he  had  a  broad  pendant 
given  him,  and  commanded  the  squadron  em- 
ployed in  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  His  servi- 
ces there  ©btained  bjin  very  flattering  honoar« 


DO 

on  his  return  to  England  ;  and  after  Brereton 
was  dismissed,  for  misconduct,  frmu  tlie  Duke, 
»f  98  guns,  Sir  Cliarles  was  aiipoiiitcd  to  com- 
mand her.  In  this  ship,  lie  cultivated  his  me- 
chanical propensity  so  much  to  the  improvement 
oi'  the  guns,  and  the  use  of  locks  instead  of 
matches,that  the  practice  was  universally  adopt- 
ed throughout  the  navy.  During  the  prepara- 
tions for  wat;,  in  the  yi'ar  1787,  he  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  rear  admiral,  and  died  in  January, 
1789. 

DOUGLAS,  Dr.  John,  bishop  of  Salisburj-, 
a  learned  divine,  born  at  Pittenwepm,  in  Fife- 
shire,  in  1721,  and  educated  chiefly  at  Baliol 
College  Oxtord.  This  venerable  prelate  was 
one  of  the  first  literary  characters  of  the  age, 
and  the  lasi  surviving  member  (the  bishop  of 
Dromore  excepted)  of  tlie  Beef  Steak  Club,  ce- 
lebrated by  Dr  Goldsmith,  in  his  poem  of  "  Re- 
taliation.'"  The  literary  talents  of  bishop  Doug- 
las were  first  evinced,  in  detecting  the  attehipt 
of  Lauder  to  depreciate  the  merits  of  Milton. 
He  vindicated  the  originality  of  that  illustrious 
bard,  and  covered  his  opponent  withcotifusion. 
His  next  performance  possessed  such  merit,  as 
highly  to  recommend  his  character,  bdth  as  a 
literary  man,  and  an  advocate  for  revealed  re- 
ligion. It  was  entitled  the  "  Criterion,"  in  an- 
swer to  Mr.  Hume's  Essay  on  Miracles.  He  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Law  in  the  bishopric  of  Carlisle,  in 
1783;  and  upon  the  translation  of  Dr.  Barring- 
ton  to  the  see  of  Durham,  was  appointed  his 
successor.    His  lordship  died  May  18,  IHf)'. 

DOUGLAS,  James,  earl  of  Morton  and  Aber- 
deen, a  man  of  great  learning  and  many  virtues. 
He  was  president  of  the  London  Roval  Society, 
in  173.3. 

DOUGLAS,  William,  M.  D.,  a  native  of 
Scotland,  afterwards  a  physician  in  Boston,  who 
first  made  known  at  Constantinople,  the  practice 


of  rnnoculating  for  the  small  pox,  but  wasojipojj  fiivided  the  booty  he  took,  in  just  proportional 


sed  to  its  introduction  into  America  ;  he  pub- 
lished several  works  on  small  pox,  &c.,  and  died 
in  1752. 

DOUSA,  James,  a  very  learned  man,  bom  at 
Northwick,  in  Holland,  1545,  died  in  1604.  He 
was  a  great  scholar,  statesman,  and  soldier. 
His  learning  was  indeed  prodigious ;  and  he  had 
stich  a  memory,  that  he  could  at  once  give  an 
answer  to  any  thing  that  was  asked  him  rela- 
ting to  ancient  or  modern  history,  or,  in  short, 
to  any  branch  of  literature.  He  was  (say  Mel- 
chior,  Adam,  and  Thuanus,)  a  kind  of  living 
library,  the  Varro  of  Holland,  and  the  oracle 
of  the  university  of  Leyden. 

DOUVRE,  Thomas  de,  was  raised  by  Wil- 
liam the  Conqueror  to  the  see  of  York,  where 
he  rebuilt  the  cathedral ;  he  died  in  1100. 

DOUVRE,  Thoma.'!  de,  nephew  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  also  archbishop  of  York,  in  1108. 

DOUVRE,  Isabella  de,  of  the  same  family, 
was  mistress  to  Robert,  the  natural  sonof  Hen- 
r>"  I. ;  she  died  in  1166. 

DOVE,  Nathaniel,  an  ingenious  penman,  au- 
thor of  "  The  Progre.ss  of  Time."  He  kept  an 
academy  at  Ho.xton,  and  died  in  1754. 

DOW,  Gerard,  a  celebrated  Dutch  painter, 
the  pupil  of  Rembrandt,  born  at  Le^'den,  1613, 
died  in  1680. 

DOWAL,  William  Mac,  a  learned  Scotch- 
mati,  born  in  1590.  He  held  several  important 
offices  under  Charles  I.  and  II. 

DOWNHAM,  John,  an  English  divine,  au- 
thor of  a  well-known  pious  work,  called  "  The 
Christian  Warfare,"  died  In  1644. 

DOWNI.NG,  Calibut,  LL.  D..  an  English  di- 
162 


DO " 

vine,  &.C.  H»-  tnntfid  republican,  and  stirred  up 
his  people  to.  nn  up  arms  against  their  king; 
he  died  in  1643. 

DOWNMAN,  Hugh,  a  physician  and  poet, 
iborn  at  Newton  St.  Cyres,  Devonshire,  in  1740, 
died  at  Exeter,  in  1801) ;  having  publitthed  seve- 
ral tragedies  and  poems,  on  various  subjects; 
of  the  latter,  the  principal  one  is  eiiiitled  "  In 
fanry." 

DRABICIUS,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated  enthusi- 
ast, born  about  1587,  in  Moravia,  where  his  fa- 
ther was  burgomaster.  When  he  was  upwards 
of  50  years  of  age  he  commenced  prophet,  and 
published  gome  extraordinary  political  chime- 
ras, which  he  called  "  Visions." 

DR.\CO,  a  celebrated  legislator  of  Athens, 
whose  laws  were  so  severe,  that  thev  were  said 
to  be  written  in  blood.  He  flourished  about600 
years  B.  C. 

DRACONITES,  John,  a  Lutheran  divine,  a 
bishop  in  Prussia,  and  the  leanied  author  of 
some  commentaries  on  the  Scriptures.  He  be- 
gan a  polyglott  Bible,  but  died  before  its  com- 
pletion, ill  1566. 

DRAGUT,  Rais,  or  captain  RAGLT,  the  fa- 
vourite and  successor  of  Barbarossa,  a  famous 
pirate,  m  1566. 

DR.'\KE,  Sir  Francis,  a  distinguished  naval 
'hero,  who  flourished  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth, 
Iwas  born  near  Ta^  istuck,  in  Devonshire,  1545. 
iHe  made  his  name  immortal  by  a  voyage  int« 
the  South  Seas,  through  the  strait  of  Magellan, 
Kvhich  was  what,  at  that  timr,  no  Englishman 
had  ever  attempted.  He  sailed  from  England, 
Dec.  13,  1577,  and  entered  the  harbour  of  Ply- 
mouth on  his  return,  Nov.  3,  ISl^O;  performing 
thus  a  voyage  round  the  glotie  in  two  years  an4 
about  ten  months.  His  expeditions  and  victo- 
ries over  the  Spaniards,  have  been  equalled  by 
modern  admirals,  but  not  his  generosity  ;  for  he 


hares  with  the  common  sailors,  even  to  wedge* 
of  gold  given  him  in  retmn  for  his  presents  t» 
Indian  chiet^^/^  He  died,  after  having  rendered 
the  most  eminent  services  to  his  country  by  his 
bravery  and  skill,  1595-6,  on  board  his  own  ship, 
in  the"  West  Indie.")  The  town  of  Plymouth 
had  very  particular  obligations  to  Drake  ;  for, 
in  1587,  he  utiderinok  to  bring  water  into  it ; 
through  the  want  of  which,  till  llien,  it  had  been 
grievously  distressed  ;  and  he  performed  it  by 
conducting  thither  a  stream  from  springs  at  eight 
miles'  distance,  that  is  to  say,  in  a  straight  line  : 
for,  in  the  manner  he  brought  it,  the  course  of 
it  runs  upwards  of  20  milts, 

DR.\KE,  Samuel,  published,  in  1729,  in  folio, 
a  splciuiid  edition  of  archbi.'hop  Parker's  "  De 
Aniiquitate  Britannica^  ecclesia-,'"  &c. 

DRAKE,  James,  a  celebrated  political  writer 
and  physician,  bom  at  Cambridge,  in  1567,  died 
1706-7.  He  is  chiefly  known  now  by  his  medi- 
cal works,  by  a  "  System  of  Anatomy,"  parti 
larly,  which  "was  finished  a  little  before  his  de- 
cease, and  published  in  1707. 

DR.AKE,  Francis,  a  surgeon,  at  York,  and  an 
eniinent  aiiiiqiiar\',  published,  in  1736,  "  Ebor«- 
cuin  ,  or.  The  History  and  Antiquities  of  th« 
Citv  of  York,  from  its  Original  to  the  present 
Time,"  fcc. 

DRAKE,  William,  a  physician,  horn  ai York, 
where  he  settled.  In  his  old  ag^e  collected 
arioiis  records,  and  published  a  vakuable  histo- 
ry of  his  native  town,  in  folio ,  he  died  in  1760. 
"DRAKE.  Rodcer,  D.  D,,  a  physician,  who 
becnmu  a  popularpreachcr  in  Lon  on.  He  was 
learned  and  oious,  and  died  after  the  restoration. 


m. 

UKAKEiNBEKU,  UliiisUaii  Jacob,  was  boni 
•n  Nui  way,  and  alterliviiiij  in  celibacy  U'J  years, 
manicd  a  widow  aged  00. 

URAKKNBOltOH,  Arnoldua,  a  professor  of 
history  and  eloquence  at  Utreclu,  died  in  1748. 
He  is  iiicurorablc  for  iiaving  given  tine  editions 
in  4to  of  two  ancient  autliors,  "Titus  Livius," 
7  vols. ;  and  "  tSilius  Italicus,"  witii  veiy  learned 
notes.  He  ia  also  the  autlior  of  some  small 
works. 

DRAN,  Henry  Francis  le,  a  famous  surgeon, 
and  lilliotoniist,  autlior  of  Surgery,  ii  vols.,  and 
other  surgical  works,  died  at  Pans,  in  1770. 

DRAPKR,  Sir  William,  an  EnglLsli  general, 
born  at  Bristol,  was  educated  at  Ktoii,  and  ui 
King's  College,  Cambridge ;  but  prelerring  a 
military  life,  lie  went  to  the  East  Indies,  where 
he  attained  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  in  i7(i:i,  in 
co-operation  with  admiral  Cornish,  reduced 
Manilla,  where  they  consented  to  accept  a 
ransom  for  the  fort  of  4,000,000  dollars,  which 
the  Spanish  government  never  paid.  In  176;t, 
being  tl;en  a  knight  of  the  Bath,  the  colonel 
appiiared  in  print,  as  the  antagonist  of  Junius, 
in  defence  of  the  marquis  of  Granby.  Sir 
William  died  at  Bath,  in  1787. 

DEAYTON,  Michael,  an  English  poet,  born 
in  Warwickshire,  15tJ3.  Wivenbut  10  years  of 
age  he  appears  to  have  been  page  w  some 
person  of  honour,  as  we  collect  from  his  own 
words.  It  appears  too,  that  he  was  then  anxi- 
ous to  know  "  what  kind  of  strange  creatures 
poe:s  were  1"  and  desired  his  tutor,  of  all  things, 
th.at,  if  possible,  "he  would  make  him  a  poet." 
He  took  delight,  and  was  eminent  for  his  talent 
in  this  way,  nine  or  ten  years  before  the  death 
ef  queen  Elizabeth,  if  not  something  sooner. 
Drayton  died  in  lt>31,  and  was  buried  in  West- 
minster abbey,  among  the  poets.  Ilis  works, 
which  are  numerous,  and  of  great  merit,  were 
collected  and  printed,  in  1748,  in  one  volume 
folio. 

DRAYTON,  William,  a  political  writer  of 
considerable  eminence,  in  South  Carolina,  ac- 
tive in  forwarding  the  American  revolution  ■ 
he  published  a  history  of  the  war,  and  died 
in  1779. 

DRAYTON,  William,  I,L.  D.,  a  judge  of  the 
cderal  cou't  for  the  district  of  Soutli  Carolina ; 
died  in  1790. 

DRKBEL,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  philosopher 
and  alchymist,  of  whom  some  curious  narlicu- 
lars  are  related,  with  respect  to  his  power,  to 
cause  rain,  cold,  &c.,  by  the  operations  of  his 
machines  ;  he  died  in  157iJ. 

DRELINCOURT,  Charles,  minister  of  the 
church  of  Paris,  born  at  Sedan,  1595,  and  died 
1669.  His  "  Consolations  against  the  Feiirs  of 
Death"  have,  of  all  his  works,  been  the  most 
frequently  reprinted ;  having  passed  through 
above  40  editions,  and  been  translated  into 
several  languages.  His  "Charitable  Visits," 
in  5  vols.,  have  served  for  continual  consolation 
to  private  persons,  and  for  a  source  of  materials 
and  models  to  ministers.  He  pulilished  three 
Tolumes  of  Sermons;"  in  which,  as  in  all  the 
forementioned  pieces,  there  is  a  wonderful  vein 
of  piety,  which  is  very  affecting  to  religious 
minds. 

DRESSERUS,  Matthew,  a  German,  who 
oecaine  professor  of  rhetoric  and  history  at 
Jena,  and,  in  l.'jSl,  accepted  the  chair  of  polite 
learning  at  I^eipsic.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
learning,  and  died  in  1607. 

DREUX  DU  RADIER,  John  Francis,  a 
French  advocate,  who  abandoned  th«  bar  for 


DR 

the  pursuits  of  literature,  and  became  the  author 
of  various  works  ;  he  died  in  1780. 
DREVET,  Peter,  an  eminentengraver  at  Paris ; 
his  son,  also  named  Peter,  was  equally  tininent 
in  the  same  profession.  They  Iwih  died  in 
1739,  the  father  aged  75  ;  the  son  4i. 

UREXELIUS,  Jeremiah,  a  Jesuit,  of  Augs- 
buri'h,  author  of  a  curious  poem  on  hell  tor- 
ments, ill  which  he  calculates  how  many  souls 
can  be  contained  in  a  given  space ;  he  died  in 
1638. 

DRIEDO,  John,  a  learned  divinity  professor, 
of  Louvaiii,  whose  abilities  were  employed 
iigainst  the  Lutheran  Calvinists.  He  publisned 
I  vols,  folio,  on  theological  subjects,  and  died  in 
1.535. 

DRINKER,  Edward,  a  native  of  Philadelphia 
(lied  in  178-2,  aged  103.  He  lived  to  see  the 
dth  generation,  and  having  survived  the  reigns 
of  seven  sovereigns,  he  at  length  saw  the  day 
that  made  America,  a  free  and  independent 
nation. 

UROLINGER,  Charles  Frederick,  privy  coun- 
sellor to  the  margrave  of  Baden  Duilach,  was 
admired  as  a  poet,  and  scholar ;  he  *aed  in  1742. 

DROU,  N.,  a  French  advocate,  distinguished 
for  his  eloquence,  and  for  his  defence  of  the 
poor  as  well  as  the  rich  ;  he  died  in  1783. 

DROUAIS,  Hubert,  a  painter,  of  Normandy 
who,  by  his  pencil,  raised  himself  to  fame  and 
opulence;  died  in  1767. 

DROUET,  Stephen  Francis,  a  laborious 
French  writer,  who  died  in  1779. 

DRUMMOND,  WiUiam,  of  Hawthornden,  a 
Scottish  poet  and  historian,  born  1585,  died 
Dec.  4,  1649.  He  preceded  Waller  in  polishing 
English  versification.  His  poems  have  a  harmo- 
ny and  sweetness  in  them,  unequalled  by  any 
of  his  time ;  and  in  his  "  History  of  the  Five 
Jameses"  his  manner  of  telling  a  atory,  and 
interesting  the  reader  in  what  he  relates,  has 
been  highly  commended.  Ben  Jonson  so  much 
admired  our  author,  that  he  undertook  a  journey 
on  foot  into  Scotlantl  on  purpose  to  visit  him, 
and  esteemed  some  months  that  he  spent  in  his 
society  the  happiest  of  his  life.  Some  of  the 
conversation  at  this  meeting  has  been  preserved. 
Drummond's  poems  were  first  printed  at  Edin  ■ 
burgh,  in  4to.,  1616;  afterwards  in  Svo.,  1656. 
and  a  complete  collection  of  his  works  in  tblio, 
1711.  The  poems  were  reprinted  in  1791.  His 
general  merits  have  been  ingeniously  appre- 
ciated by  Mr.  Neve,  Mr.  Headley,  Mr.  Pinkerton, 
and  Dr.  Anderson,  in  their  several  biographical 
sketches  of  our  earlier  British  poets. 

DRUMMOND,  Robert  Hay,  successively  bi- 
shop of  St.  Asaph,  of  Salisbury,  and  of  York. 
He  published  six  occasional  sermons,  and  died 
in  1773. 

DR.URY,  Robert,  was  shipwrecked  in  1762. 
nn  the  island  of  Madagascar,  where  he  reniainca 
15  years.  After  his  escape,  he  published  aa 
account  of  the  natives,  &c. 

DRUKY,  Dru,  a  jeweller,  of  London,  who 
wrote  3  vols,  on  insects,  and  collected  a  vast 
number  of  curiosities ;  he  died  in  1804. 

DRUSILLA,  Livia,  disgraced  herself  by  an 
incestuous  commerce  with  her  brother  Caligula  ;^ 
she  died,  A.  D.  38. 

DRUSIUS,  John,  a  most  learned  man  among 
the  Protestants,  was  born  at  Oudenard,  in  Flah- 
ders,  in  155.5,  and  was  author  of  several  works 
which  show  him  to  have  been  well  skilled  in 
Hebrew,  and  to  have  gained  a  conaiderable 
knowledge  in  the  Jewish  antiauities.  He  died 
in  1616. 

163 


nu 


DKUSU3,  sou  of  Ciuiiiiaaicus,  was  put  to 
dealli  by  Tiberius,  A.  D.  UU 

DRUtUB,  M.  liivius,  an  ambitious  Roman, 
murdered  for  liis  attempts  to  eiiloice  the  agra- 
rian law,  190  B.  C. 

DRUSUS,  Nero  Claudius,  brother  of  the  em- 
peror Tiborius,  was  iioiioured  wilh  a  triumph 
for  hia  victories  in  Germany ;  lie  died  91  h.  L'. 

DKUSUS,  son  of  T-berius  and  Vispama,  was 
banished,  A.  D.  23. 

DRYANDER,  Jolin,  a  Hessian  medical  and 
inathen)atic:U  writer,  died  15<i0. 

DRYDEN,  Jolm,  an  illustrious  Englidi  poet, 
was  son  of  Erasmus  Dryden,  of  Tichinersh,in 
Northamptonshire,  and  born  at  Aldwincle,  near 
Oundle,  in  that  county,  Aug.  9,  16.11.  He  was 
educated  in  grammar  learning  at  Westminster 
school,  being  king's  scholar  tJieie  under  the  fa 


iru 

DUAUEN,  Francis,  a  French  civilian,  who 
taught  civil  law  at  Bourges.  lie  published  some 
works,  chiefly  on  law,  and  died  in  1559. 

ULliOCAUK,  Mary  Anne  le  Page,  a  French 
lady,  who  translated  into  her  own  language, 
Pope's  Tcmiile  of  Fame,  and  Milton's  Paradise 
lost,  yhe  was  a  niember  of  many  learned  so- 
cieties, and  famous  for  her  poetry  and  compo- 
Isition.  She  died  in  18(W. 
j  DUBOIS,  William  du,  a  French  prelate,  wbe 
supported  the  duke  of  Orleans  in  all  bis  licen- 
tiousness, and  schemes  of  ambition.  He  was 
made  a  cardinal,  and  afterwards  prime  minis- 
ter. He  was  a  hypocrite  and  an  intriguer,  and 
died  in  1723. 

DUBOIS,  Dorothea,  daughter  of  the  carl  of 
Anglesea,  who  married  a  musician,  and  was 
disowned  by  her  father.    She  wrote  Theodora, 


mous  Or   Busby,  and  was  from  thence  elected,  |la  novel,  and  died  in  1774. 

in  ItioO,  a  scholar  in  Trinity  CoUeae,  Cambridge,  jl    DUBOIS,  Simon,  a  painter,  of  Antwerp,  who 

liis  reputation  as  a  poet,  together  with  his-at-   went  to  England,  and  acquired  great  fame  by 


tachnient  to  the  court,  procured  him  the  place 
of  poet-lauteat  and  historiographer  to  Cliaries 
II.,  which  accordincly  he  took  possession  of, 
upon  the  death  of  sir  WiUiani  Davenant,  in 
1668.  In  16(39  Jiis  first  play,  a  comedy,  called 
"  The  Wild  Gailantii,"  was  acted  at  the  Thea- 
tre-royal, but  Willi  so  little  success,  that  if  the 
author  had  not  had  a  peculiarly  strong  inclina- 
tion to  dramatic  writing,  he  would  have  been 
sutiiciently  discouraged  from  any  larther  at- 
tempts in  it.  He  went  on,  however,  and  in  the 
space  of  25  years  produced  27  plays,  besides  his 
other  numerous  poetical  writings.  He  died 
May  1,  1701.  As  to  Diyden's  character,  it  has 
been  treated  in  extremes,  some  setting  it  too 
high,  others  too  low  ;  for  he  was  too  deeply  en- 
gaged in  party  to  have  strict  justice  done  him 
either  way.  Congreve  represents  hiin,  in  re- 
gard to  his  moral  character,  in  every  respect  not 
only  blameless,  but  amiable :  and  "  as  to  his 
writings  (says  he)  no  man  hath  written,  in  our 
language,  so  much  and  so  various  matter,  and 
in  so  various  manners,  so  well.  Another  Ihing 
I  may  say  was  very  peculiar  to  him  ■.  which  is, 
that  his  parts  did  not  decline  wilh  his  years,  but 
that  he  was  an  improving  writer  to  the  last,j 
even  to  near  70  years  of  age  ;  improving  even 
in  fire  and  imagination  as  well  as  in  judgment ; 
witness  his  "Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day,"  ind 
his  "  Fables,"  his  latest  performances.  He  wasl 
equally  excellent  in  verse  and  in  prose.     His 


his  ail,  he  died  in  1708. 

DUBOS  Charles  Francis,  a  Frenchmah,  dean 
of  Lucon.  He  wrote  the  life  of  Barillon,  bisliop 
uf  Lucon,  and  died  in  1724. 

DUBOS,  John  Baptist,  a  French  abbot,  au- 
thor of  reflections  on  poetry  and  painting,  died 
in  1742. 

DUBOS,  Jerome,  a  Dutch  painter,  whose 
representation  of  hell,  struck  its  beholders  witk 
terror  and  astonishment,  he  died  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  16th  century. 

DUBOUCHER  Matthew,  a  native  of  Das, 
wlio  publislied  some  law  tracts,  a  poem  on 
friendship,  &c.  died  in  1801. 

DUBRAU,  or  DUBRAVIUS  9CALA,  John, 
bishop  of  Olmutz.  He  was  sent  ambassador  to 
Silcbia,  and  w  as  author  of  a  history  of  Bohe- 
mia in  33  books :  he  died  in  1553. 

DUG,  Fronton  du,  Fronto  Ducsus,  a  Jesuit, 
of  Bordeaux,  a  man  of  learning  and  devotion, 
editor  of  St.  Chrysostom's  works,  6  vols,  folio; 
he  died  in  1624. 

DUG,  John  le,  a  Dutch  painter  of  eminence, 
bom  in  1636. 

DUCAJiEIi  Dr.  Andrew  Coltee,  F.  R.  and 
A.  S.  born  at  Caen,  in  Normandy,  in  1713,  died 
in  1785.  He  was  one  of  the  superintendents  of 
the  Paper-office,  keeper  of  the  library  at  Lam- 
Iwth,  and  one  of  the  most  eminent  antiquarians 
of  his  time. 

DUChRT  Isaac,  a  skUful  painter_of  flowers 


prose  had  all  the  clearness  imaginable,  togetherl  or  satin  died  at  Amsterdam,  in  1697. 

with  ail  Ihe   nobleness  of  expression,  all  thell     DUCA3  Michael,  a  Greek  historian,  author 


graces  and  ornaments  proper  and  peculiar  to  it, 
without  deviating  into  the  language  or  diction  of  I 
poetry.  I  have  heard  him  frequently  own  with 
pleasure,  that  it  he  had  any  talent  for  English 
prose,  it  was  owing  to  his  having  often  read  the 
writings  of  the  great  archbishop  Tillolson.  His 
versification  and  his  numbers  he  could  learn  of 
nobody  ;  for  he  first  possessed  those  talents  in 
perfection  in  our  tongue.  In  his  poems,  his  dic- 
tion is,  wherever  his  subject  requires  it,  so  sub- 
limely and  so  tntly  poetical,  that  its  essence, 
like,  that  of  puro  gold,  cannot  be  destroyed. 
What  he  has  done  in  any  one  species  or  distinct 
kind  of  writing,  would  have  been  sufficient  to 
have  acquired  him  a  great  name.  If  he  had 
written  nothing  but  his  prefaces,  or  nothing  but 
his  songs  or  his  prologues,  each  of  them  would 
have  entitled  him  to  the  preference  and  distinc 
tion  of  excelling  in  his  kind." 

DUANE,  Jamos,  fijst  Mayor  of  New- York, 
after  its  recovery  from  the  British,  and  judge  of 
ihc  district  court  of  New- York '  he  died  in  1797. 
164 


a  history  of  Greece,  from  Andronici>s  to  the  fall 
oftheemp.re,  printed  at  Paris,  in  1649. 

BT'CHAL  James,  a  dissenting  minister,  of 
Dublin,  whose  sermons  were  published  in  3  vols 
8vo.  died  in  1761. 

DUCHANGE,  Gaspard,  a  French  engraver, 
whose  best  pieces  are  the  drivingout  of  tbemoney 
changers,  and  the  pharisee's  supper,  died  in  1757 

Dl^CH  AT,  Jacob  le,  a  Frenchman,  was  born 
at  Metz,  in  1658,  and  died,  in  1735.  He  was  re- 
garded as  a  very  learned  person,  yet  he  is  dis 
thiguished  as  an  editor  rather  than  an  author 
He  gave  new  editions  of  the  "  Menippean  Sa 
tires,"  of  the  Works  of  Rabelais,"  of  the  "Apol 
ogie  for  Herodotus,"  by  Henry  Stephens,  tc. 
all  accompanied  with  remarks  of  his  own. 

DUCHATEL  Gaspard,  a  deputy  in  the 
French  convention,  celebrated  for  his  manly  and 
able  defence  of  the  unfortunate  Lewis  XVI. ; 
he  was  Guillotined  in  1793. 
I  DUCnATELET  D'HARAUCOURT,  Lewis 
[Marie  Florent  due,  a  colonel  in  tlie  French  ar- 


£U 

my,  imprisoned  and  guillotined  for  bis  attach 
ment  to  liis  king,  in  179^. 

UUCHE  DE  VANCY,  Joseph  Francis,  a 
French  poet,  author  of  three  tragedies,  Debo- 
rah, Jonathan,  and  Absalom.  He  was  a  man 
universally  respected,  and  died  in  1704. 

DUCK,  .Arthur,  born  in  Devonsliire,  1580,  and 
died  1649.  He  was  an  excellent  civilian,  a  tolera- 
ble poet,  especially  in  his  younger  daya,  and  very 
well  versed  in  history,  ecclesiastical  as  well  as 
civil.  He  left  behind  him  "  Vita  Henrici  Chi- 
chele,"  &c.,and  "  De  Usu  et  Authoritate  Juris 
Civilis  Romauorum  in  Dominiis  principum 
Christianorum  ;  "  a  very  useful  and  entertaining 
work,  which  has  been  printed  several  times  in 
England  and  elsewhere. 

DUCK,  Stephen,  a  tliresher  and  a  poet,  born 
at  Charlton,  Wiltz,  at  which  place  an  anniver- 
sary, called  Thresher's  Feast,  is  still  held  to  hi; 
memory.  He  had  originally  no  other  teaching 
than  what  enabled  him  to  read  and  write  Eng- 
lish ;  about  his  14tb  year  he  was  taken  from 
school,  and  was  afterwards  successively  en- 
gaged in  tlie  several  lowest  employments  of 
a  country  life.  He  had  from  his  infancy  a  pre- 
dilection lor  poetry  ;  sometimes  turned  his  own 
thoughts  into  verse  while  he  was  at  work,  and 
at  last  began  to  venture  those  thoughts  a  little 
upon  paper.  At  lengUi  some  of  his  essays  fall 
i-ng  into  the  hands  of  a  lady  of  quality,  who  at 
tended  on  the  late  queen  CaroUne,  he  became 
known  to  her  majesty,  who  took  him  under  her 
protection,  and  settled  on  him  a  yearly  pension 
of  about  30Z.  ;  such  a  one  at  least  as  was 
sufficient  to  maintain  him  independently  of  la 
hour.  Duck  was  afterwards  admitted  into  or- 
ders, and  preferred  to  the  living  of  Byfleet,  in 
Surrey.  Here  he  continued  for  many  years  to 
make  poems  and  sermons,  and  was  much  fol 
lowed  by  the  people  as  a  preacher ;  till  falling 
at  length  into  a  low-spirited  melancholy  way,  he 
tlirew  himself  into  a  trout-stream,  at  the  back  of 
the  Black  Lion  Inn,  near  Keading,  and  was 
drowned.  This  unhappy  accident,  for  he  was 
pert'ectly  lunatic,  befell  him  March  30,  1756. 

DUCIiOS,  Charles  Dineau,  historiographer 
cf  France,  born  at  Dinant,  in  Bretagne,  in  1705  ; 
he  died  in  1772. 

DUCLOS,  Mary  Ann,  a  French  actress  of 
great  merit,  who  for  many  years  gained  much 
applause  ;  she  died  in  174S. 

DUCREUX,  N.,  an  eminent  painter,  of  Paris, 
who  went  to  Vienna  to  take  portraits  of  the  im 
perial  family.    He  died  in  1802. 

DUCROISY,  Philibert  Gassaud,  a  French  ac- 
tor, of  excellent  character,  and  great  merit. 

DUDEFPANT,  N.,  a  French  lady, well  known 
in  Palis  for  her  elesant  and  critical  taste.  She 
was  acquainted  witli  all  the  learned  men  of  the 
times,  and  died  in  1780. 

nUDITH,  Andrew,  a  Hungarian  divine,  em- 
ployed by  Ferdinand  11.  in  important  affairs  of 
state.  He  wrote  on  physic,  poetry,  &c.,  and  was 
a  man  highly  esteemed ;  he  died  in  1589. 

DUDLEY,  Edmund,  a  celebrated  la^vyer  and 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  VII.,  but  infamous  in  history  for  being 
the  instrument  of  the  extortions  of  that  mon- 
arch ;  he  was  born  in  1642,  and  executed  for  trea- 
son, in  Aug.  18,  1510. 

DUDLEY,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  and 
duke  of  Northumberland,  was  born  in  1502,  and 
afterwards  became  one  of  the  most  powerful 
subjects  in  England.  For  an  attempt  to  place 
the  crown  on  the  head  of  his  daughter-in-law, 
lady  JMie  Grey,  (who  likewise  fell  a  victim 


DU 

to  his  ambition),  he  was  beheaded  August  21, 
1553. 

DUDLFJY,  Ambrose,  earl  of  Warwick,  son  of 
John,  duke  of  Northumberland,  born  1530,  ex- 
hibited great  wisdom  and  integrity  as  a  Blalcg- 
man,  and  bravery  as  a  general,  under  queen 
Elizabeth,  and  acquired  the  appellation  nt "  The 
Good  Earl  of  Warwick."    He  died  in  1589. 

DUDLEY,  Robert,  earl  of  Leicester,  son  to 
John,  duke  of  Northumberland,  and  brother  to 
Ambrose,  earl  of  Warwick,  before  nieutioijed, 
born  1532,  died  1588.  On  the  accession  of  Eliz- 
abeth, he  was  entertained  at  court  as  a  principal 
favourite ;  obtained  prodigious  grants,  one  alter 
another,  from  the  crown ;  and  all  tilings  gave 
way  to  his  ambition,  influence,  and  policy.  In 
his  private  life  he  aftected  a  wonderful  regular- 
ity, and  carried  his  pretence  to  piety  very  high  : 
tliough  to  gratify  his  jjasaions,  there  were  no 
crimes,  howeverexorbitant,  which  he  would  not 
commit. 

DUDLEY,  sir  Robert,  son  of  Robert,  earl  of 
Leicester,  born  at  Sheen,  in  Surrey,  1573,  died 
16;J9.  -iVmong  the  learned,  he  held  a  very  high 
rank,  as  well  on  account  of  his  skill  in  philoso- 
phy, chymistry,  and  physic,  as  his  perfect  ac- 
quaintance with  all  tlie  branches  of  the  mathe- 
matics, and  the  means  of  applying  them  for  Uie 
service  aiid  benpfit  of  mankind. 

DUDLEY,  Thomas,  governor  of  Mass.  and 
one  of  the  founders  of  that  colony ;  he  died  in 
1653. 

DUDLEY,  Joseph,  governor  of  Mass.,  son  of 
the  preceding;  of  rare  endowments,  ani}  an 
honour  to  his  country  ;  he  died  in  1720. 

DUDLEY,  Paul,  chief  justice  of  Mass.  ioun- 
der  of  the  Dudleian  lecture,in  Harvard  College ', 
he  died  in  1751. 

DUFFET,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer,  of  the 
17th  century. 

DUFFIELD,  George,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished 
minister  of  Philadelphia,  represented  to  have 
been  uncommonly  eloquent ;  he  died  in  1790. 

DUFRESNE,  Abraham  Alexis  auinault,  a 
French  actor  of  eminence,  who  succeeded  par- 
ticularlv  in  noble  ciiaracters  ;  he  died  in  1767. 

DUFRESNOY,  Charles,  Alphonse,  a  native 
of  Paris,  who  acquired  celebrity  as  a  painter 
and  po«t ;  he  died  in  1665. 

DUFRESNY,  Charles  Riviere,  a  naUve  ot 
Paris,  called  grandson  of  Henry  IV.,  from  his 
resemblance  to  that  monarch.  His  dramatic 
works  were  published  in  6  vols.  He  died  in 
1724. 

DUGARD,  William,  master  of  Merchant  Tai- 
lor's school,  London.  He  was  imprisoned  for 
being  concerned  in  Salmasius'  defence,  and 
reduced  to  poverty  ;  but  was  a  man  of  great 
learning,  and  worth  ;  he  died  in  1682. 

DUGDALE,  Sir  William,  a  very  eminent 
English  antiquary  and  historian,  was  born  in 
Warwickshire,  Sept.  12.  1605,  and  died  Feb.  10, 
1686. 

DUGOMIER,  N.  a  French  general,  who  com- 
manded in  Italy  during  the  revolution,  and  was 
next  employed  against  the  Spaniards.  He  wai 
killed  in  battle,  in  1794. 

DUGUAY  TROUIN,  Rene,  a  celebrated  ad- 
miral in  the  French  navy,  who  displayed  the 
greatest  skill  united  to  the  most  consummate 
wisdom  ;  he  died  at  Paris,  in  1736. 

DUGUET,  James  Joseph,  a  French  writer, 
of  great  learning,  and  uncommon  sweetness  of 
temper.  He  wrote  nearly  20  works  in  French, 
and  died  in  1733. 

DUHALDE,  John  Baptist,  a  French  jeBuit, 
165 


DU 

author  oi'a  historical  aiid  gcograpliical  (iescri|i 
tion  of  Cliiiia,  in  4  voIb.  (olio  ;  ht-  tlii-d  in  l(lJ3. 

DUHAMEL,  John  Baptist,  a  Frciich  uccie&i- 
asUc,  of  great  learning  ;  eminent  for  liia  vvorlin 
on  the  sciences,  and  philoKojihy  ;  lie  died  in  ITUli. 

DUHAMEL  UU  MONCEAU,  lle,.ry  Lewis, 
a  learned  Frenchman,  who  devoted  hinisell  to 
the  improvement  of  agriculture,  and  commerce : 
he  died,  greatly  respocted,  in  1782. 

DUHAW,  Lawrence,  a  professor  of  pliiioeo- 
phy,  (U  the  college  riu  Plessis,  for  38  years  ;  he 
left  some  works,  and  died  in  1T30. 

DUIGENAN,  t'aiiick,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent 
Iriail  civilian,  who  from  obscure  birth,  became 
a  judge  of  llie  prerogative  court,  a  privy  coun 
•eilor  and  a  member  of  the  Irish  and  English 
parliaments.     He  died  in  1816 

DUILLIUS,  Nepos,  the  first  Roman  who  ob- 
tained a  naval  victory  over  Carthage,  260  B.  <;. 

DL'JSBURG,  Peter  de,  a  native  of  the  duchy 
of  Cieves,  in  the  ICtli  century,  author  of  a  chron- 
icle of  Prussia,  from  1220  to  1325. 

DUJARDIA',  Charles,  a  Dutch  painter,  of 
Amsterdam,  who  excelled  in  delineating  uiar- 
Uets,  robbers,  mountebanks,  &c.,  died  in  1074. 

DUKE,  Richard,  a  poet  of  some  credit,  in  the 
lastccntury,  and  by  Dr.  Johnson  included  among 
the  classics.  He  died  suddenly,  Feb.  10, 1710-11. 

DULANY,  Daniel,  one  of  the  most  learned 
and  accomplished  counsellors  of  the  countr)- ; 
a  native  of  Maryland  ;  he  died  at  an  early  age. 

DULAU,  John  Marie,  archbishop  of  Aries,  a 
member  of  the  states-general  of  France.  He 
was  a  good  man,  and  therefore  sacriticed  by  the 
Jacobins,  in  1792. 

DULAUREiVT,  N.,a  wonhlesi^  French  priest, 
who  displayed  great  abilities  on  licentious  sub- 
jects- 

DULLART,  Herman,  a  painter  and  poet,  of 
Rotterdam,  the  pupil  of  Rembrandt,  whose 
pieces  are  frequently  taken  for  those  of  his  mas- 
ter ;  he  died  in  1084. 

DUMAS,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Nismes,  an  emi- 
nent raathe^iatician,  who  inv'ented  a  melhod  of^ 
teaching  children  to  read  and  write  mechiini-j 
cally  ;  he  died  in  1744. 

DUMAS,  Charles  Lewis,  a  French  anatomist,] 
and  professor  of  anatomy  at  Montpelier,  died  alj 
that  place  in  1814 .  i 

DT- MEE,  Joan,  a  learned  lady,  born  at  Paris.! 
She  applied  herself  particiilarly  to  asuonoiny, 
nnd  published  a  4to  vol.  on  the  subject,  which 
displays  much  erudition,  1080. 

DUMESNIL,  N.,  a  professor  of  rhetoric  at 
Paris,  and  author  of  Latin  synonvmes,  died  in 
1802. 

DUMMER,  Jeremiah,  an  agent  of  Massachu- 
setts, in  England,  where  he  rendered  important 
services  to  the  oniony  ;  he  died  in  1739. 

DUMMER,  William,  lieutenant  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  highly  respected,  died  in  1761. 

DITMOXT,  John,  author  of  Political  Memoirs, 
4  vols..  Travels  in  France,  Italy,  &c  ,  4  vols., 
Universal  Diplomatic  Body,  &c.,  8  vols,  folio 
He  was  a  Frenchman  of  great  celebrity,  and 
died  in  1726. 

DUMONT,  George,  a  native  of  Paris,  secre 

tary  of  the  French  embassy  to  Russia.    _He 

wrote  on  historv  and  comnierce,and  died  in  1788. 

DT'MONT,  N.,    surnamed    the    Roman,    e 

French  painter,  died  in  1781. 

Dr:\IOURIER,  Anthony  Francis  Duperier, 
a  native  of  Paris,  eminent  as  a  conunissary  in 


DU 

I  DLWBAR,  William,  an  eminent  Scotlis!) 
po;:t,  born  about  1470,  died  about  1530.  Hia 
"  Thistle  and  Rose"  and  Golden  Tcrge"  are 
generally  and  justly  esteemed  his  most  capital 
v.orke.  They  are  to  be  found  in  the  Collections 
of  Pinkerton,  (rifcC,/  and  Bunnatyiie,  (1770.) 

DUiNBAK,  Dr.  James,  prolessor  of  philosophy 
in  King's  t.'ollcge,  Abtrdien,  and  author  of 
"  Essays  on  the  History  ol  Mankind  in  rude  nnd 
uncultivated  Ages,"  8vo,  1780,  died  Mav  28, 
1798. 

DUNCAN,  Mark,  a  Scotch  physician,  profos 
sor  of  piiilosophy,  and  principal  of  the  Calva- 
nist'b  college  at  Sauinur  ;  he  died  in  1640. 

DUN<.  AN,  Daiiiel,one  of  tlie  most  eminent 
and  learned  physicians  of  his  time.  He  was  liorn 
of  Scotch  parents,  in  France,and  gradually  rose 
to  the  highest  distinction  ;  lie  was  known  as  a 
practitioner,  in  almost  every  part  of  Europe. 
The  king  of  Prussia  inviled  him  to  settle  at  Ber- 
lin, as  his  physician,  &c.  He  wrote  many  works, 
and  died  in  London,  in  1735. 

DUNCAN,  William,  an  ingenious  critic  and 
translator,  born  at  Aberdeen,  in  1717.  He  wrote 
for  Dodsley'b  "  Preceptor"  the  article  "  Logic," 
which  was  so  much  approved,  that  it  was  print- 
ed separately  in  1752,  and  has  in  some  measure 
superseded  that  of  Dr.  Watts.  His  last  produc- 
tion was  an  excellent  translation  of  "  Casar's 
Commentaries;"  previous  to  the  publicati'jn  of 
which,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  philoso 
phv  in  the  Marischal  college,  Aberdeen.  lU 
died  in  17fiO. 

DUNCAN,  Adam,  lord  viscount,  a  gallanl 
British  admiral,  whose  name  will  be  imiuortaUz- 
ed  in  the  annals  of  his  country  by  the  victory 
which  he  gained  over  i  Dutch  fleet,  between 
Caniperdown  and  Egmont,  within  five  miles  of 
the  Dutch  coast,  Oct.  11, 1797,  for  which  he  was 
de.servedly  rewarded  with  a  peerage.  He  was 
born  at  Dundee,  in  North  Britain,  July  1,  1731, 
and  early  adopted  the  naval  profeesion.  It 
should  be  mentioned  to  his  honour,  that  through 
life,  admiral  Duncan  was  a  man  of  great  and 
unalTected  piety,  and  felt  it  an  honour  to  he  a 
Christian.  When  tlie  victory  was  decided, 
which  has  fixed  his  renown,  he  ordered  the  crew 
of  his  ship,  to  be  called  together ;  and  at  their 
head,  upon  his  bended  knees,  in  the  presence  of 
the  Dulcli  admiral  (who  was  greatly  affected 
with  the  scene)  solemnly  and  pathetically  of- 
fered up  praise  and  thanksgiving  to  the  God  of 
Battles ;  strongly  proving  the  truth  of  the  as- 
sertion, that  piety  and  courage  should  be  inse- 
parably allied,  and  that  the  latter  w  ithout  the 
former  loses  its  principal  virtue.  He  died  Ang. 
4,  1804. 

DUNCOMBE,  William,  a  dramatic  author 
and  translator  of  Horace,  born  in  London,  1690, 
and  died  1709. 

DUNCOMBE,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  a 
pious  divine  and  ingenius  poet,  born  in  1730,died 
in  1786. 

DUNDAS,  Sir  David,  a  major  general  of  high 
reputation,  and  afterwards  commander  in  chiefi 
of  the  British  army,  and  a  privy  counsellor; 
he  died  in  1820. 

DUNDAS,  Henry,  viscount  Melville,  lord  ad- 
vocate and  keeper  of  the  signet  for  Scotland, 
afterwards  president  of  the  board  of  control  foi 
East  India  affairs,  secretary  of  state  for  the 
home  department,  and  first  lord  of  the  EDgligh 
admiialty ;  he  died  in  Scotland,  in  18U. 

DUNGAL,  a  monk  of  St.  Dennis,  in  the  9th 
century,  was  consulted  by  Charlemagne,  about 


»hc  French  armies,  and  author  of  several  books, 

4ied  in  1767.  ,,_ — ... . 

J>UN,  David  Erifcine,  lord.    See  ERSKINE.[ltwo  eclipsei  which  happened  in  810. 
166 


_DU 

DUNLOP,  William,  a  pious,  learned,  and  elo- 
quent divine,  born  al  Glasguvr,  1692,  died  at 
Edinburgh,  1720. 

UUNLOP,  Alexander,  brother  to  the  preced- 
ing, was  bom  in  America,  but  went  to  Scotland 
and  was  elected  professor  of  Greek  al  Glasgow. 
He  wuB  the  author  ol  a  Greek  grammar,  still  used 
in  the  univei'sity  of  Glasgow  ;  he  died  in  1742. 
DUNMORE,  John  Murray,  earl  of,  governor 
•f  the  colony  of  New- York,  in  1769,  afterwards, 
the  last  royal  governor  of  Virginia ;  after  com- 
mitting many  dcpiedallons  upon  the  colonists, 
he  returned  to  England,  where  he  died  in  180'.». 
DUNN,  Samuel,  an  English  mathematician, 
and  author  of  several  mathematical  works, 
died  in  1792. 

DUNNING,  John,  lord  Ashburton,  chancel 
lor  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  and  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  pleaders  that  ever  adorned 
the  English  bar.  His  rise  was  rapi.1,  and  there 
were  very  few  causes  tried  in  the  court  of  King's 
Bench  in  which  he  was  not  employed  as  lead- 
ing counsel,  either  for  the  plaintilfor  defendant. 
His  industry  and  zeal  for  the  interest  of  his  cli- 
ents were  equal  to  his  abilities;  and  in  cases 
Where  the  fees  were  small,  he  was  never  known 
to  show  less  ardour  than  when  they  were  con- 
sideiahle.  The  causes  of  the  poor  and  (he  op- 
pre.ssed  he  frequently  pleaded  without  reward. 
lie  was  born  in  Devonshire,about  the  year  1732, 
and  died  August  18,  1783.  To  Mr.  Dunning, 
(among  others)  Junius'  Letters  have  been  as- 
cribed ;  we  do  not,  however,  believe  that  the 
teal  author  has  vet  been  deterree. 

DUNOD  DE  OHARNAGE,  Francis  Ignatius, 
a  learned  professor  of  law  at  Besaucon,  his  na- 
tive town  ;  he  died  in  1751. 

DUNOIS,  John,  Count  of  Orleans  and  Lon- 
guevillp,  a  famous  general  of  France,  in  the 
timeof  Charles  VII.  who  called  him  the  restorer 
of  his  country.  He  was  a  man  of  many  private 
virtues,  and  died  in  14(j8. 

DUNS,  John,  commonly  called  Duns  Scotus, 
a  celebrated  theologian  of  the  order  of  St.  Fran- 
cis, born  in  Northumberland.  He  distinguished 
himself  so  much  by  the  acuteness  of  his  parts, 
and  especially  by  his  manner  of  disputing,  that 
lieacduired  the  name  of"  The  Subtile  Doctor." 
He  affected  to  maintain  opinions  contrary  to 
those  of  Thomas  Aquinas,  which  produced 
two  parties  in  the  schools,  the  Thomists  and  the 
Scotists.    He  died  1308. 

DUNSTAN,  St.,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
was  a  man  well  known  for  his  talents  and  in- 
trigues ;  he  died  in  988. 

DUNSTER,  Henry,  first  president  of  Har- 
vard college,  resigned  on  account  of  embracing 
the  sentiments  of  the  Antipedo-baptists ;  he 
died  in  l(i59. 

DUNTON,  John,  a  bookseller,  who,  upon 
ftiiling  in  business,  turned  author,  and  in  1710 
published  his  Atheniauism,  containing  CflO  trea- 
tises, in  prose,  and  verse,  on  all  subjects;  he 
died  in  1725. 

DUPATY,  president  of  the  parliament  of 
Bourdeaux,  an  upright,  enlightened,  and  elo- 
quent French  ma^rietrate,  died  at  Paris,  in  1788. 
He  lias  left  some  excellent  historical  reflections 
on  "  Penal  Laws,"  some  "  Academical  Dis- 
eourses,"  and  "  Letters  on  Italy." 

DUPERRAY,  Michael,  a  French  lawyer,  of 
Paris,  who  wrote  some  books  on  ecclesiastical 
subjects,  and  died  in  1730. 

DUPHOT,  N.,  a  French  general,  who  was 
s6nt  ambassador  to  the  pope,  where  he  was  as- 
sassinated, during  a  popular  tumult,  in  1797 


DUPIN,  Lewis  Ellis,  a  very  learned  doctor 
of  Uie  Sorbonne,  and  one  of  the  greatebt  criliOB 
of  his  time,  especially  in  what  repaidtd  ecclesi- 
astical matters,  born  at  Paris,  1057,  died  1710. 
His  chief  woik  is,  "  Uibliolheque  Universelle 
des  Auteurs  EcclesiasUques."  He  had  an  un- 
coumion  talent  at  aiiiilyzing  the  works  of  tin 
author,  which  makes  his  Hibliolheque  so  valu- 
able, for  there  we  have  not  only  a  history  of 
Uie  writers,  but  also  the  substance  of  what  ihcy 
wrote  ;  which  is  a  groat  convenience  to  pereoiiB 
who  are  desirous  to  know  something  ol  them, 
yet  have  not  either  time,  or  knowledge  of  .an- 
gnages,  sufhcient  to  read  their  works. 

DUPLANIL,  J.  D.,  a  French  physician,  who 
translated  several  English  medical  works  into 
his  own  language  ;  he  died  in  1802. 

DUPLEIXjScipio,  historiographer  of  France, 
died  in  IGtil.  Among  his  works  are,  History  of 
France,  6  vols,  folio,  and  Roman  History,  3  vols, 
folio. 

DUPLEIX,  Joseph,  a  French  merchant,  of 
gieat  abilities,  governor  of  Pondicherry,  which 
he  defended  with  bravery  against  the  English,  in 
1748. 

DUPORT,  James,  dean  of  Peterborough,  in 
the  17th  century,  left  behind  him  several  learned 
works,  among  which  is  a  Latin  version  of  the 
i  Psalms. 

I  DUPORT,  Francis  Mathurin,  counsellor  ot 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  a  warm  partisan  of 
the  duke  of  Orleans,  which  last  circumstance 
brought  him  to  the  guillotine,  in  1794. 

DUPPA,  Brian,  bishop  of  Winchester,  born 
at  Lewisham,  in  Kent,  1588-9,  appointed,  in 
1638,  tutor  to  Charles,  prince  of  Wales,  and  af- 
terwards to  his  brother  the  duke  of  York,  was 
a  great  favourite  with  Charles  I.,  and  is  said  by 
some  to  have  assisted  in  composing  the  famous 
Eikon  Batilike.  This  bishop  is  deservedly  me- 
morable for  his  numerous  charitable  institu- 
tions ;  among  which  is  to  be  remembered  an 
alms-house  at  Richmond,  on  the  gate  of  which 
is  this  inscription,  "  I  will  pay  my  vows  which 
I  made  to  God  in  my  trouble,"  ice.  He  died 
in  ]r)62. 

DUPRAT,  Anthony,  a  very  eminent  French 
statesman,  and  president  of  the  parliament  of 
Paris  ;  a  man,  who,  to  increase  his  fortune,  or 
enlarge  his  power,  did  not  hesitate  to  sacrifice, 
eitJier  fame  or  virtue  ;  he  died  in  1535. 

DUPRE  DE  GUYER,  John,  a  hermit,  said  to 
have  built  in  the  solid  rock  with  only  the  help 
of  his  servant,  the  hermitage  at  Friburg,  the 
chimney  of  which  rises  90  feet. 

DUPRE,  Mary,  a  learned  lady  of  the  17th 
century,  who  studied  rhetoric,  poetry,  the  lan- 
guages and  philosophy.  Some  of  her  writings 
were  read  with  applause. 

DUPRE  D'AUNAY,  Lewis,  a  learned  native 
of  Paris,  who  wrote  on  the  generation  of 
animals,  on  the  transfusion  of  the  blood,  &c., 
he  died  In  1758. 

DUPRE  DEST.  MAUR,  Nicholas  Francis, 
a  native  of  Paris.  He  translated  Milton's  Para- 
dise lost,  and  regained,  Addison's  odes,  &c. ;  he 
died  in  1774. 

DUPUIS,  Claude,  a  French  engraver  of  merit, 
who  died  af  Paris,  in  1742. 

DUaUFSNE,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Nor- 
mandy, a  naval  commander  of  great  fame,  whe 
distinguished  himself  in  various  battles  against 
the  Spaniards,  Dutch,  &c.,  he  died  at  Paris,  in 
1088. 

DURAND,  William,  a  native  of  Provence 
eminent  a.%  a  lawyer  and  afterwards  raised  !" 
167 


DU 


DY 


land  would  not,  as  we  say,  be  paid  with  a  song." 
Those  who  have  a  curiosity  to  see  his  ballads, 
bonnets,  &c.  may  find  a  large  number  of  them 
brought  together  in  a  collection  in  6  vols,  in 
duodecimo,  entitled,  "  Pills  to  purge  Melancho- 
ly," of  which  the  Guardian,  in  No.  2l>,  speaks 
in  very  favourable  terms.  The  titles  of  his 
dramatic  pieces  (31  in  number),  may  be  found  in 
the  "  Biographia  Dramatica."  On  a  stone  tablet, 
at  the  west  entrance  of  St.  James'  churcii, 
Westminster,  is  inscribed  the  following  memo- 
rial :  "Tom  D'Urfey  dyed  Feb.  ye  26,  1723." 

DURHAM,  James,  a  very  popnlar  and  elo- 
quent preacher,  at  Glasgow  ;  died  in  1658. 

DURINGER,  Melchior,  professor  of  ecclesi- 
astical history,  at  Berne.  He  passed  his  life  in 
celibacy,  solitude,  and  melancholy  ;  he  died  by 
a  fall  from  his  house,  while  it  was  on  fire,  in 
1723. 

DURY,  John,  in  Latin,  Durseus,  a  divine  of 
Scotland,  who  laboured  with  great  zeal  to  re- 
unite the  Lutherans  and  Calvinists ;  in  which 
laudable  caufee  he  travelled  over  the  greater  part 
of  Europe,  and  died  about  1675. 

DUSART,  a  painter,  of  Haerlem.  He  was 
chiefly  great  in  representing  taverns,  and  low 
company,  and  died  in  1704. 

DUSSAULX,  John,  who  after  having  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  arms,  devoted  himself  to 
literary  pursuits.  He  became  president  of  tlie 
national  institute  of  Paris,  and  the  author  of 
several  works ;  he  died  at  Paris,  in  1799. 

DUTENS,  Lewis,  a  learned  writer  on  anti- 
quities, bom  in  France,  1729,  obtained  orders  in 
the  church  of  England,  and  died  in  1812. 

DUVAL,  Peter,  geographer  royal  of  France, 
author  of  some  geographical  tracts  and  maps, 
formerly  in  great  esteem  ;  died  at  Paris,  in  1683 
(  DUVAL,  Nicholas,  a  Dutch  painter,  who 
studied  under  Cortona,  and  was  made  director 
of  the  academy  at  the  Hague ;  he  died  in  1732. 

DUV.\L,  Valentine  Jamerai,  an  extraordinary 
character,  bom  in  Champagne.  He  lost  his 
father  when  young ;  and  having  no  friends,  was 
obliged  to  obtain  his  subsistence,  by  watching 
poultry  and  sheep  ;  but  by  perseverance  and 
labour,  he  obtained  books  and  maps,  and  learned 
geography,  histoiy,  and  antiquities  with  aston- 
ishing rapidity,  so  tnat  he  became  one  of  the 
most  learned  men  of  his  time,  and  enjoyed  the 
patronage  of  princes,  and  the  notice  of  the 
learned  ;  he  died  in  1775. 

DUVENEKE,  Mare  Van,  an  eminent  histori- 
cal painter,  of  Bruges,  died  in  1729. 

DWIGHT,  Timothy,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,a  grand- 
son of  tlie  first  president  Edwards,  was  born  at 
Northampton,  Massachusetts,  1752.  Early  dis- 
tinguished for  his  talents  and  learning,  he  be- 
came one  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  his  coun- 
try. As  a  poet,  philosopher,  and  divine,  he  had 
few  equals ;  as  president  and  professor  of  divinity 
in  Yale  college,  he  stood  unrivalled,  both  for 
talents  as  an  instructor,  and  for  eloquence  as  a 
preacher  :  he  died  in  1817,  universally  regretted 
as  a  loss  to  the  institution  over  which  he  pre- 
sided, to  the  country  he  adorned  by  his  learning, 
and  to  the  cause  of  learning  and  truth  itself 
His  system  of  theology  has  been  frequently 
repubiished  in  Europe  ;  and  his  travels  in  New 
England,  have  been  much  read  and  admired. 

DYCHE,  Thomas,  an  English  divine  and 
schoolmaster,  well  known  by  his  useful  "Eng 
lish  Dictionary"  and  "  Spelling-book ;"  the  latter 
of  which  has  gone  through  many  editions.  H« 
died  about  1750. 

DYER,  WilUitm,  a  noji-coufonnwt,  of  Ent 


a  bishoprick  by  the  pope.  He  wrote  some  works 
of  merit,  and  died  at  Rome,  in  1290. 

DURANDE  DE  ST.  POURCAIN,  William, 
a  French  bishop,  callfd,  from  his  powers  in  argu 
ment,  the  "  resolute  doctor;  he  died  in  1332. 

DURANDE,  N.,  a  physician  of  eminence  at 
Dijon,  w)io  published  some  interesting  tracts 
on  his  profession,  died  in  1799. 

DURANT,  Gilles,  sieur  de  la  Bergerie,  one 
of  the  nine  persons,  appointed  to  reform  the 
customs  of  Paris.  He  possessed  great  talents 
for  ludicrous  poetry,  of  which  he  wrote  several 
pieces.     His  works  were  published  in  1594. 

DURANTt,  John  Stephen,  first  president  of 
the  parliament  of  Toulouse,  which  city  he  used 
his  influence  to  preserve  from  the  plague,  the 
year  before  his  death,  which  was  caused  by  a 
mob  in  1589. 

DURB.\CK,  Anne  Louisa,  a  German  poetess, 
who  from  the  occupation  of  watching  cattle, 
rose  by  her  genius  to  become  a  favourite  -of 
the  Prussian  court,  where  she  was  invited  by 
the  monarch ;  she  died  in  1780. 

DURELL,  John,  an  eminent  English  divine 
and  controversial  writer,  born  at  Jersey,  1625, 
died  1683. 

DURELL,  David,  a  native  of  Jersey,  made 
principal  of  Hertford  College,  in  1757,  and  in 
1767,  rose  to  the  prebendary  of  Canterbury.  He 
was  the  author  of  critical  remarks  on  several 
parts  of  the  Scriptures  ;  he  dif^d  in  1775. 

DURER,  Albert,  born  at  Nuremburg,  1471, 
was  one  of  the  best  engravers  and  painters  of 
his  age.  He  was  the  first  who  brought  the  art 
of  engraving  in  wood  to  any  perfection,  and  by 
many  authors  is  deemed  the  inventor  of  it. 
Albert  Durer  wrote  several  works,  which  were 
published  after  his  death  (1523),  the  principal  of 
which  is  his  book  upon  the  rules  of  painting, 
entitled,  "  De  syminetria,  partium  in  rectis  for- 
mis  humanorum  corporum." 

DURET,  Lewis,  a  physician,  who  practised 
with  great  success  at  Paris,  and  was  in  the 
household  of  Charles  IX.,  and  Henry  III.  He 
published  a  Commentary  on  Hippocrates,  and 
died  in  1586. 

D'URFEY,  Thomas,  a,  facetious  English  poet, 
bom  at  E.\eter  about  1628.  This  author,  who 
is  more  generally  spoken  of  by  the  familiar  name 
of  Tom,  was  originally  bred  to  the  law,  but 
soon  quitted  it  to  become  a  devotee  of  the  Muses, 
in  which  he  met  with  no  small  success.  His 
dramatic  pieces,  which  are  very  numerous,  were 
in  ceneral  well  received  ;  but  what  Mr.  D'Urfey 
obtained  his  greatest  reputation  by,  was  a  pecu- 
liarly happy  talent  he  possessed  in  the  writing 
of  satires  and  irregular  odes.  Many  of  these 
were  upon  temporary  occasions,  and  were  of 
no  little  service  to  the  party  in  whose  cause  he 
wrote :  which,  together  with  his  natural  viva- 
city and  good  humour,  obtained  him  the  favour 
of  great  numbers  of  persons  of  all  ranks  and 
conditions,  monarchs  themselves  not  excluded. 
The  author  of  the  Guardian,  who,  in  No.  67, 
has  given  a  very  humorous  account  of  Mr. 
D'Urfey,  with  a  view  to  recommend  him  to  the 
public  notice  for  a  benefit  play,  tells  us,  that 
he  remembered  king  Charles  II.  leaning  on  Tom 
D'Urfey's  shoulder  more  than  once,  and  hum- 
ming over  a  song  with  him.  Yet,  at  last,  to 
speak  in  his  own  words,  "  after  having  written 
more  odes  than  Horace,  and  about  four  times  as 
many  comedies  as  Terence,  he  found  himself 
reduced  to  great  difliculties  by  the  importuni- 
ties of  a  set  of  men  who  of  late  years  had  fur- 
nished him  with  tbe  accomraadaiions  of  life, 
168 


i^lMJyiJ-^ 


EA 


ED 


laud,   who  turned  quaker.      He   wrote   much 
alter  tlie  inauiier  ol'  Biiuyan,  and  d/ed  in  llJirti. 

DYER,  tjir  Jauies,  an  eminent  Englisli  law- 
yer, dad  cliiel"  justice  ot  the  Common  Pleas  in 
(he  reign  ol  queen  Elizabeth,  born  at  Koundliill 
in  Somersetshire,  1511,  and  died  1581.  He  was  the 
aullior  ol  a  large  book  ol'  Keporis,  which  were 
published  about  20  years  after  his  decease,  and 
have  been  iiighly  esteemed  lor  their  succinctness 
and  solidity,  fie  left  behind  him  also  other 
writings  relative  to  his  profession. 

DYER,  John,  an  Eiiglsh  divine  and  poet, 
bom  at  Abergiasiiey,  in  Caerniurihenshire,  in 
1700,  and  died  in  1758.  His  character  as  a  writer 
has  been  ti.xed  by  three  poems,  "  Grongar  Hill," 
"The  Ruins  of  Rome,"  and  "The  Fleece;" 
wherein  a  poetical  imaginalion  perfectly  ori- 
ginal, a  natural  simplicity  connected  with,  and 
often  productive  ol,  the  true  sublime,  and  the 
warmest  sentiments  of  benevolence  and  virtue, 
have  been  universally  observed  and  admired. 

DYER,  Eliplialet,  chief  justice  of  the  supreme 
fourt  of  Conn.  ;  was  active  in  lorwarduig  the 
revolution  ;  he  died  in  1807. 

DYNAMUS,  a  French  rhetorician  of  the 
4th  century,  born  in  Bordeaux. 

E 

E  ACHARD,  Dr.  John,  an  English  divine,  well 
known  as  a  writer,  especially  against  Hobbes  ; 
Ue  died  m  1697. 

EADMKR,  an  English  historian,  wlio  fiour- 
tshed  in  die  l-2th  century. 

EAMES,  John,  a  teacher  in  England,  who 
was  noticed  by  Newton,  and  others,  and  admit- 
ted to  the  royal  society ;  he  died  in  1744. 

EARLE,  John,  an  English  prelate,  born  at 
York,  in  1601.  In  ISC'}  he  was  translated  from 
the  see  of  Worcester,  to  thai  of  Salisbury, 
and  died  at  Oxford,  in  1665.  The  best  known 
of  his  published  works,  is  "  Micro  cosmography, 
or  a  Piece  of  the  World,  discovered  in  Essays 
and  Characters,"  12mo;  of  which  there  have 
been  several  editions. 

EARLE,  Sn-  James,  knt.,  a  very  eminent  sur- 
geon, and  a  writer  of  high  professional  distinc- 
tion, died  in  London,  Sept.  3-.i,  1817,  aged  72. 
He  was  F.  R.  S.,  and  master  of  the  royal  col- 
lege of  surgeons. 

EARLE,  William  Benson,  an  Englishman, 
who  bequeathed  much  of  his  estate  to  charita- 
ble institutions,  and  died  in  1796. 

EARLY,  Peter,  an  eminent  lawyer  of  Geor- 
gia, was  a  member  of  congress,  and  afterwards 
a  judge  of  lie  supreme  court,  and  governor  of 
that  state.     He  died  in  1817. 

EASTON,  Nicholas,  one  of  the  first  settlers 
in  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  and  afterwards  go- 
Temor  of  the  colony,  died  in  1675. 

EASTON,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
also  governor  of  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island,  in 
1690.     He  died  in  1705.  j 

EATON,  Theophilus,  first  governor  of  New- 
Haven  colony,  and  one  of  its  founders,  died  in 
1657,  highly  respected  and  beloved.  | 

EATON,  William,  a  i^eneral  in  the  servicei 
of  the  United  States,  and  a  consul  from  that 
government  to  the  kingdom  of  Tunis,  was  dis-' 
tinguished  for  the  important  services  he  render- 
ed his  country  in  that  station,  and  as  navy  agent 
of  the  United  States,  for  the  IJarbary  powers,  as 
well  as  for  his  enterprise  and  great  bravery. 
Being  compelled  by  a  treaty  to  relinquish  the 
advantages  he  had  gained  for  his  country  in 
Tripoli,  he  returned  tiome ;  where,  although 


public  opinion  was  strongly  in  his  favour,  he 
met  with  niortihcations  and  disappointment, 
which  hastened  his  deaili,  in  Ibll. 

EBERTUS,  Theodore,  a  learned  professor, 
of  Fraiiktort,  in  the  17th  century,  and  author 
of  some  works. 

KB  I  ON,  a  stoic  philosopher,  father  of  the 
sect  of  the  Ebioniies,  who  denied  the  miracu- 
lous conception  and  divinity  of  Christ,  flourish- 
ed about  A.  U.  'I'i. 

EBRiLIDES,  a  philosopher,  of  Miletus,  au- 
thor of  some  comedies. 

EBROIN,  mayor  of  the  palace,  under  Clo- 
thaire  HI.  ;  he  was  distinguished  for  his  pride 
and  cruelly,  and  was  assassinated  in  661 

ECCARD,  John  George  d',  a  German  histori- 
an and  antiquary,  and  author  of  several  works, 
died  in  17J0. 

ECCHELLENSIS,  Abraham,  a  Maronite,pro- 
fessor  of  oriental  languages,  at  Rome  ;  he  as- 
sisted in  translating  the  Bible  into  Arabic,  and 
died  in  1664. 

ECCLES,  Solomon,  an  English  musician,  who, 
turning  qiiaker,  destroyed  his  instruments,  died 
near  the  close  of  the  17th  century. 

ECHARD,  Jacques,  a  doniinican,  of  Rouen, 
author  of  an  accauiit  of  learned  men  belougiDg 
to  his  order,  died  in  1774. 

ECHARD,  Lawrence,  an  English  divine  and 
hisiorian,  born  in  Suffolk,  in  167:,  died  in  1730. 
He  wrote  "  A  History  of  England,  from  the  in- 
vasion of  Julius  Ciesar  to  the  establishment  of 
William  and  Mary ;"  "  A  General  Ecclesiasti- 
cal History,  from  the  nativity  of  our  Blessed  Sa- 
viour, to  the  first  establishment  of  Christianity, 
by  human  laws,  under  the  emperor  Constantine 
the  Great ;"  "  An  English  translation  of  Plautus 
and  Terence ;"  "  A  Gazeteer,  or  Newsman's  In- 
terpreter;" and  a  piece  entitled  "  Maxims  ei- 
tracted  from  archbishop  Tillotson's  Works." 

ECKIUS,  John,  a  learned  German  divine  and 
controversial  writer,  born  in  1483,  died  in  1543. 
He  is  chiefly  memorable  for  his  disputations 
with  Luther  and  Melaucthon. 

ECLUSE,  C:iiarles  de  1'  Clusius,  a  physician 
of  Arras,  in  the  service  of  Maximilian  II.,  and 
Rodolpbus  II.,  died  in  1609. 

ECLUSE,  Dt:s  LOGES,  Pierre  Mathuran 
de  r,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  editor  of  the  me- 
moirs of  Sully,  died  in  1775. 

EDELINCK,  Gerard,  a  most  excellent  engra 
ver,  born  at  Antwerp,  in  IMl,  died  in  1707. 

EDEMA,  Geraid,  a  much  admired  Dutch 
landscape  painter,  who  visited  Surinam,  and 
America;  he  died  by  excessive  drinhinc,  in  1700 

EDEN,  Charles,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
North  Carolina,  in  1714,  died  in  1722,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Thomas  Pollock,  then  presidentof 
the  council. 

EDEN,  Sir  Robert,  the  last  royal  governor  of 
Maryland,  relinquished  the  office  by  order  of 
congress,  and  retired  to  England.  At  the  close 
of  the  revolution  he  returned  to  America,  where 
he  recovered  his  estates,  and  died  in  1784. 

EDER,  George,  a  leanied  lawyer  of  the  16tll 
century  ;  he  published  several  works. 

EDGAR,  successor  of  Fdwv  to  the  throne  of 
England,  in  959.  He  was  a  warlike  prince,  and 
died  in  975. 

EDGAR,  son  of  Malcolm  III.,  was  king  of 
Scotland  :  ho  died  in  1107 

EDGEWORTH,  Richard  LoveU,  a  philan- 
thropist, and  practical  philosopher,  was  born  at 
Bath,  in  1744.  In  1767,  he  invented  the  tele- 
graph, which,  many  years  afterwards,  he  saw 
generally  adopted.  He  died  iu  Ireland,  in  Juoe, 
169 


ED 

Tin  i  leaving  beliind  him  a  daughter,  Maria, 
who  is  hi^lily  distinguished  as  a  wriier.  His 
lather  was  coufesssor  to  Louis  XV).,  on  the 
ccaflutd. 

EUMER,  or  EADMER,  an  English  bcncdic- 
tine,  who  wrote  the  history  ol'  liis  own  linit, 
from  lOtJti  to  1112. 

EDMONDES,  sir  Tlinmas,  an  eminent  states- 
itiau  and  political  writer,  born  at  Plymouth, 
156:?,  and  died  in  Jt«0. 

EUMONDES,  Clement,  an  Englishman,  sec- 
retary for  tlie  French  to  Elizabelli ;  a  man  of  let 
tcis  and  an  author. 

EDMONDSON,  Joseph,  an  able  heraldic  wri 
fnr,  who  rose,  by  dint  of  ingenuity  and  iiersever 
ance,  from  the  situation  of  a  barber's  apprentice, 
to  that  of  Mowbrav  Herald  Extraordinary ;  he 
died  in  Eondon,  1786  ;  leaving  several  publica- 
tions behind  him,  which  will  transmit  liibuame 
to  p'^sterity  with  great  credit ;  the  princijial  of 
which  are,  "A  Complete  Body  of  Heraldiy." 
1780,2  vols  folio,  and  a  magnificent  work,  en- 
tilled,  "  Baronagium  Gcnealogicum,  or,  The 
I'edigroe  of  English  Peers,"  1784,  6  vols,  folio. 

EDMUND,  St.,  king  of  the  East  Angles,  made 
one  of  the  saints  ;  he  was  shot  to  death  with  ar- 
rows, by  Ivar  tlje  Dane,  who  had  taken  him 
prisoner,  in  870 

EDMUND,  St.,  anative  of  Abingdon,  preacher 
to  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  died  in  1240. 

EDMUND  I.,  succeeded  Athelstan,  as  king  of 
England,  in  941,  and  was  stabbed  to  death  in 
948. 

EDMUND  II.,  surnamed  Ironside,  succeeded 
Ethelred,  in  lOlG,  and  was  assassinated,  in  1017. 

EDWARD,  the  Elder,  succeeded  Alfred  in  900, 
and  died  in  973. 

EDWARD,  St.  or  Martyr,  succeeded  to  the 
throne  of  England,  in  975,  and  was  basely  mur- 
dered bv  his  stepmother,  Elfrida,  in  978. 

EDWARD,  the  Confessor,  succeeded  Hardi- 
canute,  in  1041 .  He  was  a  weak  impolitic  prince 
and  died  in  1066. 

EDWARD  I.,  king  of  England,  successor  of 
Henry  III, distinguished  for  his  wisdom,  and  the 
equity  of  liis  laws,  and  died  in  1307. 

EDWARD  II.,  son  and  successor  of  Edward 
r.,  less  wise  and  firm  in  his  kingdom  than  his  fa- 
ther, was  murdered  in  1327. 

EDWARD  III.,  son  and  successor  of  Edward 
II. ,  a  prince  of  great  military  talents,  and  military 
successes,  died  in  1377. 

EDWARD  IV.,  son  of  Richard,  duke  of  York, 
who  claimed  the  throne,  but  whose  title  was  dis- 
puted by  the  reigning  monarch,  Henry  VI., which 
dispute  filled  the  kingdom  with  blood;  he  died 
in  1483 

EDWARD  v.,  son  of  Edward  IV.,  was  mur- 
dered while  ver}'  young,  by  his  uncle,  the  duke 
of  Gloucester  who  ascended  Hie  throne,  as  Ri- 
chard III 

EDWARD  VI.,  son  of  Henry  VIII.,  ascend- 
ed the  throne  at  10  years  of  age,  in  1547.  His 
character  was  humane  and  amiable ;  he  died  at 
the  age  of  16,  in  1.553. 

EDWARD,  pritice  of  Wales,  surnamed  the 
Black  pi-vuce,  son  of  Edward  III.,  distinguished 
himself  in  the  wars  of  his  father,  especially  at 
the  battle  of  Cressv  ;  he  died  in  1376. 

EDWARD,  or,  as  some  say,  EDWARDS, 
William,  architect  and  bridge-builder.  Thece- 

«brated  bridge  on  the  river  Taafi",  in  Wales, 
tailed  Pont  y  tu  Pridd  (by  the  Engli.«h,  New- 
bridge,) was  constructed  by  this  extraordinary 

man.      It  is  the  segment  of  a  circle,  whose 

ctord  at  the  surface  of  the  water,  is  147  feet, 
170 


ED 

and  is  the  boldest  and  largest  arch  in  Europe 
He  wa.s  then  a  cr  nimou  mason  ;  but  his  fame 
was  soon  ditlui^cd  throughout  the  kingdom,  and 
his  assistance  sought  wherever  diliiculties  oc- 
curred ill  constructing  bridges.  He  died  Aug.  7, 
1789. 

EDWARDS,  Richard,  born  in  Somersetshire, 
in  1523,  died  1566.     He  is  one  of  the  fir.st  Eng- 

h  dramatic  writers,  having  left  behind  him 
three  pieces ;  the  earliest  of  which  is  dated  in 
1562.  He  was  esteemed  an  excellent  poet  and 
musician,  and  wrote  several  poems,  \\  hicli  were 
published  after  his  death,  together  with  some 
of  other  auUiors,  in  a  collection,  entitled  "  The 
Paradise  of  Dainty  Devices,  1576." 

EDWARDS,  Thomas,  an  Enghsh  divine,  and 
a  non-conformist,  who  wrote  severely  against 
ihe  rovalists ;  he  died  in  1647. 

EDWARDS,  Dr.  Jonathan,  an  English  di- 
vine, of  the  17lh  century,  who  distinguished 
himself  chiefly  by  his  writings  against  the  So- 
cirians. 

EDWARDS,  George,  born  at  Stratford,  1694, 
an  eminent  English  ornithologist.  He  publish- 
ed, between  1743  and  1764,  4  vols.  4to,  of  the 
"  History  of  Birds,"  and  three  under  the  title 
of  "  Gleanings  of  Natural  History;  and  thus, 
after  a  long  series  of  years,  the  most  intense 
application,  and  a  correspondence  in  every 
quarter  of  the  world,  he  concluded  a  work, 
which  contains  engravings  and  descriptions  of 
more  than  600  subjects  in  natural  history,  not 
before  described  or  delineated.  He  died  in  1773. 

EDWARDS,  Thomas,  a  poet  and  critic,  of 
eminence,  born  in  1699,  died  Jan.  3,  1757.  Hi« 
poetry,  of  which  specimens  will  be  found  in 
Dodsley's,  Pearch's,  and  Nichols'  collections, 
is  simple,  elegant,  and  pathetic ;  his  criticisms 
are  exact,  acute,  and  temperate.  His  "  Canons 
of  Criticism,"  first  printed  in  1747,  under  the  ti- 
tle of  "  A  Supplement  to  Dr.  Warburton's 
Shakspeare,"  did  him  great  credit  both  as  a 
critic  and  as  a  scholar;  but  provoked  the  ven- 
geance of  Dr.  Warburton,  whicli  he  wreaked 
very  illiberally,  in  a  note  on  the  Dunciad,  (iv. 
567,)  of  wliicli  Mr.  Edwards  was  more  suscepti- 
ble than  the  circumstance  required. 

EDWARDS,  John,  a  divine,  of  the  church 
of  England,  whom  Dr.  Kippis  called  the  Paul, 
the  Augustine,  the  Calvin  of  his  age  ;  he  died 
in  1745 

EDWARDS,  Thomas,  an  eminent  divine,  of 
England,  master  of  Coventry  grammar  school  • 
he  published  several  works,  and  died  in  1785. 

EDWARDS,  Timothy,  first  minister  of  Eaa' 
I  VVindsor,Conn.,  and  father  of  the  famous  Jona- 
Ithan  Edwards  ;  he  died  in  1758. 

EDWARDS,  Jonathan,  an  American  divine, 
'author  of  several  distinguished  works,  particu- 
jlarly  on  "  Original  Sin,"  "  Freedom  of  the 
Will,"  tc.  He  settled  at  Northampton,  and 
'afterwards  was  president  of  New- Jersey  col- 
I'ege  ;  he  died  in  1758. 

I  EDWARDS,  Jonathan,  D.  D.,  president  of 
I  Union  college,  New- York,  was  a  son  of  the  pre- 
j  ceding,  and,  like  his  father,  was  distinguished  aa 
ta  thorough  scholar,  an  able  theologian  and  me- 
■taphysician,  and  as  a  controversial  writer,  on 
itheoiogic.il  subjects.  He  died  in  1801,  a  short 
itime  after  his  elevation  to  the  presidency  of  the 
icollege. 

EDWARDS,  Brjan,  author  of  an  elegant 
"  History  of  the  West  Indies,"  and  other  lesser 
productions,  connected  vrith  the  islands  in  that 
part  of  the  world.  Mr.  Edwards  was  bom  at 
Westbury,  in  Wilts,  1743,  made  a  very  large 


KI. 


fortune  as  a  West  Inilia  merchaiit,  hcciinie  n 
member  of  the  British  parlinuui  i,  lor  Gram 
pound,  ill  Cornwall,  ami  died  in  IBOU. 

EDWARDS,  Edward,  an  eminent  artist,  of 
London,  and  teaclier  of  drawing  ;  afterwards 
teacher  of  persijective,  in  tlie  royal  academy  ; 
he  died  in  IfiOG. 

EDWIN,  Jolui,  an  excellent  low  comedian, 
of  Covent  Gardi:n  and  the  Hayniarket  theatres, 
to  whose  taleiit:^,  O'Keefe's  extravagant  dramas 
were  greatly  indebted  for  tJu'ir  succeH> ;  he  was 
born  in  London,  in  17-19,  and  died  in  1790. 

EDWY,  succeeded  his  uncle,  Hdred,  as  kin; 
of  England,  in  955,  and  died  in  959. 

EECKHOUT,  Gerbrant  Vanden,  of  Atnster 
dam,  a  successful  imitator  of  Renibrant,  his 
master;  his  paintings  were  nuinsrous.  He  died 
in  1674. 

EECKHOUTE,  Anthony  Vanden,  a  painter, 
of  Bruges,  wlio  settled  in  Lisbon.  His  pieces 
were  much  admired  ;  he  was  shot  in  UW.l. 

EGBERT,  la.st  king  of  the  Saxon  heptarchy, 
and  first  king  of  England,  died  in  8iJ8. 

EGEOE,  Jolm,  a  Dane,  who  was  missionary 
K)  Greenland,  died  in  1758. 

EGEDE,  Paul,  bishop  of  Greenland,  was  born 
in  the  year  1708,  and  at  12  years  of  age  was  an 
active  assistant  to  his  father,  the  celebrated 
Hans  (or  .lohn)  Egede,  (to  whom  Denmark  is 
indebted  for  its  colony  in  Greenland,)  having 
accompanied  hiin  on  his  voyage  thither  in  17'J0. 
His  zeal  for  the  conversion  of  the  Greenlaiiders 
to  Christianity,  exerted  with  unabated  ardour 
through  the  course  of  a  long  life,  both  during 
his  residence  in  their  country,  and  after  his 
quitting  it,  is  strongly  displayed  in  his  "  Account 
of  Greenland,"  published  shortly  before  his 
death,  which  happened  June  3,  1789. 

EGERTON,  Thomas  Viscount  Brackley,  an 
eminent  and  learned  lawyer,  and  chancellor  of 
England,  in  the  reign  of  .fames  1.,  born  in  Che- 
shire, in  l.'>40,  died  in  1617. 

EGERTO.V,  John,bishopof  Durham,  a  pious 
and  learned  prelate,  who  distinguished  himself 
greatly  by  an  exemplary  discharge  of  his  epis- 
copal functions,  by  reconciling  contending  inte- 
re.sis  in  that  courity  and  City,  and  by  various 
wise  regulations  both  in  his  spiritual  and  tem- 
poral department,  lie  was  born  in  London,  in 
17'21,  and  died  in  Grosvenor-siiuare,  in  1787. 

EGGELING,  John  Henry,  a  native  of  Bre- 
men, secretary  of  the  republic,  died  in  1713. 

EGINHART,secretaryt.o  the  emperor  Charles 
the  Great,  was  a  German,  and  is  the  most  an- 
cient historian  of  that  nation.  He  wrote  "  The 
Life  of  Charles  ;"  "  Annals  of  the  Acts  of  king 
Pepin,  Charles  the  Great,  and  Lewis,  from  741 
to  839  ;"  and  other  works,  ecclesiastical  as  well 
as  historical.    He  died  in  841 . 

EGINTON,  Francis,  justly  celebrated  for  his 
ingenious  discovery  of  painting  and  staining  of 
glass,  after  the  manner  of  the  ancients ;  in  which 
numerous  works  will  long  continue  as  monu- 
)nents  of  his  unrivalled  ability.  A  good  speci- 
men of  it  may  he  seen  in  the  window  of  Sta- 
tioners' Hall,  presented  to  that  company  by  the 
late  alderman  Cadell.  Mr.  E's  first  work  of  any 
coiLsequence  was  the  arms  of  the  knights  of  llie 
Gatter,  for  two  Gothic  windows  over  the  stalls 
in  St.  George's  chapel,  at  Windsor.  This  inge- 
nious artist  died  near  Birmingham,  in  18<J5. 

EGMOiVT,  Lamoral,  count  of  Holland,  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  service  of  Charles  V., 
■ji  Africa,  and  under  Philip  II. ;  he  was  behead- 
ed bv  the  ilukc  of  Alva,  in  15C8. 

EGMONT,  Justus  Van,  a  painter,  born  at 


Iweyden,    becaine  painter  to  Lewis  Xlil.,  and 
XIV.,  of  France  ;  he  died  in  1674. 

EGiVATIUS,  John  Baptist,  a  learned  man, of 
Venice,  who  contributed  to  the  revival  oi  learn- 
ing ;  he  publislied  numerous  works,  and  died  in 
15.')3. 

EHRET,  George  Dionysius,  a  German,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter  of  flowers,  died  in  1770. 

EISEE,  CfJarles,  an  artist,  of  Brusseb,  died 
in  1773. 

EISENGUEIN,  Martin,  D.  D.,  chancellor  of 
the  university  of  Ingolstadt,  became  a  protest- 
ant,  and  again  a  catliolic ;  he  died  in  1578. 

EISENSCllMIll'l',  John  Caspar,  a  German 
matliematician  and  physician,  who  wrote  a 
treatise  on  woiglits  and  measures,  &c. ;  he  died 
in  1712. 

EKINS,  Jeffrey,  P.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
dean  of  Carlisle,  published  some  works,  and 
died  in  1771. 

ELBEU,  N.  d',  one  of  the  bravest  and  most 
lormidable  of  the  royalists,  of  la  Vendee. 

ELBENE,  Alphonsiisd',  anative  of  Florence, 
author  of  some  works,  died  in  1608. 

ELBERT,  Samuel,  a  brigadier  general  in  the 
army  of  the  revolution,  and  afterwards  govern- 
or of  the  state  of  Geoigia,  died  in  1768. 

ELBOiUP,  Ren^  de  Lorraine,  marquis  d', 
son  of  the  duke  of  Guise,  known  as  the  disco- 
verer of  Herculaneum ;  he  died  in  1566. 

ELBKUCHT,  John  Van,  a  painter,  who  set- 
tled at  Antwerp,and  who  excelled  in  landscapes, 
&c.,  lived  in  the  early  part  of  the  16th  centuiy. 

ELEANOR,  duchess  of  Guienne,  whose  in- 
f;unous  conduct  caused  her  divorce  from  her 
h'lsbaiid,  I.ewis  VII.,  of  France.  She  after- 
wards married  Henry  II.,  of  England.  Her 
dowry  (Guienne,)  was  tlie  source  of  those  wars 
wliicii  tor  three  centuries,  deluged  France  with 
English  blood. 

ELEA7 AR,  high-priest  of  Judea,292  B.  C. 

ELEU THERIUS,  elected  pope  in  170,  died 
in  185. 

ELI,  high-priest  and  judge  of  the  Israelites, 
1156  B.  C. 

ELI  AS,  Matthew,  a  painter,  who.  under  the 
patronage  of  Coibeen,  rose  from  obscurity  to 
great  eminence  in  liis  prol'ession ;  he  died  in 
1741. 

ELIAS,  Levita,  a  learned  German  rabbi,  of 
the  lyth  century :  published  several  works  on 
laneiia?e. 

ELlClI,  I^ewis  Philip,  a  native  of  Marpuig, 
known  ill  the  17lh  century  for  his  impious 
publications. 

ELICHM.^N,  John,  a  native  of  Silesia,  prac- 
tised physic  at  Leyden,  and  was  remarkable  for 
understanding  16  languages.  He  wua  of <ppiiiion, 
that  the  German  and  the  Persian  languages 
were  derived  from  the  same  original,  and  gave 
several  reasons  for  it. 

ELIEZEK,  a  rabbi  of  the  8th  century,  pub- 
lished a  work  on  sacred  history. 

ELIJAH,  an  illustrious  prophet,  of  Israel, 
under  Ahab  and  Ahaziah,  893  B.  C. 

ETilOT,  John,  an  Englishman,  came  to  Amer- 
ica in  1»''H1,  became  a  famous  missionary  to 
the  Indians,  and  translated  the  Bible  into  Uieii 
language;  he  died  in  1690. 

ELIOT,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  minister 
of  i\ewton,  Mass.,  greatly  assisted  his  fatlier  ia 
his  missionary  labours,  and  died  in  1068. 

ELIOT,  Andrew,  D.D.,aclergynian  of  Boston, 
distinguished  for  hi.s  piety,  learning  aiid  useful- 
ness in  the  miuii'try  ;  iie  died  in  1778. 

ELIOT,  Jolm,  D.  D.,  acoii^rcgatioiial  cUrgy- 
171 


EL 

man,  of  Boston,  was  tlie  son  of  tlic  preceding, 
aiKl  successor  to  hts  faUier  in  tin-  iiiinii^uy.  Ht 
was  the  aullioi  of  a  Bio^iapltical  Dictionary  ol 
the  eminent  men  of  JNew  England  ;  lie  died  in 
1813. 

ELIOTT,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  English  pliysi- 
Cian,  died  1787. 

ELIOTT,  George  Au(?uslus,  lord  Heathlield, 
K.  B.,  governor  oi  Gibrahar,  and  colonel  of  the 
15tli   regiment  of  light  dragoons,  was  born  at 
Slobbs,  in  Roxburelisliie,  17i8.    In  1735  lie  be 
rame  a  volunteer  in  tiie23d  rejiiineiitof  font,  or 
Royal  Welch  Fusjieers,  and  soon  aiierw-as  ad 
muted   into  the  engineer  corps  at  Woolwicli ; 
from  whence  he  purchased  the  adjutancy  of 
the  iM  troop  of  horse-grenaibers ;  in  which  he 
became  a  captain  and  major,  as  well  as  lieu- 
tenant-colonel ;  when  he  resigned  his  comniLs 
sion  as  an  enguieer.    In  175U,  he  quitted  the 
horse-guards,  and  was  selected  to  raise,  ftrui 
and  discipline  tlie  ist  regiment  of  light-horse, 
which  bore  his  name.     Having  gone  through 
various  departments -in  difl't  rent  services,  with 
the  greatest  n>arkb  of  bravery  ajid  military  know- 
ledge, in  1775  he  was  appointed  commander  in- 
chief  in  Ireland;   which  he  soon  relinquished 
and  was  apjiouited  to  the  command  of  Gibi  aliar 
in  a  foriunale  hour  for  the  safety  of  that  impor- 
tant Ibrlress :   wliere,  by  a  cool  and  temperate 
demeanor,  he  maintained  his  station  for  three 
years  of  constant  investment,  in  which  all  the 
powers  of  Spain  were  employed.    The  eyes  of 
all  Europe  were  on  this  garrison ;  and  his  con- 
duct justly  exalted  him  to  the  most  elevated 
rank  in  the  miUtary  annals  of  the  day.    On  his 
return  to  Englarid,  the  gratitude  of  the  British 
senate  was  as  forward  as  the  public  voice  in 
giving  him  the  distinguished  mark  that  his  merit 
deserved  ;  to  which  his  majesty  was  pleased  to 
add  that  of  llie  peerage,  by  the  title  of  lord 
Heatlifield,  baron  Gibraltar,  on  June  4,  1787 ; 
ptMUiitling  his  lordship  to  take  also  the  arms  of 
the  lorirets  he  had  so  bravely  defended,  to  per- 
petuate to  futurity  his  noble  conduct.    He  died 
ul  Aix-la-Chapelle,  July  6,  1790,  and  was  buried 
at  Buckland,  in  Devonshire. 

ELIOTT,  Richard,  an  English  (Uvine,  who 
became  a  dissenter,  and  published  some  contro- 
versial tracts ;  he  died  in  1780.  ] 
ELIbHA,  a  prophet  among  the  Israelites: 
died  8:<0  B.  C. 

ELIZABETH,  of  Austria,  a  very  virtuous, 
and  hiuhly  respected  queen  of  France,  wife  to 
<;ha!les  IX.,  died  in  15S0. 

ELIZABETH,  Petrovna,  daughter  of  Peter 
the  Great,  who  ascended  the  throne  of  Russia, 
in  1741 ;  she  was  much  given  to  secret  amours, 
and  died  in  1761. 

ELIZABETH,  queen  of  England,  was  tlie 
daughter  of  Henry  Vlll.,  by  his  second  wife 
Ann  Boleyn,  and  bom  Sept.  7, 1533.  She  begai 
to  reign  in  1558,  being  then  25  years  of  ajie,  and 
hignlv  accomplished  both  in  person  and  mind 
Her  feign  continued  44  years.  4  months,  and 
68  days.  She  died  March  i4,  1603,  in  her  70tb 
year. 

ELLER  DE  BROOKHUSEN,  John  Theo- 
dore an  able  and  learned  physician  to  the  king  of 
Prusi-ia;  he  died  in  17t)0. 

ELLER  Y,  William,  one  of  the  signers  of  the 
declaration  of  independence,  was  a  member  of 
congress  f.'-dm  Rhode  Island,  distinguished  for 
his  active  and  determined  oj'pnsition  to  the  en- 


EL 

ELLIGER,  Ottoniar,  n  painter,  who  settled 
at  Berlin,  and  w  as  much  admired  ;  be  flourished 
about  1650. 

LLLIGER,  Ottomar,  son  of  the  preceding, 
equally  distinguished  as  his  father  in  the  use  of 
the  pencil:  he  died  by  intemiteranre,  in  1732. 

ELLIOT,  (alib,  a  visionary  cnihusiaBt,  who 
starved  himself  near  Modbury,  in  Devonshire, 
Dec.  14, 1'89.  It  is  imagined  that  he  meant  to 
have  fasted  40  days,  as  he  actually  lived  16 
without  food  of  any  kind,  having  refused  ail  sons 
of  sustenance. 

ELLIS,  Clement,  M.  A.,  an  Englishman, 
distincuished  as  a  scholar  and  divine  ;  he  died 
in  1700. 

ELLIS,  John,  deputy  of  Broad-street  ward, 
and  a  member  of  the  corporation  of  London, 
nearly  half  a  century,  was  the  last  of  that  an- 
cient profession  called  scriveners,  which  is  one 
of  the  companies  of  London  ;  but  the  busiriest 
is  now'  carried  on  by  attorneys  and  others.  H« 
was  a  nian  of  literature,  and  wrote  some  Hudi 
brastic  translations  ;  but  never  put  his  name  to 
any  thing  that  lie  published.  Of  him  Dr.  John- 
son once  said,  "  The  most  literary  conversation 
that  I  ever  enjoyed  was  at  the  table  of  Jack 
Ellis,  a  nioney-scrjvener  behind  the  Royal  Ex- 
change ;  with  whom  I,  at  one  period,  used  to 
dine  generally  once  a  week."  It  may  be  sup- 
posed, that  the  merit  could  not  be  inconsiderable 
which  extorted  such  praise  from  Dr.  Johnson. 
He  wa£  bom  in  London,  1698,  and  died  Dec. 
31,  1791. 

ELLIS,  George,  an  English  miscellaneous 
writer,  died  in  1815. 

ELLIS,  Henry,  F.  R.  S.,  an  English  lawyer, 
colonial  governor  of  Georgia,  and  afterw'ardi 
governor  of  Nova-Scotia ;  he  died  in  Europe, 
at  an  advanced  age. 

ELLIS,  Caleb,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of  New 
Hampshire,  was  a  member  of  congress,  and 
afterwards  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  that 
state  ;  he  died  in  1816. 

ELLSWORTH,  Oliver,  LL.D.,  an  eminent 
jurist  of  Connecticut,  and  chief  justice  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  United  States,  was  dis- 
tinguished for  the  strong  powers  of  his  mind, 
for  the  solidity  of  his  judgment,  and  for  hi» 
great  professional  learning.  He  was  appointed 
a  member  of  the  senate  of  the  LTnited  States,  a 
judge  ill  his  native  state,  and,  in  1799,  ambassa- 
dor to  France  ;  he  died  in  1807. 

ETiLWOOD,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  some- 
time reader  to  Milton  ;  he  wrote  in  defence  of 
the  Quakers,  and  died  in  7713. 

ELIiYS,  Dr.  Anthony,  bishop  of  St.  David's, 
bom  1693,  and  died  1761.  He  was  a  man  of  fine 
pans,  e;5lensiveknowledee,and  sound  judgment, 
with  a  heart  overflowing  with  benevolence  and 
candour,  and  a  most  Christian  temper  ;  for  he 
always  thought  a  person,  though  on  the  right 
side  of  tlie  question,  with  principles  of  persecu- 
tion, to  be  a  worse  man  than  he  who  was  on  the 
wrong. 

ELMACINUS,  George,  author  of  a  historv  of 
the  Saracens,  or  rather  a  chronology  of  the  Ma- 
hometan empire,  flourislied  in  Egypt  toward 
the  middle  of  the  13th  century. 

ELMENHORST,  Geverhart.  a  critic  of  Ham- 
burgh, and  aiitlior  of  notes  on  ancient  arilhors  ; 
he  died  in  1621. 

ELMENHORST,  Henry,  author  of  a  treatiB* 
on  public  spectacles,  of  which  he  seems  to  ap- 


croachments  of  Britain,  and  for  the  judgment, ^-ove. 
and  abUiiy  he  displayed  in  that  body  ;  be  died      ELPHINSTON,  James,  bom  at  Edinburgh, 
IB  1820,  aged  93.  i|  Dae.  6, 1721,  very  early  devoted  his  attention  to 

172 


'  EL 

Mtablishing  the  principles  of  the  Enslish  lan- 
guage, but  with  the  best  intentions,  his  zeal  let! 
him  astray  into  enthusiasm.  As  a  grammarian, 
he  stofxl  on  very  liich  Rround  ;  but  he  lundly  em- 
braced aji  idea,  that  the  orthography  of  the  Eng- 
lish language  might  be  thoroughly  refonno<1 ; 
and  being  encouraged  by  Dr.  Franklin,  he  con 
ceived  the  project  ol"  etfcctin^  it,  by  spelling 
words  as  they  are  pronounced.  This  romantic 
(not  to  say  ridiculous)  scheme,  in  the  latter  part 
of  his  life,  became  liLs  hobby-horse,  and  for  a 
while  clouded  the  genuine  claims  he  had  to  the 
gratitude  of  every  Englishman  ;  claims  candidly 
acknowledged  by  most  English  scholars,  and 
pubUcly  by  the  late  Mr.  Walker,  author  of  "  The 
Pronouncing  Dictionary,"  where  his  namecon- 
Btanllyrecursiureferencesto authority.  In  1782, 
he  published,  in  4to.  a  translation  of  the  "  Epi- 
grams of  Martial  ,"  but  it  exiiibited  more  of  elab- 
orate erudition  than  of  poetical  ease  or  grace, 
and  was  severely  treated  by  the  critics.  Mr.  El- 
phinston  was  unaffectedly  pious  and  virtuous  : 
perhaps  the  most  distinguishing  feature  of  hL< 
Blind  was  a  simpUcity  and  purity  that  never 
doubted  the  truth  or  virtue  of  another.  His  death 
happened  Oct.  8, 1809. 

ELPHINSTONE,  William,  a  Scotch  prelate 
and  statesman,  born  at  Stirling,  in  14:!C!,  died  in 
1513,  having  written  a  "  History  of  Scotland,"  a 
•opy  of  which  in  MS.  is  now  in  the  Bodleian  li- 
brary. 

ELSHEIMER,  Adam,  a  celebrated  German 
painter,  bom  at  Frankfort,  in  1574,  excelled  par- 
ticularly in  landscapes,  histories,  and  night  pie- 
ces, with  little  figures.  His  works  are  very  few  ; 
and,  for  the  incredible  pains  and  labour  which 
he  bestowed  upon  them,  valued  at  such  prodi- 
gious rates,  that  they  are  hardly  any  where  to  be 
found  but  iu  the  cabinets  of  princes.  He  died 
in  1610. 

ELSNER,  James,  a  Prussian,  professor  at 
Lingen,  and  author  of  various  works  ;  he  died 
in  1750. 

ELSTOB,  William,  an  English  divine,  emi- 
nent for  his  skill  in  the  Saxon  language,  born  at 
Newcastle,  in  1073,  died  in  1714. 

ELSTOB,  Elizabeth,  sister  of  the  above,  and 
a  famous  Saxonist  also,  born  in  1683,  died  1750. 
She  published  a  curious  Saxon  homily  on  the 
birthday  of  St.  Gregory,  with  a  translation,  in 
8vo,  1709  ;  and  in  1715,  a  grammar  of  the  Saxon 
language,  in  4to. 

ELSWICH,  John  Herman  d',  a  Lutheran 
divine,  native  of  Holslein,  published  several 
works,  and  died  in  1721. 

ELS^NGE,  Henry,  clerk  of  the  house  of 
commons,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  born  at 
I?attersea,  in  1598.  He  was  the  author  of  a  few 
things  which  were  reckoned  very  good, and  have 
been  much  esteemed ;  particularly  "  The  an- 
cient method  and  manner  of  holding  parlia- 
ments in  England,  1663  ;"  reprinted  often  since. 
He  died  in  It^. 

ELVIUS,  Peter,  a  native  of  Upsal,  who  made 
surveys  of  the  Swedish  lakes,  and  invented  se- 
veral machines  to  go  by  water  ;  he  died  in  1749. 
ELWES,  John,  M.  P.,  for  Berkshire.  He 
was  a  man  of  clear  perception,  sound  judg- 
ment, and  unskaken  integrity  ;  and  in  such  high 
estimation  was  he  held  for  his  love  of  justice, 
that  numberless  disputes  among  his  constituents 
and  others,  which  would  have  been  decided  by 
courts  of  law,  were  let't  to  his  sole  arbitrament ; 
and  his  determination  was  sure  to  be  thorough- 
ly satisfactory  to  the  Judicious.  Yet,  notwith- 
cianding  bis  great  and  good  qualitiw,  be  was  a 

1. 


EM 

man  (respectius;  himself)  of  an  extraordinarily 
penurious  luid  singular  turn ;  instances  rf 
which,  that  almost  stagger  belief,  are  related  in 
an  interesting  account  of  his  liff,  published  by 
E.  Tophani,  esq.  8vo,  1790.  He  died  Nov  26, 
178'J,  aged  80. 

ELXAI,  or  ELX^EUS,  founder  of  a  seet 
among  the  Jews,  in  the  2d  century ;  he  taught 
Ills  Ibllowcis  to  pray  toward  Jerusalem ;  Uia  sect 
continued  till  the  4th  century. 

ELYOT,  Sir  Thomas,  was  employed  by  Hen- 
ry VIII.,  in  severa;  embassies.  He  was  an  ex- 
cellent grammarian,  poet,  rhetorician,  philoso- 
pher, physician,  cosmographer,  and  historian; 
and  distinguished  as  much  for  his  candour,  and 
the  innocence  and  integrity  of  his  life,  as  for  bis 
accomplishments.  He  wrote  and  translated  se- 
veral works,  and  died  in  1546. 

ELYS,  Edmund,  an  Englishman,  who  wrote 
against  Tillotson's  sermons  on  the  incarnation ; 
he  died  after  1693. 

ELZEVIRS,  celebrated  printers,  at  Amster- 
dam and  Leyden,  in  the  17th  century,  who  great- 
Iv  adorned  the  republic  of  letters  by  many  beau- 
tiful editions  of  the  best  authors  of  antiquity. 
Their  Virgil,  Terence,  and  Greek  Testament, 
have  been  reckoned  their  master-pieces;  and 
are  indeed  so  very  fine,  that  they  justly  gained 
them  the  reputation  of  being  the  best  printers  is 
Europe. 

EMANUEL,  succeeded  John  IT.,  as  king  of 
Portugal,  distinguished  for  patronising  commer- 
cial enterprises  ;  he  died  in  1521. 

EMEBRAET,  aFlemish  painter,  at  Antwerp, 
who  was  eminent  in  landscapes,  lived  in  the  17th 
century. 

EMERI,  Sebastian,  an  advocate,  of  Paris,  in 
the  ]6th  century :  he  refused  to  defend  the  du- 
chess of  Angouleme  against  the  constable  of 
Bourboa 

EMERSON,  William,  a  very  eminent  mathe- 
matician, born  at  Hurworth,  a  village  on  the 
borders  of  Durham,  1701,  died  in  1782.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  singularity  in  his  manners,  dress, 
and  conversation.  His  works  are  extremely 
valuable  and  numerous. 

EMERSON,  Joseph,  minister  of  Maiden, 
Mass.,  distinguished  for  his  zeal  and  humility, 
died  in  1767. 

EMILI.\NO,  Jolin,  an  Italian  philosopher  of 
thp  IGth  centu'-y. 

EMLYN,  Thomas,  a  learned  and  pious  Eng- 
lish dissenting  divine,  memorable  for  his  suffer- 
ings on  the  score  of  heterodoxy,  was  born  at 
Stamford,  in  Lincolnshire,  1663,  and  died  1741. 
His  son,  Sollom  Emlyn,  was  bred  to  the  law, 
became  an  eminent  counsellor,  and  v/as  employ- 
ed to  publifh  lord  chief  justice  Hale's  "  Pleas 
of  the  Crown,"  which  he  did  with  notes,  and  a 
preface,  and  died  in  the  year  17.56. 

EMLYN,  Henry,  a  very  eminent  architect, 
to  whom  king  George  III.  confided  the  whole 
management  of  the  architectural  improvements 
in  St.  Georae's  chapel,  Windsor ;  to  which,  per- 
haps, no  edifice  of  the  kind  in  Europe  is  equal 
in  beauty.  Tliere  is  a  publication,  by  Mr.  Em- 
lyn, of  a  "  Desi.im  for  a  New  Order  in  Archi- 
tecture," which  consists  of  a  double  pillar  from 
a  single  pedestal.  Mr.  Emlyn  died  at  Windsor, 
in  his  87tli  vear,  Dec.  10,  1815. 

EMMA,  wife  of  Ethelred,  of  England,  after- 
wards married  Canute,  and  upon  her  husband's 
death,  reisned  jointly  with  her  son. 

EMMlUS,Ubo,  a  professor  of  Groningen ;  he 
published  several  works  on  Chronology,  Bi»- 
?raphy,  &C-,  aad  died  in  1625 
,*  173 


EN 


EMPEDOCLES,  a  r.vthagorean  philosoiilier, 
poet,  and  historian,  of"  Agiigetitum,  in  Sicily; 
died  440  B.  C.  Some  say,  lliat  lie  I'ell  or  threw 
hiniaell' into  the  burning  gulf  of  jElna;  and 
others,  that  lie  was  dmwned  in  the  sea. 

EMPEREUR,  avvell  linown  French  engiaver, 
in  the  ]8th  century. 

EMPEREUR,  Constantinel',  of  Holland,  pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew  at  Eeyden  ;  he  publisiied  se- 
veral works  on  the  Jewish  books,  and  died  in 
1648.  ..       .    , 

EMPOLI,  Jacopo  da,  an  emnient  historical 
painter,  of  Enipoli,  died  in  1U40. 

EMPORIAS,  a  learned  rhetorician  in  the  7th 
century.  „  .        -  t, 

EMPSON,  Sir  Richard,  favourite  of  Henry 
VII.,  was  afterwards  beheaded  in  1510. 

ENCOLPIUS,  a  favourite  of  the  eraperorAI- 
exander,  whose  historv  he  wrote. 

ENDICOT,  Jolm,  governor  of  Mass.,  was  a 
native  of  England  ;  he  was  violent  in  his  oppo- 
sition to  sectarians,  and  died  in  1665. 

ENFIELD,  William,  a  diMenting clergyman, 
of  Norwich,  born  at  Sudbury,  1740,  died  1797. 
He  had  been  lecturer  in  the  belies  lettres  at 
Warrington  Academy,  and  was  well  known  to 
the  public  by  many  ingenious  and  useful  publi- 
cations, of  which  the  principal  are,  "  The 
Preacher's  Directory ;"  a  great  number  of  '  Ser- 
mons ;"  the  "  Speaker,"  and"  Exercises  in  Elo- 
cution ;"  the  two  latter  very  popular  selections 
of  passages  from  celebrated  authors:  "The 
English  Preacher,"  the  "History  of  Philoso- 
phy," &c. 

ENGELBRECHT,  .Tohn,a  German  Lutheran, 
of  Brunswick,  who  maintained  doctrines  simi- 
lar to  those  v^'hich  Swedenborg  has  since  pro- 
mulgated :  he  died  in  1641. 

ENGHELBRECHTSEN,  Cornelius,  a  pain- 
ter, of  Leyden,  the  first  who  painted  in  oil ;  he 
died  in  1533. 

ENGHELRAMS,  Cornelius,  a  painter  in  wa- 
ter colours,  was  bom  at  MalineH.and  died  in  1583. 

ENGHIEN,  duke  of,  son  of  the  duke  of  Bour- 
bon was  seized  by  order  of  Buonaparte,  hur- 
ried to  Paris,  condemned  after  a  mock  trial,  for 
having  carried  arms  against  his  country,  during 
the  tyranny  of  Robespierre,  and  shot  in  1804. 

ENGLISH,  Hester,  a  French  lady,  settJed  in 
England,  and  eminent  for  the  most  exquisite 
skill  hi  penmanship.  She  lived  in  the  reigns  of 
Elizabeth  and  James  I. 

ENJEDIM,  George,  an  ingenious  unitarian 
of  Hungary,  who  wrote  against  irinitarians ; 
he  died  in  1597. 

ENNIUS,  Quintus,  an  ancient  Latin  poet, 
born  in  Calabria,  237  B.  C.  He  died  at  the  age 
of  70  years  ;  and  his  death  is  said  to  have  been 
occasioned  by  the  gout,  contracted  by  an  immo- 
derate use  of  wine,  of  which  he  aUvaj's  drank 
very  freely  before  he  applied  himself  to  writing. 
Hor.  Lib.  I.  Ep.  19.  He  was  the  first  among 
ihe  Romans  who  wrote  heroic  verses,  had  an 
admirable  genius,  and  did  prodigious  tilings  for 
polishing  the  Latin  poetry,  though  he  left  a  great 
deal  to  be  done  by  succeeding  ages.  He  wrote 
the  "  Annals  of  Rome  ;"  which  were  so  highly 
esteemed,  that  they  were  publicly  recited  with; 
vast  applause  by  auintus  Vargonteius,  who  di-i 
Rested  them  into  books  ;  and  they  were  read  at| 
Puteoli,  in  the  tlieatre,  by  a  man  of  learning, 
who  as-siimed  the  name  of  the  Ennianist.  Hei 
translaicl  several  tragedies  from  the  Greek, 
and  wroic  others.  He  published  likewise  seve-l 
ral  comedies;  but  wHether  of  his  own  inven- 
tion, or  translated  by  him,  is  unceiluin.    It  ap- 


EP 

pears  from  his  writings,  that  he  had  \  ery  strong 
sentunents  of  reUgion.  He  held  the  doctrine  of 
transmigration,  and  is  paid  to  have  afflmiod 
that  Homer's  soul  was  transmigrated  into  him. 

ENNOUIUS,  Magnus  Felix,  bishop  of  Pavia, 
in  Italy,  bom  473,  died  Hil.  His  works,  cliicfly 
theological,  are  not  volnmiiious. 

ENOCH,  son  of  Jared,  seventh  from  Adam, 
was  translated  to  heaven  without  dying,  3017 
B.C. 

ENSENADA,  Zeno  Somo  de  Silva,  marquis 
de  la,  an  able  minister  of  Spain,  who  rn.-ie  to 
that  station  from  being  a  book-keeper  to  a 
banker  ;  he  died  in  1755. 

ENT,  Sir  George,  a  very  ingenious  and  enii 
nent  English  physician  and  medical  writer 
born  at  Sandwich,  in  Kent,  1604,  died  1689. 

ENTICK,  John,  an  English  divine,  who  pub- 
hshed  a  "Spelling  Dictionary,"  a  "  History  uf 
the  War  which  terminated  in  17C3,"  and  a 
"  Historv  of  London,"  and  died  May  22,  In'.i 

ENTINOPE,  an  architect  of  Candia,  in  the 
5th  century,  one  of  the  chief  founders  of  Ve 
nice. 

ENZIN.\S,  Francis,  a  native  of  Burgos,  and 
disciple  of  Melancthon  ,  lie  translated  the  new 
Testament  into  Spanish. 

EOBANUS,  Elias,  surnamed  HefiBtis,  an  ele- 
gant scholar  and  good  poet,  was  professor  at 
Nuremburg ;  he  died  in  l.V.O. 

EON,  de  I'Et  jile,  a  fanatic,  of  Brittany,  who 
pretended  that  he  was  the  son  of  God  ;  he  had 
some  followers,  but  eventually  died  in  prison. 

EON,  Chevalier  Charles  Genieve-Louisa- 
Augusta-.'Vndrea-Timothee  du  Beaumont  d', 
bovn  at  Tonnerre,  in  Burgundy,  August,  5,  J728, 
died  in  London,  May  22,  1810.  The  chevalier 
was  memorable  as  a  political  character,  atid 
once  charge  des  affaires  in  England  from  the 
court  of  France  ;  but  more  so  on  account  of  the 
questionable  gender  to  which  this  extraordinary 
character  naturally  appertained.  In  the  year 
1777,  policies  were  opened  to  ascertain  the  sex 
of  tills  extraordinary  nondescript,  to  the  amount 
of  200,000Z.  which  were  eventually  decided,' and 
paid,  upon  a  surgical  certificate,  after  personal 
examination,  that  the  reputed  chevalier  was  a 
female.  From  that  period  the  chevalier  wore 
female  liabiliments.  After  death,  however, 
it  was  ascertained  that  the  deceased  was  of 
the  masculine  gender. 

EPAailNONDAS,  a  famous  Theban  general, 
slain  in  battle,  363  B.  C. 

EP.'VFHRODITUS,  a  bishop  of  Phihppi,  who 
carried  the  contributions  of  hi.s  country  to  the 
saints  of  Jerusalem,  and  brought  back  FauPs 
epidtle  to  his  church,  A.  D.  62. 

EPEE,  Charles  Michael  de  1',  a  very  ingenious 
and  benevolent  French  abbe,  and  the  extensive 
promoter  (if  not  the  inventor)  of  a  mode  for  re- 
lieving the  deaf  and  dumb,  and  rendering  them 
useful  members  of  society.  Some  of  his  pupils 
were  enabled  to  learn  several  languages ;  some 
became  profound  mathematicians:  and  others 
obtained  academical  prizes  by  poetical  and  li- 
terary works.  This  amiable  man  died  in  Feb. 
1790,  justly  lamented  by  his  country ;  and  was 
succeeded  in  liis  sclioo)  by  the  abbe  Sicard. 

EPHORUS,  a  historian  of  Cuma,  pupil  of 
Isocrates. 

EPHRAIM,  son  of  Joseph,  who  gave  name 
to  one  of  the  tribes  of  Israel. 

EPHREM,  St.,  an  ancient  Christian  writer 

of  the  4th  centurj'.     Photius  tells  us,  that  he 

wrote  above  1000  orations,  and  that  himself 

had  seen 49  of  his  sermons:  and  Sozomen  ob- 

174 


EP 


Ell 


nerves,  ihat  he  composed  300,000  versea.  His 
works  were  so  liiglily  esteemed,  tliiil  tliey  were 
publicly  read  in  tlie  cliurclies  alter  the  Scrip- 
tures. St.  Ephrem  was  a  man  of  the  2;reatcbt 
severity  of  morals  ;  and  so  strict  ati  observer  of 
cliastity,  that  he  avoided  even  the  sight  of  wo- 
men.   "He  died  in  '.i~8. 

EPICHAllMUS,  an  ancient  poet  and  pliiloso- 
pher,  born  in  the  island  of  Cos,  and  carried,  as 
Laertius  tells  lis,  into  Sicily,  when  he  was  but 
five  months  old.  He  had  the  honour  of  beitig 
taught  by  Pythagoras  himself:  and  he  and 
Plionnus  are  said  to  have  invented  comedy  in 
Syracuse,  though  others  have  pretended  to  the 
glory  of  that  discovery.  He  composed  55,  or, 
according  to  others,  35  plays ;  but  iiis  works 
have  been  so  long  lost,  that  even  their  character 
is  scarcely  on  record.  Luciau  says,  that  he 
iived  to  the  age  of  97  years. 
EPICIE,  an  eminent  French  engraver. 
EPICTETUS,  a  celebrated  philosopher.of  an- 
tiquity, born  near  the  end  of  Nero's  reign,  as  is 
commonly  supposed,  at  Ilierapolis,  in  Phrygia. 
He  lived  in  e.\treine  poverty  at  Rome,  in  a  lit- 
tle cottage  v.'ithout  f)  niiicii  as  a  door  to  it;  no 
attendants  but  one  old  woman,  and  no  furni- 
ture but  an  earthen  lamp,  to  the  light  of  which 
\vi:  owe  those  t>or.ntifiU  and  divine  thouglits,  of 
W'hich  Arrian  has  preserved  some  nobJe  re- 
mains. This  lamp  was  purchased  for  about 
100/.  after  iiU  I'eath,  by  a  person  whom  Lucian 
ridicules  for  it,  as  hoping  to  acquire  the  wisdom 
of  Epictetus  by  studying  over  it.  We  have  no 
account  that  can  be  depended  on,  either  of  what 
distem;ior,^or  about  what  time,  he  died.  Kpic- 
tetus,  i.iough  a  philosopher,  was  a  man  of  great 
huniiiity  aiid  modesty;  which  was  most  emi- 
neni  in  his  own  practice,  as  well  as  in  his  re- 
conmendation  of  it  to  others.  His  "  Comment- 
aries," and  the  "  Enchiridion,  or  Manual  of  the 
Stoic  Pliilosophy,"  liave  been  often  published, 
and  translated  into  almost  every  language. 

EPICURUS,  the  greatest  philosopher  of  his 
age,  was  born  at  Gargeltus,  in  Attica,  about  the 
year  340  B.  C.  From  the  place  of  his  birth,  we 
find  him  often  called  by  ancient  authors,  the 
"  Gargettic  author,"  the  "  Gargettic  old  man," 
and  simply,  the  "  Gargettian."  Whereas  other 
professors  of  sects  made  choice  of  particular 
places  in  Athens,  as  the  Academy,  the  Ivyceum 
&c.,  Epicurus  purchased  a  very  pleasant  garden, 
where  he  lived  with  his  friends  in  great  tran- 
quillity, and  taught  philosophy  to  a  great  num- 
i)er  of  disciples.  They  lived  all  in  common 
with  their  master;  and  a  better  regulated  so- 
ciety had  never  been  seen.  He  wrote  a  prodi- 
gious number  of  books,  and  died  in  his  72d 
year.  As  to  his  doctrine,  t4iat  the  happiness  of 
man  consists  in  pleasure,  though  it  lias  occa- 
sioned some  effects  which  have  discredited  his 
sect,  yet,  if  it  be  rightly  interpreted,  it  is  cer- 
tainly very  reasonable  ;  for  it  amounts  to  no- 
thing more,  than  that  the  happiness  of  man 
consists  in  his  being  at  ease,  and  in  feeling 
pleasure,  or,  generally,  in  being  contented. 
Could  we  ask  Epicurus  where  this  ease  and 
contentment  must  be  fo\tnd,  he  would  not  say 
in  gnnd  eating,  drinking,  or  in  commerce  with 
\voMien  ;  but,  in  sobriety,  temperance,  and  the 
th.'cking  of  tumultuous  and  disorderly  passions, 
which  deprive  the  soul  of  her  state  of  happi- 
ness ;  that  is,  the  soft  and  quiet  acquiescence  in 
lier  condition.  These  were  the  pleasures  in 
which  Epicurus  made  the  happiness  of  man  to 
consist.  But  people  exclaimed  against  the  word 
pleasure :  those  who  were  corrupted  already 


made  an  ill  use  of  it ;  the  enemies  ot  his  sect 
took  advantage  of  it ;  and  so  the  name  of  Epi- 
curean became  odious :  all  this,  however,  is  ac- 
cidental to  the  doctrine  ;  for  it  is  certain  that 
he  lived  in  a  most  exemplary  maimer  liimself, 
and  conformably  to  the  rules  of  philosophical 
wisdom  and  frugality. 

EPIIMENIJJES,  an  ancient  poet  and  philoso- 
pher, born  at  Gnossus,  in  Crete.  Many  won- 
derful things  are  related  of  him  ;  and  his  repu- 
tation was  so  great  all  over  Greece,  that  he  was 
there  esteemed  a  favourite  of  the  gods.  He 
died  at  the  age  of  157  ;  and  is  alluded  to  by  f<t. 
Paul,  Titus,  c.  i.  v.  12.  Plutarch  tells  us,  that 
he  was  accounted  the  7th  wise  man  by  those 
who  would  not  admit  Periander  into  the  numbet 
EPIPHANIU£<,  bishop  of  Salamis,  in  Cyprus, 
born  332,  and  died  403.  He  was  very  con ver- 
lant  in  ecclesiastical  antiquities,  on  wliich  ac- 
count he  is  chiefly  regarded. 

EPIPHANIUS,  a  writer  of  the  6th  century, 
who  translated  tlie  histories  of  Socrates,  Sozo- 
nien,  and  Theodoret. 

EPIPHANIUS,  a  heretic,  who  advocated  a. 
community  of  women. 

EPISCOPIUS,  Simon,  a  theological  and  con- 
troversial writer  of  Uncommon  parts  and  learn- 
ing, and  the  chief  support  of  the  Arminian  sect, 
born  at  Amsterdam,  in  1583,  died  1(>43. 

EPPENDORF,  Henry,  a  noble  German,  who 
acquired  celebrity  bv  his  dispute  with  Erasmus. 
ERASISTRATUS,  an  eminent  Greek  physi- 
cian, whose  works  are  mentioned  by  Galen,  but 
are  now  lost.    He  flourished  291  B.  C. 

ERASMUS,  DesideriuB,  born  at  Rotterdam, 
the  28tli  of  Oct.,  1467.  He  was  called  Gerard. 
after  his  father;  and  afterwards  took  the  name 
of  Desiderius,  which  in  Latin,  like  the  surname 
of  Ercismus,  in  Greek,  signify  much  the  same 
as  Gerard  among  the  Hollanders,  that  is,  "  am- 
abilis,"  or  amiable.  He  was  the  most  learned 
man  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived  ;  and  contri- 
buted, by  his  exdhiple  and  his  writings,  to  the 
restoration  of  learning  in  the  several  countries 
vvlierein  he  occasionally  resided,  viz.  Italy, 
Switzerland,  Holland,  France  and  England  ; 
with  the  last  he  was  most  satisfied;  and  there 
lie  met  with  the  greatest  encouragement  from 
Henry  VIII.,  sir  Thomas  More,  and  all  the 
learned  Englishmen  of  those  days.  He  was  the 
most  correct  and  elegant  LatiJi  writer  among 
the  moderns  ;  and  died  in  153G.  Nothing  has 
made  the  city  of  Rotterdam  more  famous,  than 
her  having  given  birth  to  this  groat  man,  whose 
works  were  published  at  Leyden,  170G,  in  a 
very  handsome  manner,  in  ten  volumes  folio. 
ERASTUS,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  physician 
and  divine,  born  at  Baden,  in  Gerniaiiy,  about 
1524,  died  in  1583.  He  wrote  several  books  on 
philosophy,  physic,  and  divinity ;  but  what 
made  the  most  noise  of  all  his  iierformancc-, 
and  chiefly  makes  him  memorable  now,  wa.s 
his  book  "  He  Excommunicatione  Ecclesias- 
tica."  In  this  he  denies  the  power  of  the  church, 
and  affirms  their  censures  to  be  incapable  of  ex- 
tending beyond  the  present  life. 

ERASTOSTHENES,  a  Greek  philosopher, 
mathematician,  historian, and  poet,dicdl94  B.C. 
ERATOSTRATUS,  an  Ephesian,  who  on 
the  very  night  that  Alexander  the  Great  was 
born,  35G  B.  C,  burnt  the  temple  of  Diana,  at 
Ephesus,  merely  to  eternize  his  name  in  the 
records  of  history. 

ERCHEMBERT,  a  Lombard,  of  the  9th  cen- 
tury, author  of  a  Chronicle  of  tlie  Lombards 
from  774  to  8fe?. 

175 


ES 

in  one  volunit-  I'iiw.,  under  the  title  of  "Lor4 
Dun's  Advices."  He  was  born  at  Dun,  in  An 
ijusshirc,  J  670,  and  died  itierc  in  1755. 

EIISKINL,  James,  lord  Alva,  one  of  the 
barons  i.l'  tlic  S(X)tch  excliequei ,  afterwards  ap- 
pointed to  tiie  supreme  civil  court  of  Scotland; 
he  died  in  IVWi. 

ERVING,  William,  an  officer  in  the  British 
army,  wliicli  In;  iiuitted  at  the  commenccmenl 
of  iliH  American  war;  he  bequeaiiied  1000/.  t» 
Harvard  college,  and  died  in  1791. 

ERXLKBE^i,  Jolin  Christian  Polycai-p.  a  na- 
tive oi  Cluediinburg,  and  an  able  naiuralist 
died  in  17  77. 

ERVi'KIRA, Ferdinand  de  Mentst.s count  d', 
distinguished  himself  as  governor  of  Penicba 
and  Tangif-rs. 

ERycElRA,  Francis  Xavier  de  Meneses 
count  d",  born  at  Lisbon,  in  lti73,  increased  the 
valuable  library  of  his  ancestors  with  15,000 
new  vois.,  and  1000  MSS. ;  he  wrote  100  differ- 
ent publicatioi.s. 

ERYTROPHILUS,  Rupert,  a  German  di- 
vine, in  the  17th  century,  author  of  a  work  on 
the  pa&ion. 

ES,  James  Van,  a  painter,  of  Antwerp,  well 
known  lor  his  pictures  ol  birds,  &c. 

ESAU,  son  of  Isaac  and  Rebecca,  died  about 
1710  B.  C. 

ESCALO,  Mastin  del',  elected  podestat  of 
Verona,  in  1259,  was  assassinated  by  his  ene- 
mies, ill  1273. 

ESCALaUENS,  William,  capitou  of  Tou- 
louse, in  1326  ;  he  ordered  himself  to  be  carried 
to  ihe  cathedral  in  a  coffin,  and  then  invited  the 
attendants  to  a  least. 

ESC  OBAR,  Marine  d',  the  foundress  of  the 
reconciliation  of  St.  Bridget,  in  Spain,  died  1633. 
ESCOBAR,  Anthony,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  whose 
works  in  16  vols., and  his  Principles  of  Morality, 
in  7  vols.,  were  ridiculed  by  Pascal ;  he  died  in 
1669. 

ESCOBAR,  Bartliolomew,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
of  Seville,  went  to  America  as  a  monk;  heem- 
ploved  liimself  in  works  of  charity,  and  died  in 
1624. 

ESCOUBLEAU,  Francis  d',  cardinal  de 
Sourdis,  a  great  favourite  with  pope  Leo  IX., 
died  in  1686. 

ESCOUBLEAU,  Henry  d',  brother  and  suc- 
cessor of  the  preceding.',  was  at  the  siege  of 
Rochelle,  under  Lewis  XIII. ;  he  died  in  1645. 

ESCURE,  N.  de  1',  a  general  of  la  Vendee 
remarkable  for  his  loyalty,  courage,  &c. ;  hi 
died  of  his  wounds  in  1794. 

ESPAONAC,  John  Baptist  Joseph  de  Sapu- 
guei  Daniarzil  baron  d",  a  French  general,  who 
signalized  himself  in  the  campaigns  of  Italy, 
died  in  1783. 

ESPAGNANDEL,  Matthew  1',  an  eminent 
French  sculptor,  of  the  17tli  century. 

ESPAGNE,  John  d',  a  Frenchman,  who  set- 
tled in  England,  as  minister  of  a  French  pro- 
testant  r,on<rrccation,  in  the  reign  of  James  II. 

FSPAGNET,  John  d",  a  Frenchman,  presi- 
dent of  the  parliament  of  Bordeau.x,  who  wrote 
in  opi>o?i!ion  ro  Aristotle's  i.enets. 
I  ESPAGNOLET,  Joseph  Riberia  1',  a  Spanish 
I  painter,  particularly  successful  in  the  represen 
bom  111  prison,  became  a  seceder,  publishedjr  tation  of  terror,  anguish,  &c. ;  he  died  in  165G 
several  volumes  of  sermons,  and  died  in  1755.  ESPARRON,  Charles  d'  Arcussia  Viscount 

EKSKIXE,  Ralph,  brother  to  the  preceding,  d".  author  ofa  trpatiseonhawking and  falcoruy, 
published  many  works  and  sermons,  and  died  published  in  1644. 

in  1751.  ESPEN.Zeger  Bernard  Van,  born  at  Louvain, 

ERSKTNE,  David,  lord  Dun,  a  celebrated  wrote  against  the  pope's  bull  unigenltua,  and 
Scotch  jntlce,  who  published  an  excellent  worklldied  in  1738. 
176 


ER 

ERCILL-YA-CUNIGA,  Don  Alon/.o  d',  a 
tSpaniaid,  who  fuugh*.  against  tJie  Indians  of 
Ciiili  and  Peru,  and  made  his  auveuiuius  th 
Bub^t!  of  an  animated  poem,  called  Araucana 
EllCKEKN,  Lazarus,  a  German,  was  supei- 
intfcndent  of  the  luiiits  of  Hungary,  &c. 

Ehi  OLE,  a  painter,  patronised  by  tiie  court 
of  Sa\oy,  died  in  1676. 

ERKMiTA,  Daniel,  of  Antwerp,  intimate 
with  Sialiger,  author  of  stveial  works,  some 
poems,  &.C. ;  he  was  a  deist,  and  died  at  Ltg- 
born,  in  1613. 

ERIC  IX,  king  of  Denmark,  Sweden,  and 
Norway,  solemnly  deposed,  and  retired  to  Pome- 
rania  ;  ne  uie.d  in  1459. 

ERIC  XIV,  succeeded  his  father  Gustavus  on 
the  throne  of  Sweden,  and  became  the  unsuc 
ce&;f".l  suitor  of  queen  Elizabeth ;  he  died  in  1571?. 
EKtC,  Peter,  a  Venecian  admiral,  iaianious 
for  his  cruelty  to  the  widow  of  the  bashaw  of 
Tripoli,  whom,  with  her  treasures,  he  carried 
to  Constantinople  ;  he  was  beheaded  by  order 
of  the  Venetian  senate. 

ERIGEN'A,  John,  Scotus,  bom  at  Ayr,  in 
Scotland,  flourished  in  tht  9ih  century,  and  was 
very  learned  in  a  very  barbarous  age.  He  was 
employed  by  king  Alfred  to  promote  hamiiig 
and  the  liberal  arts.  For  this  purpose  he  was 
appoi:iled  to  preside,  at  Oxtbrd,  over  tile  studic- 
of  g.xiinetry  and  astronomy  in  particular ;  iha: 
university  being  either  lately  founded  or  lately 
restored  by  Allied.  Three  yeai-s  he  spent  in 
this  situation  ;  but,  some  disputes  and  disturb 
anccs  arising  at  O-xfoid,  he  left  that  place,  and 
retired  to  a  monastery  at  Malnitsbury.  There 
he  opened  a  scliool ;  and,  behaving  harshly  and 
with  severity  to  his  scholars,  was  stabbed  by 
them,  with  the  iron  bodkins  iJiey  then  wrote 
with,  in  sue  i  a  manner  that  he  dieid.  His  death 
happened  i.i  fi83. 

ERINNA,  a  Grecian  poetess,  cotemporary 
with  Sappho. 

ERIZZO,  Lewis  and  Marc  Anthony,  two  bro- 
thers, of  a  noble  Venetian  family,  who  mur- 
dered their  uncle  for  his  riches;  for  whicii  the 
one  was  beheaded ;  the  other  died  in  prison, 
about  1546. 

ERIZZO,  Paul,  a  noble,  of  the  same  family 
inhumanly  butchered  by  Maliomet,  in  1469,  after 
having  surrendered 

ERIZZO,  Sebastian,  a  noble  Venetian,  author 
•f  a  work  on  medals,  died  in  1.585. 

ERKIVINS,  a  famous  architect  of  Steinbach 
who  died  in  1305. 

ERLACH,  John  Lewis,  father  of  the  six 
families  of  the  same  name,  so  illustrious  in 
Switzerland  ;  he  was  distinguished  in  military 
life,  and  died  in  1650. 

ERNESTI,  John  Ausustus,  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Leipsic,  author  of  numerous  works 
literary  and  theological ;  he  died  in  1781. 

ERPEMfTS,  Thomas,  or,  as  he  is  called  in 
Dutch, ']  homas  of  Erpe,  a  most  learned  writer, 
and  incomparably  skilled  in  the  oriental  tongues, 
boni  1584,  died  1624. 

ERSKIXE,  Ralph,  a  Scotch  di\ine,  and  non- 
confonnist  who  was  imprisoned  about  16P2 
and  liberated  by  the  earl  of  Mar;  hedied  in  1696 
ERSKIXE,  Ebenezer,  son  of  the  pieceding. 


ES 

ESPENCE,  Claude  d',  a  Frencliinaii,  a  dis- 
tinguished orator,  and  author  of  coniuientaries 
on  tlie  t'pistles  ;  he  died  in  1571. 

ESPER,  John  Frederic,  a  native  of  Drossen- 
'.'eld,  in  Bayreuth,  a  botanist  and  naturalist,  and 
author  of  worlts  on  these  subjects  ;  he  died  in 
1781. 

ESPERIENTE,  Philip  Callimachus,  a  Tus 
can,  preceptor  of  an  academy  under  Pius  II 
afterwards  ambassador  to  Constantinople,  &.C. 
died  in  14%. 

ESPREMENIL,  James  Duval  d',  an  advocate 
and  counsellor  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  re- 
markable for  his  violent  proceedincs  during  the 
revolution  ;  he  was  guillotined  in  1704. 

ESPRIT,  James,  a  Frenchman,  an  agreeable 
writer,  the  friend  of  Rochefoucault  and  Conti, 
died  in  1078. 

ESSARS,  Pierre  des,  a  French  nobleman, 
who  served  in  the  Scotch  army  against  the  Eng- 
lish, in  1402 ;  on  his  return  to  France,  he  was 
raised  to  posts  of  honour,  became  suspected, 
was  imprisoned,  and  beheaded  in  1413. 

ESSARS,  Charlotte  des,  countess  of  Romo- 
rcntin,  mistress  to  Henry  IV.,  and  others,  who, 
in  attempting  to  advance  her  son,  fell  under  the 
resentment  of  the  king  and  Richelieu,  by  whom 
Bhe  was  imprisoned,  where  she  died  in  1651. 

ESSEX,  James,  famous  for  his  skill  in  gothic 
architecture.  His  principal  practice  was  at  Cam- 
bridge, Ely,  Lincoln,  and  Winchester  ;  and  his 
writings  may  be  found  in  the  .Achaolop'^,  vol 
iv.  vi.,  &c.  He  was  born  in  1723,  anrt  aied  at 
Cambridge,  in  1784. 

ESTAING,  Charles  Henry  count  d-,  a  French 
admiral,  who  commanded  the  French  fleet 
in  the  American  revolution  ;  he  was  guillotined 
iul793. 

ESTAMPES,  Anne,  of  Pisseleu,  duchess  of, 
mistress  to  Francis  I.,  of  France.  She  was  a 
woman  of  great  cunning  and  intrigue ;  and  one 
of  those  instances  which  prove  that  the  ascen- 
dancy of  a  mistress  may  be  the  ruin  of  a  kmg- 
doni ;  for  by  her  ambitious  views  the  monarchy 
of  France  had  nearly  been  subverted. 

ESTAMPES,  Leonor  d',  bishop  of  Chartres, 
in  lfi20,  who  opposed  the  Jesuits  in  the  asbenibly 
of  the  French  clergy. 

ESTCOURT,  Richard,  well  known  both  as 
an  actor  and  a  dramatic  writer.  In  all  his  parts, 
he  was  mostly  indebted  for  his  applause  to  his 
(lowers  of  mimicry,  in  which  he  was  inimitable, 
and  which,  at  times,  alforded  him  opportunities 
of  appearing  a  much  better  actor  than  he  really 
was,  by  enabling  him  to  copy  very  e.xacily  seve 
ral  performers  of  merit,  whose  mannner  he  re- 
membered and  assumed.  His  company  was 
e.xtremely  courted  by  every  one  ;  and  his  mimi- 
cry so  much  admired,  that  persons  of  the  first 
quality  frequently  invited  him  to  their  enter- 
tainments, in  order  to  divert  their  friends  with 
his  drollery  ;  on  which  occasions  he  constantly 
received  very  hand.^orae  presents  for  bis  com- 
pany. He  died  in  1713,  leaving  behind  hini  two 
dramatic  pieces. 

ESTHER,  a  Jewess,  mistress  to  Casimir  HI., 
king  of  Poland,  in  the  14th  century. 

ESTHER,  a  Jewish  maid,  who  became  wife 
to  Ahasuerus,  king  of  Persia,  and  was  the 
means  of  saving  the  Jews  from  destruction. 

ESTHJS,  William,  a  native  of  Holland,  divi- 
nity professor  of  Douay  university,  and  author 
of  commentaries  on  the  epistles,  died  in  1613. 

ESTLAGER,  Christopher,  a  writer  of  Steir- 
niark,  in  the  tSth  century. 

ESTOII.E  Pierre  de  I',  grand  auditor  of  the 


ET 

chancery  of  Paris,  and  author  of  several  valua- 
ble works  ;  he  died  in  IGll. 

ESTOILE,  Claude  de  I',  son  of  the  preced- 
ing ;  he  wrote  several  plays  and  poems,  and 
died  in  1652. 

ESTOUTEVILLE,  William  d',  a  Norman, 
and  a  cardinal,  who  reformed  the  university  of 
Paris  ;  he  posisessed  great  titmncss  and  benevo- 
lence, and  died  in  1483. 

ESTRADES,  Godfrey  count  d',  marcchal  of 
France,  and  viceroy  of  America,  ambassador 
o  England,  &c.,  died  in  16K6. 
ESTRANGE.  See  L'ESTRANGE. 
ESTREES,  John  d',  page  to  queen  Anne,  of 
Brittany,  distinguished  himself  in  several  bat- 
tles, and  died  in  15t)7. 

ESTREES,  Francis  Annibal  d',  son  of  the 
preceding,  a  duke,  peer,  and  marechal  of  France, 
died  in  1()70. 

ESTREES,  Cssar  d',  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  employed  in  several  important  offices  by 
ilie  French  king,  and  died  in  1714. 

ESTREES,  Gabrielle  d',  sister  of  Francis, 
mistress  of  Henry  IV.,  died  in  1599. 

ESTREES,  Victor  Marie  d',  a  vice  admiral 
of  France,  and  a  learned  man,  died  in  1737. 

ESTREES,  Lewis  Casar  duke  d',  marechal 
of  France,  and  minister  of  slate,  distinguished 
himself  in  the  war  against  Spain ;  he  died  in 
1771. 

ETHELBERT,  king  of  Kent,  became  a  Chris- 
tian by  the  preachingof  Austin,  and  died  in  C16. 
ETHELBERT,  king  of  England,  was  a  popu- 
lar and  benevolent  prince. 

ETHELRED,  king  of  England  ;  to  deliver 
himself  from  the  oppressive  ta.\  which  he  paid 
to  the  dames,  he  caused  those  \infortunate  for- 
eigners to  be  all  murdered  ;  he  died  in  1016. 

ETHELWOLP,  king  of  England,  in  838, 
went  to  Rome  to  improve  the  education  of  his 
son  the  great  Alfred  ;  he  died  in  857. 

ETHEREGE,  Sir  George,  a  celebrated  En- 
glish wit,  and  eminent  in  particular  for  his 
comic  genius,  flouris:-hcd  in  the  reiens  of  Charles 
II.  and  James  II.  His  three  comedies  are,  "  The 
Comical  Revenge  ;  or.  Love  in  a  Tub;"  '^  She 
Would  if  She  Could  ;"  and  "  The  Man  of  Mode; 
or,  Sir  Foppliiig  Flutter  ;"  in  which  last  piece 
he  is  supposed  to  have  drawn  some  of  the  chief 
characters  from  certain  of  his  coteraporaries, 
and  acquaintance.  Thus,  beau  Hewit,  the  most 
notorious  fop  of  his  time,  was  supposed  to  be 
designed  under  his  first  character;  Uorimant 
for  his  friend  lord  Rochester,  under  which  are 
characterised  inconstancy,  falsehood,  and  tri- 
umphs, in  the  conquest  and  ruin  of  the  fair, 
varnished  over  with  agreeable  and  captivating 
graces  of  modish  gallantry,  peculiar  to  that 
witty  but  licentious  nobleman.  He  was  also 
suspected  to  have  sketched  out  himself  in  the 
character  of  Medley.  Applauded,  however,  as 
this  play  was  for  wit,  yet,  like  his  others,  it  was 
condemned  for  immorality.  He  was  born  in 
O.xtordshire,  about  16.36,  and  died  about  1690. 

ETHRYG,  George,  or  ETHER IDGE,  or  FD- 
RYCUS,  an  Englishman,  who  lived  about  1550. 
He  excelled  not  only  in  the  Greek  and  Hebrew, 
but  also  in  medicine  and  music. 

ETTMTILLER,  Michael,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian born  at  Leipsic,  1644,  died  1683.  His  works, 
amounting  to  no  less  tnan  5  vols,  in  folio,  were 
printed  at  Naples,  in  1729. 

ETTMULLER,  Michael  Erne  St..  professor 
of  anatomy  and  surgery,  wrote  several  learned 
and  curious  treatists  on  medical  subjects,  ajid 
died  in  1732. 

177 


EU 

EUCHADIUS,  Augustiaua,  a  Latin  hibto- 
rlan. 

EUCIf  ARIUS,  or  HOIJCIIARIUS  Eligius,  a 
divine  aud  poet,  of  Ghent.  He  wrote  tlie  lives 
of  St.  Levinus,  Coleta,  and  Bertulfiiis,  &.i;. 

EUCHKKIIJS,  aiclibJKliopof  Lyons,  was  can- 
onized for  tils  pieiy  ;  lie  died  in  454. 

EUCLID,  a  philsopher,  of  Megara,  founder  of 
the  sect  of  wranglers. 

EUOLID,  a  most  celebrated  mathematician 
and  astrononjiir,  who  collected  all  the  fiuida- 
uienta!  prUiciples  of  pilre  mathoiiiatics,  vviiich 
had  been  delivered  down  by  Tnalts,  Pytliagoras, 
Eudoxus,  and  other  mathematicians  before  him, 
which  he  digested  into  rej^nlarity  and  order, 
with  many  others  of  his  own :  on  which  account 
he  is  said  to  liave  been  the  tirst  who  reduced 
arithmetic  and  geometry  into  the  lorm  of  a  sci- 
ence. When  this  great  man  was  born,  and 
wliat  was  his  country,  we  have  no  distinct  ac- 
eounl  ;  but  he  flourished,  as  appears  from  Pro- 
clns'  Comment  upon  his  Elements,  about  277 
years  before  Christ,  and  taught  mathematics  at 
Alexandria  with  vast  applause. 

EIID^MON,  John  Andrew,  a  Jesuit,  pub- 
lished some  works,  and  died  in  1025. 

EUDES,  Joiin,  lounded  the  congregation  of 
the  Eudists ;  he  left  some  devotional  works,  and 
died  in  1G80. 

EUDOCIA,  daughter  of  I.eontius,  an  Athe- 
nian sophist  and  philosopher,  born  al)out  400 
Her  father  took  such  care  of  her  education,  that 
she  became  at  length  comsuiumalely  learned ; 
and 'so  accomplished  in  every  respect,  that,  at 
liis  death,  he  left  his  wliole  estate  to  his  two 
BOtis,  except  100  pieces  of  gold,  which  lie  left  to 
his  daughter,  with  this  declaration,  that  "  her 
own  good  fortune  would  be  sufficient  for  her." 
Upon  this  she  went  to  law  with  her  brothers, 
but  williont  success  ;  and  therefore  carried  her 
cause  to  Constantinople,  where  she  was  recom 
mended  to  Pulcheria,  sister  of  the  emperor  The 
odosins  the  Younger,  and  became  her  favourite. 
In  421  she  embraced  Christianity,  and  was  bap 
tized  by  the  name  of  Eudocia,  for  her  heathen 
name  was  Athenais ;  and  the  same  year  was 
married  to  the  emperor,  through  the  powerful 
recommendation  of  his  sister  ;  by  which  event 
the  words  of  her  father  might  seem  to  Iiave 
something  prophetic  in  them.  She  died  about 
A.  D.  4(i0. 

EUDOCIA  or  EUDOXIA,  queen  of  Constan 
tinople,  in  1067,  died  in  prison,  the  government 
having  been  usurped  by  Michael,  iter  son,  in 
1071. 

EUDOCIA,  Feodoreuna,  first  wife  of  Peter 
the  Great,  was  divorced  in  169(5,  on  account  of 
her  infidelity  ;  she  died  in  1731. 

EUDOXiUS,  bishop  of  Germanicia.  He 
wrote  a  discourse  on  the  incarnation  of  the 
word  ;  he  died  in  370. 

EUnOXUS,  of  Cnidus,  a  city  of  Caria,  in 
Asia  Minor,  flourished  about  S70  years  before 
Christ;  and  was  so  skilful,  that  Cicero  did  not 
scruple  to  call  hira  ths  greatest  astronomer  that 
had  ever  lived. 

EUGENE,  Francis,  prince  of  Sivoy,  born 
1363.  Haying  found  himself  slighted  liy  i^ewis 
XIV.,  in  Frai'ce,  his  native  country,  he  retired  to 
Germany,  and  spent  his  life  in  the  service  of 
the  house  of  Austria.  His  victories  over  tfye 
Turk.";,  and  afterwards  over  the  French,  too 
nuinerous  to  be  detailed  in  this  work,  have 
rendered  his  name  immortal  in  the  annals  of 
fame.  This  illustrions  hero  died  at  Vienna,  in 
1736. 

178 


EU 

EUGENIUS  I.  St.,  pope  after  Martin,  in  654  , 
he  died  3  years  after. 

EUiiENIUS  II.,  succeeded  Pascal  L  in  824, 
and  died  3  years  after. 

KUGENiUS  HI.,  was  made  pope  in  1145,  and 
died  in  il53. 

EUGENIUS  IV.,  Gabriel  Condolmero  elected 
pope  in  1431.  He  was  unjustly  deposed,  for  • 
tmie,  but  was  afterwards  restored ;  be  died  1447. 

EUGENIUS,  emperor  in  Dauphine,  fell  iu 
battle  in  394. 

EULER,  Leonard,  a  very  eminent  mathe- 
matical writer,  horn  at  Basil,' in  1707,  died  Sept. 
7,  1783.  He  possessed,  to  a  great  degree,  what 
is  conunonly  called  erudition ;  had  read  all  the 
Latin  classics;  was  perfect  master  of  ancient 
mathematical  literature  ;  and  had  the  history 
of  all  ages  and  nations, even  to  the  minutest  facii, 
over  present  to  his  mind. 

EULOGIUS,  apatriarch,  of  Alexandria,  wrote 
against  the  Novatians,  and  died  in  608. 

EULOGIUS,  the  martyr,  of  Cordova,  was  put 
to  death  by  the  Saracens,  in  859.  He  wrote  a 
history  of  some  martyrs. 

EUMATHIUS,  a  Greek,  writer  of  amatorial 
compositions;  iu  what  age  he  wrote  is  unknown. 

EUMENES,  a  celebrated  general  of  Alexan- 
der, put  to  death  by  Antigonus,  316  B.  C. 

EUMENES,  a  king  of  Pergaraus,  253  B.  C. 
His  nephew  of  the  same  name  w^s  king,  197 
B.C. 

EUMENIUS,  an  eminent  orator,  about  310. 

EUNAPIUS,  a  native  of  Sardis,  in  Lydia, 
floinished  in  the  4th  century.  He  was  a  cele- 
brated sophist,  a  physician,  and  no  inconsidera- 
ble historian.  We  have  no  remains  of  Euna- 
pins,  but  his  "  Lives  of  tlie  Pliilosophers  and 
Sophists." 

EUNOftllUS,  a  heresiarch,  of  the  4th  centu- 
ry, bishop  of  Cyzicum,  and  founder  of  the  sect 
that  have  since  been  called  Eunomians.  He 
died  very  old,  about  394,  after  having  experien- 
ced great  variety  of  sufferings.  Eunomius  wrote 
many  things,  and  his  writings  were  so  highly 
esteemed  by  his  followers,  tha*  they  thought 
their  authority  preferable  to  that  of  the  gospel. 
His  doctrines  were,  that  "  there  is  one  God  un- 
create  and  without  beginning  •  who  lias  nothing 
existing  before  him  ;  for  nothing  can  exist  be- 
fore what  is  uncreate :  nor  with  him;  for  what 
is  uncreate  must  be  one :  nor  in  hira  ;  for  God 
is  a  simple  and  uncompounded  being.  This 
one  simple  and  eternal  being  is  God  the  creator 
and  ordainer  of  all  things  ;  first  indeed  and  prin- 
cipally of  his  only-begotten  Son,  and  then 
through  him  of  all  other  things  :  for  God  be- 
got, created,  and  made  the  Son  onl3',  by  his  own 
direct  operation  and  power,  before  all  things  and 
every  other  creature  :  not  producing,  however, 
any  other  being  like  himself,  nor  imparting  any 
of  his  own  proper  substance  to  the  Son :  for 
God  is  immortal,  uniform,  indivisible,  and  there- 
fore cannot  communicate  any  part  of  his  own 
proper  substance  to  another,"  &c. 

EUPHEMIA,FlaviaElia  Marcia,a concubine, 
and  wife  of  the  emperor  Justin  I.,  died  in  52.3. 

EUPHEMIUS,  a  patriarch,  of  Constantinople, 
was  banished,  and  died  in  515. 

EUPHORION,  a  Greek  poet  and  hUtorian, 
of  Chalcis,  274  B.  C. 

EUPHRANOR,  an  excellent  sculptor  and 
painter,  of  antiquity,  flourished  about  362  B.  C. 
He  wrote  several  volumes  on  the  art  of  colour- 
ing, and  on  symmetry  ;  and  was  the  first  who 
signalized  himself  by  representing  the  majesty 
of  heroes 


EU     

EUPHRATES,  a  heretic,  of  the  2d  century, 
who  maiiilaineil  that  our  first  parents  were  de- 
ceived by  Christ  in  the  form  of  a  serpent 

EUrOLlS,  an  Athenian  comic  poet,  in  the 
85tli  Olympiad.  He  used  the  freedom  of  the  an- 
cient comody  to  labli  the  vices  of  tlie  people ; 
and  havin;;  lost  his  life  in  a  seafiylit  betvvecn 
the  Athenians  and  Laccdiemonians,  hi;)  death 
was  so  lamented,  that  a  statute  was  enacted, 
which  decreed  that  no  poet  sliould  thcnccfonh 
•erve  in  tlie  wars. 

EURIPIDES,  an  ancient  Greek  poet,  born  in 
the  island  of  Salaniis,  in  the  1st  year  of  the  75lli 
Olympiad.  He  wrote  a  groat  nuMd)er  of  trage- 
dies, which  Were  highly  esteemed,  both  in  his 
life-time,  and  after  liis  death  ;  and  notliing  can 
better  demonstrate  the  high  esteem  they  were 
in,  than  the  service  they  did  to  the  Athenians 
In  Sicily.  The  Athenian  army  under  the  com- 
mand of  Nicias,  sntiered  all  tlie  calamities  that 
ill-fortune  can  reduce  men  to.  The  vict'jrs  made 
a  most  cruel  advantage  of  their  victories :  but, 
although  they  treated  the  Athenian  soldiers 
with  so  inuch  inhumanity,  yet  they  were  e.\-| 
tremely  kind  to  such  as  could  rei)eat  any  of 
Euripides'  verses.  An  unhappy  accident  con-| 
eluded  his  life.  He  was  walking  in  a  wood,, 
and,  according  to  his  usual  niannor,  in  deep! 
meditation, when  unfortunately  happening  upon 
Archelaus'  hounds,  he  was  by  them  torn  to  pie-| 
cea,  in  the  7.5(h  year  of  his  age.  He  is,  of  alli 
writers,  remarkable  for  having  interspersed  mo- 
ral reflections  and  philosophical  aphorisms  in 
liis  dramatic  pieces.  It  is  said  that  he  used  to 
shut  hiinself  up  in  a  gloomy  cave,  airtl  there 
compose  his  works.  This  cave  was  in  the  isle 
of  Salamis,  and  AulusGellins  had  the  curiosity 
to  go  into  it.  He  composed  his  verses  with  great 
difficulty;  and  one  day  complained  to  the  poet 
Alcestis,  that  in  the  last  three  days  he  had  heem 
able  to  write  but  three  verses,  though  he  hadi 
laboured  with  all  his  might.  Alcestis  observed, 
with  an  air  of  high  vanity,  that  he  had  written 
a  hundred  with  the  uttnost  ease.  "  Ay,  but 
(says  Euripides)  you  don't  consider  the  difter 
cnce :  your  verses  are  made  to  live  no  longer 
than  these  three  days  ;  whereas  mine  are  to  con- 
tinue for  ever."  There  are  now  extant  but  19 
of  his  tragedies,  and  part  of  a  20ili ;  though 
Suidas  says  that  he  composed  92. 

EURYf)ICE,  wife  of  Amyiuas,  king  of  Ma- 
cedon,  and  mother  of  Philip. 

EURYDICK,  daughter  of  Aridsus,  was  put 
to  death  by  Olympias. 

EUSDEN,  Lawrence,  an  Englisli  divine  and 
poet,  born  in  Yorkshire,  was  preferred  in  1718 
to  the  laureaislnp.  He  had  several  enemies  ; 
and,  among  otiiers,  Pope,  who  put  him  into  his 
Dunciad  ;  though  we  do  nut  know  what  provo- 
cation he  gave  to  atiy  of  tliem,  unless,  by  being 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  tlie  laurel.  lie  was  no 
inconsiderable  versifier,  and  died  at  his  rectory, 
at  Coninesby,  Lincohishire,  in  1730. 

EUSE81  \,  abbess  of  St.  Cyr,  at  Marseilles, 
who  cut  off  her  nose  to  secure  herself  from  the 
brutality  of  the  Saracens,  in  731. 

EUSEBIUS,  Painpiiilus,  an  ecclesiastical  his 
toriaii,  born  in  Palestine,  bishop  of  Ciesarea  ;  he 
opposed  Arius,  and  died  in  338. 

EUSEBIUS,  a  bishop  of  Berytus,  and  after- 
vards  of  Constantinople ;  he  died  in  3{1. 

EUSEBIUS,  a  bishop  of  Emcsa,  in  Syria, 
dind  in  300. 

EUSEBIUS,  bishop  of  Vercell,  in  Piedmont, 
i«l«nded  .-\lhanasins,  and  died  in  371. 

EUSEBIUS,  bishop  of  Samosata,  favoured,, 


EV 

and  afif;rwards  opposed  Arianiiiin ,  be  died  iu 
378. 

EUSEBIUS,  bishop  of  Doryleum,  in  Phrygia, 
was  dep.sed  in  44'.).  . 

EUSTACE,  John  Skey,  a  brave  officer  in  the 
American  war  ;  sometime  aid  to  general  Lee, 
and  afterwards  to  general  Greene:  he  went  to 
France  in  17U4,  where  he  was  made  brigadier 
and  major  general;  he  relumed  and  died  in  lo05. 

EUSTACHE,  David,  a  protestant  minister, 
of  Montpelier,  sent  by  the  synod  of  Ludun.  in 
16o9,  to  address  the  French  king;  his  speech 
was  nuicli  admired. 

EOSTACHIUS,  Bartholomew,  an  Italian 
physician,  of  the  16lh  century,  who  published 
anatomical  tables  ;  he  died  in  1570. 

EUSTATIHUS,  archbishop  of  Thessalonica, 
was  born  at  Constantiiiople,and  flourished  about 
A.  U.  1170.  He  is  chiefly  memorable  for  his 
"  Commentaries  upon  Homer." 

EUSTATHIUS,  a  learned  Greek, commenta- 
tor on  Homer  and  Dionysius  the  geographer  ; 
he  died  in  1194. 

EUSTOCHIUM,  a  Roman  lady,  well  skilled 
in  (ireek  and  Hebrew  ;  she  died  in  419. 

EUSTRATlUS,a  bishop  of  Nice,  who  wrote 
conmientaries  on  Aristotle,  lived  in  tlie  12th 
century. 

EUTHYMIUS,  an  Isaurian,  made  patriarch 
of  Constantinople,  in  90G ;  he  was  displaced, 
and  died  in  exile,  in  910  or  911. 

EUTHYMIUS,  Zigabenns,  or  Zigadenus,  a 
Greek  monk,  of  Constantinople,  author  of  se- 
veral works,  died  after  1118. 

EUTOCIUS,  a  Greek  mathematician,  of  the 
6th  century,  author  of  several  works. 

EUTROPIUS,  Flavins,  an  Italian  sophist,  aa 
Suidas  calls  him,  wrote  a  compendious  history 
of  Roman  affairs,  divided  into  10  books,  from 
the  foundation  of  the  city,  to  the  reign  of  Va- 
lens,  (to  whom  it  was  dedicated,)  that  is, to  A.D. 
3G4. 

EUTROPIUS,  a  eunuch,  and  minister  to  Ar- 
cadius,  was  consul,  but  was  banished  and  be- 
headed about  399. 

EUTYCIIES,  an  abbot  of  Constantinople, 
who  maintained  that  ChrLst's  body  was  an 
aerial  form,  and  therefore  not  human. 

EUTVCH.'ANUS,  pope,  successor  of  Felix, 
in  275,  was  martyred  in  283. 

ETJTYCHIUS,"  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
in  553 ;  deposed  iu  564 ;  restored,  and  died  in 
535. 

EUTYCHIUS,  a  Christian  author,  patriarch 
of  Ale.xaiidria,  was  born  at  Cairo,  in  Egypt,  in 
870,  and  became  eminent  in  the  knowledge  of 
physic.  He  wrote  annals  from  the  beginning 
of  the  world  to  the  >'ear  900  ;  in  whicli  may  be 
found  many  things  which  occur  no  where  else, 
but  certainly  many  more  which  were  collected 
from  lying  legends,  and  are  entirely  fabulous. 
He  died  in  950. 

EUZ0RIU3,  a  deacon  of  Alexandria,  depo- 
sed and  condemned  by  the  council  of  Nice,  for 
adhering  to  Arius  ;  he  baptized  Constantius, 
and  died  in  376.  Another  of  the  same  name 
was  bishop  of  Cu'sarea 

EVAGORAS,  king  of  Cyprus,  waa  defeated 
by  the  Persiai;s,  and  assassinated  394  B.  C. 

EVAGORAS,  a  Greek  writer,  in  the  age  of 
Augustus,  author  of  a  history  of  Egypt,  &c. 

EVAGRIUS,  a  monk  of  the  5th  century,  au- 
thor of  "  Allercatio  Simonis  JudicietTheophili 
Christian!." 

EVAGRIUS,  a  bishop  of  Antioch,  died  in 
392. 

179 


EV 

EVAGRIUS  SCIIOLASTICUS,  an  aiici.nt 
tcclesiaslical  historian,  born  at  Epipliania,  a  city 
of  Syria  Secuiitla,  about  the  year  536.  He  pub- 
lished "Six  Books  of  Kcclesiasiical  History," 
beginning  with  the  year  43] ;  wliere  Thcodorct, 
Socrates,  and  Sozonien,  conclude  ;  and  ending 
with  594.     It  is  not  certain  when  he  died. 

EVAGRIUS,  Ponticus,  a  inonl<  of  tlie  4tli 
century,  arclideaoon  of  Constantinople. 

EVANGELISTA,  a  learned  civilian,  author 
of"  Consuita  varia  in  jurocanonico,"'  &c.,died 
in  1595. 

EVANS,  Cornelius,  during  the  civil  wars  lie 
played  the  part  of  an  impostor,  pretended  he 
was  the  prince  of  Wales,  «vho  had  escaped  Iron) 
France  ;  was  sent  to  Newgale,  but  escaped,  and 
was  never  after  heard  of. 

EVANS,  Arise,  a  Welch  engineer,  died  about 
the  time  of  the  rebellion. 

EVANS,  Abel,  generally  styled  Dr.  Evans 
the  Epigrammatist,  lived  at  the  end  of  the  174h 
and  beginning  of  the  18th  centuries.  He  was 
bursar  to  St.  John's  college,  Oxford,  vicar  of 
Saint  Giles',  and  appears  to  have  been  inti- 
inate  with  Mr.  Pope. 

EVANS,  John,  D.  D.,a  dissenting  minister, 
was  popular  as  a  preacher,  and  died  in  1732. 

EVANS,  Caleb,  O.  D.,  instructed  young  men 
for  the  dissenting  ministry ;  he  published  some 
works,  and  died  in  1791. 

EVANS,  Evan,  a  clergyman,  obtained  no  pre 
ferment,  and  died  of  intemperance  in  1790. 

EVANS,  Nathaniel,  a  minister  of  N.  Jersey, 
and  a  poet,  was  a  missionary  in  the  employ- 
ment of  the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel ; 
he  died  in  767. 

EVANS,  John,  came  from  England  as  deputy 
governor  of  Pennsylvania,  in  1703.  Ilis  unpopu- 
larity caused  his  impeachment  and  removal  in 
1709. 

EVANS,  Lewis,  eminent  for  his  acquain- 
tance with  American  geography,  was  surveyor 
in  Philadelphia  ;  he  constructed  many  maps. 

EVANSON,  Edward,  a  native  of  Warrington, 
author  of  some  works,  died  in  1805. 

EVANTIUS,  an  old  Latin  poet,  who  wrote 
"  De  ambiguis,  sive  hybririis  animalibus." 

EVANTUS,  a  bishop  of  Vienne,  in  the  6th 
century,  died  in  586. 

EVARISTUS,  bishop  of  Rome  in  100,  was 
martyred  nine  years  after. 

EVELYN,  John,  one  of  the  greatest  natural 
philosophers  that  England  ever  produced,  was 
born  at  Wottoti,  in  Surry,  in  1620.  Among  his 
numerous  writings  (which  are  on  the  subjects 
of  agriculture,  navigation,  commerce,  antiqui- 
ties, sculpture,  painting,  &c.)  the  most  cele 
brated  at  the  present  day  is  "  Sylva  ;  or  a  Dis- 
course of  Forest-Trees,  and  the  Propagation  of 
Timber  in  His  Majesty's  Dominions."  Full  of 
age  and  honours,  this  amiable  author  died  Feb. 
27,  1705-6,  in  his  86th  year ;  and  was  interred 
at  Wotton,  under  a  tomb  of  freestone,  shaped 
like  a  coffin,  with  an  inscription  upon  a  white 
raaible,  expressing,  according  to  his  own  inten- 
tion, that,  "  Living  in  an  age  of  extraordinary 
events  and  revolutions,  he  had  learned  from 
thence  this  truth,  which  he  desired  might  be 
thus  communicated  to  posterity.  That  all  is 
lyanitij  which  is  not  honest,  arid  that  there  is  no 
solid  wisdom  but  m  real  piety."  The  eulogiums 
which  have  been  bestowed  upon  him  are  as 
numerous  as  thev  are  great. 

EVELYN,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  at  the 
age  of  15  wrote  an  clcgaut  Greek  nocm;  he 
d'.ed  in  1698. 

180 


FA 

EVPjRARD,  Sir  Richard,  baronet,  was  pre 
prif'tary  governor  of  North-Carolina,  in  172.", 
after  .in  administration  of  three  or  four  years, 
which  was  disturbed  by  controversies  with  othei 
branches  of  the  governnient,  he  returned  to  En 
^'land,  where  he  died  in  17.33. 

EVRRDINGRN,  Ca;sar  Van,  a  Dutch  painter 
of  eminence,  died  in  1075. 

EVERETT,  Oliver,  minister  in  Boston  fof 
some  years ;  afterwards  judge  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas  for  Norfolk  ;  he  died  in  1802. 

EVREMOND  ST.,  Charles  de  St.  Denis, 
lord  of,  a  celebrated  French  oflicer  and  satirical 
writer,  born  in  Nomiandy,  1613,  died  1703.  As 
for  religion,  lie  always  professed  the  Romish,  in 
which  he  was  born  ;  though  at  the  bottom  he 
was  certainly  a  freethinker :  but  whatever  might 
be  his  sentiments  of  religion,  he  never  let  fall 
any  loose  expressions  about  it :  lie  could  not 
bear  that  any  one  should  droll  upon  it  ;  for,  said 
he,  "  bare  decency,  and  the  regard  due  to  one's 
fellow-creatures,  will  never  suffer  it." 

EWALD,  John,  a  native  of  Copenhagen, 
who,  from  a  military  life,  studied  divinity,  and 
wrote  several  poems  of  much  merit ;  he  died 
in  1781. 

EV/ING,  John,  D.  D.,  minister  in  Philadel- 
phia, and  provost  of  the  college  in  that  city ; 
he  was  much  respected  for  his  talents,  learning, 
and  piety,  and  died  in  1802. 

EXPILLI,  Claude  d',  president  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Grenoble,  and  a  writer  of  some  merit ; 
he  died  in  1636. 

EXUPERIUS,  a  Romish  saint,  bishop  of  Ton- 
louse,  distinguished  for  bis  charities,  died  about 
417. 

EYCK.    See  VAN  EYCK. 

EYKENS,  Peter,  a  much  admired  painter, 
of  Antwerp,  bom  in  1599. 

EYMAR,  A.  M.  d',  a  deputy  from  Forcal 
quier  to  the  states-general,  in  1789,  much  at- 
tached to  the  principles  of  Rosseau,  as  a  lovet 
of  republicanism ;  he  died  in  1805. 

EZEKIEL,  the  third  of  the  great  prophets, 
was  a  captive  at  Babylon,  599  B.  C. 

EZEKIEL,  an  eminent  Jew  and  poet,  author 
of  some  fragments  on  Scripture  subjects,  flou- 
rished, according  to  some,  300,  according  to 
others,  200  B.  C. 

EZRA,  one  of  the  descendants  of  Aaron,  son 
of  Seraiah  ;  he  rebuilt  the  temple  at  Jerusalem 
about  467  B.  C. 


FABER,  or,  according  to  some,  PEVRE  LE, 
Nicholaus,  a  very  ingenious,  learned,  and  pious 
man,  born  at  Paris,  in  1544.  During  the  course 
of  his  studies,  a  terrible  accident  happened  to 
him.  As  he  was  cutting  a  pen,  a  bit  of  the  quill 
flew  into  his  eye,  and  gave  him  such  excessive 
pain,  that  hastily  lifting  up  his  hand  to  it  he 
struck  it  out  witii  the  knife.  He  applied  him- 
self to  the  mathematics  particularly  ;  in  which 
he  succeeded  so  well,  that  he  discovered  mime- 
diately  the  defect  in  Scaliger's  demonstration 
of  the  quadrature  of  the  circle.  When  Henry 
IV.,  of  France,  became  at  length  the  peaceable 
liossec-sorof  the  crown,  he  appointed  Faber  pre- 
ceptor to  the  prince  of  Conde.  During  this  im- 
portant trust,  he  found  time  to  labour  upon  some 
considerable  workf  and  composed  his  fine  pre- 
face to  the  fragments  of  Hilary,  in  which  he  dis- 
covered many  important  facta  relating  to  the 
history  of  Arianism,  not  known  before.  After 
the  death  of  Henry  IV.,  he  was  chosen  by  tiie 


FA 


queen,  preceptor  to  Lewis  XUI.    He  died  in 
1611.  „  ,   „ 

FABER,  Tanaquil.in  French,  Taneguy  le  Fe- 
vre,  a  very  learned  man,  born  at  Caen,  in  Nor- 
inanity,  in  1615.  Cardinal  de  Uicliclieu,  settled 
on  him  a  pension  of  2000  livre.s,  to  inspect  all 
the  works  printed  at  the  Louvre.  He  died  in 
'G72,  leaving  a  son  of  his  own  name,  and  two 
daughters,  one  of  whom  was  tlie  celebrated 
tnadame  Dacier,  the  other  married  PaulUauldri, 
professor  at  Utrecht. 

FABIAN,  a  saint  of  the  Romish  church,  who 
was  made  pope,  in  826,  and  suftered martyrdom 
in  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Decius. 

FABIAN,  Robert,  author  of  the  "  Chronicle 
of  England  and  France,"  or,  as  he  himself  calls 
it,  "  The  Concordance  of  Stories,"  was  born  in 
London,  in  the  15th  century.  He  was  brought 
up  to  trade,  and  became  so  considerable  a  mer- 
chant, that  he  was  chosm  an  alderman  of  that 
city  .  and  in  1493,  w  as  one  of  the  sherifts  for 
the  same.  He  died  at  London,  in  1512,  and 
Tias  buried  in  St.  Michael's,  Cornhill. 

FABIUS,Maximus  Rulliauus,a  Roman, master 

of  the  horse,  and  afterwards  dictator,  287  B.  C. 

FABIUS,   Maximus  auintus,  an  illustrious 

Roman  general,  who  opposed  Hannibal  in  Italy ; 

he  died  20!!  B.  C. 

FABIUS,  Pictor,  the  first  Latin  historian 
mentioned  among  the  Romans,  225  B.  C. 

FABRE,  Jean  Claude,  a  priest  of  the  orato- 
ry of  Paris,  known  as  an  indefatigable  compi- 
ler, died  in  1753. 

FABRE,  N.,  a  native  of  Languedoc,  who 
voluntarily  submitted  to  6  years  confinement  in 
the  galleys,  to  save  his  father  from  that  punish- 
ment in  1752. 

FABRE,  D'EGLANTINE,  Philip  Francis 
Mazaire,  successively  an  actor,  a  comic  writer, 
and  a  statesman,  was  the  friend  of  Danton,  and 
other  promoters  of  the  infernal  butcheries,  dur- 
ing the  revolution  ;  he  was  himself  guillotined 
in  1794. 

FABRETTI,  Raphael,  a  very  learned  anti- 
quary of  Italy, born  at  Urbino,  in  1019 ;  died  1700. 
Fabretti  had  an  admirable  talent  for  decyphering 
the  most  difficult  inscriptions ;  and  discovered 
a  method  of  making  something  out  of  I  host 
which  seemed  entirely  disfigured  through  age, 
and  the  letters  of  which  were  effaced  in  such  a 
manner  as  uot  to  be  disceniable.  He  cleaned 
the  surface  of  the  stone,  without  touching  those 
places  where  the  letters  had  been  engraven. 
He  then  laid  upon  it  a  piece  of  thick  papei'  well 
moistened,  and  ])ressed  it  with  a  sponge,  or 
wooden  pin,  covered  with  linen ;  by  which 
means  tlie  paper  entered  into  the  cavily  of  the 
letters  ^and  taking  up  the  dust  there,  discovered 
the  traces  of  the  letters. 

FABRI,  Honore,  a  learned  Jesuit,  professor 
Bf  philosophy,  at  Lyons,  and  penitentiary'  at 
Some,  died  in  1688.  He  is  said  to  have  disco- 
vered the  circulation  of  the  blood  before  Hervey. 
FABRI  ANO,  Gentile  da,  a  historical  painter, 
of  Verona,  who  deservedly  attahied  the  honours 
of  Venetian  nobility  ;  he  died  in  1412. 

FABRICIUS,  Caius,  a  Roman  general,  who 
conquered  the  Saranites,  and  spurned  the  ofl'ers 
of  Pyrrhus  to  bribe  him.  He  afterwards  eipos- 
•;d  to  Pyrrhus,  the  plot  of  his  •xiysician  to  poi 
son  him,  250  B.  C. 

FABRICIUS,  William,  a  surgeon  and  physi 
cian,  at  Berne,  autlior  of  several  surgical  works, 
died  in  1634. 

FABRICIUS,  Jerome,  an  Italian,  was  a  phy- 
sician of  vast  repute  in  hit  day     The  republic 


FA 

of  Venice,  settled  u|i  jn  him  a  yearly  stipend  of 
1000  crowns  in  gold,  and  honoured  him  with  a 
statue  and  a  gold  chain.  He  died  about  1(J03, 
leaving  behind  hiin  several  trealibcs  both  in 
physic  and  chirurgery. 

FABRIC'IUH,Oeorge,  alearnedCcrnnin,  born 
in  Upper  Sa.xouy,  1516.  His  chief  work  is  en 
titled  "  Roma,"  conlaining  adescripiion  of  that 
city.  He  was  the  author  of  numerous  Latin 
poems,  written  with  great  purity  and  elegance, 
and  died  in  1571. 

FABRICIUS,  John  Lewis,  professor  of  theo- 
logy and  philosophy,  at  Heidelberg,  and  also 
cclesiastical  counsellor  to  the  elector,  died  at 
Frankfort,  in  1697. 

FABRICIUS,  Vincent,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Hamburgh.  He  wrote  Latin  poetry  with 
ease  and  elegance ;  he  was  counsellor  to  the 
bishop  of  Lubec,  and  13  times  deputy  to  Poland ; 
he  died  in  16!i7. 

FABRICIUS,  John  Albert,  a  most  learned 
and  laborious  historian  and  critic,  born  at  Leip- 
sic,  1668,  died  1736.  Fabricius  has  laid  the  whole 
learned  world  under  the  greatest  obligations ; 
since  he  has  contributed,  more  perhaps  than 
any  other  man  ever  did,  to  abridge  and  shorten 
the  fatigue  and  drudgery  which  scholars  are 
obliged  to  undergo,  in  order  to  be  acquainted 
with  the  materials  of  their  profession. 

FABRICIUS,  Baron,  known  to  the  public  b> 
his  letters  relating  to  Charles  XII.,  of  Sweden, 
during  his  residence  in  the  Ottoman  empire. 
He  stood  very  high  in  the  good  graces  of  that 
prince  ;  accompanied  him  in  his  exercises,  was 
frequently  at  his  table,  and  spent  hours  alone 
with  him  in  his  closet.  He  had  but  one  enemy 
in  the  court,  viz.  general  Daldorf,  who  was 
made  prisoner  by  the  Tartars  when  they  storm- 
ed the  king's  camp  at  Bender.  Fabricius  took 
pains  to  find  him  out,  released  him,  and  suppli- 
ed him  with  money ;  which  so  entirely  van- 
quished the  general,  that  be  afterwards  bet  Mue 
a  warm  friend.  This  amiable  person  was  ke- 
wise  in  favour  with  king  Stanislaus,  and  with 
George  I.,  whom  he  accompanied  in  his  last 
urney  to  Hanover,  and  who  may  be  said  to 
have  died  in  his  anus. 

FABRICIUS,  Charles,  a  painter,  of  Delft 
who  gave  indications  of  great  merit,  perisheu 
in  his  house,  with  his  jmpil  Spoors,  by  the  ex- 
plosion of  a  powder  magazine. 

FABRONl,  Angiolo,  a  native  of  Tuscany, 
was  prior  of  St.  Lorenzo's  church,  at  Florence, 
and  curator  of  Pisa  University.  He  wrote  an 
account  of  the  illustrious  men  of  the  house  of 
Medicis,  and  another  of  the  learned  men  of 
Italy  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries,  in  21  vols  ; 
he  died  in  1802. 

FABROT,  Charles  Hannibal,  a  French  advo- 
cate and  professor  of  law,  at  Aix,  in  Provence. 
He  published,  at  Paris,  an  edition  of  the  Basi- 
licip,  or  the  constitutions  of  the  Eas^tern  empe- 
rors, and  other  valuable  and  importaii'  forks, 
and  died  in  1659. 

FACCIOLATI,  Giacomo,  an  Italian  irator 
and  grammarian,  of  Padua,  died  in  176» 

FACHETTI,  Pietro,  an  eminent  paiiuir,  of 
Mantua,  died  at  Rome,  in  1613. 

PACINI,  Pietro,  a  historical  painter,  of  Bo 

logna,  pupil  to  Annibal  Carracci,  died  in  1602. 

FACIO,  Bartholomeo,  a  Genoese  historian 

and  biographical  writer,  in  Latin,  born  at  Spez- 

zio.  in  Genoa,  died  in  1457. 

FACUNDUS,  bishop  of  Ilermianum,  in  Asia, 
during  the  reign  of  Justinian. 
FADLALLAIl,    or    CHODSA    EASCHID 
16  181 


FA 


FA 


ADDIN,  a  Persian,  author  of  a  history  of  the 
Moguls,  was  vizier  to  Cazan,  the  sultau  of  Tau- 
rus, about  129-}- 

FAKRMUS,  Gabriel,  a  native  of  Cremona, 
was  a  favourite  of  pope  I'iua  IV.,  and  was  dis- 
tinguislied  as  a  critic  and  poet  in  the  IGth  cen- 
tury ;  ho  died  in  1561. 

FAGAN,  Christopher,  a  French  comic  poet, 
born  1702,  died  175.5.  His  playa  were  printed  in 
4  vols.  12mo,  in  1700. 

FAGE,  Raimond  do  la,  an  artist,  celebrated 
for  his  drawings  with  tlie  pen  and  Indian  ink  ; 
lie  died  at  Laniiuedoc,  in  KiStO. 

FAGIUS,  Paul,  alias  BUCHLIN,  a  very 
learned  protestant  German  mimster,  born  at 
Rheinzabern,  in  1504.  He  and  Bucer  went  to 
England,  upon  receiving  letters  from  Cranmer, 
in  1510.  were  entertained  some  days  in  the  pa- 
lace at  Lambeth,  and  destined  to  reside  at  Cam- 
bridge, where  they  were  to  perfect  a  new  trans- 
lation and  illustration  of  the  Scriptures,  Fagius 
taking  the  Old  Testament,  and  Bucor  the  New, 
for  their  several  parts.  But  this  was  all  put  an 
end  to  by  the  sudden  illness  and  death  of  both 
these  professors.  Fagius  died  Nov.  1550  ;  and 
Bucer  did  not  live  above  a  year  after. 

PAGNANI,  Prospero,  an  Italian  commenta- 
tor on  the  5  books  of  the  decretals,  and  secreta- 
ry to  the  holv  congregation,  died  in  1073. 

PAGNANO,  Julius  Charles,  count  of,  mar- 
quis of  Tosclii,  author  of  a  treatise  on  the  pro- 
perties and  use  of  the  geometrical  curve ;  he 
died  in  1700. 

FAGON,  Guy  Crescent,  an  emuient  physi- 
cian and  botanist,  of  Paris,  professor  of  botany 
and  chymistry  in  the  royal  gardens,  and  physi- 
cian to  Louis  XIV.,  died  in  1718.  One  of  his 
sons  became  a  bishop,  the  other  a  counsellor  of 

FAGUNDY,  Stephen,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit, 
died  at  Lisbon,  in  1645. 

PAIIRENHEtT,  Gabriel  Daniel,  a  natural 
philosopher,  eminent  for  his  great  improvements 
in  the  construction  of  thermometers,  was  born 
at  Dantzic,  158G.  He  published  a  "  Disserta- 
tion on  Thermometers,"  17'^!,  and  died  in  1736. 
FAILLE.William  dela,  a  syndic  ol  Toulouse, 
and  author  of  a  iiistory  of  that  city,  died  in  1711. 

F.^IRCLOUGII,  Samuel,  an  Eiiglish_^clergy- 
man,  educated  at  Cambridge,  died  in  1678. 

FAIRFAX,  Edward,  an  Eafelish  poet,  who 
flourished  in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James 
r.,  and  chiefly  distinguished  himself  by  a  trans- 
lation of  Tasso's  "  Godfrey  of  Bouillon."  His 
merits  were  so  great,  that  Wail«i  professed  to 
have  learnt  from  him  the  art  of  versitication. 
He  was  born  at  Denton,  in  Yorkshire,  and  died 
in  163-2.  ,     ,    . 

FAIRFAX,  Thoma'-,  lord,  general  of  the 
parliament  forces  a^rr.'.iist  Charles  I.,  died  1671 
See  CROMWELL,  Oliver. 

FAIRFAX,  Brian,  minister  of  the  episcopal 
chtirch  in  Alexandria,  Virginia,  died  in  1802. 

FAIRTIIORNE,  William,  an  eminent  English 
painter  and  engraver,  who  flourished  in  the  17th 
century.  He  wrote  a  book  "  Upon  Drawing, 
Graving,  and  Etching,"  for  which  he  was  cele- 
brated by  his  friend  Flatnian,  the  poet,  in  an 
elegy  which  ends  with  these  lines  : 

"  So  long  as  brass,  so  long  aa  books  endure, 

"  So  long  as  neat- wrought  pieces,  thour't  se- 
cure ; 
"  A  'Fairthorne  sculpsit,'  is  a  charm  can 
eave 

"  Prom  dull  oblivion  and  a  gaping  grave." 
Fainliorne  was  born  about  iOl'o,  aiiJ  died  1601. 
1C2 


FAISTENBERGEll,  Anthony,  a  distinguish- 
ed landscajie  painter,  of  Insprnck  died  in  17aS. 
His  brother  Joseph  w.is  equally  eminent  in  th» 
same  branch  of  his  profession. 

FALCANDUa,  Hugo,  an  accurate  historian, 
of  Sicilv  ;  the  time  of  his  dealh  is  unknown. 

FALCONBRRG,  Mary,  countess  of,  third 
daughter  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  was  a  woman  of 
,reat  beauty,  and  uncommon  strength  of  mind. 
On  the  deposition  of  her  brother  Richard,  she 
exerted  her  influence  in  favor  of  the  restora- 
tion of  Charles  II.    She  died  in  1712. 

FALCONE,  da  Benevento,  secretary  to  pop* 
Innocent  H.,  and  author  of  a  History  of  NaplCB 
from  1102  to  1 140. 

FALCONER,  William,  an  ingenious  Scotch 
sailor,  author  of  a  "  Marine  Dictionaiy,"  4to., 
and  of  a  charming  pathetic  poem  called  "The 
Shipwreck,"  founded  on  a  disaster  experienced 
by  himself;  in  a  second  calamity  of  which 
kind  he  lost  his  life,  in  1770,  on  board  of  the 
Aurora  frigate. 

FALCONET,  Camille,  an  eminent  pliysiciaa, 
of  Lyons,  a  member  of  tlie  French  academy, 
died  in  1761.  His  library  contained  nearly 
500,000  volumes. 

FALCONIA,  Proba,  a  Latin  poetess,  who 
lived  in  the  age  of  Theodosius. 

FALDA,  Giovanni  Baptista,  an  admired 
Italian  engraver  of  the  last  century. 

FALETI,  Jeronimo,  a  poet,  historian,  and 
statesman,  of  Savona,  near  Genoa,  ambassador 
from  the  duke  of  Ferrara  to  Venice,  lived  about 
1560. 

FALIERI,  Ordelalo,  a  doge  of  Venice,  was 
killed  at  the  siege  of  a  revolted  city  in  DaUna- 
tia,  in  1120. 

FALIERI,  Marino  a  doge  of  Venice,  who  was 
detected  in  a  plot  to  render  himself  absolute,  by 
the  assassination  of  all  the  senators ;  he  \va« 
executed  in  1354,  at  the  age  of  80,  with  about 
400  of  his  associates. 

FALK,  John  Peter,  a  Swede,  who  studied  bo 
tany  and  medicine  under  Linneus,  and  was  af 
tervi'ards  professor  of  botany  at  Petersburgh 
he  died  in  1774. 

FALKENSTEIN,  John  Henry,  director  of  an 
academy  of  noblemen  at  Erlingen,  and  after 
wards  in  the  sei-vice  of  the  margrave  of  An« 
pacli ;  he  died  in  1700. 

FALKLAND,  lord.    See  GARY. 

FALLE,  Philip,  a  clergyman,  author  of  th« 
History  of  Jersey,  where  he  was  born  in  1655. 

F.-VLLOPIUS  (  uuriel,  born  at  Modena,  in 
1490.  He  poss>^^it  great  powers  of  mind,  which 
ho  cultivated  by  an  intense  application  to  his 
studies  in  philosophy,  physic,  botany,  and  ana- 
tomy. In  this  last  he  made  some  new  discoveries, 
and,  among  the  rest,  that  of  the  tubes  by  which 
the  ova  descend  from  the  ovarium,  and  which, 
from  him,  are  called  the  "  Fallopian  tubes." 
He  died  at  Padua,  in  1563. 

PALS,  Raymond,  a  medal  engraver,  settled 
at  Paris,  where  he  obtained  a  pension  of  1200 
hvres,  died  at  Berlin,  in  1703. 

FALSTAFF.    See  FASTOLF. 

FALSTER,  Christian,  a  Danish  critic,  v^'hose 
writings  are  numerous  ;  the  tinie  of  his  death  it 
unknown. 

FANCOURT,  Samuel,  an  English  disBenting 
clergyman  and  controversial  writer,  and  insti- 
tutor  or  promoter  of  the  first  circulating  library 
ever  opened  in  England.  He  died  in  1768,  aged 
90  years. 

I    F  ANEUIL,  Peter,  founder  of  F»n«uil  hall,  in 
BoetuH,  died  in  174.3. 


LX^^ 


'^^^^^^^^^ 


t-^T—C^-. 


FA 


FANNhNG,  Edaiuiiil,  LL.  D.,  n  native  of 
Connecticut,  settled  as  a  lawyer  in  North-Caro- 
lina. Ill  the  war  of  the  revolution,  he  united 
with  the  British,  and  was  coiisincuous,  for  the 
bitterness  and  zeal  hedisijilayed  against  hiscouii 
tryinen.  He  was  at"lerwauls  made  a  general  in 
the  British  service,  and  lieutcnaiit-goveriior  of 
Nova-Scotia.     He  died  in  1818. 

FANNIUS,  .suniained  Strabo,  a  Roman, 
known  by  his  law  to  ciieck  the  extravagance  ol 
his  coauttymen.  Annther  of  tlie  same  name, 
wrote  an  account  of  Nero's  reign,  which  is  lost. 
FANSHAVV,  sir  Richard,  an  English  gentle- 
man, famous  for  his  embassies  aiid  poetic  writ- 
ings, born  at  Ware  P.trk,  in  Hertfordshire,  1G07, 
died  161)0.  A  translation  by  him,  of  the  "  Pastor 
Fido"  of  Guarini,  did  him  much  credit.  Some 
jntere.stiiig  private  history  of  this  family  will  be 
found  in  Mr.  Seward's  "  Anecdotes  of  Distin- 
guiwhed  Persons." 

F.ARDKJ.LA,  ■\Iichael  Angelo,  professor  of 
natural  history  and  astronomy  at  Padua,  died  at 
Naples,  in  1718. 

FARE,  Charles  Augustus,  inaniuis  de  la,  i 
captain  in  the  French  guards,  known  as  the  au 
thor  of  Memoirs  on  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV., 
died  in  1712. 

FAREL,  William,  an  able  reformer,  born  in 
148S.  Being  driven  from  Paris,  as  a  protestant 
he  went  to  Strasburgh,  Geneva,  Basil  and  Neuf 
tliatel,  where  he  preached  the  doctrines  of  the 
reformation,  with  zeal,  ability,  and  success, 
although  opposed  with  ridicule  and  abuse.  He 
was  the  assoc'ate  of  Calvin,  and  died  in  1565 

FARET,  Nicholas,  one  of  the  first  members 
of  the  French  academy,  died  in  1G46. 

FARIN,  Emanuel  de  Sousa,  a  Portuguese 
knight,  and  ambassador  at  Rome,  distinguished 
as  a  poet  and  historian,  died  in  1(550. 

FARINACCIO,  Prosper,  an  Italian  lawyer, 
whose  writings  on  the  civil  law,  are  much 
esteemed  at  Rome,  died  in  1(518. 

P  ARIN  ATO,  Paul,  an  eminent  Italian  painter, 
born  at  Verona,  15ii,  and  cut,  it  is  said,  out  of 
his  mother's  womb,  who  was  just  dead  in  la- 
bour. He  was  famous  also  for  being  an  ex- 
eellent  swordsman  and  a  very  good  orator,  and 
for  his  knowledge  ia  sculpture  and  architecture, 
especially  that  part  of  it  which  relates  to  fortifi- 
cations. His  last  moments  are  said  to  have 
been  as  remarkable  as  his  fir.st,  on  account  of 
the  death  of  his  nearest  relation.  He  l.iy  upon 
hi.s  death-bed  in  1(50(5,  and  his  wife,  who  was 
8ick  in  the  same  room,  hearing  him  cry  out, 
"he  was  going,"  told  him,  "she  would  bear 
him  company ;"  and  was  as  good  as  her  word, 
they  both  expiring  at  the  very  same  minute. 

PARINELLI,  Carlo  Broschi,  au  Italian  sing- 
er, born  at  Naples  1705  ;  and,  being  trained  to| 
singing,  acquired  great  reputation  at  Rome  amlj 
at  Bologna.  The  fame  of  his  great  talents  reach- 
ing England,  he  was  engaged  to  sing  in  the 
opera  at  London,  in  1734 ;  for  England  was 
then,  as  it  is  eminently  now,  the  place  of  all 
places  for  fiddlers,  singers,  dancers,  tumblws,' 
sharpers,  and  impostors  of  every  kind,  to  flock! 
to  and  grow  rich.  His  arrival  in  that  country 
was  in  the  newspapers  announced  to  the  public 
as  an  event  worthy  of  national  attention.  Upon' 
what  terms  Farinelli,  was  engaged  to  sing  is  not' 
known  to  any  degree  of  certainty  ;  his  salary,; 
however,  be  it  what  it  might,  bore  but  small 
proportion  to  the  annual  amount  of  his  profits.; 
The  excessive  fondness  which  the  nobility  dis- 
covered for  tliis  person,  tiie  caresses  they  be-! 
stowed  on,  and  the  presents  they  made  him, 
indic.ated  little  less  than  infatuation:  their  boun-, 


ty  was  prodigality,  and  their  applause  adora- 
tion. "One  God,  one  Farinelli :"  will  be  long 
remembered  of  u  lady  of  distinction,  who,  be- 
ing charmed  with  a  particular  passage  in  one  of 
his  songs,  uttered  aloud  from  the  bo.vcs  thatioi- 
piouse.xciamaiion.  HequittedEngland  in  1737. 
FARINGDON,  Anthony,  an  English  divine, 
and  author  of  several  volumes  of  sermons  died 
in  1(558. 

FARMER,  Hugh,  a  dissenting  minister,  edu- 
cated under  Dr.  Doddridge,  and  known  as  a 
theological  writer  ;  he  died  in  1787. 

FARMER,  Dr.  Richard,  master  of  Emmanuel 
College,  Cambridge,  principal  librarian  to  tHe 
university,  &c.  &c. ,  was  born  at  Leicester,  in 
1735,  and  distinguished,  himself  in  the  walka 
of  literature  by  a  very  masterly  "  Essay  on  the 
Learning  of  Sliakspcare;"  in  which  he  decided 
a  point  that  had  been  nmch  litigated  ainous  the 
learned.  For  a  man  of  his  rare  endowments 
he  published  but  little  :  the  essay  already  men- 
tioned ;  some  "  Notes  on  Shakspeare ;"  a  "  Poem 
on  laying  the  first  stone  of  the  public  library  in 
1755,"  and  .1  soimet  on  the  king's  death,  in  17(50, 
(both  in  the  Cambridge  collection  of  verses;) 
"  Directions  for  the  study  of  English  History  " 
(Europ.  Mag.  xix.  415,)  and  a  "  Letter  on  Dep- 
nis  the  Critic,"  (Europ.  Mag.  .xxv.  412,)  being  all 
tliat  is  known.  Dr.  F.,  however,  assisted  many 
authors  in  various  works,  for  which  he  receivei 
their  public  acknowledgments  and  thanks.  He 
died  in  1707. 

FARNABY,  Thomas,  an  English  gramma 
rian  and  critic,  born  in  London,  in  1575,  died  in 
1647. 

FARNESE,  Peter  Louis,  son  of  pope  Paul 
til.,  by  a  secret  marriage,  duke  of  Parma,  and 
Placentia,  was  assassinated  in  1547,  on  account 
of  his  tyranny  and  debauchery. 

FARNESE,  Alexander,  known  by  the  title 
of  cardinal  Farnese,  was  son  of  the  first  duke 
of  Parma,  and  born  1520  (long  before  his  father 
was  advanced  to  the  dukedom.)  At  fourteen 
years  of  age  he  was  made  bishop  of  Parma  by 
Clement  VH.  Paul  III.,  raised  him  to  the 
purple  in  1554,  and  employed  him  in  various 
embassies.  He  died  in  1589,  lamented  as  a  true 
patron  of  the  arts,  and  protector  of  men  of 
letters. 

FARNESE,  Alexander,  nephew  to  the  Cardi 
nal,  was  the  3d  duke  of  Parma,  and  governor 
of  the  Low  Countries.  He  was  mortally  wound- 
ed, at  the  siege  of  Rouen  by  Henry  IV.,  of 
France  and  died  in  1592. 

FARNEWORTH,  Ellis,  distinguished  by 
translatinj»  some  eminent  authors,  was  born  at 
Bonteshail,  in  Derbyshire,  and  di.id  1763.  His 
publications  were,  "The  Life  of  Pope  Sixtus 
v.,  translated  from  the  Italian,"  "  Pavila's 
History  of  France,"  "  The  works  of  Machiavei, 
illustrated  with  Annotations,  Dissertations,  and 
several  new  plans  on  the  art  of  war." 

FARQUHAR,  George,  an  ingenious  comic 
writer,  was  the  son  of  a  clergyman,  in  Ireland, 
and  born  at  Londonderry,  in  1678.  In  1696  he 
went  to  London,  and  was  solicited  by  his  friend 
Wilks,  the  celebrated  actor,  to  write  a  play ;  but 
he  was  still  more  substantially  invited  by  a 
genteel  accommodation,  which  suffered  him  to 
exercise  his  genius  at  his  leisure :  for  the  earl  of 
Orrery,  who  was  a  patron  as  well  as  master  of 
letters,  conferred  a  lieutenant'scommission  upon 
him  in  his  ovvn  regiment  in  Ireland,  which 
Farquhar  held  several  years,  and  behaved  hun- 
scif  so  well  as  an  officer,  giving  soveral  proofs 
both  of  courage  and  conduct.  He  died  in  ."Vpril, 
1707,  before  he  was  30  vears  of  age.    His  tome 


FA 


FE 


dies  display  a  sprigliily  genius,  and  are  extreme- 
ly diverting. 

FASTOLFF,  Sir  John,  a  valiant  and  renowned 
general  during  the  English  coni]uests  in  France, 
Oorn  ui  Yarmouth,  in  Norfolk,  in  i:t77,  died  HWl. 
He  was  knighted  in  the  field,  and  honoured  with 
the  Garter.  Sir  John  was  a  benelactor  to  both 
the  universities,  bequeatliina;  a  considerable  le- 
gacy to  Cambridge  (or  building  the  schools  of 
Philosophy  and  Civil  t.aw  ;  and  at  Oxford  he 
was  so  bountiful  to  Magdalen  College,  that  his 
name  is  tJiere  commemorated  in  an  anniversary 
speech.  Shakspeare  has  been  very  unjustly 
accused  of  having  drawn  his  sir  John  F'alstaii" 
to  ridicule  this  great  and  good  man. 

FAUC'HET,  Claude,  vicar-general  to  the  arch- 
bishop of  Bruges,  and  preacher  lo  Louis  XVI. 
His  manner  of  preaching  disgusting  the  mo 
narch,  Fauchet  became  a  bitter  enemy  of  the  go- 
vernment, a  leader  in  the  destruction  of  the  Baj- 
lile,  and  a  member  of  the  national  assembly 
and  of  the  convention ;  he  was  guillotined  in 
1793. 

FAUCHET,  Claude,  a  French  antiquarian, 
and  historiographer  to  Henry  IV.,  died  in  1601. 
His  writings  are  valuable,  but  inelegantly  writ- 
ten. 

FAUCHEUR,  Michael  le,  a  French  protestant 
divine,  admired  as  a  preacher,  died  at  Paris,  in 
1667. 

FAUGERES,Margaretta  v.,  distinguished  for 
Iter  literary  accomplishments,  was  a  native  of 
the  state  of  New- York  ;  she  was  unforlnnate  in 
her  marriage,  and  died  in  1801.  She  published 
several  little  poems. 

FAULKNER,  George,  a  worthy  printer,  of 
Dnblin,  of  no  mean  celebrity,  being  the  first  man 
who  carried  his  profession  to  a  high  degree  of 
credit  in  Ireland.  He  was  the  confidential  prin- 
ter of  dean  Swift ;  and  enjoyed  the  friendship 
and  patronage  of  the  earl  of  Chesterfield,  whose 
ironical  letters  to  Faulkner,  comparing  him  to 
Atticus,  are  perhaps  the  finest  parts  of  his  writ- 
ings. He  settled  at  Dublin,  as  a  printer  and 
bookseller,  soon  after  the  year  172G ;  raised 
there  a  very  comfortable  fortune  by  his  well- 
known  "  Journal,"  and  other  laudable  under- 
takings ;  and  died  an  alderman  of  Dublin,  Aug. 
28, 1775. 

FAUGUIER,  Francis,  succeeded  governor 
Dinwiddle,  as  chief  magistrate  of  the  colony  of 
Virginia.  He  was  respected  for  his  integrity, 
talents,  and  piety,  and  was  extremely  popular 
with  the  colonists;  he  died  in  1768. 

FAUR,  Guy  de,  lord  of  Pibrac,  ad  vocate -gene- 
ral of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  counsellor  of 
state,  known  also  as  a  poet ;  he  died  in  1584. 

FAUST,  or  FAUSTUS.     See  FUST. 
'  FAUSTA,  Flavia  Maximiana,  second  wife  of 
the  emperor  Constantine,  was  suffocated  in  a 
bath,  for  her  incontinence,  in  327. 

FAUSTINA,  Anna  Galeria,  the  wife  of  An- 
toninus Pius,  known  only  for  her  profligacy, 
died  in  111. 

FAUSTUS,  an  English  monk,  abbot  of  the 
monastery  of  the  Lerin  islands,  and  afterwards 
bishop  of  Riez,  in  Provence  ;  he  died  in  481. 

FAVART,  Charles  Simon,  a  Parisian,  known 
for  his  admired  operas,  died  in  1793. 

FAVART,Marie  Justine  Benoite,  a  celebrated 
French  actress,  wife  of  the  preceding,  died  in 
1772. 

FAVOLIUS,  Hugo,  a  Dutch  physician  and 
poet,  died  in  1585. 

FAVORINUS,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  who 
lived  in  the  aje  of  Adrian. 
r.WORINUS,  Varinus,  a  Benedictine  monk 
184 


keeper  of  the  mcndicean  library,  and  afterwards 
bishop  of  Nocera ;  lie  died  in  1537. 

FAVRE,  Anthony,  an  eminent  lawyer  at 
Bresse,  afterwards  governor  of  Savoy,  died  in 
1624. 

FAVRE,  Claude.    See  VAUGELAS. 

FAWCETT,  sir  William,  an  English  officer 
of  great  merit,  who,  for  his  services,  was  pro- 
moled  to  the  rank  of  general,  made  a  knight  of 
the  bath,  and  governor  of  Chelsea  hospital ;  he 
died  in  1804. 

FAWKES,  Francis,  an  ingenious  English 
poet  and  divine,  born  in  Yorkshire,  1721.  He 
published  a  volume  of  poems,  by  subscription, 
1761,  in  8vo,and  several  poems  afterwards. 
But  his  great  strength  is  supposed  to  have  lain 
in  translation  ;  as  his  Anacreon,  Sappho,  Bion, 
Moschus,  Musa:us,  and  Theocritus,  show.  His 
name  is  set  to  a  "  Family  Bible,  with  notes, 
1761,"  in  4to.    He  died  Aug.  26, 1777. 

FAYDIT,  Anselm,  a  Provencal  poet,  or  trou. 
badour,  celebrated  among  the  princes  of  bis 
time  for  his  wit,  and  the  elegance  of  his  man- 
ners ;  he  died  in  1220. 

FAYDIT,  Peter,  a  French  priest,  known  for 
his  satirical  attacks  on  Bossuet  and  Fenelon, 
died  in  1709. 

FAYETTE,  Louisa  de  la,  a  French  lady  of 
great  celebrity,  maid  of  honour  to  Anne  of  Aus- 
tria, and  the  confident  of  Louis  XIII.,  retired  to 
a  convent,  after  reconciling  the  monarch  to  his 
queen,  where  she  died  universally  beloved  and 
esteemed. 

FAYETTE,  Marie  Madeleine,  countess  of,  a 
French  lady,  more  distinguished  by  her  literary 
productions  than  by  her  family.  She  was  mar- 
ried to  the  count  de  Fayette,  in  1655,  and  died  in 
1693.  The  principal  works  of  this  lady  are, 
"  Zaide,"  a  romance  often  printed,  and  "  La 
Princesse  de  Cleves,"  a  romance  also,  to  which 
Fontenelle  is  said  to  have  given  four  readings. 
M.  Fayette  was  so  regardless  of  fame,  that  she 
published  these  works  under  the  name  of  Se- 
grais,  who,  however,  is  supposed  to  have  been 
no  farther  concerned  than  in  aiding  a  little  in 
the  design  of  them.  Voltaire  says,  that  the  ro- 
mances of  Fayette  were  the  first  which  exhi- 
bited the  manners  of  people  of  fashion  in  a 
graceful,  easy,  natural  way  ;  all  before  having 
been  pompous,  bombast,  and  swelling  every 
thing  beyond  nature  and  life. 

FEARNE,  Charles,  an  eminent  English  con- 
veyancer, and  author  of  a  well-known  work, 
entitled,  "An  Essay  on  Contingent  Remainders 
and  Executory  Devises,"  born  in  1742,  died  Jan. 
21,  1794. 

FEATLEY,  or  FAIRCLOUGH,Daniel,  D.D., 
an  English  divine,  celebrated  as  an  able  theolo- 
gian, and  as  a  popular  and  eloquent  preacher  ; 
he  was  provost  of  Chelsea  college,  where  he 
died  in  1645. 

FECHT,  or  FECHTIUS,  John,  a  Lutheran 
divine,  settled  at  Rostock,  died  in  1716. 

FECKP;NHAM,  John  de,  so  called  because 
he  was  born  of  poor  parents,  in  a  cottage,  near 
the  forest  of  Feckenham,  in  Worcestershire,  his 
right  name  being  Howman.  He  was  the  last 
abbot  of  Westminster,  and  died  in  1585.  Cam- 
den calls  him  a  "  learned  and  good  man,  that 
lived  long,  did  a  great  deal  of  good  to  the  poor, 
and  always  solicited  the  minds  of  his  advei- 
saries  to  benevolence." 

FEIJOO,  Benedict  Jcrom,  a  Spanish  Bene- 
dictine, who  attempted,  by  his  w^ritings,  to  ex- 
pose the  ignorance  of  the  clergy,  and  the  inuti- 
lity of  pilgrimages,  &.C.    He  died  in  1765. 

FEITHUS,  Everard,  a  learned  German,  who 


FE  

retired  to  Fram*,  wliero  lie  hccame  coiispicu-l 
ous  lor  his  learning,  and  was  lioiioiired  vvilh  the 
friendship  of  the  most  eniiiietil  literary  men  ol 
that  country. 

FELIUfEN,  Andrew,  counsellor  and  historio- 
(•r.iphei  to  the  lung  of  France,  born  at  Chartrcs, 
in  11)1!),  died  lt>'J5.  His  "  Dialogues  upon  the 
Iiives  of  the  Painters"  have  done  Itiinyrcat  ho- 
nour. 

FELfBIEN,  John  Francis,  son  of  the  preced 
ing,  inherited  from  his  father  a  taste  and  know- 
ledge of  tile  fine  arts,  and  succeeded  liiin  in  all 
his  appointments ;  he  died  in  173H. 

FELintEN,  James,  brother  of  Andrew,  and 
archdeacon  of  Chartres,  died  in  1TI(3. 

FELIiilEN,  Michael,  son  of  Andrew,  an  au- 
thor of  reputation,  died  in  1719. 
FELIX,  governor  of  Judea,in  the  reign  ol  Nero. 

FELIX,  bishop  of  Urgella,  in  Spain,  «»  posed 
for  heretical  opinions,  died  in  exile  in  815. 

FELIX,  Minutius,  a  father  of  the  primitive 
church,  who  flourished  in  the  3d  century,  about 
the  year  220.  He  wrote  a  very  elegant  dialogue 
ill  defence  of  the  Christian  religion,  entitled 
"  Octavius." 

PEUX  I.,  pope  after  Dionysius,  was  put  to 
death  in  274,  and  canonized. 

FELIX  H.,  was  elected  pope  in  355,  and  af- 
terwards died  in  exile  in  305. 

FELIX  HI.,  elevated  to  the  papacy  in  the 
reign  of  Zen o,  died  in  492. 

FELIX  IV.,  a  pious  and  exemplary  prelate, 
was  chosen  pope  in  52G,  and  died  four  years  after 

FELL,  Dr.  John,  an  eminently  learned  di- 
vine, and  bishop  of  Oxford,  born  at  Long  worth 
in  Berkshire,  1G25,  died  16^6. 

FELL,  John,  an  English  dissenting  minister 
tutor  of  an  acailemy  at  Homerton,  died  in  1797 

FELLER,  Joachim  Frederic,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, secretary  to  llie  duke  of  Weimar,  died  in 
172(5. 

FELLER,  Franci.s  Xavier,  an  cx-jesuit,  of 
Brussels,  author  of  Observations  on  Newton's 
Philosophy,  and  on  Buffon's  works,  with  other 
writings  ;  he  died  in  1802. 

PELLTHA.M,  Owen,  a  miscellaneous  writer, 
born  in  Siitfolk,  who  lived  many  years  in  the 
family  of  the  earl  of  Tii()nion<l,  wrote  a  book  of 
?reat  merit,  called  "  Resolves,  Divine,  Moral, 
and  Political,"  many  editions  of  which  have 
been  published.     He  died  about  IG73. 

FELTON,  John,  an  Englishman,  known  only 
as  the  murderer  of  Villiers,  duke  of  Bucking 
ham,  in  1028,  for  which  he  was  executed.  His 
father  and  grandfather  had  been  executed  be- 
fore him,  as  bigoted  and  seditious  catholics. 

FELTON,  Henry,  principal  of  Edmund  hail 
Oxford,  died  in  1739. 

FENDALL,  Josias,  governor  and  chief  jus 
lice  of  the  province  of  Maryland,  was  succeeded 
in  1660  by  Calvert.  He  was  afterwards  banished 
from  the  province,  for  misdemeanors. 

FENELON,  Francis  do  Salignac  de  la  Motte, 
archbishop  of  Cambray,  born  at  the  castle  of 
Fcnelon,  in  the  province  of  Perigord,  1051,  died 
1715.  He  wrote  many  works;  but  what  ha 
giinod  him  the  greatest  repuuitiou,  and  for 
wliich  he  will  be  immortal,  is  his  "Telemachus." 
No  work  ever  had  a  greater  reputation ;  the 
."!lyle  of  it  is  lively,  natural,  and  beautiful ;  the 
fictions  well  contrived  ;  the  moral  sublime  ;  .ind 
t"hn  political  maxims  tending  all  tolhe  happines 
of  mankind.  He  published  another  considerahl 
work,  entitled,  "  A  Demonstration  of  the  Bi^inj' 
of  God,  grounded  on  the  knowledge  of  Nati 
and  suited  to  the  meanest  capacity  ;"  whic'i  i? 

Aa 


one  of  the  best  books  that  is  written  in  French, 
upon  that  subject. 

FENN,  Sir  John,  a  very  learned  antiquary, 
born  in  Norwich,  17.39,  died  February,  I7Si4,  hav- 
ing greatly  distinguished  himself  by  his  applica- 
tioti  to  the  study  of  natural  liiHtory  and  aniiqui 
ties,  which  enabled  him  to  collect  and  publish, 
ill  4  vols.  4to,  a  large  collection  of  "  Original 
Letters,  written  during  the  reigns  of  Henry  VI., 
Edward  IV.,  Richard  HI.,  and  Henry  VII.,"  by 
such  of  the  Paston  family,  and  others,  as  were 
personally  present  in  court  and  camp,  and  were, 
in  those  limes,  per.sons  of  great  consequence  in 
the  county  of  Norfolk.  These  letters  contain 
many  curious  and  authentic  state  anecdotes,  re- 
lating not  only  t;)  Norfolk,  but  to  the  kingdom  in 
general,  and  to  the  wars  in  France. 

FENNER,  Arthur,  governor  of  the  state  of 
Rhode-Island,  died  in  1805. 

FENTON,  sir  Geoifrey,  aii  eminent  writer 
and  statesman  during  the  reign';  of  Elizabeth 
and  James  I.,  was  born  in  Notiiughamsdire,  and 
died  in  1603.  He  is  known  by  a  translation 
I'rom  the  Italian  of  "The  History  of  the  Wars 
of  Italy,  by  Guiciardini 

FENTON,  Elijah,  secretary  to  the  earl  of  Or- 
rery, an  elegant  poet,  and  one  of  the  worthiest 
and  most  modest  men  that  ever  adorned  the 
court  of  Apollo.  To  1717  he  published  a  volume 
of  poems,  and  iii  1703  introduced  upon  the  stage 
his  tragedy  of  ''  Mariamnc."  Fenton  waa  much 
beloved  by  Mr.  Pope,  who,  after  his  death, (1730) 
honoured  him  with  the  following  epitaph  : 

"  This  modest  stone,  what  few  vain  marbles  can, 
"  May  triily  say.  Here  lies  an  honest  man : 
"  A  poet  bless'd  beyond  a  poet's  fate, 
"  Whom  Heaven  kept  sacred  from  the  proud 

and  great : 
"  Foe  to  loud  praise,  and  friend  to  learned  ease, 
"  Content  with  science  hi  the  vale  of  peace, 
"  Calmly  he  looked  on  either  life,  and  here 
"  Saw  nothing  to  regret,  or  there  to  fear  : 
"  From  Nature's  temperate  feast  rose  satisfied, 
"  Thank'dheav'n  that  he  had  liv'd,  and  that  he 

died." 

FERAJUOLI,  Nuzio,  an  eminent  Italian 
landscape  painter  in  the  nth  century. 

FERDINAND  I.,  emperor  of  Germany,  wa3 
crowned  king  of  Hungary,  in  1527,  elected  king 
of  the  Romans,  in  1.531,  and  succeeded  his  bro- 
ther Charles  V.  as  emperor,  in  1558 ;  he  died  ia 
1.564 

FERDINAND  IL,  king  of  Bohemia  andHun- 
gary,  and  emperor  of  Germany,  in  1619 ;  after 
subduing  his  revolted  Bohemian  subjects,  and 
waging  successful  war  against  Denmark,  and 
other  neighbouring  powers,  he  died  at  Vienna, 
in  16.37. 

FERDINAND  III.,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
also  king  of  Bohemia,  &c.,  and  emperor  of  Ger- 
many. His  plans  of  ambition  and  aggrandize- 
ment were  successfully  opposed  by  the  Swedes, 
under  the  duke  of  Weimar,  and  by  the  French, 
under  the  great  Conde,  until  the  peace  of  West- 
phalia, &(;.  ;  the  emperor  died  in  1657. 

FERDINAND  L,  king  of  Castile  and  Leon, 
suinamed  tlie  Great,  defeated  the  king  of  Leon, 
and  usurped  his  throne  ;  he  penetrated  into  the 
centre  of  Portugal,  and  afterwards  defeated  and 
killed  his  brother,  the  king  of  Navarre;  he  died 
ill  H)r,5. 

FERDINAND  n.,king  of  Castile  and  Leon, 
aii'l  son  of  yVlnlionso  VIII.,  died  in  1187. 

FERDINAND  HI.,  St.,  obtained  the  throne 
of  Castile  on  the  abdication  of  his  moilier;  and 
*  185 


FE 

tiiat  ol  Leon,  on  itie  dcaili  of  his  lallicr,  Al- 
plionso  IX.,  in  1^30 ;  lie  made  war  successfully 
ajtaiiisl  rlie  Moors,  and  died  in  l'io2. 

FKRI)INA\DIV.,succefdi;dioilictlironeof 
Castile  at  10  yeara  of  ago,  and  died  suddenly  in 
i;il2. 

FERDINAND  V.,  siirnamed  the  Catholic, 
'-inited  the  kingdoms  of  Castile  and  Arragon,  by 
his  marriage,  with  Isahelia,  of  Castile.  During 
their  reign,  the  Moorish  power  in  Spain  was  de- 
stroyed by  Ft;r(li!iand,  and  a  new  world  was 
added  to  their  dominions,  by  the  discoveries  of 
Columbus  ;  he  died  in  J5I6. 

FKRDI.N'ANU  VI.,  aurnamed  the  Wise,  suc- 
C(!eded  his  father,  Philip  V.,  in  1746.  He  was 
dislingiiished  for  lii.?  justice,  prudence,  and  be- 
nevolence, and  his  m-^n  was  prosperous  and 
[Kjpular :  he  died  in  1759. 

FERDINAND  I.,  king  of  Naples  and  Sicily, 
aUhou!;ii  a  patron  of  commerce  and  the  arts,  was 
unpopular  lor  his  cruelties  ;  he  died  in  1494. 

FERIHNAND,  king  of  Portugal,  died  in  1383, 
after  a  rurliuleiit  and  unfortunate  reign. 

FERDINAND  I.,  grand  duke  of  Tuscany, 
eminent  for  the  wisdom  and  energy  of  his  go- 
vernmc  nt ;  he  died  in  1609. 

FERDIN.\ND  II.,  grand  duke  of  Tuscany, 
after  Cosmo  II.,  was  respected  by  all,  for  the  de- 
cided and  impartial  neutrality  he  preserved  dur- 
ing the  wars  between  France  and  Spain;  he  died 
in  l(jt)8. 

FERDINAND,  of  Cordova,  a  Spaniard,  of  the 
1.5th  century,  so  conspicuous  for  his  learning, 
that  he  was  considered  by  the  vulgar  as  a  magi- 
cian. 

FERDINAND  LOPEZ,  a  Portuguese,  who,  in 
the  liith  century,  visited  the  East  Indies,  and 
published  a  valuable  account  of  his  voya2c,  &;c. 

FERDINAND,  Charles,  a  poet  and  philoso- 
pher, ot  Bruses,  (Jied  at  Paris,  in  1494. 

FERDIN.4ND,  Joim,  a  Jesuit,  of  Toledo, 
known  as  a  theological  writer,  died  in  1593. 

FERDINAND  DE  JESUS,  an  eloquent  Car- 
melite monk,  nf  Spain,  in  the  17tli  century. 

FERDINANDI,  Epiphanius,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, died  in  1038. 

FERDOUSI,  Hassan  Ben  Scharf,  the  most 
celebrated  of  all  the  Per-ian  poets.  His  epic 
poem,  entitled  "  Schanamek,"  that  is,  "  The 
History,"  contains  the  annals  of  the  kings  of 
Persia,  and  consists  of  60,000  verses.  Ferdousi 
oomposed  this  poem  at  the  conunand  of  the  sul- 
tan Mahmoud,  and  wa.s  employed  upon  it  thirty 
years;  after  which  receiving  only (iO,000 drach- 
mas of  silver  for  his  trouble,  he  quitted  the  court 
of  Mahmoud  in  disgust,  and  wrote  satirical 
verses  against  him.     He  died  in  1020. 

FERG,  or  FERGIRE,  Francis  Paid,  an  emi- 
nent landscape  painter,  born  at  Vienna,  died  at 
London,  iti  1740. 

FERGUS  I.,  king  of  Scotland,  elected  kine 
for  his  services  in  "repelling  the  Picts  ;  he  was 
drowned  in  404. 

FERGUSON,  Robert,  a  non-conformist  di- 
vine, and  a  teacher ;  afterwards  the  associate 
of  Slonmouth,  died  in  1714. 

FERGUSON,  William,  a  Scotch  painter,  died 
in  1600. 

FERGUSON,  Dr.  Adam,  a  natural  and  mo- 
ral philosopher,  and  political  writer,  born  in 
Scotland,  in  1734.  His  principal  writings  were 
"  An  Essay  on  Civil  Society;"  "  History  of  the 
Roman  Republic  ;"  "  A  Treatise  on  .Moral  and 
Political  Science ;"  and  "  Institutes  ot  Moral 
Fliilosophy."  Dr.  Ferguson  held  many  years  a 
profesiorship  in  the  university  of  Edinburgh 
1S6 


FE 

wiilch  he  resigned  in  favour  of  Mr.  Dugold 
Stewart.     He  died  in  1616. 

FERGUSON,  James,  an  extraordinary  phe- 
nonieni<n  of  the  self-taught  kind,  particularly  in 
the  asironoinical  branch  of  science,  was  liom 
in  Bamffshire,  Scotland,  in  1710.  His  parents 
being  in  low  circumstances,  he  was  obliged  to 
keep  sheep  for  four  years;  but  in  this  situation 
he  learned  to  mark  tlie  position  of  the  stars 
with  a  thread  and  bead.  One  Ale.xandcr  Cant 
ley,  butler  to  Thomas  Grant,  esq.,  taught  him 
decimal  arithmetic,  algebra,  and  the  elements 
of  geometiy  :  after  this  he  went  inio  two  very 
hard  services.  His  ingenuity  at  length  intro- 
duced him  to  Sir  James  Dunbar,  when  he  learn- 
ed to  draw,  and  bi:gan  to  lake  portraits.  At  30 
years  ol  age,  ho  inventtd  his  Astronomical  Ro- 
tula,  a  machine  for  showing  the  new  moons  and 
eclipses.  About  1744  ho  went  to  London ,  and, 
by  his  delineation  of  the  complex  line  of  the 
moon's  motion,  procured  the  honour  of  being 
elected  fellow  of  the  royal  society,  without  pay- 
ing for  admission.  His  dissertations  and  inven- 
tions in  mechanics,  and  other  branches  of  the 
mathematics,  introduced  him  to  the  favour  of 
king  George  HI.,  who  conferred  an  annual  pen- 
sion of  oOl.  upon  him.  He  died  November  16 
1770. 

FERGUSSON,  Robert,  a  very  ingenious 
though  unfortunate,  Scotch  poet,  born  at  Edin- 
burgh, in  1750,  died  Oct.  10,  1774.  He  waspos- 
scssed  of  the  brightest  genius,  and  the  best  heart; 
but  his  social  qualifications  were  so  fa.scinating 
that  they  led  him  into  a  course  of  dissipation 
and  imprudence,  which  too  often  is  the  ruin  of 
men  of  genius.  Burns  (his  brother  poet,  and 
enthusiastic  admirer)  erected  a  neat  monument 
to  his  memorv  in  the  Canongate  church-yard. 

FERM.'VT,"  Peter,  a  native  of  Toulouse,  was 
distinguished  as  an  able  lawyer,  and  an  emineni 
mathematician  and  philosopher ;  the  associate 
of  Descartes  and  Huygcns;  he  died  in  1GG4. 

FERMOR,  William  count  Von,  an  officer  in 
the  Russian  service,  distinguislied  for  his  vie 
tones  over  the  Turks  and  Prussians,  and  parti- 
cularly over  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  for  the 
capture  of  Berlin  ;  he  died  in  1771. 

FERNANDEZ,  Anthony,  superior  of  the 
Portuguese  Jesuit  missionaries,  in  India,  and 
author  of  commentaries  on  parts  of  the  Old 
Testament ;  he  died  in  1628. 

FERNANT>EZ,  Benedict,  a  Portuguese  jesruit, 
and  also  a  writer  of  coiumentaries  on  Scripture 
died  in  1630. 

FERN.-VNDEZ,  Alphonso,  a  Spanish  Domi- 
nican,  and  writer,  died  in  1040. 

FERNEL,  John  Francis,  physician  to  Henry 
II.  of  France,  was  distinguished  for  his  indefatj 
gable  attention  to  his  studies,  for  his  attainments 
in  philosophy  and  medicine,  and  for  his  attach- 
ment to  private  life  ;  he  died  in  1558. 

FERNOUILLOT  DE  FALBAIRE,  Charles 
George,  a  French  author ;  he  died  in  ISOl. 

FERRACINO,  Bartolomco,  a  selftaught  and 
ingenious  mechanic,  born  at  Bassan,  in  Padua, 
died  in  1704. 

FERRAND,  James,  a  French  physician,  and 
authorof  a  treatise,  "  De  laMaladied'Amoui," 
printed  at  Paris,  in  1622 ;  and  published  in  En- 
glish, in  1640. 

FERRAND,  Lewis,  a  French  lawyer,  and 
advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  died  in  1699 

FERRAND,  Anthony,  a  counsellor  of  Paris, 
author  of  madrigals,  songs,  &.C.,  died  in  1719. 

FERR.WD,  James  Philip,  a  French  painter 
in  enamel,  died  in  1732 


FE 


FK 


FERKANDUS,  Fulgentius,  a  deacon  of  Car- 

l!«a^"!,  died  before  531. 

FKRllAR,  Roben,  bishop  of  St.  DavWs,  was 
burnt  a)i  a  lieretic,  in  tlie  loign  of  Mary,  in  15.55. 
FERRAR,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Louiiou, 
was  secretary  to  the  Virginia  company,  and 
afteru'ards  a  member  of  parliaiiieiil ;  he  died 
in  10.(7. 

FERRARI,  Lewis,  of  Milan,  professor  of  ma- 
thematics at  Uologna,  wliere  he  died  in  1505. 

FERRARI,  Aiilon>  Mary  Zaciiaiy  Kartlio- 
lomew,  founder  of  the  order  of  the  Barnabites 
at  Milan,  died  in  1544. 

FtiRR.^RI,  Octaviaii,  an  Italian  author,  born 
atMilan,  1518, died  in  i58ti.  Though  excellently 
skilled  ill  polite  literature,  yet  he  was  princi- 
pally famous  for  philosopiiy,  being  esteemed  a 
second  Aristotle. 

FERRARI,  Francisco  Bernardino,  of  the 
same  family  with  the  former,  born  at  Milan, 
1577,  died  1009.  He  was  an  able  divine  and 
sacred  liistoriUn,  and  of  no  mean  talents  as  an 
antiquary. 

FERRARIjOctavio,  historiographer  of  Milan, 
of  the  same  family  witli  the  former,  born  in 
1607.  died  in  1682.  He  was  remarkable  for  the 
sweetness,  sincerity,  and  affability  of  his  temper; 
and  had  so  happy  a  way  of  conciliating  persons 
exasperated  against  each  other,  that  he  acquired 
the  title  of  "  The  Reconciler." 

FERRARI,  John  Baptist,  a  Jesuit,  author  of 
a  Syriac  Dictionary,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1655. 

FERRARI,  Giovanni  Andrea,  a  painter  ol 
Genoa,  died  in  1669. 

FERUARIEN.S1S,  a  general  of  the  Domini- 
cans, and  a  writer  on  philosophy,  died  iu  1528. 

FERRARS,  George,  a  distinguished  advocate, 
a  member  of  parliament,  and  a  favourite  of 
Henry  Vlli.,  and  of  his  successor.  He  wrote 
the  History  of  (iueen  Mary,  the  Tragedy  of 
Richard  II.,  and  other  works,  and  died  in  1579. 

FERRARS,  Edward,  a  poet  and  favourite  of 
Henry  VIII.,  died  in  1564. 

FERRARS,  Henry,  of  the  same  family  as  the 
preceding,  is  known  as  having  made  large  and 
valuable  collections  foi'  a  history  of  his  native 
country  ;  he  died  in  1633. 

FERRAUO,  N.,  a  deputy  to  the  national 
convention  of  France,  distinguished  for  his  ha 
tred  of  monarchy,  was  shot  at  Paris,  in  1793, 
during  an  attack  on  the  convention. 

FERREAS,  Don  John  of,  born  at  Raba- 
nezza,  in  Spain,  in  1652,  died  in  1735.  He  was 
author  of  a  Spanish  Dictionary,  and  of  several 
works  in  Theology,  Philosophy,  and  History 
the  most  considerable  of  which  was  a  "  General 
History  of  Spain." 

FERREIN.,  .\ntony,  a  French  anatomist,  and 
lectureron  Materia  Medica ;  he  died  in  1769. 

PERRETI,  or  FERRETUS,  a  poet  and  histo 
rian,  of  Vicenza,  who  contributed  to  the  revival 
of  learning  in  Europe,  in  the  14tli  century. 

FERRETI,  Eniilio,  an  Italian  lawyer,  secre 
tary  to  pope  Eeo  X..  died  at  .Avignon,'  in  1.552. 

FERRETY,  Giovanni  Batista,  a  Benedictine 
monk,  of  Vicenza ;  the  tiute  of  his  death  is  un 
known. 

FERRI,  Paul,  a  learned,  popular,  and  elo- 
quent divine,  of  Metz,  died  in  1669. 

FERRfjCiro,  a  celebrate<l  historic  painter, 
born  at  Rome,  in  1634,  died  1689.  He  was  afaith- 
ful  imitator  of  Peter  de  Cortona,  under  whom  he 
had  been  bred  ;  and  to  wliom  he  came  so  near 
in  his  ideas,  his  invention,  and  his  manner  of 
painting,  that  his  ceilings,  particularly,  are  3ften 
ioistalsea  for  Cortona's. 


FERRI.\k,  John,  M.  D.,  an  estimable  writer 
on  medicine,  the  belles  lottres,  and  arcliaioloio') 
died  ai  Manchester,  in  1815.  He  published  "  Il- 
lustrations of  Steme,"  in  which  he  delected 
the  source  from  which  Sterne  had  evidently  bor- 
rowed many  of  the  ideas  dispersed  through  his 
ccentric  performances. 

FERRIER,  Jeremy,  professor  of  divinity  at 
Nismes,  and  secretary  to  the  king  of  France,  in 
1626,  the  year  of  his  death. 

FERRIER,  Arnauld  de,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
and  called  the  C'ato  of  Prance,  was  born  at  Ton 
louse,  in  J 50  .,  died  1583. 

FERRn'2R,  Lewis,  a  poet  and  dramatic  writer, 
born  at  Avignon,  died  in  1721. 

FERRIER,  John,  a  Jesuit,  and  confessor  to 
the  French  king,  died  in  1674. 

FERRli'.RKS,  Claude  de,  adoctorof  civil  law 
at  Paris,  and  author  of  several  valuable  boohs 
on  that  subject,  died  in  1715. 

FERRiJN,  Arnauld  du,  a  lawyer  of  Boui- 
deaux,  author  of  an  elegant  Latin  history  of 
France,  to  the  reign  of  Francis  I.,  in  contiliua- 
tion  of  that  of  iEinilius  ;  he  died  in  1563. 

FERTE,  Henry  de  Senecierrc  Marechal  de,  a 
celebrated  Frencii  general  in  the  reigns  of  Louis 
XfH.  and  his  successor  ;  he  died  in  1681. 

FERUS,  John,  superior  of  the  gray  friars  at 
Mentz,  known  as  a  popular  preacher,  and  as  a 
commentator  on  the  Bible  ;  he  died  in  1634. 

FESTUS,  Porcius,  a  proconsul  of  Judea,  by 
whom  the  apostle  Paul  was  sent  to  Rome. 

FESTUS,  Pompeius,  a  celebrated  grammarian 
of  antiquity,  who  abridged  a  work  of  "  Verrius 
Flaccus  de  Significatione  Verborum." 

FETTI,  Dominlco,  an  eminent  painter,  born 
at  Rome,  in  1589,  died  1624.  From  the  paintings 
of  Julio  Romano  he  took  his  colouring,  the  bold- 
ness of  his  characters,  and  a  beautiful  manner  of 
thinking;  he  was  very  delicate  in  his  thoughts; 
had  a  grandeur  of  expression,  and  a  mellowness 
of  pencil,  that  pleased  the  connoisseurs.  His 
pictures  ate  scarce,  and  much  sought  after. 

FEULLEE,  Lewis,  botanist  to  Lewis  XIV. 
of  France,  born  at  Provence,  in  IGOO,  died  1732. 
There  is  of  his  a  "  Journal  des  Observations 
Pliysiques,  Mathematiques,  et  Botaniques," 
made  upon  the  coasts  of  South  America  and 
New  Spain,  which  is  said  to  be  very  exact  and 
curious,  though  written  inelegantlv. 

FEUaUlERES,  Anthony  de  Pas,  marquis 
of,  distinguished  as  an  officer,  and  made  a  mar- 
slial  for  his  services  in  Germany;  he  died  hi 
1711. 

FEURBORN,  Justus,  rector  of  the  university 
of  Giesseii,  and  author  of  several  theological 
works  in  Latin,  died  in  1656. 

FEUSTKING,  John  Henry,  professor  and 
doctor  of  divinity  in  the  univerfity  at  Wittein- 
berg,  confessor  to  the  duke  of  Saxony,  and  coun- 
sellor to  the  duke  of  Saxe  Gotlia,  died  in  1713- 

FEVARDENTIUS,or  FEWARDENT,Fran- 
cis,  a  Franciscan  friar,  known  for  his  bigoted 
hostility  to  the  protestants  ;  he  died  in  1641. 

FEVRE,  Claude,  a  French  painter,  died  .n 
London,  in  1675. 

FEVRE,  Guy  le,sieur  de  la  Boderie,  a  poet 
of  Lower  Normandy,  eminent  for  his  knowledge 
of  oriental  literature,  died  in  1598. 

FEVRE,  Anthony  le,  brother  of  Guy,  was  in 
the  service  of  Henry  IV.  of  France,  and  liisain- 
bassndoi-  to  Eneland.&c.  ;  he  died  in  161.3. 

FEVRE,  Nicholas  l<va  Frencli  Jesuit,  author 
of  a  treatise  on  true  religion,  died  in  1755. 

FEVRE,  James  le,  a  learned  Frenchnirn,  t\w 
jfiiBiul  and  f orrospimdeut  of  Erasmus,  publislnd 
187 


FI 

translaiiori  of  the  New  Testament  with  com- 
mentarie:: ;  .lu  ilied  iii  1537,  aj-'cd  97. 

FEVlcK,  .NicJiolasle,  bom  at  Paris,  was  dis- 
tinguisUca  ob  a  proiound  scholar,  vvtU  acquaint- 
ed with  liie  civii  law,  bullos-lettres,  and  inattit- 
matics.  He  was  prctepior  to  tlie  duke  ol  C'oiido, 
and  alterwards  of  Lewis  XJU. ;  he  died  in  1011 

FEVRE,  Tanaquil,  or  Tanncqui,  a  learued 
man,  profeseor  iu  Iheuuiveisitj  at  Saumur ;  he 
died  lu  1072. 

FEVKE,  Koland  le,  an  eminent  painter,  born 
at  Anjou,  (lied  at  London,  in  lli77. 

FEViliiT,  C  harks,  an  eminent  Freuc;h  civi- 
lian, born  111  158J,  di'jd  1001.  Several  authors 
have  mentioned  him  and  his  works  iji  a  very 
honiiurahie  manner. 

»  FtVKLT  UL  FONTETTE,  Charles  Marie, 
an  eiui:ient  French  lawyer,  and  a  member  ofllie 
academv  ot  belles  leitre-,  died  in  lui. 

FEYDEAU,  Matthew,  a  doctor  ol'  the  Sot- 
boni.e,  uiid  a  theological  writer,  died  in  !t)St4. 

FIASELLA,  Dominico,  anitalian  andhisto 
rical  painter,  died  in  lti69. 

FICHARD,  John,  a  lawyer,  of  Frankfort, 
author  of  "Lives  of  lliubliious  monks,"  died 
in  1581, 

F;C!NUS,  Marsilius,  a  Ijarned  Italian,  who, 
under  the  patronage  of  Lo.i-nzo  and  Cosmo  de 
Medicis,  became  a  disiinj;uished  phiiosophc.', 
physician,  and  divine,  and  an  able  writer  on 
numerous  subjects  ;  he  died  in  14'jy. 

FICORONI,  Francesco,  a  Roman  medalist 
and  a  writer  on  medals,  and  antiquities,  died 
in  174' 


Fl 

tion  at  the  Temple,  was  called  to  the  bar,  and 
made  i«)  inconsiderable  figure  in  VVet>tjninster- 
hall.  He  began  sixm  after  to  be  molested  w  ith 
such  violent  attacks  from  the  goui,  as  rendered 
it  impossible  for  him  to  be  so  constant  at  the  bar 
as  the  laboriousnesd  of  his  profession  leqaired; 
and  a  proof  of  the  great  force  -and  vigour  of 
his  mind  is,  his  pursuing  so  arnuous  a  study 
under  the  e.\igencies  of  family  distress,  with  a 
wife  and  children,  whom  he  tenderly  loved, 
looking  up  10  him  for  sustenance  ;  with  a  body 
torn  by  the  acutest  pains,  and  a  mind  distracted 
by  a  ihoiisaiid  avocations;  yet  obliged,  for  im- 
jniediate  supply,  to  produce  almost  extempore,  a 
play,  a  farce,  a  pamijhlel,  or  a  newspaptjr.  A 
large  namlier  of  fugitive  political  tracts,  which 
had  their  value  when  the  incidents  were  actually 
passing  on  the  great  scene  of  business,  caine 
from  his  pen.  At  this  lime  too  he  produced  his 
"Joseph  Andrews,"  which  is  too  well  known 
and  too  justly  admired  to  leave  us  any  room  to 
expatiate  on  its  merits.  About  1745,  Mr.  F. 
'accepted  of  the  office  of  an  acting  niagistiate  in 
the  ton. mission  of  the  peace  for  lire  county  of 
Middlesex,  in  which  station  he  continued  till 
pretty  near  the  time  of  his  death.  Vet,  amidst 
all  the  laborious  duties  of  his  office,  he  found 
leisure  to  amuse  liimself,  and  afterwards  the 
world,  with  "The  History  of  Tom  Jones,"  and 
"Amciia."  At  length,' however,  his  whole 
frame  of  body  was  so  entirely  shattered  by  con- 
tinual inroads  of  complicated  disorders,  and  the 
incessant  fatigue  of  business  in  his  office,  that, 
by  the  advice  of  his  physicians,  he  set  out  for 


FIDANZA,  Johannes,  a  philosopher,  poet,l|Lisbon.    Even  in  this  distressful  condition,  his 
and  iheologisl,  of  Tuscany,  styled,  on  account  |  imagination  still  continued  making  the  strongest 


elTorts  to  display  itself;  and  the  last  gleam  of 
Ills  wit  and  humour  faintly  sparkled  in  the 
"  Jounial"  he  left  behind  him  of  his  "  Voyage" 
to  that  place,  which  was  publii^hed  in  1755,  a« 
London.  In  about  two  months  after  his  arrival 
at  Lisbon,  in  1754,  he  died,  in  his  48th  year. 

FIELDING,  Sarah,  sister  of  Henry,  author 
of  "  David  Simple,"  a  novel  of  considerable 
tneiit,bofn  in  1714,  died  in  1768. 

FIELDING,  Sir  John,  half-brother  to  Henry 
an  excellent  magistrate,  and  author  of  many 


of  his  great  learning,  tiie  seraphic  doctor;  lie 
died  in  li>T4. 

FIDDES,  Dr.  Richard,  an  English  divine, 
and  ingenious  biographical  and  theolisical  wri- 
ter, born  in  1071,  died  In  1725.  Ills  chief  work 
is,  "  The  Lilc  of  C  ardiiial  Wolsey." 

FICLD,  Richard,  aa  English  divine,  eminent 
for  his  learning,  benevolence  and  piety,  chaplain 
to  quf^en  Eiizabeih,  canon  of  Windsor,  and 
dean  of  Gloucester  ;  he  died  in  1016. 

FIELOI.NG,  Henry,  son  of  general  Fielding, 
was  born  in  1707,  and  received  the  first  rudi-j|  useful  regulations  in  the  police  of  London  and 
ments  of  his  education  at  home,  imder  the  care]  VVestminsier,  died  in  1780. 
of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Oliver  ;  lie  was  removed  to  Eton- 
school  ;  from  wlience,  at  about  18  years  of  age,  he 
went  to  Leyden,  where  he  studied  under  the 
most  celebrated  civilians  for  two  years;  at  the 
expiration  of  which  time  he  returned  to  London; 
and  ill  1727  commenced  writer  for  the  stage. 
Between  this  time  and  1743,  he  wrote  26  dra- 
matic pieces.  About  six  or  seven  years  after 
Mr.  Fielding's  cmimencing  a  writer  for  the 
Etase,  he  married  Miss  Craddock,  a  young  lady 
from  Salisbury,  possessed  of  beauty,  and  a  for- 
tune of  about  1500/. ;  and  near  the  same  time 
his  mother  dying,  an  estate  of  somewhat  bettei 
than  OlXli.  per  annum,  came  into  hisposscisio  i. 
Thi.-  fjrtune,  had  it  been  conducted  w  ith  pru- 
dence and  economy,  might  have  secured  to  him 
a  state  of  independence  for  life,  and,  with  the 
helps  it  might  have  derived  from  the  produc- 
tions of  a  genius  unincumbered  with  anxieties 
and  v)orpieiity,  might  have  even  alTorded  him 
an  .i:ltni,ni  income;  but,  fond  of  figure  and 
magiiihcence,  he  threw  wide  open  '.he  gates  of 
hospitality,  and  suffered  his  whole  patrimony  to 


FIENNES,  William,  lord  Say  and  Sele,  al- 
though raised  to  the  peerage  by  James  I.,  was 
a  rebel  against  his  son,  an  active  member  of  Ui« 
long  parliammt,  and  one  of  Cromwell's  adher 
ents.  He  was  afterw'ards  chamberlain,  and  lore 
privy  seal  to  Charles  II. :  he  died  in  1062. 

FIENNES,  Nathanael.  second  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was,  like  his  father,  an  enemy  to  the 
church  and  king,  a  friend  of  Cromwell,  and  one 
of  his  peers ;  he  died  in  1669. 

FIENl'S,  Thomas,  a  very  ingenious  and 
learned  physician,  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1566, 
died  in  10.11.  He  composed  several  works,  among 
which  were,  "  De  Veribus  Imaginationis." 
I  FIESCHO,  John  Lewis,  a  noble  Genoese, 
who  conspired  to  deliver  Andrew  Doria  and  his 
fleet  to  the  French,  and  was  drowned  in  the 
attempt,  in  1547. 

FUJINO,  Ainbrozio,  a  painter,  bom  at  Milan, 
died  in  15P0. 

FIGRKLIUS,  Edmundus,  a  learned  Swede, 
and  iiroffssor  at  Upsal,  died  in  1676. 

FiLANfiERI,  Gaetano,  a  gentleman  of  Na 


be  wa-sted.    In  short,  in  less  than  three  years,  1  pies,  employed  about  the  court,  who  wrote  a 


^e  reduced  himself  to  the  unpleasant  situation 
of  havinu  no  /ortune.     Not  discouraged,  how- 
ever, he  betook  himself  closely  to  the  study  of 
vhe  law,  and,  after  the  cuatoaiary  time  of  pruba 
188 


popular  work  on  legislation  ;  he  died  in  1787. 

FILELFO,  Francis.    See  PHILELPHUS. 

FILES.-\C,  John,  dean  of  tlie  faculty  of  the 
ology,  at  Paris,  died  in  1038. 


PI 

F1L.ICAJA,  Vinceiitio  di,  an  «;le^;aiit  poet,  of 
Florence,  and  a  senator  of  tliatcit)',  died  lu  1707. 
FILMER,  Sir  Robert,  author  ol  some  publi- 
cati'nis  on  the  nature  of  monaichial  govern- 
mem,  was  born  in  Kent  toward  the  end  of  the 
IGth  century,  and  died  in  1G47. 

FIN.'EUS,  Ofontius,  a  celebrated  astronomer, 
and  prolessorof  matheniatics  in  the  Royal  Col- 
lege at  Paris,  born  at  Briancon,  in  14*J4,  died 
1555.  He  was  one  of  those  who  vainly  boasted 
of  having  found  out  tlie  quadrature  of  the  circle. 

FINCH,  Heneajre,  earl  of  Noiiinghani,  lord 
high  chancellor  of  Gn;,'land,  born  in  1021,  diei' 
in  1G62.  Though  ht:  lived  in  very  troublesome 
times,  yet  lie  retained  the  good  opinion  of  both 
prince  and  people.  He  was  distinguished  by 
his  wisdom  and  eloquence ;  and  was  such  an 
excellent  orator,  that  some  have  styled  him  tlie 
Eneli.-h  Cicero.  He  left  behind  him,  written 
with  his  own  hand,  "  Chancery  Reports,"  MS. 
in  folio. 

FINCH,  Daniel,  earl  of  Nottingham,  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  secretary  under  William 
and  his  successor,  and  president  of  the  council 
at  the  accession  of  George  I. ;  he  died  in  1730. 

FINCH,  Eilvvaid,  brother  of  Sir  Heneage,  was 
vicar  of  Christ-church,  London,  from  which  he 
was  expelled  for  preaching  in  a  surplice,  and! 
associa'ing  with  women  :   he  died  in  1642.  | 

FINOII,  Thomas,  physician  to  the  duke  of  j 
Slesvvick,  and  successively  professor  of  inathe-i 
inatics,  of  eloquence,  and  of  medicine,  at  Copen- 
hagen ;  he  died  in  I(i56. 

FINET,  riir  John,  born  in  1571,  was  bred  up 
in  the  court,  where,  by  his  wit,  mirth,  and  un- 
common skill  in  composing  songs,  he  pleased 
James  I.  very  much.  In  1636.  being  then  in 
good  esieem  with  Charles  I.  he  was  made  master 
of  the  ceremonies,  and  died  in  1041 

FINGAL,  a  Cal>-donian  chief,  died  in  283. 

FINKENSTEIN,  Count,  an  eminent  Prussian 
statesman,  bora  in  1713,  held  the  important  sta 
tiou  of  cabinet  minister  at  tlie  court  of  Berlin 
more  than  .50  years,  and  died  in  1800. 

FfNLEY,  ifamuei,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  Ireland, 
a,nd  president  of  New-.Ieisey  College ;  he  was 
much  distini^uislied  for  his  piety  ;  published 
many  sermons,  and  died  in  1706. 

P'INLEY,  Robert,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  presby- 
teriau  clergyman  of  New-Jersey,  was  elected 
president  of  the  university  of  Athens,  Georgia, 
in  1817,  and  died  soon  after  he  had  entered  on 
the  duties  of  that  office. 

PIRENZUOLA,   Angelo,   an  Italian   poet, 
born  at  Florence,  and  patronised  by  pope  CI 
mont  V'll.     His  comedies,  prose,  and  poetical 
works,  were  published  in  3  vols. ;  he  died  hi 

).j4.). 

FIRMICIUS  MATERNUS,  Julius,  an  ancient 
•  "hristian  writer  of  the  4th  century.  His  trea- 
tise '\Of  the  Errors  of  the  Profane  Religions" 
shows  great  learning,  and  great  zeal  for  Chris- 
tianity. 

FIRMILIAN,  bishop  of  Casarea,  in  Cappa- 
docia;  died  in  209. 

FIRMIN,  Thomas,  a  citizen  of  London,  me- 
morable for  his  public  l)enefactions  and  chari- 
ties, born  in  1632,  died  in  1697.  In  good  works 
he  was  iiidefatigably  industrious,  and  success- 
fully provoked  many  others  thereto,  becoming 
also  their  almoner,  visiting  and  relieving  the 
poor  at  their  houses,  and  in  prisons,  whence 
also  he  redeemed  many.  He  set  many  hun- 
dreds of  tliem  to  work,  to  the  expending  of  great 
suras.  He  rebuilt,  repaired,  and  added  conve- 
uienceB  to  liospitals,  w^eekly  overseeing  the  or- 


FI 

phans.  The  refugees  from  Fiance,  and  from 
Ireland,  parlook  largely  the  eflicts  of  his  chari- 
ty, pains,  and  earnest  solicitations  for  tii'jn?  •  in 
short,  his  charities  were  unequalled  at  the  time 
when  he  lived. 

FIRMIN,  Giles,  a  physician,  of  New- England, 
in  its  early  settlement,  and  afterwards  a  clergy- 
man in  Great  Britahi,  author  of  the  "  Real 
Ciirisiiaii,"  died  in  1697. 

FIRONZABADI,  suriiaraed  Sharazi,  a  Per- 
sian writer  on  the  Mahomedan  law,  in  the  llth 
century.  Another  of  that  name  wrote  an  Ara- 
bic Dictionary,  and  died  in  1414. 

FISCHER,  John  Chiistian,  a  very  eminent 
performer  on,  and  composer  for,  the  liantbois, 
was  born  at  Fribourg,  but  was  long  settled  in 
England,  where  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
queen's  chamber  musicians.  This  admirable 
musician  was  seized  with  an  apoplectic  fit, 
April  29,  1800,  and  died  in  about  an  hour. 

FISH,  Simon,  an  English  lawyer,  author  of 
"  The  Supplication  of  Beggars,"  a  violent  sa- 
tire on  bisliops  and  clergy,  wliich  gained  him 
the  favour  of  Henry  VIII.;"  he  died  of  the  plaguu 
in  1571. 

FISHER,  John,  bishop  of  Rochester,  and 
martyr  to  popery,  born  in  1450,  was  beheaded 
for  denying  the  king's  supremacy,  in  1535.  Dur- 
ing his  confinement,  the  poor  old  bishop  was 
but  hardly  used,  and  scarcely  allowed  iieces 
sanes.  He  continued  above  a  year  in  the  tower 
and  might  have  continued  there  till  released  by 
a  natural  death,  if  an  unseasonable  honour  paid 
him  by  pope  Paul  III.  had  not  hastened  his  de- 
struction ;  this  was,  the  creating  him,  in  May, 
1535,  cardinal,  by  the  title  of  cardinal  priest  of 
St.  Vitalis.  When  the  king  heard  of  it,  he  said, 
in  a  great  pas.sion,  "  Well,  let  tlie  pope  send 
him  a  hat  when  he  will ;  Mother  of  God,  he 
shall  wear  it  on  his  shoulders  then,  for  I  will 
leave  him  never  a  head  to  set  it  on."  Erasmus 
represents  him  as  a  man  of  integrity,  deep  learn 
iii2,  sweetness  of  temper,  and  greatness  of  soul 

FISHER,  aiary,  an  enthusiastic  quakeress, 
of  the  17th  century,  who  went  to  Constantino- 
ple to  convert  the  grand  seignior.  Mahomet,  af- 
ter hearing  her  patiently,  sent  her  back  to  her 
own  country  in  safety. 

FISHER,  Ale.xander  M.,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics and  natural  philosophy,  in  Yale  College, 
Connecticut,  was  lost  with  the  packet  Albion, 
on  the  coast  of  Ireland,  in  ]8-.'J,  while  on  a  voy- 
age to  Europe  for  the  advanconient  of  his  pro- 
fessional knowled;ie.  Talents  of  the  highest 
Older,  united  with  an  entire  and  intense  devo- 
tion to  the  pursuit  of  philosophical  and  scienti- 
fic subjects,  had  excited  great  expectations  of  his 
future  usefulness,  and  eminence,  and  the  news 
of  his  death  was  heard  with  the  deepest  regret 
wherever  he  was  known. 

FISKE,  John,  first  minister  of  Wenham  and 
Cliplmstbrd,  Mass.,  died  in  1677. 

FISKE,  Nathan,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Brook- 
field,  Mass.,  distinguished  for  his  industry  and 
perseverance  in  the  great  duties  of  his  office  ; 
he  published  some  sermons,  and  died  in  1799. 

FITCH,  James,  first  tninister  of  Saybrook, 
Conn.,  died  in  1702. 

PITCH,  Jabez,  minister  of  Portsmouth,  N.  H., 
author  of  some  unpublished  MSS.  relating  to  the 
history  of  New-Hampshire,  died  in  1746. 

FITCH,  Thomas,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
statesnia  1,  was,  for  several  years,  chief  justice 
of  the  colony  of  Connecticut,  and  afterwards 
governor  of  the  same.    He  died  in  1774. 

FITZGIUBON,  John,  eail  of  Clare,  an  emi- 
189 


FL, 

nent  Irisj  lawyer,  was  attonicy-geiicral  of  Ire 
Jand,  and  keeper  01'  the  gnat  seal.  He  vvasdis 
tinguislied  as  !lie  great  |iroiiJoter  of  the  union 
between  England  and  Ireland,  and  died  at  Dub- 
lin, in  1802. 

FITZHERBERT,  Sir  Anthony,  a  very  learn- 
ed judge,  of  the  common  pleas,  in  llie  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.  He  was  born  at  JVorbiiry,  in  Der- 
byshire, died  in  1538,  and  left  behind  him  many 
valuable  works,  of  which  the  chief  are,  "  The 
Grand  Abridgment  rollcclcd  by  that  most  reve- 
rend judge,  Mr.  Anthony  Fitzherbert,  lately  con 
ferred  with  his  own  manuscript,  corrected  by 
himself,  together  with  the  references  of  the  ca- 
ses to  the  books  by  which  they  may  be  easily 
found ;  an  improvement  never  before  made  ;" 
and  "The  NewNaturaBreviura,"  always  held 
in  very  high  esteem. 

FITZHERBERT,  Thomas,  grandson  to  Sir 
Anthony,  a  zealous  catholic,  voluntarily  fled  to 
France,"and  afterwards  to  Rome,  where  he  pre- 
sided over  the  English  college,  and  died  in  IfWO, 
in  the  88th  year  of  his  age.  His  writings  were 
controversial,  and  on  theology. 

FITZHERBERT,  Nicholas,  also  exiled  him- 
self, and  went  to  Rome,  on  account  of  his  reli- 
gious principles,  where  he  wrote  several  books, 
and  was  drowned  in  1612. 

FITZJAMES,  James,  duke  of  Berwick,  na- 
tural son  of  James  II.,  was  distinguished  for  his 
bravery  as  an  oflicer,  and  his  successes  as  a  ge- 
neral, for  which  he  was  made  a  marshal  of 
France.  He  was  killed  at  the  head  of  the  French 
army  in  Germany,  in  Vl'M. 

FITZ-STEPHEN,  William,  a  monk,  of  Can- 
terbury, who  was  present  at  the  nmrder  of 
Becket,  of  which  he  wrote  an  account,  includ- 
ing a  curious  description  of  London  ;  he  died 
in  1191. 

FJXMILLNER,  Placidus,  an  Austrian,  eccle- 
siastical professor  at  Kremsniunster,  and  a  wri- 
ter on  astronomy  and  the  canon  law  ;  he  died 
in  1791. 

FIZES,  Anthony,  an  eminent  physician,  of 
Montpellier,  vvhose  works  on  medical  subjects 
are  much  esteemed  ;  he  died  in  1703. 

FLACCOUR,  F.  de,  director  general  of  the 
French  East  India  company,  and  at  the  head  of 
a  colony  in  Madagascar,  in  1648,  an  account  of 
which  he  published. 

FLACCUS,  Caius  Valerius,  an  ancient  Latin 
poet,  of  whom  remain  but  very  imperfect  ac- 
counts. He  lived,  however,  in  the  time  of  the 
emperor  Vespasian,  to  whom  he  addressed  a 
poem  on  the  Argonautic  expedition  ;  of  which 
he  lived  to  compose  no  more  than  seven  books, 
and  part  of  an  eighth.  In  this  poem  he  imita- 
ted Virgil,  and  often  in  the  most  happy  manner. 

FLACIUS,  Matthias.   See  FRAN  COWITZ. 

FLAMEEL,  Bertholet,  a  historical  painter, 
«f  Liege,  whose  pieces  are  to  be  found  in  tiie 
churches  of  that  city,  and  of  Paris;  he  died  hi 
1675. 

FLAMEL,  Nicolas,  a  notary  of  Paris,  who 
suddenly  rose  from  poverty  tc  opulence,  proba- 
bly by  commercial  speculations.  His  wealth 
gave  rise  to  a  report  that  he  had  discovered  the 
philosopher's  stone.     He  was  living  in  1399. 

FLAMINIO,  Giovani  Antonio,  an  orator 
poet,  and  historian,  of  Bologna,  who  wrote  the 
fife  of  AlbertuE  Magnus,  tc,  died  in  1536. 

FLAMINIO,  Marc  Antonio,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, eminent  as  a  man  of  learning,  and  as  a 
writer  of  epigrams,  &c. ;  he  died  at  Rome,  in 
1550. 

FLAMINnJS,  or  FL  AMININUS.Titus  ftuin- 
190 


FL 

Ills,  u  Uuinan  conbul,  celebrated  for  his  difea. 
(if  Pljihp  of  Macedon,  198  B.  C,  and  his  resto- 
ration of  the  liberties  of  Greece. 

FLAMIMUS,  Nobilis,  an  eminent  Italian  di- 
vine and  critic,  who  corrected  the  Vulgate  edi- 
tion of  the  Septuagint,  and  died  in  1590. 

FLAMSTEED,  John,  a  most  eminent  Eng- 
lish mathematician  and  astronomical  writer, 
born  in  1646,  died  1719. 

FLANDRIN,  Peter,  of  Lyons,  celebrated  for 
his  knowledge  of  the  veterinary  art,  and  of  com- 
parative anatomy;  he  wrote  a  treatise  on  the 
management  of  cattle  and  other  works,  and 
died  in  1706. 

FLASSANS,  Taraudet  de,  a  Provencal  poet 
of  the  14th  century,  born  at  Flaspans. 

FLATMAN,  Thomas,  an  English  wit  and 
poet,  born  in  London,  in  1C33,  died  in  1688.  li 
is  remarked,  that  Flatnian  in  his  younger  dayn, 
had  a  dislike  to  marriage,  and  made  a  song  de- 
scribing the  incumbrances  of  it,  with  this  be 
ginning : 

"  Like  a  dog  with  a  bottle  tied  close  to  his  tail 
"  Like  a  toad  in  a  bog,  or  a  thief  in  a  jail,"  &c 

but  being  afterwards  smitten  with  a  fair  virgin, 
and  w  ith  her  fortune,  he  espoused  her,  in  1672 ; 
upon  whicli  his  ingenious  coini  ades  did  serenade 
him  that  night,  while  he  was  in  the  embraces 
of  his  mistress,  with  the  said  song. 

FLAUST,  John  Baptist,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Rouen,  and  author  of  a  work  on 
Nonnan  jurisprudence,  upon  which  he  was  em- 
ployed fifty  years  ;  he  died  in  1783. 

FLAVEL,  John,  an  English  divine,  educated 
at  Oxlbrd,  was  ejected  from  his  living  at  Dart- 
mouth, and  afterwards  restored  by  Charles  1. ; 
he  died  in  1692. 

FLAVIAN,  a  patriarch  of  Antioch,  died  in 
404. 

FLAVIAN,  a  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
in  447.  He  was  deposed,  and  died  in  banish- 
ment. 

FLAVIGNI,  Valerian  de,  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  and  professor  of  Hebrew,  at  the  royal 
college,  died  at  Paris,  in  1674. 

FLAVITAS,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  af 
ter  Acacius. 

FLECHIER,  Esprit,  a  French  bishop,  cele- 
brated for  poetry  and  oratory,  born  in  1632,  died 
in  1710.  His  works  consist  of  Sermons,  Latin 
and  French  poetry.  Letters,  &c.  He  wrote  also 
the  "  History  of  Cardinal  Ximenes." 

FLECK NOE,  Richard,  an  English  poet  atid 
dramatic  writer,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  re- 
membered only  as  giving  a  name  to  Dryden'a 
incomparable  satire  against  Shadwell,  called 
"  Mac  Flecknoe,"  from  which  Pope  afterwards 
acknowledged  to  have  taken  the  plan  of  his 
Dunciad. 

FLEETWOOD,  William,  an  English  lawyer, 
recorder  of  London,  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth, 
and  author  of  several  law  treatises,  died  in 
1593. 

FLEETWOOD,  William,  bishop  of  Ely,  bom 
in  the  Tow  er  of  London,  in  1656,  died  in  1723. 
His  most  celebrated  writings  are  "  An  Essay 
upon  Miracles  ;"  "  Chronicon  Preciosum  ;  or, 
an  account  of  the  English  money,  the  price  of 
corn,  and  other  commodities,  for  the  last  sLv  hun- 
dred years,"  &c.  Bishop  Fleetwood's  cliarac 
ter  was  great  in  every  respect.  His  virtue  was 
not  of  the  fanatical  kind,  nor  was  his  piety  the 
least  tinctured  with  superstition:  yet  he  culti- 
vated and  practised  both  to  perfection.  As  for 
bis  actomplislunentB,  lie  was  iiicoutestibly  the 


best  pieaclirr,  of  Ins  time ;  and,  for  occasional 
sermons,  may  be  considereil  as  a  model. 

FLEAIING,  Kobcil,  a  Scotch  dissetiling  mi 
niater  and  jiowerful  preacher,  born  in  1630,  died 
ill  1694,  leavinR  behind  him  a  work  of  coiiside 
rahlH  merit,  called"  Tlie  Fulfilling  of  the  Scrip 
lures." 

FLEMING,  Robert,  son  of  ihe  above,  minis 
ter  at  Leyder.  and  Amsterdam,  and  afterward.* 
at  London,  wrote  tracts,  &c.  on  religious  sub 
jects.     He  died  in  1716. 

FXiEMINGf,  Caleb,  an  English  dissenting 
clergyman  and  writer,  diid  in  1773. 

FLKMMIiVG,  or  FLK.MMYNGE,  Richard, 
prebendary  of  York,  a".d  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
was  the  founder  of  Liucoia  college,  Oxford  ;  he 
(lied  in  1431. 

FLESSlJLLRrf,  N.  de,  a  French  magistrate, 
who  was  shot  while  attempting  to  repress  a  re- 
volutionary mob  in  Paris,  in  1T89. 

FLETCHI:R,  Dr.  Richard,  fatiier  of  the  poet, 
dean  of  Peterborough,  and  bishop  of  Brislol, 
Worcester,  and  London,  died  suddenly,  inlollfi. 
FLETCUER,  Giles,  LL.  D.,  brother  to  the 
bishop,  was  an  ambassador  from  Elizabeth  to 
Russia,  and  otherwise  employed  in  her  service; 
he  died  in  1610. 

FLETCUER,  Phiuehas,  called  the  "  Spenser 
of  the  age,"  was  born  about  1582,  and  died  in 
1650.  His  moDt  famous  composition  called  "  The 
Purple  fsiand,"  is  an  allegorical  description  of 
man  His  works  were  printed  at  Cambridge,  in 
1633,  and  in  1772  his  "  Eclogues"  were  reprint- 
ed at  Edinburgh,  with  an  iiilroducTion  and  argu- 
ment to  each  eclogue,  and  notes  by  an  anony- 
mous editor. 

FLETCHER,  Giles,  brother  of  the  foregoing, 
and  author  of  a  rich  and  picturesque  poem, 
called  "  Christ's  Victorie,"  was  beneficed  at  Al- 
derton,  in  Suflfolk,  where  he  died  in  1623. 

FLETCHER,  John,  an  English  dramatic 
writer,  born  in  1576,  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Richard 
Fletcher,  bishop  of  London.  He  v.rote  play 
jointly  with  Beaumont,  though  it  is  not  knovvn 
what  share  each  bore  in  forming  the  plots,  wri 
ting  the  scenes,  &c. ;  but  the  general  opinion  is, 
that  Beaumont's  Judgment  was  usually  employ- 
ed in  correcting  and  retrenching  the  superfluities 
of  Fletcher's  wit.  He  died  of  the  plague,  at 
London,  in  1625. 

FLETCHER,  Abraham,  a  sclf-taugiit  mathe- 
matician and  astroloscr,  died  in  17i'3. 

FLETCHER,  Benjamin,  governor  of  the  co- 
lony of  New- York,  known  only  for  his  passion- 
ate disposition,  and  his  avaricious  propensities, 
which  rendi-red  him  p.vt'eniolv  unpopular. 

FLEURI  El7,Cli.-irles  Peter  Clarel  de,a  Frencii 
hydrograpJier.  captain  in  the  marine,  and  after- 
wards minister  of  that  department,  and  Ititor 
to  the  dauphin.  Under  Napolean,  he  was  ap- 
pointed intondant  of  the  house,  and  governor 
of  the  Thuilleries.     He  died  in  1810. 

FLEURY,  Claude,  a  French  advocate,  of 
great  learning,  tutor  to  several  of  the  French 
princes,  abbot  of  Locdieu,  and  prior  of  Argen- 
teuil ;  he  was  confessor  to  Lewis  XV.,  and  died 
in  1723. 

FLEtrRY,  Andrew  Hercule  de,  cardinal,  a 
most  eminent  FrencJi  statesman  and  negotiator, 
bom  in  Languedoc,  1653,  died  in  1743. 

FLEITRY,  Julian,  the  learned  editor  of  the 
Dolphin  Apuleius. 

I'LINDERS,  Matthew,  a  distinguished  Fng- 
lisli  navinator,  who  explored  the  coas:  of  New 
South  Wales  in  a  small  boat,  and  was  after- 
wards sent  out  as  commander  of  a  vossei.  for' 


Jlie  (lurpo^e  of  making  farther  discoveries  ni 
[iliat  region,  lie  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
iKrench,  his  journal  detained,  and  himself  so 
cruelly  treated  as  to  cau.se  his  death,  in  1814. 

FLINK,  Godfrey,  a  Dutch  painter,  pupil  of 
Rembrandt,  died  iu  16tX). 

FLINT,  Abel,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished  presby- 
lerian  clergyman,  for  many  years  pastor  of  a 
church  in  Hartford,  Connecticut,  died  in  1825. 

FLIPART,  John  James,  a  French  engraver, 
of  great  merit,  died  in  1782. 

FLdCCtlJET,  Stephen  Joseph,  an  eminent 
musician,  died  at  Paris,  in  1785. 

FLODOARD,  or  FRODOARD,  a  French  li's- 
torian,  and  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Rheitns,  who 
wrote  a  history  of  his  church  from  its  founda- 
tion to  949  :  he  died  in  r«(). 

FLOGEL,  Charles  Frederic,  professor  of  phi- 
losophy in  the  coHegeof  noblemen,  at  Leignitz, 
iiitlior  of  a  history  of  the  human  uudei-stond- 
iug,  aiul  several  other  works;  he  died  in  1788. 
FLOOD,  Henry,  a  very  celebrated  senator, 
ibrmerly  of  Ireland,  but  latterly  of  England, 
born  in  1732.  For  many  years  a  most  distin- 
guished mumber  of  the  house  of  commons,  his 
every  effort  Was  invariably  directed  to  improve 
the  political  constitution,  to  increase  the  inter- 
nal resources,  and  to  promote  tlie  general  pros- 
perity of  Ireland.  As  an  orator,  he  made  De- 
mosthenes his  model,  and  emulated  his  strength 
and  vehemence,  without  aiming  at  the  diffusion 
or  brilliancy  of  Cicero ;  and,  as  a  writer,  energy, 
force,  and  argument,  more  distinguished  his 
productions,  than  an  elaborate  structure  of 
words,  or  accurately  polished  sentences.  He 
died  iu  1701. 

FLORENTINO,  Stepliano,  a  historical  pain- 
ter, of  Florence,  died  iu  1350. 

FI<(»Rr>\N,  John  Peter  Claris  de,  a  very  po- 
i)ular  French  writer,  born  in  1755.  Voltaire,  to 
whom  he  was  near  akin,  procured  him  the  place 
of  page  to  the  due  de  Penthlevre,  who  soon  gave 
him  a  commission  in  the  army ;  but,  on  observ- 
ing the  success  of  his  first  literary  production, 
"  Galathee,"  which  appeared  in  1782,  the  duke 
determined  Uiat  he  should  confine  himself  to  li- 
terature, and  furnished  him  with  a  library.  His 
dramas,  pastorals,  and  novels,  have  placed  him 
in  the  first  rank  of  popularity  as  a  sentimenttil 
writer.  Hi.^  "  NumaPo;npi!iu.s,"  and  "  Fables," 
are  also  mucli  admired.     He  died  in  1794. 

FLORI.MOND  DE  REMOND,  counsellor  of 
the  parliament  of  Bourdeai'.x,  known  as  an  op- 
poser  of  Calvinists,  died  in  1C02. 

FLORIO,  John,  born  in  London,  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  VIII.,  died  of  the  plague  in  1625.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  works,  viz.  "  First 
Fruits,  which  yield  familiar  Spercii,  nierrr  Pro- 
verbs, witty  .Sfintencee,  and  golden  Sayings;" 
"  Dictionary,  Italian  and  English  ;"  which  was 
afterward.s  published,  in  1611,  under  this  title, 
"  Queen  Anna's  New  World  of  Words,"  &c. 

FLORLS,  Francis,  a  sculptor,  and  celebrated 
painter,  of  Antwerp,  died  in, 1570. 

FLORUi?,  Lucius  AnnsRu's,  an  ancient  Latin 
historian,  of  the  same  family  with  Seneca  and 
Lucan,  flourished  in  the  reigns  of  Trajan  and 
Adrian,  and  wrote  an  abridgitient  of  the  Roman 
history  in  four  books. 

FLORU.S,  Furnamed  Master,  a  deacon  of 
Lyons,  in  tlie  9th  century,  author  of  a  commen- 
tary on  St.  Paiil,&c. 

FLOYER,  Sir  John,  a  respectable  Englisii 
physician  and  medical  writer,  died  in  1720. 

FLOYD,  William,  a  member  of  congress,  be 
fore  and  alter  the  adoption  of  the  federal  con 
191 


PO     

slilution,  and  a  signer  of  the  declaration  ol"  in- 
dependence ;  he  died  in  1821. 

FLUDD,  Robert,  an  English  physician  and 
philosopher,  and  a  voluminous  writer  on  the- 
wonders  of  alchymy,  and  the  Rosicrucian  doc- 
trines, early  in  the  17th  century. 

FL  YNT,  Henry,  one  of  the  first  ministers  of 
Braintree,  was  a  man  of  piety  and  integrity  ;  lie 
died  in  1668. 

FLYNT,  Henry,  tutor  and  fellow  of  Harvard 
course,  a  native  of  Dorclicster,  Mass.,  and  a 
preacher,  distinguished  for  his  solid  talents;  he 
ptiblished  a  number  of  sermons,  and  died  in 
1760. 

FOES,  or  FOF,SIUS,Anutius,  a  very  celebrat- 
ed i)hv.>ician,  of  Paris,  born  at  Metz,  in  152>?,  and 
died  in  ISSXi.  He  translated  into  Latin  the  whole 
works  of  Hippocrates,  and  judiciously  corrected 
the  Greek  text  as  he  vvent  along.  He  translated 
also  the  commentaries  of  Galen,  upon  the  se- 
cond book  of  Hippocrates,  "  Conceniing  vulgar 
Maladies." 

FOtJLIETA,  or  FOLIETA,Uberto,  a  learned 
Genoese  priest,  died  at  Rome,  in  15^*1. 

FOHI,  the  first  king  of  China,  who  is  said 
to  have  founded  this  empire  about  200  ycais  af- 
ter the  deluge.  He  was  the  first  who  taught  the 
Cliinesethe  advantages  of  civil  society,  invented 
instruments  of  music,  established  laws  .ind  or- 
dinances, and  is  said  to  have  reigned  no  less 
iJian  113  years. 

FOINARD,  Frederic  Maurice,  a  native  of 
Normandy,  eminent  as  a  Hebrew  scholar,  was 
vice-president  of  the  college  of  du  Plessis,  and 
died  In  1743. 

FOIX,  Mark  Anthony,  a  Jesuit,  eminent  as  a 
preacher,  died  at  Auvergne,  in  ltJ87. 

FOIX,  Odel  de,  lord  of  Lautrec,  an  eminent 
French  general  under  Lewis  XII.  and  Francis  I., 
and  governor  of  Milan  ;  he  died  in  1528. 

FOL  A  RD, Charles,  a  Frenchman,  born  in  1669, 
died  1752.  He  was  author  of  several  works,  the 
principal  of  which  are,  "  Commentaries  upon 
Polybius,"  and  "  A  Treatise  concerning  the  De- 
fence of  Places,"  &c. 

FOLENGO,Theophilu3,  a  nobleman,  of  Man- 
tua, was  for  some  time  a  soldier,  and  afterwards 
became  a  Benedictine.  He  died  in  1544.  His 
writings  are  numerous,  both  in  prose  and  poe- 
try. 

FOLENGO,  John  Baptist,  a  Benedictine 
writer,  of  Mantna,  died  in  1559. 

FOLKES, Martin,  an  English  antiquarian,  ma- 
thematician, and  philoaopher,  and  president  of 
llie  royal  society  of  London,  born  in  1690,  died 
1754.  His  last  production  was  a  book  upon  the 
"English  Silver  Coin,"  from  the  conquest  to  his 
ewn  times. 

FONCEM.\GNE,  Stephen  Laurent  de,  of  Or- 
leans, preceptor  to  the  duke  of  Cbartres,  died  in 
1779. 

FONSECA,Anthonyde,  a  Dominican,  of  Lis- 
bon, preacher  to  the  king,  and  profeasor  of  theo- 
logy at  the  university  of  Coimbra,  about  1540. 

FONSECA,  Peter,  a  Portuguese  metaphysi- 
cian and  writer,  died  in  1559. 

FONT,  Joseph  de  la,  a  French  comic  writer, 
died  in  1725. 

FONT,  Pierre  de  la,  a  French  divine  and  theo- 
logical writer,  died  in  1699. 

FONTAINE,  John  de  la,  a  celebrated  French 
peet,  born  in  1621,  died  1695.  His  compositions 
have  a  great  deal  of  nature,  without  the  least  af- 
fectation :  his  wit  seems  unstudied,  and  so  much 
pleasantry  is  hardly  to  be  elsewhere  met  with. 
His  "Failles"  are  observed  to  have  more  so- 
192 


FO 

briety  and  correctness  than  his  "  Tales,"  which 

e  very  licentiou.'!. 

FONTAINE,  Nicholas,  a  French  theological 
writer  of  great  piety,  learning,  and  industry, 
died  in  1709. 

FO.VTAINES,  Peter  Francis  Guyot  des,  a 
French  critic  and  historical  writer,  and  transla- 
tor, bom  in  IW5,  died  1745. 

FONTANA,Dominico,  a  Roman  architect  and 
mechanic  of  great  eminence,  who  succeeded  in 
Fstiing  up  the  obelisk  in  I ront  of  St.  Peter's,  a 
work  before  deemed  impracticable.  He  died  at 
Naples,  in  ir.07. 

FONTAN.\,  Prospero,  an  eminent  painter  at 
Bologna,  bmn  in  1512. 

FONTAN.A,  Lavinia,  daughter  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  also  eminent  as  a  painter,  and  was  pa- 
tronised by  pope  GreL'ory  XIU. ;  she  died  in  1002. 

FONTANGES,  Marie  Angelique,  duchess  of, 
favourite  of  Lewis  XIV.,  was  distinguished  for 
her  beauty  :  she  died  in  1681. 

FONTANINI,  Juste,  archbishop  of  Ancyr-i, 
died  at  Rome  in  1736. 

FONTE-MODER.\TA,  a  celebrated  Venetian 
lady,  whose  real  name  was  Modesta  Pozzo,  was 
born  at  Venice,  in  15.55.  She  is  the  author  of 
several  poems,  and  published  a  book  in  prose, 
'  Dei  Meriti  delle  Donne,"  in  which  she  main- 
tains, that  the  female  sex  is  not  inferior  in  un- 
derstanding and  merit  to  the  male.  This  book 
upon  "  The  Merits  of  Women,"  was  )irjntccl 
immediately  after  her  death  ;  and  father  Ribera 
has  made  a  eulogium  of  this  learned  heroine, 
in  his  "Theatre  of  Learned  Women."  She 
died  in  1502. 

FONTENAY,  Peter  Claude,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
of  Paris,  died  in  1742. 

FONTENAY,  John  Baptist  Blain  de,  an  emi- 
nent French  painter,  born  at  Caen,  in  IC54,  died 
1715.  Nothing  is  finer  than  his  fruits  and 
flowers.  They  have  all  the  ireshness  and  beauty 
imaginable  :  and  the  very  dew  seems  to  trickle 
down  the  stalks  of  them  with  all  the  lustre  and 
transparency  of  a  diamond.  The  insects  upon 
them  also  appear  perfectly  animated. 

FONTENELLE,  Bernard  le  Bovicr  de,  a 
French  author,  born  in  1657,  died  1757.  Voltaire 
declares  him  to  have  been  the  most  universal 
genius  that  the  age  of  Lewis  XIV.  produced.  In 
his  poetical  performances,  and  "  Dialogues  of 
the  Dead,"  the  spirit  of  Voiture  was  discerned, 
though  more  extended,  and  more  philosophical. 
His  "  Plurality  of  Worlds"  is  a  work  singular 
its  kind ;  his  desiirn  in  it  was,  to  present  that 
part  of  philosophy  to  view  in  a  gay  and  pleasing 
dress ;  for  which  purpose  he  has  introduced  a 
lady,  and  drawn  up  the  whole  in  a  most  agree- 
able, as  well  as  instructing  dialogue.  In  the 
'same  manner  he  made  an  entertaining  book  out 
of  "  Vandale'a  Oracles."  Ha\ing  been  ap- 
pointed perpetual  secretary  to  the  academy  of 
sciences,  he  discharged  that  trust  above  40  year.?, 
so  as  to  meet  with  universal  applause.  His 
"History  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences"  often 
throws  a  great  light  upon  their  memoirs,  which 
are  very  obscure.  The  "  Eloges"  which  he 
[spoke  on  the  deceased  members  of  tlie  academy 
'have  this  particular  merit,  that  they  excite  a  re- 
spect for  the  sciences  as  well  as  for  the  author. 

FONTENU,   Lewis    Francis   de,  a  French 
'writer  and  a  great  antiquarian,  died  in  1759. 
I     FONTIUS.  Bartholomew,  a  historian  of  Flo 
rence,  and  librarian  to  the  king  of  Hungary,  ax 
Buda  :  he  died  in  1513. 

;    FOOTE,  Samuel,  bom  atTruro.inComw.iII, 
in  1722.    He  waa  designed  for  the  law,  but  ths 


FO 

dryness  iniU  gravity  of  tins  study  not  suiting  tlie 
vivacity  ol'  Foote's  8[jirii,  he  left  it,  ami  had 
recourse  to  the  stage.  He  appeared  first  in 
Othello,  but  soon  struck  out  into  a  new  and  un- 
trodden path  ;  which  was,  by  taking  ujxm  him- 
self the  double  character  of  author  and  perform- 
er. Under  this  form,  ill  1747,  he  oi)eiiii<l  the  little 
theatre  in  the  Hay  marl  ci  with  a  drama  of  liis 
own  composiuf;,  called,  "  The  Diversions  of 
the  Morning."  This  piece  was  nothing  more 
lliaa  the  introduction  of  well-known  characters 
in  real  life  ;  whose  manner  of  conversing  and 
expressing  themselves  he  had  a  most  amazing 
talent  at  imitating,  cveii  to  the  very  voice  of 
those  he  intended  to  take  off-  From  17.5ii  to 
I7iil,  he  coiiiinued  to  jjerform  at  one  of  the 
theatres  every  season,  as  fancy  or  interest  di- 
rected his  choice,  generally  for  a  statt^d  number 
of  nights :  on  whicli  engagements  he  usually 
brought  out  a  new  i)iece.  And  thus  he  went 
on,  till  a  very  pressing  embarrassment  in  his 
artairs  compelled  him  to  perform  "  The  Minor" 
at  the  Huymarket,  in  the  summer  of  1700,  with 
such  a  company  as  he  could  hastily  collect. 
Henceforward  he  •pursued  the  scheme  of  occu- 
pying that  'heatre,  v;hen  the  others  were  shut 
lip;  and,  from  17(K,  to  the  season  before  his 
death,  he  regularly  performed  there.  In  171)0, 
when  at  lord  Mexboroiigh's  in  the  cou)itry,  he 
broke  his  leg  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  the  duke 
of  York  being  also  there;  and  it  is  generally 
supposed,  that  this  accident  facilitated  his  appli- 
caliou  fur  a  patent,  which  he  obtamed  in  July 
ol'  the  same  year.  Foote  now  acijuired  a  great 
deal  of  money,  and  seemed  to  set  mankind  at 
defiance ;  for  lie  cared  not  whom  he  olleiided,  if 
they  were  but  subjects  convertible  to  ridicule  ; 
he  died  in  1777.  Foote  has  been  called  the 
"  English  Aristophanes,"  and  certainly  was  a 
most  powerful  satirist  of  the  follies  of  the  age. 

FOPPE.^S,  John  Francis,  professor  of  divin- 
ity, at  Louvain,  and  archdeacon  of  Mechlin, 
difd  in  1761. 

FORBES,  Patrick,  a  learned  and  pious  bishop, 
of  /Vberdeen,  born  1564,  died  1035.  His  princi- 
pal work  iu  a  "  Commentary  on  the  Revela- 
tions." 

FORBES,  John,  made  bishop  of  Aberdeen 
by  James  VI.,  was  the  son  of  Patrick  Forbes 
just  mention^'d.  His  book  of  "  Historical  and 
Theological  Institutions,"  is  so  excellent  a 
work,  tliat  Buniet  says,  if  he  could  have  finish- 
ed it  by  a  second  volume,  it  would,  perhaps, 
have  been  the  most  valuable  treatise  of  divinity 
tliat  has  yet  appeared  in  the  world.  He  died  in 
1048. 

FORBES,  Duncan,  an  eminent  Scottish  law- 
yer, and  many  years  president  of  the  court  of 
sessions;  but  as  a  writer  chiefly  employed  on 
theolosical  subjects :  born  in  1085,  died  in  1747. 

FORBES,  James,  F.  R.  S  ,  a  celebrated  tourist 
and  natural  historian,  born  in  London,  in  1749, 
a  lineal  descendant  of  the  earls  of  Granard  ; 
died  in  1819.  He  travelled  nearly  20  years  in 
ditferent  parts  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  America ;  and 
liis  drawings,  and  accompanying  descriptions, 
during  these  travels,  fill  150  folio  volumes,  con- 
taining upwards  a.{  52,000  pages,  the  work  of 
his  own  hand.  His  chief  work,  however,  is 
entitled,  "  Oriental  Memoirs,"  &c.,  with  9:1 
beautiful  engravings  from  his  original  drawings. 
FORBES,  Wdliaui,  principal  of  Marisclial 
college,  at  Aberdeen,  and  bishop  of  Edinburgh  ; 
be  died  iu  1034. 

FORBES,  John,  a  physician,  afterwards  a 
brigiidier  general  in  the  British  army,  and  com- 
B  b  17 


FO 

mander  of  the  expedition  against  fori  Du  Uuesne, 
which  he  took  and  called  fort  Pitt,  now  Pmst- 
burgh  ;  he  died  at  Philadelphia,  in  175it. 

FORBES,  Eli,  D.  IJ.,  minister  of  a  church  in 
Brooktield.and  afterwards  in  bllouoester,  Mass. ; 
died  ill  1804. 

FORlilN,  Olaudfi  chevalier  de,  a  naval  officer 
of  France.  In  lti80,  chief  admiral  to  the  king 
of  Siam,  in  the  East-Indies,  and  afterwards  in 
the  service  of  Lewis  XIV.  ;  he  died  iu  1733. 

FORBISHER.    See  FKOBISHER. 

FOR  BONN  AIS,  Francis  Veroii  de,  inspector 
general  of  the  manufactures  of  France,  and  a 
writer  on  finance  and  comuierce,  died  in  IdOO. 

FORCE,  Charlotte  Rose  de  Caumont  do  la,  a 
French  poetess  of  considerable  merit,  died  iu 
1724. 

FORCE,  James  duke  de  la,  fortunately  escaped 
the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  in  which  liiij 
lather  and  brother  were  murdered.  He  fought 
with  the  piotestants,  under  Henry  IV.,  against 
Lewis  XIH.,  hut  was  afterwards  reconciled  to 
him,  and  made  a  marshal  of  France,  a  duke 
and  lieutenant  general  of  the  army,  with  liberal 
presents  ;  he  died  in  1052. 

FORD,  John,  a  dramatic  writer  in  the  reigns 
of  James  I.  and  Charles  I.  He  wrote  12  plays, 
which  were  all  published  between  1029  and 
1039.  He  was  born  in  1580,  and  died  about 
1039. 

FORDUN,  John  de,  a  Scotch  historian,  who 
lived  toward  the  end  of  the  14th  century,  and 
wrote  the  history  of  his  own  country,  under  the 
title  of  "  Scoti-Chronicon." 

FORDYCE,  David,  a  learned  and  elegant 
writer  of  the  present  age,  professor  of  philoso- 
phy in  the  Marischal-college,  Aberdeen,  anil 
author  of  "Dialogues  concerning  Education," 
a  "  Treatise  on  Moral  Philosophy,"  and  "  Theo- 
dorus,  a  Dialogue  concerning  the  Art  of  Preach- 
ing," published  after  his  untimely  death.  He 
was  born  at  Aberdeen,  in  1720,  and  died  by 
shipwreck,  in  1751. 

FORDYCE,  Sir  William,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  physicians  of  London,  in  the  ISth  cen- 
tury, and  a  very  benevolent  man,  died  in  1792. 

FORDYCE,  Dr.  James,  many  years  a  very 
popular  and  eloquent  preacher  among  the  pro- 
testaut  dissenters,  born  at  Aberdeen,  in  1720, 
died  in  1790,  leaving  behind  him  some  excellent 
moral  and  religious  publications;  particularly, 
"  Sermons  to  Young  Men  and  Women." 

FORDYCE,  Dr.  George,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian and  writer  on  medicine  and  chymistry,  was 
born  at  Aberdeen,  in  1730,  and  died  in  London, 
in  1802.  His  principal  works  are,  "Elements 
of  Agriculture  and  Vegetation,"  "  Elements  of 
the  Practice  of  Physic,"  and  "A  Treatise  on 
the  Digestion  of  Food."  Other  works  of  his, 
are  to  be  found  in  the  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions, &c. 

FOREIRO,  Francis,  a  Dominican  monk,  of 
Lisbon,  eminent  for  his  abilities  and  learning;, 
died  in  1.581. 

FOREST,  or  FORESTA,  James  Philip,  an 
.^uii'uBtine  monk,  born  at  Berganio,  died  about 
1503. 

FOREST,  Peter,  a  Dutch  physician  and  me- 
dical writer,  born  1522,  died  1597. 

FOREST,  John,  an  eminent  French  painter, 
who  excelled  in  landscapes,  born  1036,  died  1712. 

FORMEY,  John  Kenry  Samuel,  minister  of 
the  French  church  at  Berlin,  and  professor  of 
philosophy  in  the  French  college  there  ;  lie  died 
in  1797. 

FORMOSUS,  bishop  of  Porto,  and  pope  alter 
193 


PO 


FO 


Stephen  v.,  in  891.    ilis  unpopularity  was  siicb,  and  his  prime  minister.    lie  died  at  JNloscow,  in 
that  his  body  was  dragged  from  liis  grave  by  ijltiOO,  deeply  lamented. 

~"  FORTE.SCUE,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  English 

lawyer,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.     In  1441,  he 


the  populace,  and  thrown  into  the  Tyber. 

FORSKAL,  Peter,  a  naturalist  of  Sweden, 
wiio  studied  under  LinnjBus,  and  afterwards 
went  with  Neibuhr  to  Arabia,  where  he  died  in 
1703. 

FORSTER,  John,  a  protestant  Hebraist,  of 
Wittemberg,  the  friend  of  Luther  and  Mtlanc- 
thon,  died  in  1556. 

FORSTER,  George,  an  ingenious  naturalist, 
who  accompanied  Cook  in  his  second  voyage 
round  the  world  ;  he  was  afterwards  prol'e.^sor 
in  the  university  of  Cassel,  and  died  in  1792. 
while  preparing  to  visit  Thibet.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  ajiiurnal  of  Cook's  voyages,  &c. 

FORSTER,  Dr.  John  Rcinold,  an  eminent 
writerin  naturalhistory  and  natural  philosophy, 
who  accompanied  captain  Cook  in  his  second 
voyage  round  the  world  in  1772.  He  was  born 
1729,  and  died  at  Halle,  a  Prussian  university, 
in  Saxony,  1799,  leaving  behind  him  many  va- 
luable treatises. 

FORSTER,  Nathaniel,  an  English  clergj'man, 
prebendary  of  Bristol  cathedra!,  and  chaplain 
to  the  king,  died  in  1757.  His  writings  were  nu- 
merous, on  various  subjects. 

FORSTNER,  Christopher,  an  Austrian  law- 
yer, who,  for  his  serrices  in  negotiating  the 
peace  of  Munster,  was  made  a  member  of  the 
Aulic  council ;  he  died  in  Ifiti?. 

FORSYTH,  William,  F.  A.  S.,  was  born  in 
17.37.  He  was  early  initiated  in  horticulture  ; 
went  to  London,  in  176.3,  and  shortly  afterwards 
became  a  pupil  to  the  celebrated  Philip  Miller, 
gardener  to  the  company  of  apothecaries  ;  and 
whom  he  succeeded  in  that  situation,  in  1771. 
Here  he  remained  till  he  was  appointed  by  his 
majesty,  chief  superintendent  of  the  royal  gar- 
dens at  Kensington  and  St.  James'  ;  which  he 
held  until  his  death,  in  1804.  About  the  year 
17(J8,  Sir.  Forsyth  paid  particular  attention  to 
the  cultivation  of  fruit  and  forest  trees,  and 
turned  his  thoughts  more  especially  toward  the 
discovery  of  a  composition  to  remedy  the  dis- 
eases and  injuries  incident  to  them.  After  re- 
peated trials,  he  at  length  succeeded  in  prepar- 
ing one  which  fully  answered  his  expectations  ; 
and  in  the  year  17?9,  the  success  of  his  experi- 
ments attracted  the  notice  of  the  commissioners 
of  the  land  revenue  ;  upon  whose  recommenda- 
tion, a  committee  of  both  houses  of  parliament 
was  appointed  to  report  upon  the  merits  of  his 
discovery.  The  result  of  their  inquiries  was, 
a  perfect  conviction  of  its  utility  ;  and,  in  con-  li 
sequence,  an  address  was  voted  by  the  house 
of  commons  to  his  majesty,  praying  that  a  re- 
ward might  be  granted  to  Mr.  F.  upon  his  dis- 
closing the  secret  of  his  composition  to  the  pub- 
lic ;  which  was  accordingly  done ;  and  in  1701, 
Mr.  F.  published  his  "  Observations  on  the 
Diseases,  Defects,  and  injuries  of  Fruit  and 
Forest  Trees;"  to  which  he  added  the  whole 
correspondence  between  the  commissioners  of 
the  land  revenue,  the  committee  of  parliament, 
and  himself.  In  1802,  Mr.  F.  published  the  final 
result  of  his  labours,  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Cul- 
ture and  Management  of  Fruit  Trees,"  &c.,  in 
a  4lo  voluiiip,  with  many  plates  :  the  value  of 
which  work  has  been  duly  appreciated  by  the 
public,  three  editions  having  been  sold  in  a  very 
short  time. 

FORT.  Francis  le,  a  native  of  Geneva,  who 

entered  the  service  of  Peter  I.,  of  Russia,  whore 

hf  behaved  with  such  skill  and  ability,  that  the! 

emperor  made  hun  commander  of  his  arnjics,| 

194 


was  made  a  kind's  serji:ant  at  law ;  and  the 
yearaftcr,  chief  justice  of  the  King's  bench.  He 
held  this  office  through  the  reign  of  Henry  VI., 
to  whom  he  steadily  adhered  and  served  faith- 
fully in  all  his  troubles.  His  most  famous  work, 
"De  Laudibu.s  Lrgum  -Angliae,"  yet  remains 
an  everlasting  monument  of  this  great  and  good 
man's  respect  and  affection  for  his  couritry.  He 
died  about  1405. 

FORTIGUERRA,  Nicolas,  an  Italian  poet, 
made  a  bishop  by  Clement  XI.,  and  promised  a 
cardinal's  hat  by  Clement  XII. ;  he  died  in  1735 

FORTIUS,  or  FORTIS,  Joachim,  a  teacher 
of  Greek  and  mathematics,  at  Antwerp,  and 
the  friend  of  Erasmus  ;  he  died  in  1.536. 

FOSC.\RI,  Francis,  made  doge  of  Venice,  in 
1423,  signalized  his  government  by  great  terri- 
torial conquests  ;  but  these  were  attended  with 
so  nmcli  expense  to  the  Venetians,  that  they 
nuirmured  loudly  against  him.  The  malice  of 
his  enemies  vented  itself  upon  his  son,  whom, 
upon  various  pretexts,  they  caused  thrice  to  be 
banished.  The  father  was  deposed  in  1457,  at 
the  age  of  84,  and  died  two  days  after.  His  son 
also  died  in  prison  under  a  false  accusation  of 
murdering  a  senator,  which  the  real  assassin 
confessed  on  his  deathbed,  but  too  late  to  save 
the  life  of  young  Foscari,  who  had  died  in  con 
finement,  the  victim  of  calumny. 

FOSCARINI,  Michael,  a  Venetian  senator 
and  histonan,  and  a  novel  writer,  died  in  1692 

FOSSE,  Charles  de  la,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  and  professor  and  rector  of  the  acade- 
my for  painting,  with  a  pension  from  Lewis 
XIV.,  of  1000  crowns  ;  he  died  in  1716. 

FOSSE,  Antony  de  la,  lord  of  Aubigny,  di.=<- 
tinguished  as  a  poet  and  tragedian,  died  in  1708. 

FOSTER,  Dr.  James,  an  English  dissenting 
minister,  born  in  1097.  He  published  a  "De- 
fence of  the  Usefulness, Truth,  and  Excellency, 
of  the  Christian  Revelation,"  against  Tindal'.s 

Christianity  as  old  as  the  Creation."  This 
defence  is  written  with  great  force  of  argument 
and  great  moderation,  has  been  well  accepted, 
is  much  esteemed  by  the  candid  and  judicious 
of  all  parties;  and,  as  he  said,  was  spoken  of 
with  creat  regard  by  Tindal  himself.  He  died 
in  1753. 

FOSTER,  Samuel,  an  eminent  English  ma- 
thematician, and  astronomy  professor  of  Gre- 
sham  college,  born  about  1600,  died  in  1652.  His 
works  on  mathematics  and  mechanics  are  nu- 
merous and  valuable. 

FOSTER,  John,  canon  of  VS'indsor,  and  an 
excellent  classic  scholar,  born  in  1731,  died  in 
1773.  He  wrote  "An  Essay  on  the  different 
Nature  of  Accent  and  Quantity,  with  their  Use 
and  Application  in  the  Pronunciation  of  the 
Eiiiilish,  Latin,  and  Greek  Languages,"  which 
sufficiently  attests  his  character  as  a  scholar. 

FOSTER,  Sir  Michael,  an  eminent  judge,  was 
recorder  of  Bristol,  and  afterwards  one  of  the 
justices  of  the  king's  bench.     lie  died  in  1765. 

FOSTER,  Jedediah,  a  justice  of  the  superior 
court  of  Massachusetts,  was  one  of  the  princi- 
pal members  of  the  convention  which  framed 
the  constitution  of  that  state;  he  died  at  Brook- 
field,  in  1779. 

FOSTER,  Benjamin,  D.  D.,  minister  in  New- 
York,  Ijecame  a  baptist ;  he  was  learned  in  the 
larjguages  and  died  in  l"i93. 

FOTHEKGILL,  George,  D.  D..  an  English 


FO 


FO 


f 


eleigvmuii,  head  of  St.  Edmund  liall,  Oxlord 
and  vicar  of  Bramley  ;  lie  died  in  1700. 

FOTHEIIGILL,  Samuel,  brotlier  of  George 
was  einiiicnlas  a  preacher  among  the  qnakcis 
Ho  travelled  over  Great  Britain  and  North  Ame- 
rica, to  propagate  his  doctrines,  and  died  in 
1773. 

FOTHERGILL,  John,  an  cniment  quaker 
physician,  born  in  1712.  His  public  and  private 
benefactions,  his  cncouras^emenl  of  science,  the 
instances  of  his  attention  to  the  health,  the  po- 
lice, the  convenience  of  the  nietropohs,  &c.  are 
too  numerous  to  specify,  and  his  great  medical 
skill  too  well  known  to  need  our  eulogy. 

FOUCAULT,  Nicolas  Joseph,  a  distinguisli- 
ed  antiquary,  who  discovered  the  ancient  town 
of  the  Viducassians,  in  1704,  within  si.x  miles 
of  Caen,  an  account  of  which  he  published, 
with  the  history  of  the  coins,  medals,  &.C.  found 
there  ;  be  died  in  17'il. 

FOUCUER,  Simon,  a  native  of  Dijon,  author 
of  a  treatise  on  Hygrometers,  and  other  works ; 
he  died  in  IIJ'.IG. 

FOUcniKR,  licrtram  de,  a  Dutch  painter,  of 
Berccn-op-Zoom,  and  a  disciple  of  Vantlyck, 
died  in  lfi74. 

FOi;<;ai'ET,Nicholas,marquis  of  Ilelle-Isle, 
procurator-general  of  the  parliament  of  Paris, 
and  superintendent  of  finances,  was  banished 
for  his  extravagance  with  public  moneys ;  he 
died  in  1080.,-^ 

FOUCUUET,  Charles  I.ouis  Augustus,  bet- 
ter known  by  the  title  of  marshal  Belle-isle, 
one  of  tlie  greatest  statesmen  and  generals  that 
France  has  produced,  was  born  in  1G84,  and 
died  in  17G1. 

FOUGEROUX,  Augustus  Denys,  an  eminent 
writer  and  antiquarv, Of  Paris,  died  in  1783. 

FOULLLON,  James,  an  ecclesia.stic,  born  at 
Kocticlle,  and  educated  among  the  Jesuits,  about 
1700. 

FOTJLIS,  Robert  and  Andrew,  two  learned 
printers, of  Scotland,  natives,  it  is  believed,  of 
Glasgow ;  from  whose  presses  have  issiied  some 
of  the  finest  specimens  of  correct  and  elegant 
printing  that  was  produced  in  the  18th  century. 
Tn  1744,  came  out  Robert's  immaculate  edition 
of"  Horace  ;"  the  sheets  of  which,  as  they  were 
printed,  were  hung  up  in  the  college  of  Glas- 
}fow :  and  a  reward  was  oflere d  to  those  who 
sliouUl  discover  an  inaccuracy.  Anorew  died 
in  1774,  and  Robert  in  1770. 

FOULON,  William,  a  schoolmaster,  at  the 
Ha-iue.  known  as  a  writer  of  I<atlu  comedies ; 
be  iliedin  1.558. 

FOULON,  John,  a  Jesuit,  of  Liege,  author 
of  a  commentary  on  some  part  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, died  in  1G68. 

FOULON,  N.  a  French  politician  and  finan- 
cier, who  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  finan- 
ces at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution,  and  be- 
came one  of  its  first  victims,  in  1789. 

FOUNT.\INE,.Sir  Andrew,  received  the  ho- 
nour of  knighthood  from  king  William,  and 
travelled  over  most  pirts  of  Europe  ;  where  he 
made  a  large  and  vabiable  collection  of  pictures, 
ancient  statues,  medals,  and  iu.scriptions  ;  and 
by  bis  skill  and  juds-'ment,  furnished  the  most 
considerable  cabinets  in  England,  to  his  own 
emolument,  being  a  perfect  coiuioiscur  in  me- 
dals, ancient  as  well  as  modern.    He  died  in 

FOUaUIER  TINVILLE,  Anthony  Qucntin, 
a  Frenchman,  of  infamous  memory,  who,  as 
p\iblic  accuser  during  the  revolution,  under 
■Robespierre,  was  conspicuous  for  his  dcpiaviiy 


even  at  that  time  ;  he  was  guillotined  in  1*1(4, 
universally  execrated. 

FOUuUlERES,  James,  a  Flemish  landscape 
[lainter,  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1580.  Some  have 
placed  him  so  near  Titian,  as  to  make  the  dif- 
jferencc  of  their  pictures  con.<isl,  ratlier  in  the 
U(i\intries  represented,  than  in  the  goodness 
of  the  pieces.  He  painted  for  Rubens,  of  whom 
{lie  learned  the  essentials  of  bis  art,  and  died  ht 
ilCr)9. 
I    FOUR,  du.    See  LONGUERUE. 

FOURCROI',  N.  an  eminent  French  engineer, 
died  in  1701. 

FOURCUIOY,  Anthony  Francis,  a  very  euii 
nent  Frejich  writer,  on  chymistry,  and  a  nietn- 
ber  of  the  Iiustitule,  born  at  Paris,  in  175.5,  died 
in  1£D9.  His  funeral  oration  was  pronounced 
by  ?ount  Regnard  de  St.  Jean  D'Angely. 

FOURMONT,  Stephen,  professor  of  Arabic 
and  Chinese,  at  Paris,  was  distinguished  for  hia 
learning,  not  only  by  Frenchmen,  but  by  foreign- 
ers, who  resorted  to  his  house  for  Uterary  con- 
versation ;  he  died  in  1743. 

FOURMONT,  Michael,  brother  to  the  above, 
was  an  ccclcsiasfic,  and  professor  of  Syriac,  in 
the  roval  college  ;  be  died  in  1746. 

FOURNIEK,  Peter  Simon,  a  French  engra- 
ver and  letter- founder,  bom  at  Paris,  in  171?. 
His  letters  not  only  embellished  the  typographi- 
cal art,  but  his  genius  illustrated  and  enlarged 
He  published,  in  1737,  a  table  of  _propor- 
tions  to  be  observed  between  letters,  in  order 
to  determine  their  height  and  relations  to  each 
other.  This  ingenious  anist  ascended  to  tiie 
very  origin  of  printing,  for  the  sake  of  knowing 
it  thoroughly.  He  produced  at  difterent  times 
several  historical  and  critical  dissertations  upon 
the  rise  and  progress  of  the  typographical  art, 
which  have  since  been  collected  and  published 
|in  1  vol.,  divided  into  three  parts:  the  last  in- 
cludes a  curious  history  of  the  encravers  in 
wood.  But  the  most  important  work  of  Four- 
nier  is  his  "  Manual  Typographique,  utile  aus 
Gens  de  Lettres,  et  a  ceux  qui  exercent  les  riif- 
ferens  Parties  de  I'Art  de  I'Imprimerie."  The 
author  meant  to  have  added  two  more,  but  was 
prevented  by  his  death,  which  happened  in 
1708. 

FOURNY,  Honore  Caille  du,  a  very  learned 
Frencliman,  auditor  of  the  chamber  of  accounts, 
at  Paris,  died  in  1731. 

FOURaUEVAUX,  Raymond,  of  Pavia,  ba- 
ron of,  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of  the 
Guclpbs  and  Gibbelines,  and  in  defence  of  Tou- 
louse, against  the  Huguenots,  for  which  he  was 
made  governor  of  Narbonne,  where  he  died  in 
1574. 

FOWLER,  John,  an  English  printer,  educa- 
ted at  Oxford,  and  settled  at  Antwerp,  where 
lie  learned  printing;  he  was  a  learned  man, 
skilled  in  Latin  and  Greek,  a  poet,  and  an  ora- 
tor.   He  died  in  1578. 

FOWLER,  Christopher,  a  puritan  of  some 
eminence,  who  became  vicar  of  St.  Mary's 
from  which  he  was  ejected  ;  he  died  in  1076. 

FOWLER,  Fdward,  an  English  prelate,  of 
sreat  piety,  prebendary  and  afterwards  bisliop 
of  Gloucester,  liicd  in  1714. 

FOWLER,  Thomas,  an  English  physician, 
eminent  as  a  writer  on  medical  subjects,  died 
in  1801.  ,    ^ 

FOX,  Richard,  a  native  of  Grantham,  of  ob- 
scure origin,  was  educated  at  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridce,  and  made  a  privy  counsellor,  and  bishop 
of  E.xeter,  bv  Henrv,  earl  of  Richmond,  on  his 
accession  to  "the  tlirbiie.  He  was  also  employed 
195 


FO 


FR 


jn  various  embassies,  and  iemo\'e(l  to  tlie  ste 
of  Durham  ;  he  died  in  1528. 

FOX,  Edwaid,  an  eminent  statesman,  almo 
ner  to  Henry  VIII.,  and  bishop  of  Herolord. 
Be  was  the  principal  pillar  of  the  Uerorniatioii, 
as  to  the  politic  and  prudential  part  of  it ;  being 
of  more  activity  and  no  leas  ability  than  Crau- 
mcr  himaelf ;  but  he  acted  more  secretly  than 
Cranmer,  and  by  that  means  did  not  bring  hiin- 
Belf  into  danger  of  sulfering  on  that  account. 
He  was  born  at  Durslcy,  in  Gloucestershire, 
and  died  in  1538. 

FOX,  John,  an  English  divine  and  church  his- 
torian, born  at  Boston,  in  Lincolnshire,  in  1517 
the  very  year  that  Luther  be!,'an  to  oppose  tli 
errors  of  the  church  of  Rome  ;  lie  died  in  15S1 
FOX,  George,  founder  and  head  of  the  Eng- 
lish quakers,  was  born  in  1624,  and  died  in  1630. 
He  was  brought  up  a  shoemaker,  and  followed 
bis  trade  in  Nottingham ;  till  at  length  his  re- 
flections upon  the  degeneracy  of  mankind  madu 
him  resolve  to  attempt  a  reformation  ;  and,  be 
Jieving  himself  under  the  advantage  of  spiritual 
illumination,  he  shut  up  his  shop,  and  turned 
preacher.  This  was  in  1C5U ;  and  his  wife  Mar- 
garet, being  under  the  same  persuasion,  h'id  also 
a  share  in  his  ministerial  functions.  His  doc- 
trine and  appearance  being  altogether  new,  the 
people  ran  after  him  in  great  numbers  ;  which 
success  encouraged  him  to  declaim  v/ith  the 
utmost  vehemence  against  the  disorders  of  the 
times.  His  disciples  adopted  plainness  in  their 
babits,  were  frugal  in  their  manner  of  living,  and 
very  reserved  in  their  conversation.  Fo.v  had 
several  rough  traverses  in  executing  the  instruc- 
tions that  he  professed  to  receive  from  heaveii,j 
and  was  often  in  danger  of  his  life.  Notwith-| 
standing  all  these  discouragements,  he  fearlessly 
persevered) and  this  sect  prevailed  much  ;  many 
considerable  men  being  drawn  over  to  them, 
among  whom  were  Barclay  and  Penn.  Their 
followers  of  the  present  time,  are  distinguished 
by  neatness  of  dress,  peaceable  demeanor,  and 
correctness  of  manners. 

FOX,  Charles  James,  a  distinguished  English 
Statesman  and  orator,  born  in  1749,  was  the  se 
cond  son  of  lord  Holland.  After  receiving  a  libe 
ral  education  at  Westminster,  Eton,  and  Oxford, 
he  made  the  tour  of  Europe  ;  and,  returning 
home,  was  even,  while  yet  in  his  minority,  elect- 
ed M.  P.  for  Midhurst.  His  first  speech  was  in 
favour  of  ministers,  against  Mr.  Wilkes  and  the 
Middlesex  election.  He  was  successively  made 
a  lord  of  the  admiralty  and  of  the  trea.sury,  but 
at  length  dismissed  from  office  ;  and  before  he 
Was  5-1  years  of  age,  became  one  of  the  most 
eloquent  opponents  of  government.  With  the 
exception  of  a  short  time  under  the  Rockingham 
administration,  when  he  was  secretary  of  state, 
Mr.  Fox  continued  leader  of  the  opposition  party 
in  the  house  of  commons  from  that  time  till  the 
death  of  Mr.  Pitt  in  the  beginning  of  1806 ;  wlieii 
he  Was  made  secretary  of  state  for  foreign  af- 
fairs. Me  now  entered  on  a  negotiation  with 
the  French  government  with  a  view  to  a  peace 
butadropsyseizedhimduringits  progress,  which 
terfHinaied  fatally  at  Chiswick  House,  Sept.  13, 
of  the  same  vear.  His  remains  receivc^d  the 
Jinnonrs  of  a  public  funeral  in  Westminster  Ah 
bev  on  the  10th  of  October,  and  were  interred 
Within  eighteen  inches  of  the  grave  of  his  lat^ 
political  rival,  Mr.  Pitt. 

FOX  I)E  MORZILLO,  Sebastian,  a  native 
of  Seville,  author  of  philosophical  tracts,  &c. 
JlC  was  drowned  on  his  way  to  Spain,  to  becom< 
the  tutor  to  Don  Ctkrios,  son  of  PUilip  HI. 
196 


FOXCROKT,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  and 
admired  niiuisler,  of  Boston ;  piiblished  nu- 
merous sermons,  and  died  in  1769. 

FKAt'Ari TORIO,  Girolamo,  an  Italian  poet 
and  physician,  distinguished  also  as  a  mathe- 
matician and  astronomer,  and  as  the  iiilimate 
friend  of  Cardinal  Bembo,  Scaliger,  and  other 
learned  men  ;  he  died  in  1553. 
FRACHETTA,  Girolamo,  a  nativcof  Rovigno, 
in  Italy,  who  gained  great  reputation  by  his  po- 
litical works,  the  most  considerable  of  which  ia 
entitled,  "  II  Seminario  de  Governi  di  State,  et 
di  Guerra."  In  this  work,  he  has  collected, 
under  110  chapters,  about  8000  military  and 
state  maxims,  extracted  from  the  best  authors  ; 
and  has  added  to  each  chapter  a  discourse, 
which  serves  as  a  commentary  to  it.  He  died 
about  1610. 

FRAGUIER,  Claude  Francis,  a  French  wri- 
ter, an  eminent  classical  scholar,  and  author  of 
Latin  poems,  &.c.  ;  he  died  in  1728. 

FKANCKSCA,  Peter,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Venice,  wiio  delighted  in  representing  nigbt- 
pieees  and  battles.  He  drew  also  several  por- 
traits, wrote  of  arithmetic  and  geometry,  and 
died  in  1443. 

FRANCKSCHINI,  Mark  Antony,  a  painter, 
of  Bologna,  died  in  1729. 

FRAiN'CHI,  Antonio,  a  painter,  of  Lucca, 
engaged  in  the  service  of  the  duchess  of  Flor- 
ence ;  he  died  in  1709. 

FR.'\NCI,'\,  Francesco,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Bologna  in  1450,  was  at  first  a  goldsmith 
or  jeweller,  afterwards  a  graver  of  coins  and 
medals  ;  but  at  last  applying  iiinisclf  to  painting, 
he  acquired  great  credit  by  his  skill.  Raphael's 
reputation  made  him  desirous  to  see  his  works, 
but  his  age  would  not  sulfer  him  to  take  a  jour- 
ney to  Rome  :  nevertheless,  a  friendly  corres- 
pondence commenced  between  these  two  paio- 
ters.  Raphael  having  painted  the  picture  of 
St.  Cecilia  for  a  church  in  Bologna,  sent  it  to 
Francia  to  place  it  properly  for  him,  and  even 
to  correct  its  faults,  if  he  discerned  any.  But 
Francia  was  so  struck  with  the  beauty  of  the 
piece,  that,  despairing  of  attaining  the  same 
perfection,  he  fell,  it  i^  said,  into  a  kind  of  me- 
lancholy ;  and  this,  bringii'.g  on  a  consumption, 
occasioned  liis  death  in  1518. 

FRANCIS,  Simon,  a  French  painter,  born  in 
1606,  was  in  his  youth  very  devoul,  and  declar- 
ed for  a  religious  life.  Seeking  out  a  profession 
which  might  assist  him  in  raising  his  soul  to 
the  love  of  God,  and  by  chance  looking  on  a 
picture  of  our  Saviour's  nativity,  he  was  so  ex- 
tremely touched,  that,  in  hopes  of  being  able  to 
draw  some  pieces  whose  effect  on  the  specta- 
tors might  be  as  lively,  he  resolved  to  turn  pain- 
ter.    He  died  in  1671. 

FR.\NC1S,  of  Paulo,  a  Romish  saint,  canon- 
ized by  pope  Leo  X.,  was  the  founder  of  the 
Minims,  and  celebrated  for  his  austerities;  he 
died  in  1.507. 

FR.VNCIS,  of  Assisi,  a  great  saint  of  the 
Romish  church,  and  founder  of  one  of  four  or- 
ders of  mendicant  friars,  born  in  1182.  He  was 
the  son  of  a  merchant,  whose  profession  he 
followed  till  1206 ;  at  which  time  he  became 
so  stroimly  affected  with  religious  truths,  thai 
he  resolved  to  retire  from  the  world.  He  pre- 
vailed with  great  numbers  to  devote  themselves, 
as  he  had  done,  to  the  poverty  enjoined  by  the 
gospel;  and  drew  up  an  institute,  or  rule,  for 
their  use,  which  was  approved  by  the  Roman 
Pontiffs.  Francis  was  canonized  by  pope  (ire- 
gory  IX.,  the  Gth  of  May,  J's!30;  antl  Oct.  the 


FR 

4tli,  on  which  liis  death  happened  in  1220,  was 
appointed  as  his  festival,  ilis  order  soon  rose 
lo  i^reat  splendour,  and  has  done  prodigious  ser- 
vice 10  the  Roman  pontitis. 

FRANCIS  DE  SALKS,  a  Romish  saint,  was 
bishop  of  Geneva,  and  founder  of  the  order  of  thf 
visitation.  He  is  said  to  have  converted  70,000 
Protestants  before  Lis  death, which  liappemd 
in  1622.  He  was  canonized  by  pope  Alexander 
Vf. 

FRAJVCIS  XAVIER,  the  great  coadjutor  of 
Ignatius  Loyola,  was  born  at  Xavier,  at  tlie  foot 
of  the  Pyrenees,  in  ]50l>;  and  was  sent  one  of 
the  earliest  missionaries  to  the  East  Indies ;  for 
nis  zeal  and  ability  iii  which  undertaking,  heob 
tained  the  appellation  of  the  Apostle  of  the  In- 
dies. He  died  in  1552,  and  was  canonized  in  1022, 
ly  Gregory  XV. 

FRANCIS,  of  Lorraine,  emperor  of  Germany, 
married  a  daughter  of  Ihi;  emperor  Charles  VI., 
and  was  as^:ociated  with  his  wife  in  the  empire 
till  ]74.>,  when  he  was  elected  emperor.  He  was 
a  patron  of  literature  and  the  arts,  as  well  as  of 
eommerce ;  he  died  suddenly  in  1675. 

FRANCIS  I.,  kin(,' of  France,  succeeded  Lewis 
Xn  on  the  French  throne,  in  1515.  He  is  known 
as  the  rival  and  opponent  of  the  emperor  Cliarles 
v.,  with  whom  he  was  involved  in  war,  during 
almost  his  whole  reign,  with  various  success, 
and  to  whom  he  was,  at  one  time,  a  prisoner. 
With  Ids  two  sons  ;  also,  as  the  patron  of  litera- 
ture and  the  arts.  He  died  at  Rambouillet,  in 
1547. 

FRANCIS  IL,  son  of  Henry  H.  and  Catherine 
de  Medicis,  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  France  on 
the  death  of  iiis  father.  He  married  the  unfor- 
tunate Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  and  died  in  1560, 
aged  17,  after  a  reign  of  17  months. 

FRANClS,dukeof  Alencon,  Anjou,  andBerri, 
and  brother  of  the  precedinc,  opposed  his  bro- 
ther Henry  HI.,  forwhich  lie  was  imprisoned  by 
Catherine,  and  afterwards  liberated.  He  was 
subseriuentiy  crowned  duke  of  Brabant,  and 
was  one  of  the  suitors  of  queen  Elizabeth  ;  he 
died  in  1584. 

FRANCIS  DE  BOURBON,  count  of  St.  Pol 
andClianniont,  distinfrui.^hed  himself  at  the  bat- 
tle of  iMarignan.  He  was  taken  prisoner  with 
Francis  I.,  but  escaped,  and  died  in  1545. 

FRANtMS  DE  liOCRBON,  count  Enphien, 
fv'as  a  celebrated  general  in  the  service  of  Fran- 
cis I.  ;  he  was  killed  by  accident,  iu  1545. 

FRANCIS  DE  BOURBON,  duke  of  Mont- 
T)ensier,  was  the  Caitliful  associate  of  Henry  IV. 
of  France,  and  distinguished  himself  in  his  ser- 
vice as  a  soldier  ;  he  died  in  1592. 

FRANCIS,  of  Lorraine,  dnke  of  Guise  and  of 
Aunialc,  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  with 
Charles  V.,  and  the  English  ;  and  in  the  reigns 
of  Henry  II.,  and  Francis  II.  of  France,  com- 
pletely governed  the  kingdom.  After  the  death 
of  Francis,  he  espoused  the  side  of  the  catholics, 
in  the  civil  wars,  and  was  assassinated  in  1563. 

FRANCIS  DE  BORGIA,  St.,  duke  of  Can- 
dia,  and  viceroy  of  Catalonia,  was  the  grandson 
of  pope  Alexander  VI.  He  afterwards  became 
a  Jesuit,  and  died  at  Rome,  in  1572.  He  was  ca- 
nonized by  pope  Clenumt  X. 

FRANCIS,  Lucas,  a  histoiical  and  portrait 
painter,  employed  by  the  kings  of  France  and 
Spain  ;  he  died  in  1R4.1. 

FRANCIS  ROM  AIN,  a  Dominican,  ofGhcnf, 
wns  an  eminent  architect ;  he  was  employed  by 
Lewis  XIV.,  to  fii;ish  the  Pont  Royal,  of  Paris, 
for  which  he  was  libcrallv  rewarded  ;  he  died  in 


1735. 


17* 


FR 

FRANCIS,  Dr.  Philip,  more  distinguished  as 
a  translator  than  as  an  original  writer.  Hit 
versions  of  Horace  and  Demosihen.s  have  been 
justly  valued  :  the  former  i.s  perhaps  as  com- 
plete and  useful  a  work  of  its  kind  as  hath  yet 
appeared.  He  was  also  the  author  of  two  trar 
gedies,  "Eugenia,"  and  "  Constantia;"  but,  as 
a  dramatic  writer,  not  very  successlul.  He  died 
in  1773. 

FR.INCIS, . Tames  Cliarles,  an  eminent  French 
engraver,  died  in  1760. 

FRANCIS,  sir  Philip,  n-as  a  member  of  the 
English  parliament,  and  an  active  promoter  of 
tlie  articles  of  impeachment  of  Warren  Hast- 
ings. He  has  been  considered  by  some  as  the 
author  of  Junius'  Letters ;  he  died  in  1816. 

FAN(;ISCA,  or  FRANCES,  a  Roman  lady, 
who  founded  a  convent  at  Rome,  and  was  can- 
onized in  lf08  ;  she  was  born  in  1384. 

FRANCIUS,  Peter,  professor  of  rhetoric,  and 
oratory  at  Amsterdam,  his  native  city  ;  he  died 
in  1704. 

FRANCK,  George,  a  native  of  Naumburg,  re- 
ceived a  poetic  crown,  at  the  age  of  18,  for  his 
Latin,  Greek,  German,  and  Hebrew  poetry.  He 
was  professor  of  medicine  at  Heidelberg  and 
Wittemburg,  and  died  in  1704. 

FRAJVCK,  Augustus  Herman,  of  Luheck, 
professor  of  oriental  languages,  and  of  divinity 
at  Halle,  was  distinguished  for  his  benevolence 
and  pietv;  he  died  in  1727. 

FRANCK,  or  FRANCKEN,  Franciscus,  a 
Flemish  painter,  of  great  merit,'  died  in  1616. 

FRANCK,  Franciscus,  son  of  the  preceding, 
jand  a  pupil  of  his  father,  was  also  a  painter  • 
he  died  iu  1642. 

FRANt'KER,  Christian,  successively  a  Jesuit, 
a  socinian,  a  unitarian,  and  a  catholic,  in  the 
16th  century. 

FRANCKENSTEIN,  Christian  Godfrey,  of 
Leipsic,  an  advocate,  distinguished  as  a  man  of 
letters,  and  a  historian  ;  he  died  in  1717. 

FRANCO,  Nicolo.  a  satirist,  born  at  Bene- 
vento,  in  1510.  He  was  condemned  to  death, 
for  some  severe  satires  on  illustrious  persons  of 
Rome  ;  but  it  is  not  known  that  he  was  e.\ecuted 
FRANCO,  Battista,  a  painter,  of  Venice,  who 
imitated  the  manner  of  Buonarotte,  died  in  1561. 
FRANCOIS,  Abbe  Laurent,  an  able  opponent 
of  the  French  philosophers,  died  in  1782.  His 
works  were  principally  in  defence  of  religion. 

FRANCOIS,  Simon,  a  selftaught  portrait 
painter  of  Tours,  died  iu  1671. 

FRANCOIS,  Lucas,  a  historical  painter,  in 
the  service  of  the  kings  of  France  and  Spain, 
died  in  1643. 

FRANCOIS,  Lucas,  called  the  Younger,  son 
of  the  precedin-;,  was  also  highly  respected  as  a 
painter  :  he  died  in  1654. 

FRANCOWITZ,  Matthias,  a  protestant  di- 
vine, pupil  ofLutlierand  Mi.laiicthon,  was  a  pri- 
vate teacher,  and  afterwards  professor  of  the 
Greek  and  Latin  languages  at  VViitemburc  ;  he 
died  in  1575. 

FRANCUS,  Sebastian,  a  German  anabaptist 
of  the  16th  centurv 
FRANCK  FLORIS.    See  FLORIS. 
FRANKLIN,  Dr.  Benjamin,  born  at  Boston, 
in  America,  in  1706,  was  placed  at  a  very  early 
ace  under  one  of  his  brothers,  who  was  a  printer, 
where  he  made  a  rapid  progress  in  that  art  so 
usrful  to  mankind,  and  contacted  an  attach 
ment  for  tlie  press  whicli  continued  as  Ion? 
as  he  lived.    Scarcely  emerged  from  infancy 
Franklin  was  a  philosopher  without  being  con 
scious  of  it,  and  by  llie  continual  e.\ercisc  of  iiw 
197 


genius,  prepared  himself  lor  tliusc  groat  discove- 
ries ill  science  wliicli  have  since  associated 
his  name  wiili  tliat  ol"  Newton,  and  for  those 
(lolitical  rerteclions  which  have  placed  him  by 
the  side  of  a  Solon  and  a  Lycnrpus.  tjoon 
after  liis  removal  from  Boston  to  Philadelphia, 
Franklin,in  concert  with  some  other  young  men, 
established  a  small  club  ;  where  every  member, 
after  his  work  was  over,  and  on  holidays,  brought 
his  stock  of  ideas,  which  were  submitted  to  dis- 
cussion. This  society  of  which  the  young  print- 
er was  the  soul,  has  been  the  source  of  every 
useful  establishment  in  Pennsylvania  calculated 
to  promote  the  progress  of  science,  the  mechani- 
r.al  arts,  and  particularly  the  improvement  of 
the  human  understanding.  Higher  employ- 
ments, however,  at  length  called  him  from  his 
country,  which  he  was  destined  to  serve  more 
effectually  as  its  agent  in  Kngland,  whither  he 
was  sent  in  1757.  The  stamp  act,  by  which  the 
British  minister  wished  to  familiarize  the  Amer- 
icans to  pay  taxes  to  t!)e  mother-country,  re- 
vived that  love  of  libeny  which  had  led  their 
forefathers  to  a  country  at  that  time  a  desert ; 
and  the  colonies  formed  a  congress,  the  first  idea 
of  which  had  been  communicated  to  them  by 
Franklin,  at  the  conferences  at  Albany,  in  1754. 
The  war  that  was  just  terminated,  and  the 
<-.xertions  made  by  them  to  support  it,  had  ?iveu 
tJieni  a  conviction  of  their  strength  ;  tliey  op- 
posed this  mea.=ure,  and  the  minister  gave  way, 
hut  reserved  the  means  of  renewing  his  attempts. 
fJnce  cautioned,  however,  they  remained  on 
their  guard  ;  liberty,  cherished  by  their  alarms, 
took  deep  root;  and  the  rapid  circulation  of 
ideas  by  means  of  newspapers,  for  the  intro- 
duction'of  which  they  were  indebted  to  the 
printer  of  Philadelphia,  united  them  together  to 
resist  every  fresh  enterprise.  In  the  year  1766, 
this  printer,  called  to  the  bar  of  the  house  of 
commons,  underwent  that  famous  interrogatory, 
which  placed  the  name  of  Franklin  as  hi^ih  in 
politics,  as  it  was  before  in  natural  philosophy. 
From  that  time  he  defended  the  cause  of  Amer- 
ica with  a  firmness  and  moderation  becoming  a 
preat  man,  pointing  out  to  ministry  all  the  errors 
they  had  committed,  and  the  consequences  they 
would  induce,  till  the  period  when,  the  tax  on 
the  tea  meeting  the  sameopposition  as  tlie  stamp- 
act  had  done,  England  blindly  fancied  herself 
capable  of  subjecting  by  force  3,000,000  of  men 
determined  to  be  free,  at  a  distance  of  2000 
leagues.  Every  man  is  acquainted  with  the 
particulars  of  that  war  ;  but  every  man  has  not 
equally  reflected  on  the  bold  attempt  of  Franklin 
as  a  legislator.  Having  asserted  their  indepen- 
dence, and  placed  themselves  in  the  rank  of 
nations,  the  ditl'rrent  colonies,  now  the  United 
Suites  of  America,  adopted  each  its  own  form 
of  governraent ;  and,  retaining  almost  univer- 
silly  their  admiration  for  the  British  constitu- 
tion, framed  thein  from  the  same  principles  vari- 
ously modelled.  Franklin  alone,  disengaging  the 
political  machine  from  those  miihiplied  move- 
ments and  admired  counterpoises  that  rendered 
it  so  complicated,  proposed  the  reducing  it  to 
the  simplicity  of  a  single  legislative  body.  This 
grand  idea  startled  the  legislators  of  Pennsylva- 
nia: but  the  phili>:<opher  renjoved  the  fears  of 
a  considerable  number,  and  at  length  determin- 
ed them  to  the  adoption  of  his  principle.  Uavina 
given  laws  to  his  country,  Franklin  undertook 
again  to  serve  it  in  1-urope,  not  by  representa- 
tions to  the  metropolis,  or  answers  at  the  bar  of 
'.lie  house  of  commons  ;  hut  by  treaties  with 
l'"rance,  and  successively  with  other  powers. 
198 


FR 

.From  Fiance  he  returned  to  America  in  1785, 
,and  lived  live  years  after  this  perioil :  for  tliree 
years  he  was  president  of  the  General  Assembly 
01  rennsylvania ;  he  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
vention that  established  the  new  form  of  fede- 
ral government ;  and  bis  last  public  act  was  a 
grand  example  for  those  who  are  employed  in 
the  legislation  ol  theircountry.  In  this  convt;n- 
tion  he  had  differed  in  some  points  from  tlie 
majority ;  but,  when  the  articles  were  ulti- 
mately decreed,  he  said  to  his  colleagues,  "  fVe 
ouglit  to  have  but  one  opinion  :  the  good  of  our 
country  requires  tliat  the  resolution  be  uitmiim- 
ous  ;"  and  he  signed.  He  died  April  17,  1790. 
As  an  author,  he  never  wrote  a  work  of  any 
length.  His  political  works  consist  of  letters 
or  short  tracts  ;  but  all  of  them,  even  those  of 
humour,  bear  the  marks  of  liis  observing  genius 
and  mild  philosophy.  He  wrote  many  for  that 
rank  of  people  who  have  no  opportunity  lor 
tudy,  and  whom  it  is  yet  of  s<j  much  conse- 
quence to  instruct ;  and  he  was  well  skilled  in 
reducing  useful  truilis  to  maxims  easily  retained , 
and  sometimes  to  proverbs,  or  little  tales,  the 
simple  and  natural  graces  of  which  acquire  a 
new  value  when  associated  with  the  name  of 
their  author.  In  short,  the  whole  life  of  Frank- 
lin, his  meditations,  and  his  labours,  have  all 
ibeen  directed  to  public  utilily ;  but  the  grand 
object  that  he  had  always  in  view  did  not  shut 
his  heart  against  private  friendship:  he  loveo 
his  family,  his  friends,  and  was  extremely  bene- 
ficent. In  society  he  was  sententious,  but  not 
fluent;  a  listener  rather  than  a  talker;  an  in- 
forming rather  than  a  pleasing  companion  :  im- 
patient of  interruption,  he  often  mentioned  the 
custom  of  the  Indians,  who  always  remain  si- 
lent some  time  before  they  give  an  answer  to  a 
question  which  they  have  heard  attentively ; 
unlike  some  of  the  politest  societies  in  Europe, 
where  a  sentence  can  scarcely  be  finished  with- 
out interruption.  In  the  midst  of  his  greatest 
occupations  for  the  liberty  of  his  country,  lie 
had  some  physical  experiment  near  him  in  his 
closet ;  and  the  sciences,  which  he  had  rather 
discovered  than  studied,  aflbrded  him  a  con- 
tinual source  of  pleasure.  He  made  various  be- 
quests and  donations  to  cities,  public  bodies, 
and  individuals  ;  and  requested  that  the  follow- 
ing epitaph,  which  he  had  composed  for  himself 
some  years  before,  might  be  inscribed  on  his 
tombstone : 

"Thebodvof 

BEXJAMIN  FKAiNKLIN,  Printer, 

(like  the  cover  of  an  old  book, 

its  contents  torn  out, 

and  stript  of  its  lettering  and  gilding) 

lies  here  food  for  worms; 

yet  the  work  itself  shall  not  he  lost, 

but  will  (as  he  believed)  appear  once  more 

ill  a  new 

and  more  beautiful  edition, 

corrected  and  amended 

bv 

THE  AUTHOR." 

FRANKLIN,  William,  son  of  Dr.  Frar.klin, 
embraced  the  side  of  Britain,  in  the  revolution- 
arv  v.ar,  was  taken  prisoner,  and  afterwards 
.■iutfi.rid  to  retire  to  England,  where  he  died.  He 
was  til''  last  royal  governor  of  New-.Tersey. 

FRANKLIN,  Dr.  Thomas,  one  of  the  kine"; 
cliap!ain.s.  and  rector  of  Brasted,  in  Kent.  Tlu<s 
gentleman  «  as  poascsscd  of  no  inconsidcraole 


FR 

shaie  of  leaiiiiiig  and  poetical  abilities,  and  was 
laug  a  t'dvourite  in  tlic  literary  world.  I!is 
Iraiislatioiis  of  Plialaris,  Sophocles,  and  Lnci- 
an,  equally  ovince  his  learning  and  liiii  genius. 
His  dramatic  compositions,  are  well  known, 
and  deservedly  esteemed  ;  he  wa.s  born  in  Lon- 
don, about  17'JO,  and  died  in  1784. 

FRANKS,  Sebastian,  a  landscape  painter,  of 
Antwerp,  born  in  1573. 

FRANKS,  John  Jiaptist,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  successful  imitator  of  the  manner  of  Van- 
dyck  and  Rubens ;  he  was  born  in  HiUO. 

FKANS  FLOlilS,  an  eminent  painter,  horn 
at  Antwerp,  in  15'20.  He  grew  rich  and  famous, 
his  performances  being  good  and  numerous  ; 
but  was  greatly  addicted  to  drinking,  and  died 
at  50  j'ears  of  age.  He  was  called  the  Raphael 
of  Flanders. 

FRANTZIUS,  Wolfgang,  a  German  divine, 
and  professor  of  divinity  at  Wiltemburgh,  died 
in  Ifi'iO. 

FRASSON,  Claude,  a  French  monk,  was  a 
doctor  of  the  Sorboune,  and  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Paris,  also  superior  of  the  Franciscan 
convent  thert;;  he  died  in  1711. 

FR.\TELLINI,  Giovanna,  a  female  painter, 
of  Florence,  patronisiKl  by  the  archduchess  Vic- 
toria; she  died  in  1731. 

FRATELLINV,  Lorenzo  Maria,  son  of  the 
preceding,  eminent  as  a  iiistorical  and  landscape 
painter,  died  in  1729. 

FRAUNCE,  Abraham,  a  poet,  who  was  edu- 
cated at  the  expense  of  sir  Philip  Sidney,  in 
Cambridge ;  after  which  he  was  called  to  the 
bar.  He  wrote,  amongst  other  things,  "  The 
Countess  of  Pembroke's  Ivy  Church  and  Em- 
anuel," in  1591;  and  a  "Translation  of  He- 
liodorus'  Etiiiopics." 

FRAUWENLOB,  Henry,  a  German  writer, 
died  in  1317. 

FREDEGARIUS,  the  earliest  French  histo- 
rian, after  Gregory  of  Tours ;  his  chronicle,  in 
barbarous  language,  extends  to  the  year  C41. 

FREDEGONDE,  wife  of  Chilperic,  king  of 
France,  was  born  of  obscure  parents,  but,  by  her 
beauty  and  art,  raised  herself  to  the  throne  ; 
Bhe  poisoned  all  around  her  whom  she  consid.':r- 
ed  enemies  or  rivals,  and,  finally,  the  king  him- 
self ;  she  died  in  5^7. 

FREDERIC  [.,surnamcdBarbarossa,duke  of 
Svvabia,  succeeded  his  uncle,  Conrad  III.,  as 
emperor  of  Germany,  and  was  cro'.vned  in  Italy 
by  Adrian  IV.  A  part  of  his  reign  was  dis- 
turbed by  quarrels  and  wars  with  the  popes, 
who,  after  a  reconciliation,  persuaded  him  to 
undertake  a  crusade  against  Saladin.  He  died 
during  the  expedition,  in  1190,  after  having 
gained  several  victories  over  the  Turks  and 
Greeks.  His  son  Frederic,  duks  of  Swabia,  who 
attended  him,  and  displayed  great  valour  in  the 
Holy  Land,  also  died  there. 

FREDERIC  IL,  grandson  of  the  preceding, 
and  son  of  Henry  VI.,  was  born  in  1194,  and 
elected  king  of  the  Romans,  two  years  after. 
In  1210,  he  was  elected  emperor  of  Germany. 
He  died  in  12.50,  aged  57. 

FREDERIC  III.,  surnamed  the  Fair,  son  of 
Albert  of  Austria,  wasthe  rival  of  Lewis  of  Ba- 
varia, in  a  contest  for  the  imperial  throne.  He 
was  defeated  by  him  at  the  battle  of  Michael- 
dortf,  and  taken  prisoner;  he  died  in  1330. 

FREDERIC  IV.,  surnamed  the  Pacific,  em- 
peror of  Germany,  was  tho  last  of  the  German 
princes,  who  submitted  to  a  coronation  at  Rome. 
He  was  a  wt'ak,  indolent,  and  superstitious 
.  rince,  who  saw  his  subjects  revolt,  with  iw- 


FR 

difference,  and  afterwards  fled  from  Vienna; 
he  was  reduced  to  beg  his  bread,  and  died  in 
1193. 

FREDERIC  I.,  king  of  Denmark,  distinguish- 
i^d  himself  by  his  wisdom,  jjrudence,  :ind  by  the 
utility  of  his  public  measures,  particularly  in  iii- 
strncling  Lulheranism  among  his  subjects;  he 
died  in  1533. 

FREDERIC  II.,  king  of  Denmark,  was  the 
pa'aon  of  literature  and  of  learned  men  ;  and 
the  liberal  protector  of  Tycho  Brahe  ;  he  died 
in  l.'ieS. 

FltEDERIC  III.,  archbishop  of  Bremen,  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  Christian  IV.,  as  king  nf  Den- 
mark, and  improved  the  covidition  of  his  pc-,i- 
|il(',  by  making  them  more  independent  of  tne 
obles,  and  by  making  the  crown  hereditary ; 
he  died  in  1G70. 

FREDERU;  IV.,  king  of  Denmark,  was  en- 
gaged in  war  with  Charles  XII.,  of  Sweden,  and 
lost  .some  part  of  his  territories,  which  he  after- 
wards recovered  ;  he  died  in  1730. 

FREDERICK  v.,  grandson  of  the  preceding, 
reigned  on  the  throne  of  Denmark  from  1740  to 
17(1(3.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  son.  Christian 
VH. 

FREDERIC  AUGUSTUS  I.,  king  of  Poland, 
and  elector  of  Saxony,  recommended  himself  to 
ilie  Pole«,  by  his  valour  against  the  Turks,  and 
was  elected  their  king  in  1(596.  He  was  beaten 
by  Charles  XU.,  and  stripped  of  his  dominions, 
which  he  afterwards  recovered  and  maintained 
till  his  death,  in  1733.  He  was  the  patron  of  lite- 
rature, and  his  court  was  for  a  long  tune  one  of 
the  most  brilliant  in  Europe. 

FREDERIC  AUGUSTUS  II.,  succeeded  his 
father  on  the  throne  of  Poland,  in  1734.  The 
last  of  his  reign  was  disturbed  by  a  war  with 
the  king  of  Prussia,  who  invaded  his  kingdom, 
and  reduced  him  to  unconditional  submission. 
He  died  in  17(i3. 

FREDERIC,  prince  of  Hesse  CasseV,  married 
a  sister  of  Charles  XII.,  of  Sweden,  and  obtain- 
ed possession  of  the  Swedish  throne  in  1720. 
He  died  in  1757. 

FREDERIC  WILLIAM,  elector  of  Branden- 
burg, distinguished  himself  by  his  war  with  Po- 
land, and  afterwards  with  Lewis  XIV.  After 
repelling  the  Swedes,  who  had  invaded  his  do- 
minions, he  devoted  his  attention  to  the  com- 
merce of  his  people,  and  to  internal  improve- 
ments.    He  died  in  l(i88. 

FREDERIC  I.,  elector  of  Brandenburg,  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  ambitious  of  raising  his 
duchy  into  a  kingdom,  and  joined  Leopold,  em- 
peror of  Germany,  in  a  war  against  several 
state.*,  to  accomplish  the  object;  he  died  in  1713. ' 

FREDERIC  WILLIAM' 1.,  king  of  Prussia, 
son  of  the  preceding,  succeeded  his  father,  in 
1713.  He  began  his  reign  by  a  strict  reform  in 
the  expenditures  of  his  kingdom,  by  encourage- 
ing  commerce  and  industry,  and  by  inviting 
foreign  artisans  to  settle  in  his  dominions ;  at 
the  same  time  he  provided  ff)r  his  security  by 
creating  an  army  of  00,000  men.  He  died  in 
1740. 

FREDERIC  II.,  son  of  the  preceding,  ascend- 
ed the  throne  in  1740.  He  was  distinguished  by 
the  appellation  of  "  the  Great,"  to  which  his 
superior  talents  and  conspicuous  achievements 
gave  him  a  just  eiaim.  During  his  reign,  he 
was  engaged  in  war  with  almost  cverj'  poten- 
tate of  Europe ;  and,  in  most  instances  success- 
fully. At  the  same  time,  he  was  solicitous  for 
the  welfare  of  his  subjects,  and  devoted  a  part 
of  every  day  to  a  redressi  of  their  gricvancfs 
199 


TR 

He  encouraged  coiimierce  ami  the  arts,  invited 
literary  nieii  from  all  parts  of  Euriipe  to  liis 
court,  adniiuisteriid  justice  impartially,  and  re- 
lieved the  unt'onuiiate  anddislp.ssed,  wlierever 
to  lie  found.  In  tlie  midst  of  all  liis  cares,  lie 
found  time  to  devote  to  literary  pursuits,  and 
was  himself  a  philosopher  and  an  author,  hui 
of  infidel  principles;  he  died  in  1780,  aged  7"). 

FiiEUEUIO,  surnanied  llie  Wise,  elector  ol 
Saxony,  was  the  friend  of  the  cin|)eior  Blaximi 
llaji,and  might  have  succeeded  him  had  he  not 
declined.  He  was  the  firm  and  zealous  friend 
of  Luther,  and  tiie  reformation,  and  died  in 
I52(!. 

FREDERIC  v.,  elector  of  Palatine,  married 
a  daughter  of  Jame.«  I.,  of  England.  lie  wag 
elected  king  of  Bohemia  by  the  protestaiits,  but 
opposed  and  defeated  by  Ferdinand,  of  Austria. 
The  death  of  Gustavus,  wiio  had  promised  to 
assist  hini,  put  an  end  to  his  hopes,  and  he  died 
ainoiirh  afterward.*,  in  1632. 

FREDERIC,  Colonel,  sou  of  the  unfortunate 
Tli«)dore,  king  of  Corsica,  %vas  engaged  in  the 
service  of  the  elector  of  Wirtembeig,  who  ho- 
mmrcd  him  with  his  friendship.  He  went  to 
Eiigiaiid  as  agent  of  the  elector,  and  there  com- 
mitted suicide,  in  1796. 

FKEEKE,  Williaii),  born  in  XG64.  lie  wrote, 
among  other  things,  "  A  Dialogue  by  way  of 
([ucslion  and  answer,  loncerning  the  Deity," 
and  "  A  brief  and  clear  confutation  of  the  Doc- 
trine of  the  Trinity  ;"  which  two  pieces  being 
laid  before  the  liouseof  commons,  were  voted  j 
to  be  burnt,  as  containing  much  bla.«ipheniy,  and 
accordingly  were  so  ;  the  author  being  after- 
wards fined  50O1.,  and  obliged  to  give  security 
for  his  good  behaviour  for  three  years,  and  to 
make  a  recantation  in  the  four  courts  in  West 
minster-hall. 

FREEMAN,  John,  an  English  painter,  who 
lived  in  the  reisn  of  Charles  II. 

FREGOSO,  Baptist,  doge  of  Genoa,  was  de- 
posed and  banished  for  his  liaughtiiiess ;  the 
lime  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

FRBHER,  Marquard,  a  German,  who  studied 
the  civil  law  in  France.  He  was  counsellor  to 
Ca.-*iniir,  prince  Palatine,  afterwards  professor 
of  law,  at  Hcidlebcrg,  and  engaged  in  import- 
ant aflaira  by  the  elector,  Frederic  IV. ;  he  died 
ill  1614. 

FREIGIUS,  John  Thomap,  a  learned  German, 
eiiipldved  as  a  teacher,  at  Friburg,  and  at  Basil, 
was  atterwards  chosen  rector  of  tlie  college  of 
Alloif.     Heditdin  15d;^. 

FREIND,  Joun,  an  Enclish  physician,  and 
elegant  writer,  born  in  1G75,  died  1708.  The 
most  elaborate  of  his  numerous  works  is  "Tlie 
History  of  Physic,  from  the  time  of  Galen  to 
the  beginning  of  the  lOth  century,  chiefly  with 
regard  to  practice  ,"  and  this  is  justly  deemed  a 
masterly  peifonnauce,  both  for  use  and  ele- 
gance. 

FREIND,  Robert,  brother  to  the  physician, 
and  head  master  of  Westminster  scliool,  born 
in  1667;  he  publwhed  an  editiou  of  Cicero's 
"  Orator,"  and  di»d  in  1751. 

FREINSHEMIUS,  John,  a  most  ingenious 
and  learned  man,  born  at  Ulm,  in  Swabia,  in 
1608.  He  is  said  to  have  understnod  almost  allj 
the  F.uropeau  languages,  besides  Latin.  Greek,! 
and  Hebrew.  He  was  pr©le«sor  of  eloouence, 
at  t'psal,  librarian  and  historiographer  to  Chris- 
tina, of  Sweden,  aud  afterwards  professor  at 
Heidleberg,  where  he  died  in  1660. 

FREIRE  DE  ANDRADE,  Hyacinthe.a  Por- 
uguese.  abbot  of  Ki.  Mary  de  Ctiaiis,  and  a 

•2on 


FR 

reat  favourite  of  John  IV.,  of  Portugal ;  he 
died  ill  16.'i7. 

FRELINGHUYSEN,  Thcodorus  Jacobus, 
minister  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church,  atlla- 
riton,  New-Jetsey  ;  was  an  able  and  successful 
preacher. 

FREMINET  Martin,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  died  in  1610. 

FREMONT  D'AULANCOURT.  Nicholas,  a 
native  of  France,  who  (led  to  Holland,  at  the 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  was  his- 
toriographer lo  the  prince  of  Orange  ;  he  died 
in  16y:(. 

FRENICLE  DE  BESSY,  Bernard,  a  mathe- 
niatician,  and  author  of  a  treatise  on  right-an- 
glid  triangles,  and  other  works ;  lie  died  in  1675. 
FRERES,  Theodore,  a  painter,  born  in  1(>43, 
at  Enkhuysen ;  the  best  of  his  pieces  are  pre- 
served in  Amsterdam. 

FRERET,  Nicolas,  of  Paris,  a  historian  and 
cliroiiologisi,  andopposer  of  !?ir  Isaac  Newton's 
system  of  chronology,  born  at  Paris,  in  IfitS, 
died  1749.  He  wasa  complete  sceptic  ;  and  Vol- 
taire, for  the  worst  of  purposes,  revised  two  of 
his  works  :  viz.  "  The  Letters  of  Thrasybulus 
to  Leucippus,"  and  "  Exaniinatiou  of  the  Apo- 
logists for  Christianity." 

FRERON,  Elie  Catherine,  a  French  critic 
and  journalist  ofcoiisideial)letaleiits,and  known 
as  having  been  the  constant  object  of  the  satire 
of  Voltaire,  w,is  born  at  Quimper,  in  1719,  and 
died  in  1776.  His  "  Letters  on  certain  writings 
of  the  Thnes,"  he  began  in  1749,  and  published 
13  volumes.  In  1754,  he  began  his  "  Aiinee 
Literaire,"  of  which  he  published  7  volimie.<« 
that  year,  and  eight  every  year  alter,  till  his 
death  ;  and  in  that  work,  Freion,  as  a  zealous 
enemy  of  the  modern  philosophy,  attacked  Vol-, 
taire  with  spirit.  He  represented  him  as  a  skil- 
ful plagiary ;  as  a  poet,  brilliant,  but  inferior  to 
Corneille,  Racine,  and  Boikau  ;  as  an  elegant, 
hut  inaccurate  historian  ;  and  rather  the  tyrant 
than  the  king  of  literature. 

FRESNAYE,  John  Vauguelin  de  la,  an  early 
French  poet,  king's  advocate  for  Caen,  and  pre- 
sident of  that  city  ;  he  died  in  1606. 

FRESNE,  Charles  du  Cange  du,  a  learned 
Frenchman,  born  at  Amiens,  in  1610,  died  lC8tJ. 
His  best  works  are  a  "  Latin  and  Greek  Glossa- 
ry," the  "  History  of  Constantinople  under  the 
French  Emperors,"  &c. 

FRESNOY,  Charles  Alphonso  du,  an  excel- 
lent French  poet  and  painter,  born  at  Paris,  iu 
1611.  After  his  death,  his  poem,  "  De  Arte 
(iraphica,"  was  printed  with  a  prose  transla- 
tion and  notes,  by  De  Piles,  and  dedicated  to 
Colbert.  It  was  afterwards  translated  into  En- 
glish, by  Dryden,  who  prefixed  to  it  an  original 
Preface,  containing  a  parallel  between  paint 
ing  aud  poetry."  This  poem  will  keep  his  name 
alive  as  long  as  either  poetry  or  painting  shall 
find  any  esteem.  A  later  version  of  Du  Frea- 
noy  has  been  made  by  Mr.  Mason,  and  enriched 
with  notes  by  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds. 

FRESNY,  Charles  Riviere  du,  a  French  poet, 
born  at  Paris,  in  1648.  He  had  a  good  natural 
taste  for  music,  painting,  sculpture,  architec- 
ture, and  ail  the  fine  arts.  He  had  also  a  tas'.t 
for  laying  out  gardens,  which  procured  him  the 
place  of  overseer  of  the  king's  gardens,  whose 
valet  de  chamhre  he  likewise  was.  He  died  iu 
1724  ;  and  in  173],  his  works  were  collected  and 
printed  in  6  vols.,  consisting  of  "  dramatic  pti- 
formarices,  songs,  amusements  serious  and  ay 
inirnl,"  fee. 
FRETliiVU  DE  ST.  JUST,  Enunanuel  Marie 


FR 

Micliaol  I'hilip,  aFreiicli  nobleman,  who,  from 
(JisBiilUl'adiou  witli  tlie  court,  embraced  the  pu- 
piilar  paity,  at  the  revolution;  but  was  con- 
demiii'd  by  Robespierre,  and  executed  in  1793. 
FUEWKX,  Accepted,  an  English  prelate, 

educated  at  i\l;ipdalen  toilette,  OxKud,  01  wliicii  _ „.  »,, 

lie   became  president,  alVtr wards  chaplain    lo'jUe  wa.s  al' o  a  poet,  as'well  as  a  iiisiiJriaii. 


diaries  I.,  deau  of  Gloucester,  bisliop  of  l^itcli- 
lielU  and  Coventry,  and  arclibisiuip  of  York ; 
he  riic;d  in  IG64. 

FREY,  John  Cecil,  an  eminent  German  phy- 
sician, <li^d  in  ir>:jl. 

FREYTAG,  Frederic  Gottlehb,  a  burgomas- 
ter of  Nuremberg,  known  as  a  writer,  died  iu 
177.). 

FKEZIER,  Amaciee  Francis,  a  Frenchman, 
whotravelK'dlhiouyli  Chili  andPeru.aiiaccotuit 
of  which  l;e  pulili.sli'.d  ;  he  died  iu  1772. 

FRIART,  Rowland,  an  eminent  arciiitect,  of 
tlie  17tli  centurv. 

FRlCHK,or  FRISCHE,  James  dc,  a  Bene- 
dictine, who  wrote  the  life  of  St.  Augustine, 
and  died  in  I60'i. 

FRJSUIE,  Levi,  minister  of  Ipswick,  Mass., 
distinguislied  as  a  very  faithful  and  successful 
prcai-her;  lie  published  some  sermons,  and 
di(!(l  in  I80t>.  I 

FRiTrBlE,  I..evi,  professor  of  the  Latin  br:- 
guage,  and  afterwards  of  moral  philo?  vI-t-J 
of  Harvard  college,  Mass.,  was  disiingo;,.  u'i 
for  his  talents  and  learning  ;  he  died  in  ISi-i.      I 

FRISCH,  John  Leonard,  d!s;in(;uished  aslhej 
founder  of  the  silk  manufacturies  of  Bra.ulen- 
burg,  and  as  the  first  eucourager  of  thecultiva-l 
tion  of  the  mulberry  tree  in  Prussia;  he  died' 
in  1743.  I 

FRISCHLIN,  Nicodemus,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, professor  at  Tubingen,  known  as  a  dra- 
matic writer,  and  as  a  translator;  he  died  ini 

FRISCILMTJTH,  John,  rector  of  the  universi-l 
t>'  of  Jena,  died  iu  1G87.  | 

FRISIUS,  John,  principal  of  the  college  at 
Zurich,  into  which  he  introduced  the  study  of  | 
the  Hebrew  and  other  oriental  languages  ;  he| 
died  in  1505.  His  three  sons  were  professors  at| 
Zurich. 

FRITH,  John.    See  FRYTH. 

FKIZOiV, Peter,  master  of  the  Jesuit's  college,] 
of  Navarre, and  author  of  a  history  of  the  French' 
cardinals.  &c.,  died  in  1651.  I 

FROBENIL'S,  John,  an  eminent  and  learned! 
German  printer.  He  was  the  first  of  the  Ger- 
mans who  brought  the  art  to  any  perfection  ; 
and  the  great  character  of  tliis  printer  wrli^•  iho 
principal  motive  which  led  Erasmus  to  fix  ids 
quarters  at  Basil,  in  order  to  have  his  own 
works  printed  by  hiin.  He  died  at  Basil,  In 
1527,  lamented  hy  all,  but  by  none  more  than 
Eiasinus,  who  wrote  his  epitaph  in  Greek  and 
Latin. 

FROBISHER,  Sir  Martin,  an  eminent  navi- 
gator, and  the  first  Englislinian  that  attempted 
to  find  out  a  north-west  passage  to  China.  He! 
wa«  liorn  in  Yorkshire,  and  was  killed  In  battle 
in  1504. 

FROELICH,  Erasmus,  a  Jesuit,  eminent  for 
his  knowledge  of  mathematics  and  medallic  his- 
torv.  died  in  \~^^. 

FROIDMONT,Libert,a  native  of  Liegcdean 
of  St.  Peters,  and  professor  of  philosophy,  at 
Louvain,  died  in  1653. 

FROILA  L,  king  of  Spain,  is  known  for  a, 

victory  gained  over  the  Saracens,  in  7ij0.     Hr- 

causeil  His  brother  to  be  murdered,  and  was  him- 

gelf  killed  by  another  tuo'her.  in  7G8.  I 

■y-.iL;:-;-'  ^       C  c 


FROILA  II.,  king  of  Spain,  in  923,  died  of  a 
kprosv. 

FR(')I.-3SARD,  orFROISSART,  John,  born  Bt 
V  alencieiinus,  about  1337.  His  chief  work  is  a 
history,  which  comprises  what  happened  in 
France,  Spain,  and  England,  from  i:i2<i  to  140QL 


died  in  1402.     His  history  was  translated  rfr 
cently  by  Mr.  Jolines,  of  Havod,  Wales. 

FKO.MAGE.  Peter,  a  superior  of  the  Jesuits, 
who  died  in  Syria,  in  1740. 

FROXTEAU,  John,  a  native  of  Angers,  chan- 
cellor of  Paris  university, and  afterwards  prior 
of  Benay.  in  .'Vngleis;  he  t^ed  in  1(162. 

FROiVTEXAC,  Louis  count,  governor-gene- 
ral of  Canada,  whosp  exertions  conduced  to  the 
protection  and  property  of  Canada;  he  died  in 
16iia 

FRONTINL'S,  Sextus  Julius,  a  Roman  writer, 
in  high  repute  under  Vespasian,  Titus,  Domi- 
tian,  Nerva,  and  Tiajan.  Nerva  made  him  cu- 
rator of  the  aqueducts,  which  otca.-ioned  him 
towriie  his  treatise  "  De  Aquif  Juctibus  Urbia 
Roiate."  He  wrote  also,  "  Tres  Libros  Strata- 
geniatum,"  or,  concerning  the  stratagems  used 
in  war  by  the  most  eminent  Crock  and  Roman 
commanders  ;  and  afterwards  added  a  fourih 
eontaining  examples  of  those  arts  and  maxims 
'US.  ^nrcPd  of  in  the  former.  These  two  works 
are  still  exiant. 

FRONTO,  Marcus  Cornelius,  a  Roman  ora- 
tor, preceptor  to  Vereius  and  M.  Aurelitis. 

FROWDE, Philip,  author  of  several  pieces  of 
poetry,  some  of  which  in  Latin  were  pure  and 
elegant  enough  to  enti'le  them  to  a  place  in  the 
Miisa;  Anglicana;.  He  likewise  wrote  two  tra- 
gedies, "  The  Fall  of  Saguntum,"  and  "  Philo- 
tas."     He  died  iu  17.38. 

FRUGONI,  Charles  Innrvcent,  an  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Genoa,  died  in  ITliS. 

FRUMENTCUS,  a  Romish  saint,  con.=iecrated 
bishop  of  the  Ethiopians,  by  Athanasius,  died  in 
360. 

FR  YE,Thomas,  a  painter,  who  acquired  some 
eminei.ce  in  London,  where  he  died,  in  1762. 

FRYTH,  John,  an  English  martyr,  who  was 
converted  to  Ijutheranism,  at  Oxford.  He 
preached  his  doctrines  so  boldly,  that  he  was 
sent  to  the  Tower,  and,  on  his  refusing  to  re- 
cant, was  burnt  at  Sniithfield,  in  1533. 

FUCHSirs,  or  FUCHS,  Leonard,  an  emi- 
nent physician  and  botanist,  of  Munich  and  In- 
goldstadt,  died  in  ]56'i. 

FCESSLI,  John  Gaspard,  an  eminent  artist 
of  Zurich,  author  of  the  history  of  the  artists  of 
Swilzeilaud,  died  in  1782. 

FtJGGER,  Huldric,  bom  at  Augsburgh,  in 
1526,  was  eminent  for  his  affection  to  learning 
and  learned  men.  He  laid  out  great  sums  in 
purchasing  good  manuscripts  of  ancient  auli:ors, 
and  getting  them  printed  ;  and  for  this  purpose, 
he  ailowi'd  for  sometime  a  salary  to  the  famous 
Henry  Stephens.  His  relations  were  so  in- 
censed at  him  for  the  moneys  ho  expended  in 
this  way,  that  they  brought  an  action  against 
him  for  it,  and  got  him  to  be  declared  uicapable 
of  managing  his  atTairs.  He  died  in  1584,  hav- 
ing bequeathed  his  library  to  the  elector  Pala- 
tine, and  a  fund  for  the  maintenance  of  six 
':cholain. 

FULBRRT,  an  Italian,  who  acquired  great 
celebrity  as  a  preacher  in  France,  and  was  made 
bishop  of  Chartres  ;  be  died  in  1028. 

FliLI).\,  Cliarles  Frederic,  i  native  of  Swa- 
bia,  eminent  as  a  Lutheran  divine,  and  as  a  me- 
chanic ;  he  died  in  1786. 

eoi 


FU 


(.  \ 


FULGENTIUS,  St.,  an  ecclesiastical  wiiter 
and  bisiinp  of  Ruapa.,  in  Africa,  born  in  404, 
died  i!.  5-JJ. 

FULGI>fAS,  SiKi«:nund,  a  historian  of  tlic 
15tli  century,  in  the  service  of  pope  Julius  II. 

FI.'L,KE,  William,  1).  D.,  an  EiiL-lisli  divine, 
eminent  for  his-  ieaniiiig,  master  of  Peuibrokt-- 
ball,  Oxford,  and  a  prolessor  there;  iie  died  in 

PULLER,  Nicolas,  a  distinguished  Englisli 
•chiilar  and  critic,  prebendary  of  Salisbury,  died 
in  KtZi. 

FULLEU,  Thomas,  an  English  historian  and 
divine,  born  in  1<'.08,  died  in  IGiil.  He  is  cele 
brai.-d  pa>ticularly  as  author  of  a  "  History  of 
the  War,"  "  Tht"  Chtircii  History  of  Britain, 
froia  thp  birth  of  Jesus  Chi  ist,  to  tho  ysar  1348 ;' ' 
"  The  Kislory  of  the  University  of  Cambridge 
since  the  Conquest,"  &c.  &,c.  He  liad  a  me- 
inory  so  tenacious  and  comprehensive,  that  it 
enabled  hint  to  do  things  which  are  hardly  cre- 
dible. He  could  1  -^peat  500  strange  words  after 
twice  hearing  ;  and  could-make  use  of  a  sermon, 
verbatim,  if  he  once  heard  it. 

FULLER    Isaac,  a  celebrated  English  pain- 
ter, in  the  reign  of  Charles  U.,  died  iti  London. 
FULLO,  Peter,  a  heretical  bishop  of  Antioch, 
in  the  5th  century. 

FULTON,  Robert,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania, 
was  born  in  i7!)5.  Hetarly  evinced  agenius  foi 
mechanics  and  painting,  and  went  to  England 
to  improve  himself  in  the  latter.  His  attention, 
however,  was  soon  turned  to  mechanics,  and  he 
became  a  civil  engineer.  From  that  time,  his 
discoveries  and  inventions  were  numerous  and 
important.  But  that  which  will  continue  his 
rame  to  posterity,  and  associate  him  with  the 
benefactors  of  mankind,  was  the  successful  ap- 
plication of  steam  to  the  propelling  of  boats. 
Th;'  discovery  was  made,  and  the  first  experi- 
inent  tried  at  Pans,  in  1803  :  after  which  he  re- 
turned to  America  and  exliibitod  a  boat  in  suc- 
cessful operation  on  tlio  wat^'rs  of  New-York. 
Vessels  propelled  by  hia  machinery  are  now  in 
common  use  throui;hoat  the  United  States,  and 
in  Europe.  He  died  suddenly,  in  tlie  mids;  of 
his  career,  in  Feb.,  1815. 

FULVIA,  an  extraordinary  Roman  lady,  and 
wife  of  Mark  Antony,  who  had  no  more  of  her 
sex  tiian  lier  body  ;  for  her  temper  and  courage 
breathed  nothing  but  policy  and  war.  This  lady 
was  an  admirable  coadjutor  to  her  cruel  hus- 
band during  the  massacres  of  the  triumvirate. 
She  put  several  persons  to  dsath  of  her  own 
head,  either  out  of  avarice  or  a  spirit  of  re 
ventje ;  and  even  people  whom  her  husband  did 
not  know.  Antony  caused  the  heads  of  thos.^ 
whom  he  had  proscribed  to  be  broueht  to  a  ta 
ble,  and  fed  his  eyes  a  long  while  with  ihosij  nn 
happy  spectacles.  The  head  of  Cicero  was  one 
of  them,  which  he  ordered  to  be  fixed  on  the 
rostrum  from  whence  Cicero  had  made  so  many 
speeches  atjaiiist  him ;  but,  before  that  order 
WiT?  exec:ited,  Fulvia  took  the  head  and  spit 
upon  it,  and  placing  it  on  her  lap,  drew  out  th^' 
tongue,  which  she  pierced  sever.il  times  with 
her  bodkin,  uttering  all  tlie  while  tlie  most  op- 
probrious lan:;uage  against  Cicero. 

FUNCCIUS,  or  FUNCK,  John  Nicholas,  a 
celeb,  atad  critic,  born  at  Marpurg,  1h  1693,  died 
in  1778. 

Flj'ilETTERE,  Anthony,  an  ingenious  and 
parnod  Fre.icliman,  born  at  Paris,  in  ir)-20,  was 
cmiiier.t  in  the  civil  and  canon  law;  but  lie  is 
chiefly  known  by,  and  valued  for,  his  "  Univer- 
salDiclJonary  Of  the  French  Tongue,"  in  which 
202 


he  explains  the  terms  ol  art  in  all  sciences.    He 
died  in  l(i^<S. 

FUKIM,  Fra.icesco,  a  painter,  of  Florence, 
adiriired  for  the  elegance  displayed  in  his  figures; 

;  died  in  164n. 

FURIUS,  ctilled  Bibaculu^,  perliaps  from  hia 
excessive  drinking,  an  ancient  Latin  poet,  born 
ai  Cremona,  about  the  vear  of  Rome  tioO,  or  100 
I?.  C.  He  wrote  annals,  of  which  Macrobiua 
has  nreserved  some  fragments. 

FURNE.VUX,  Philip,  D.  D.,  an  English  dis- 
sentin!»  clcrfrv^naii.  died  in  1783. 

FURST,  or  FUKSTIUS,  Waiter,  rever*;d  by 
iiis  countrymen  as  one  of  the  founders  of  Swiss 
libertv,  ;iv«d:ibout  1307. 

FURSTEMBURG.  Ferdinardde,  a  native  of 
Westphalia,  promoted  in  the  church  by  pope 
.Mexavider  VH.,  and  made  bishop  of  Munster, 
md  apostolical  vicar  of  northern  Europe,  died 
in  1683 

FUSf,  Anthony,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
iifterwards  became  a  protestanl  at  Geneva,  died 
hi  1630. 

FUST,  or  FAUSTL^S,  John,  a  citizen  of 
Mentz,  and  one  of  the  earliest  printers.  He  had 
the  policy  to  conceal  his  art ;  and  to  this  policy 
we  are  indebted  for  the  tradition  of  "  The  Devil 
:i[id  Dr.  Faiistus,"  handed  down  to  the  present 
times.  About  1460,  he  associated  with  John  of 
Guttembur-jh ;  their  types  were  cut  in  wood, 
and  fixed,  not  moveable  as  at  present.  Having 
firinted  off  a  cunsiderable  number  of  copies  of 
the  Bible,  to  imitate  those  which  were  com- 
monly sold  in  MS.,  Fust  undertook  the  sale  of 
lliein  at  Paris,  where  the  art  of  printing  was 
rhen  unknov/n.  As  he  sold  his  printed  copies 
tor  60  crowns,  while  the  scribes  demanded  500, 
this  created  universal  astoiiishmeut;  but,  when 
he  produced  copies  asfast  as  ihey  were  wanted, 
and  loweri^d  the  price  to  30  crowns,  all  Paris 
W.1S  agitated.  The  uniforniiiy  of  the  copies  in- 
creased the  wonder ;  informations  were  given 
in  to  the  po.ioe  against  him  as  a  magician;  his 
lodgings  were  j-earciied,  and  a  great  number  of 
copies  being  found,  they  were  seized  ;  the  red 
nk  with  which  they  were  embellished  was  said 
o  be  his  blood  ;  itvvas  seriously  adjudged  that 
lie  was  in  league  with  the  devil ;  and,  if  he  had 
not  fled,  most  probably  he  would  have  sharea 
the  tate  of  those  whom  ignorant  and  supersti- 
tious judges  condemned,  in  those  days,  for  witch- 
;raft.     Fust  died  at  Mentz,  in  1466. 

FUZELIRR,  Lewis,  a  dramatic  writer,  of  Pa- 
is, and  the  conductor  of  a  periodical  paper,  call- 
ed the  Mercnrv,  died  in  1752. 

FYOT  DELA  .MA RCHE,  Claude,  count  of 
Bosjam,  a  favourite  of  Lewis  XIV.,  and  coun 
sellor  of  state,  and  afterwards  prior  of  Notre 
Dame ;  he  died  in  17-21. 


GAAL,  Baient,  a  Dutch  landscape  painter, 
of  some  celebrity,  born  about  Ifi-W 
I    GA13BI  \Nl,  Antonio  Dominico,  a  painter,  of 
Florence,  patronised  bv  the  duke  Cosmo  III., 
died  in  1726. 

GABINIUS,  Aiilus,  a  Roman  consul,  employ- 
ed asainst  Alexasider,  king  of  Judea,  died  in  40 
B.C. 

GABRIEL,Severus,aGreek  bishop ;  he  wrote 
various  theological  tracts,  and  died  al'ter  1577. 

G  -VPRIEL,  Slonite.  a  Maronitc,  who  assisted 
le  Jav  in  the  polyglot  Bible ;  he  ilied  in  lfi48. 

G.iBKIEL,  Jaines,  a  distinguished  French 


GA 


architect,  and  inspector  general  of  buildingg  in 
France,  died  in  l~4i. 

GAf5KILLE,  de  Bourbon,  a  lady  of  great 
virtue,  wife  of  iewis  de  la  Tremorille ;  slie  died 
in  1325. 

GABRINO,  Augustine,  a  fanatic,  of  Bressia, 
who  called  himself  monarch  of  the  Trinity,  <fcc 
his  tbllowers  were  about  80 ;  lie  was  confined  in 
a  mad  lioase,  aad  his  sec:  was  dispersed. 

GABRJNO.    See  RIEN'/l. 

GABI'RKT,  NicliolUf:,  an  eminent  Frencl; 
surgeon,  under  Lewis  XIII.,  died  in  1G62. 

GACON,  Francis,  a  French  poet,  Iviiowii  for 
his  severe  satires  against  llossuct,  Rousseau, 
Slc,  died  in  l'rI7. 

GiVDIUlRY,  John,  an  astrcloger,  and  pupil  of 
Li'lv,  born  in  JtixlT,  died  by  shipwreck,  on  a  voy- 
age to  Jamaica.  Partridjie  put  forth  a  hook 
in  lf)9?,  entitled,  "  The  Black  Life  of  Joliii 
Gadburv." 

GADOEl^DEN,  John  of,  an  Englishman,  the 
first  eiiiployed  as  physician  at  the  court ;  author 
of  "Ko»a  Aiiulica." 

G.\DRi,Gaddo,  a  Mosaic  painter,  of  Florence, 
died  in  1312. 

GADDl,  Taddeo,  son  of  the  preceding,  died 
in  1350. 

G.^DDI,  Agnolo,  son  and  pupil  of  Taddeo: 
died  in  13>?7. 

G/vDSDKN,  Christopher,  lieutenant  governor 
•f  South-Carolina,  was  an  early  friend  and 
advocate  of  the  rights  of  the  colonies,  and  took 
a  decided  part  in  I'arour  of  their  separation  and 
independence;  he  died  in  1(^05. 

g\ELEN.  Alexander,  Van,  a  Dutch  p.ninler, 
who  painted  three  battles,  between  C'harlue  I 
and  Cromwell ;  he  died  in  ITi^. 

GAERTNER,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Caiu,  in 
Swabia,  a  dislinf;uished  naturalist,  autlior  of 
a  great  work  called  Carpolngj',  which  he  dedi- 
cated to  Sir  Joseph  Banks  ;  lie  died  in  ITEl. 

G^^TANO,  Scipio,  an  admired  Florentine 
painter,  died  :.t  1583 

GAFF-\REr.L,  James,  a  French  writer,  li 
brarian  to  Riciieliou,  who  enabled  him  to  make 
a  large  collection  of  MSS.  ;  lie  was  author  of 
Beveral  v  f>rks,  and  died  in  1681. 

GAFflKlO,  Franchino.ai.ative  of  Sodi,  head 
of  the  choir,  in  Milan  cathedral ,  ha  wrote  several 
works  oil  music,  and  died  In  1520. 

GAGE,  Thomas  an  Irishmtui,  missionary  to 
the  Philippines  ;  he  died  in  Ui51. 

GAGE,  Thomas,  the  last  governor  of  Mass., 
appointed  by  the  kiiie,  after  the  conquest  of 
Canada,  in  1760,  was  appiMiited  co'xrnor  ol 
Montreal,  he  was  exceedingly  odious  to  the 
Americans,  and  died  in  England,  in  17i^7. 

GAGEK,  William,  a  civilian  and  poet,  was 
entered  of  Christ  chrirch,  Oxford,  in  1574,  wliCit 
he  arrived  at  the  degree  of  LL.  I).  lie  delind 
8'1  the  stSfT'^  against  tho  attacks  of  Dr.  Raiiiolds; 
lie  wrote  in  Latin,  "Melea>:er"  and  "Ulysses 
Redux,"  tragedies;  and  "  Ri\alps,"  a  conicdy 

G.^GNIF.R,  John,  an  eminent  orientalist,  who.! 
in  1723,  published  Abulltda's'  "Life  of  Mini 
Uanimed,"  in  Arabic,  with  a  Latin  liiinslalion,! 
and  no-f  s ;  he  was  born  at  Paiis,  and  died  in  ITiS.j 

GAGTS'V,  Tohii,  first  .Tlnioner  to  Francis  I.,! 
and  author  of  commentaries  on  the  New  Testa-j 
meiit ;  he  died  in  ISIS.  I 

G.VGUINrS,  Robert,  a  French  historian,  died; 
in  l.">i;i.  He  was  the  author  of  several  works; 
the  principal  of  which  is  a  histurvin  11  hooks' 
"  Dp  Cc  stis  Francorr.m,  fron:  1200  to  l.'iOO." 

G.MrilFf^,  Jnlin,  priest  of  the  oratory,  and 
canou  of  iSoiiisoiii,  died  in  1730. 


GAILI^ARD,  de  Lonjumeau,  bishop  of  Apt, 
was  the  first  projector  of  a  universal  hislutical 
dictionary  ;  he  died  in  1605. 

GAILLAlvD,  Gabriel  Henry,  a  French  histo- 
rical writiT,  and  member  of  the  French  academy 
died  in  icH)l\. 

GAIIVAS,  a  Goth,  of  great  valour,  became  a 
general  under  Arcadius  and  desolated  Thrace, 
because  refused  a  church  for  the  Arians-  he 
was  killed  A.  D.  400. 

GAiNSBOROUGH,Thomas,bom  at  Sudbury 
in  Sull'olk,  1727,  very  early  discovered  a  pro- 
ppiisily  to  painting.  Nature  was  his  teacher, 
and  tiie  woods  of  Suffolk  iiis  academy.  Her* 
he  would  pass  in  solitude  his  mornings,  in  milk- 
ing a  sketch  of  an  old  tree,  a  marshy  brook,  a 
few  cattle,  a  shepherd  and  his  flock,  or  any 
other  accidental  objects  that  were  presented. 
From  delineation  he  proceeded  to  colourinn ; 
and  after  painting  several  landscapes  from  the 
ape  of  10  to  12,  he  quitted  Sudbury  for  London, 
where  he  commenced  portrait  painter.  His 
landscapes  will  establish  his  name  on  the  record 
of  fim  arts  with  honours  such  as  never  before 
attended  a  native  of  England.  These  subjecta 
lie  painted  with  a  faithful  adherence  to  iiiiiure: 
indeed,  the  brilliancy  of  (Jlaude,  and  the  .-impli- 
city  of  Ri'.ysdael,  appear  combined  in  Mr.  G's 
romantic  sieiies.  While  we  lament  him  as  an 
artist,  let  us  not  pass  over  those  virtues  wliich 
were  an  honour  to  human  nature,  that  gene- 
rous lieart,  v.hose  strongest  propensities  were 
to  relieve  the  genuine  claims  of  poverty.  If  he 
selected,  for  the  exercise  of  his  pencil,  an  infant 
from  a  cottage,  all  the  tenants  ol  the  humble 
roof  generally  participated  in  the  profits  of  the 
pictiiie  ;  and  some  ol  them  frequently  found  in 
his  habitation  a  permanent  abode.  His  libera- 
lity was  not  con/iiied  to  this  alone  ;  needy  rela- 
tives, and  unfortunate  friends,  were  further  iii- 
cutabrances  on  a  spirit  that  could  not  deny  ; 
and,  owing  to  this  generosity  of  temper,  that 
affluence  was  not  left  to  his'  family  which  so 
much  merit  niiglu  promise,  and  such  real  worth 
deserve.    He  died  in  1788. 

GALADIN,  Mahomet.,  a  popular  emperor  of 
the  Moguls,  died  in  1695. 

GALANTINI,  Hippolito,  a  delicate  irriuiature 
painter,  of  Genoa,  died  in  1706. 

GALANUH,  Clement,  an  Italian,  missionary 
to  .\merica,  wrote  a  grammar  of  that  lancuace. 
about  ]fi50. 

GALAS,  Matthew,  a  general,  who,  from 
being  a  page,  rose  to  higli  standing  :  he  was  in 
the  service  of  the  emperor  Frederic  II.,  and 
Philip  IV.,  ot  Spain;  he  died  in  1647. 

GALATEO,  Ferrari  Antonio,  a  scholar  and 
physician,  born  at  Galatinia  ,  ho  was  author  of 
af-veral  wnrkF,  and  died  in  1517. 

GALATIN,  Po'ci,  author  of  the  valuable 
work  "  De  Areanis  Catholica;  Veritatis  ;"  he 
died  about  1530. 

GAI-BA,ServiusSulpicius,  emperor  of  Rome 
after  Nero :  he  was  slain  bv  the  guards,  who 
raised  Otlio  to  the  throne.  A'  D.  69.^ 

G.\LE,  John,  a  learned  divine,  among  the 
baptists,  born  at  liofidon,  in  1680.  His  lather 
was  a  citizen  of  ^ood  repute.  He  is  chiefly 
known  for  his  writings  against  "  Wall's  De- 
fence of  Infa;it  Baptism,"  and  died  in  1721. 

GALE,  Tlieophilus,  a  learned  divine,  among 
the  non-conformists,  born  in  1628,  died  in  ir)78. 
He  wrote  a  large  and  laborious  work,  called 
"The  Court  of  the  Gentiles." 

GALE,   Thomas,  dean  of  York,   formerly 
head-master  of  St.  Paul's  school,  and  cidebra 
203 


GA 


GA 


tort  for  his  kiu;wleitj;e  of  tlie  (ii'iek  langiiaf,'c;, 
811(1  aiitiqnitu'K,  was  bom  in  IG:!*),  died  in  i'dti. 

OAI.K,  Roger,  F.  I..  A.  SS.,  son  of  llio 

dean,  fnst  vicn-presidaiii  '.  " '!  p  society  of  anti- 
qiiarina,  nnj  treasurer  to  tlht  in  •  ..nriety,  horn 
167'^:  was  considered  as  oiieof  f...,i  :.  v  learned 
men  of  Ills  age,  and  most  liifrtdy  skil  j  in  the 
antiquities  of  liis  country,    lie  died  in  IV4-.'. 

GALE,  Sninnel,  the  yo\nigest  of  the  dean's 
sons,  born  in  iix"2.  He  was  one  of  tlie  revivm 
of  the  swiety  of  antiquaries,  in  1717,  and  tlieir 
first  treasurer.  He  was  a  man  of  {.'reat  learn- 
ing and  uncommon  abilities,  :uid  well  versed  in 
the  antiquitieh  of  Rnjrland,  for  which  he  left 
manv  vahiahle  collections  behind  him.  He  died 
in  1754. 

G.^fiEANO,  Joseph,  a  physician  ot  great re- 
|)Hte,  at  Palermo.  VVe  owe  to  him  a  collection 
of  littl*  pieces  of  the  Sicilian  pnets.  lie  was 
born  in  liiO.'i,  and  died  in  11)75,  (ireatly  regretted  ; 
for  he  was  a  kind  of  oracle  with  his  country,- 
men. 

G ALTON,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Zealand, 
chancellor  of  Douay  university,  and  author  of 
several  works. 

GALF,?f,  Claudian,  after  Hippocrates,  prince 
of  the  Greek  physicians,  was  a  native  of  Per- 
p.linus,  in  the  Lesser  Asia,  where  he  was  born 
abiiiit  VM.  He  chose  physic  for  his  profession, 
being  determined  thereto  by  a  dream  which  his 
father  had  a  little  before  his  death  ;  and  at  28 
years  of  age  had  made  some  considerable  ad- 
vances toward  improving  his  art:  for  instance, 
he  had  acquired  a  particular  skill  inthe  wounds 
of  the  nerves  ;  and  was  possessed  of  a  method 
of  treating  them  never  known  before.  The 
pontiff  of  Periramup  have  him  an  opportunity 
of  trying  his  new  method  upon  the  gladiators  : 
and  lie  was  so  successful,  that  not  a  single  one 
perished  by  any  wounds  of  this  kind.  By  this 
We  find,  as  well  as  by  several  other  instances, 
that  Galen  studied,  understood,  and  practised 
surgery,  as  well  as  physic.  Distinguished  above 
his  cntemporaries,  tliis  prince  of  physicians  con- 
tin  iK'd  to  practise  at  Rome,  the  capita!  of  the 
world,  til!  he  was  obliged  to  submit  to  fate  like 
mher  mortals.  His  death  Iiappened  in  20L 
There  are  reckoned  above  500  books  of  his  upon 
physic  only,  and  about  half  that  number  upon 
other  sciences. 

GALKN,  Bernard  Van,  a  native  of  West- 
phalia, known  as  a  bishop  and  a  genernl ;  he 
wai"  iMisaeed  in  a  war  with  the  Turks,  attacked 
«he  United  States,  Sweden,  &e.,  and  died  in 
167S. 

GALEOTt,  Nicholas,  an  Ttalian  jeeuit,  au- 
thor of  the  lives  of  the  generals  of  his  order ;  he 
died  in  1748. 

GALF/)Tr,  Marcio,  a  native  of  Nanii,  tutor 
to  the  stJll  of  Matthias  Corvinus,  tlie  king,  and 
beins  invited  to  France  by  Lewis  XL,  on  going 
to  pav  his  respects  to  hiiii,  fell,  and  so  injured 
fiimsi-lf  as  to  cause  his  deatli. 

GALERIUS,  C.  Valerius  Maxiniianus,  from 
a  herdsman  in  Dacia,  became  emperor  of 
Knme ;  he  died  in  SH. 

G.'VLGAtTJS,  a  Caledonian  chief,  famous  for 
his  noble  resistance  against  the  invasions  of  the 
Romans. 

GALILF.T.  Galileo,  a  innst  eminent  astiono- 
Itier  and  mathematician,  inventor  of  the  tele- 
scope, fcr.,  born  at  Florence,  Feb.  19,  15t)4. 
Having  ob.=crved  «me  solar  spots,  in  1612,  he 
nrlnled  that  discovert'  the  following  year,  at 
Rome  ;  In  which,  and  in  some  other  pieces,  he 
vetittirod  to  assert  the  truth  of  the  Copernicati 
204 


syjiei.i,  and  brought  several  new  arguments  to 
|Cnnfirm  it.  Tiiis  slarLled  the  jesuj's,  who  thcre- 
lupon  procured  a  citation  lor  "him  to  appear  be- 
fore the  holy  office,  at  Rome,  in  IfilS,  wheie  he 
was  charged  with  lieresy,  for  maintaining  these 
two  propositions :  L  That  thf:  sun  is  in  the  cen- 
tre of  tlie  world,  and  immovoBhle  by  a  local 
motion  ;  and,  2.  That  the  earth  is  not  the  centre 
I'  the  world,  nor  immoveable,  but  actually 
movis  by  a  diurnal  motion.  The  first  of  these 
positions  was  declared  to  be  absurd,  false  in  phi- 
losophy, and  fornjally  heretical,  being  contrary 
to  the  express  word  of  <jOd  ;  the  secoiul  was  al- 
so alleged  to  be  philosophically  false,  and,  in  a 
theological  view  at  least,  erroneous  iti  point  of 
faith.  The  inquisition  pronounced  sentence 
against  him  and  his  books.  They  obliged  hiui 
to  abjure  his  errors  in  the  most  solemn  manner, 
committed  him  to  the  priscm  of  their  oflice  dur- 
ing pleasure,  which  was  till  1634,  and  his  "  Dia- 
logues of  the  System  of  the  World"  were  burnt 
at  Rome.  Galilei  died  Jan.  8,  1642.  He  was 
the  author  of  several  noble  and  useful  in- 
ventions and  discoveries  in  astronomy,  geome- 
try and  mechanics  ;  the  principal  of  which,  be- 
sides those  already  menlioiied,  are,  in  the  first 
of  those  sciences,  the  trepidation  or  vibration 
of  the  moon,  as  also  the  inequalities  or  moun- 
tains in  its  surlace.  In  geometry,  ha  invented 
the  cycloid,  or  trochoid,  ;  and,  in  mechaJiicfi, 
ttrst  found  the  e\act  degree  of  celerity  in  the 
descent  of  bodies  by  the  force  of  gravity  :  to 
which  may  be  added  the  machine  Vith  which 
the  Venetians  render  their  Lagiina  fluid  and 
navi-'able  ;  the  inv<ntion  whereof  was  his. 

GALISSOiVNIERB,  Rollutid  Michael  Barria, 
marquis,  a  French  admiral ;  after  serving  with 
iistinction  in  the  navy,  was  made  governor  of 
Canada.   He  died  in  1756. 

GALliAND,  Antony,  a  learned  antiquary,  of 
France,  atid  professor  of  Arabic  in  tlie  royal 
collece  at  Paris,  born  in  1(546,  died  in  171.5.  He 
is  chiefly  known  as  the  translator  or  author  of 
"  Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments." 

GALLAND,  Augustus,  a  French  counsellor 
of  state,  wrote  some  memoirs,  &c.,  and  died  in 
1644. 

GALLE,  or  GALL/EUS,  Servatius,  pastor 
of  the  church  at  Haerlcm,  died  in  1709. 

GAUjET,  N.,  a  French  spice  merchant, 
known  for  some  comic  pieces,  died  in  1757. 

tiAIjLIENT'S,  a  Roman  emperor.  He  was 
assassinated  in  268. 

G  AliLIGAI,  Eleonora,  was  the  dausrhter  of  a 
joiner,  and  Mary  de  Medicis'  nurse.  That  prin- 
cess carried  her  with  hej-into  France,  when  she 
went  thither,  in  1606,  to  be  married  to  Henry 
[V. ;  and  Galligai,  under  the  title  'if  bed-cham- 
ber woman  to  that  queen,  governed  her  just  as 
she  pleased.  She  married  Concino  Concini,  af- 
terwards marshal  D'Ancre;  and  their  inordi- 
nate pride  and  ambition  was  at  ler-»th  punished 
by  the  assassination  of  the  husband  and  the 
execution  of  the  wife. 

G  A  LLITZIN,  Basil,  a  noble  Russian  ;  though 
unsuccesfiil  in  his  ambitions  views,  he  was 
a  man  of  great  merit.     He  died  in  1713. 

GALLITZTN,  Michael  Micbaelowitz,  prince 

of,  distinL'uished  himself  under  Peter  the  Great 

against  Charles  MIL,  of  Sweden ;  be  died  1730. 

GALLOtniE,  Lewis,  a  painter,  of  the  French 

school,  dii^d  ill  1761. 

GALLOIS,  John,  a  learned  Frenchman,  bom 
at  Paris,  in  1632.  He  was  a  univeisnl  scholar: 
but  is  now  memorable  chii  fly  for  having  been 
the  first  who  published  the  Journal  des  Savaiis, 


GA 


In  coiijiiMctioii  with  M.  dfi  Sallo,  who  had  form- 
ed Uic  disigii  of  tliat  wnik.     Hu  died  in  1707. 

GALLOIS,  Julian  Jean  Cui-ar  It,  a  French 
phyxiolojfist,  wlw  disliiignislied  himself  by  his 
"  Exptrinients  on  tlie  Principle  of  Life,  parti 
ciilarly  on  that  of  tlic  Motion  of  the  Heart,  and 
the  tieat  of  tliis  Principle  ;"  he  died  iti  1818.  ■ 

GALLOXIO,  Antonio,  an  ecclesiastic  at 
Eome,  died  in  ]fi05. 

GALLOWAY,  Joscpli,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
ef  Pennsylvania,  was  a  member  of  the  lirst  con- 
gress, in  1774,  but  afterwards  deserted  tlie 
American  cause.  lie  died  in  England,  in 
180:!. 

GALLUCCI,  Tarquinio,  an  Italian  Jesuit 
died  in  1049. 

GALLUCCI,  Giovanni  Paulo,  an  Italian  as- 
tronomer, wrote  "  on  the  Instruments  of  Astro 
nomy." 

GALLUCCI,  Angelo,  an  Italian  Jesuit,  author 
of  "  (^ommenlarii  de  Uello  Uelgico,"  died  in 
1674. 

GALLUS,,C.  Vihins,  a  Roman  emperor,  was 
assassinatfd  by  his.#)ldiers,  in  253. 

GAJ,LUS,  Flavins  Claudius  Constantius,  bro- 
ther of  the  emperor  Julian,  was  put  to  death  on 
auspicion  of  cruelty,  in  354. 

GAJjLUS,  Cornelius,  an  ancient  Roman  poet, 
the  pariicular  favourite  of  Augustus  Ca-sar, 
who  made  him  governor  of  K^ypt  after  the  death 
of  Antony  and  Cleopatra ;  hut  he  was  guilty  of 
such  nial-adniiuistration  in  his  (government,  that 
he  was  condemned  to  banisliinent,  and  to  lose 
his  estate.  TJiis  disgrace  grieved  him  so,  that 
he  put  an  end  to  his  life,  when  he  was  about  43 
years  of  use,  in  the  year  of  Route  728. 

GALLY,  Henry,  an  Englisliman,  proirmtcd  to 
several  benefices,  wrote  some  sermons,  &.C.,  died 
in  17C.9. 

GALVANI,  liCwIs,  an  Italian  philosopher, 
from  whom  Galviiiism,  which  has  made  so 
much  noise  in  the  philosophical  world,  took  ils 
name.  It  is  said,  that  a  fit  of  illness,  by  which 
his  wife  was  attacked,  led  him  to  the  discovery 
of  his  theory  respecting  metallic  irritation  and 
animal  electricity.  The  physician  havlna  pre- 
scril>ed  for  his  wife  soup  made  of  boiled  frogs, 
G.ilvani  prepared  them  himself;  and  having  ac- 
cidentally touched  a  frog  after  lie  had  skimied 
it,  he  observed  it  in  an  involuntary  motion, 
which  indu<ed  him  to  make  sonu'  experiments 
that  conducted  him  to  the  disnivery.  He  was 
born  at  lioloirna,  in  1737,  died  1798. 

GALVANO,  Antony,  a  native  of  theF,asl  In- 
dies, governor  of  the  Molucca-?.  BecRine  poor 
by  liis  liberality,  and  died  in  a  hospital,  at  Lis- 
bon, in  1557. 

GAM,  Pavid,  a  hrave  Welchman,  who  fell  in 
battle  noUy  defending  Henry  V.  He  was  knight- 
ed by  his  sovereit;n  just  as  he  expiied. 

GAMA,Va8co  de,  a  celebrated  Portuguese  na- 
vigator, who  discovered  the  course  to  the  East 
Indies  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  was  born  at 
Sines,  in  Portugal,  and  died  in  1525. 

(J  A  M At  'HES,  Stephen  Simon,  author  of  Phy 
sical  Astronomy,  A^c-,  died  in  ]75f). 

G  AMACHKS,  Philip  de,  author  of  Commen- 
taries on  the  Snnima  of  Aquinas,  died  in  3025. 

G.AMALIEL,  a  Jewish  doctor  of  tlic  law,  and 
a  secret  disciple  of  our  Saviour. 

G  AMUAUA,  Lorenzo,  an  Italian  poet,  autlior' 
of  a  Latin  poem  on  Columbus;  he  died  in  15P('. 

GAMUARA,  Veronica,  an  Italian  lady,  who! 
devoted  herself  to  literature,  and  published  some 
po^ms  ;  she  di'-d  !i  1550. 

GAM1!0i>A,,  Jsihn,  a  trulv- primitive  Cliris 


tian,  and  a  bishop  among  tlie  Moravian  brethren. 
He  was  not  only  a  good  scholar,  but  a  man  of 
great  parts,  and  of  singular  mechanica;  ingenui- 
ty ;  he  died  universally  respected,  in  1771. 

GANDY,  James,  apaii.ter,  who  came  to  Ire- 
laiul  with  the  duke  of  Ormond,  and  died  there 
in  lC8!t. 

GANG.'\NELLI,  John  Vincent  Antony,  was 
born  ill  1705,  the  son  of  a  physician  ;  and,  from 
being  a  petty  monk  of  the  order  (if  St.  Francis, 
ascended  to  the  papacy.  May  19, 1*00,  when  lie 
assumed  ihe  name  of  ClemenI  XIV.  Thus  be- 
coming sovereign  pontifl'  in  the  most  critical 
and  tempestuous  times,  in  his  conunerce  with 
the  world,  he  practised  the  Inimilily  of  a  Fran- 
ciscan monk  ;  but,  on  occasion  of  si'Jendour,  he 
sus;ained  the  papal  grandeur  with  appropriate 
magnificence.  Tlie  most  stiiking  incident  of  his 
life  was  his  being  tiie  instrument,  under  Provi- 
dence, of  aimihiiating  the  mighty  order  of  the 
Jesuits.  To  the  resentment  of  that  order  it  is 
supposed  he  at  last  fell  a  sacrifice,  his  robust 
constitution  and  regularity  of  life  seeming  to 
promise  him  a  nmch  longer  period  than  09 years; 
for  he  died  in  1774,  poisoned,  as  is  supposed,  in 
the  sacrament ;  he  himself  declaring  his  suspi- 
cions before  he  died,  and  all  the  after  symptoms 
strongly  contirming  the  same. 

GANG,  John,  collected  the  first  baptist  society 
in  New-Yolk,  and  was  its  minister;  he  disiin- 
gnished  himself  in  the  American  war,  and  died 
in  1804. 

GANSEVOORT,  Peter,  a  distinguished  offi- 
cer of  the  American  army  during  the  levolu 
iion.  He  rendered  his  country  essential  service 
by  defending  fort  Slanwix,  when  besieged  by  S*. 
Leger:  and  afterwards,  by  preventing  the  co- 
operation of  that  ofiicer  with  Burgoyne,  he  con- 
tributed essentially  to  the  surrender  of  the  lat- 
ter.    He  died  in  1812. 

GARAMONT,  Claude,  a  French  engraver  and 
letter  founder,  was  a  native  of  Paris,  and  began 
to  distinguish  himself  about  1510.  lie  brought 
his  types  to  so  great  a  degree  of  perfection,  that 
he  can  neither  be  denied  tlie  glory  of  having 
surpassed  whatever  had  been  done  in  this  way 
before,  nor  that  of  not  being  excelled  by  any  of 
his  successors  in  this  useful  mechanic  art.  Ga- 
ramont  died  in  1501  ;  ;ind  all  his  fine  types  came 
into  the  hands  of  Fonrnicr  the  Elder,  an  emi- 
nent letter  founder  at  Paris. 

GARASSE,  Francis,  a  Jesuitical  writer,  and 
aullior  of  the  enmity  between  the  Jesuits  and  the 
janwuisis,  in  the  cliurch  of  Rome,  was  born  at 
Angonlciiie,  in  1585,  and  died  in  1031. 

GARBiEN,  Lorenzo,  a  painter,  of  Bologna, 
and  pupil  of  Ludovici  Caraeci,  died  in  1654. 

GARBO,  Raphael  del,  a  historical  painter, of 
Florence,  died  in  1534. 

GARCIAS  II.,  king  of  Navarre  after  Sancho 
II.,  died  in  1000. 

GARCJLASSO.  Garcias  Lasso  de  la  Vega,  a 
celebrated  Spanish  poet,  born  at  Toledo,  in  1500, 
died  1530,  by  a  stone  thiown  by  a  countryman 
from  a  tinrel,  falling  upon  his  head. 

GARDEN,  Alexander,  a  distinguished  episco- 
pal clergyman,  of  Charleston,  South-Carolina. 
He  came  from  Scotland  to  Charleston,  in  1720, 
and  resided  there  until  his  death,  in  1756. 

GARDEN,  Alexander,  fti.  D.,  ascientific  phy- 
sician, of  South-Carolina,  who  introduced  into 
medical  use  the  Virginian  snake  root ;  he  died 
about  1771. 

GARDIK,  Pontusde  la.  a  French  adventurer, 
successively  in  the  employment  of  n'arshal  Bri- 
sac,  the  Danes,  and  Swedes;  he  died  in  ]0i5. 

SO."! 


GA 

GARniNDUMESNIL.N.,  professor  of  rhcto- 
ric  at  Paris,  and  an  eminent  sriiolar;  he  wrote 
on  Laiin  synoiiynics,  and  died  in  1603. 

GAKDIN'ER.,  Stephen,  bishop  of  Winchester, 
and  ohanrellor  of  England,  was  horn  at  Bury 
St.  Edmund's,  in  .Suffolk,  1483.  His  character  as 
a  minister  is  to  be  drawn  from  the  f;eneral  his- 
tories :  he  had  a  large  portion  of  liaiij^htiness, 
boundless  ambition,  and  deep  dissimulation  ;  for 
he  looked  on  religion  as  an  eniine  of  state,  and 
made  use  of  it  as  .such.     He  died  in  1.555. 

GARDINER,  James,  a  colonel  in  tlie  army  of 
George  n.,  bom  in  Scotland,  1G88,  was  equally 
admirable  for  the  virtues  of  piety  and  personal 
courape,  and  died  bravely  fielitinj;  against  the 
rebels  at  Preston-pans,  near  Ediuburijh,  in  1745. 

GAR  ENGEOT,Rene,  Jacques,  Croissant  do,  a 
French  surgeon  of  great  reputation  ;  he  wrote 
several  valuable  works,  and  died  in  1759. 

GARE.SSOLES,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Mon- 
tauban,  who  wrote  several  tiieoioglcal  works^ 
died  in  IG50. 

CARET,  John,  a  Benedictine  of  St.  Maur, 
born  at  Havre  de  Grace,  died  in  1694. 

GAREANUE,  Jean  de,  a  grammarian,  ob- 
tained somecelebrity  by  hispoem  on  the  "  Con- 
teu)i>t  of  the  World,"  &.C. ;  he  was  living  in 
1801. 

G.\RNET,  Henry,  a  person  memorable  in 
English  history,  for  having  been  privy  to,  and 
aiding  in,  the  celebrated  conspiracy  called  "  The 
Gunpowder  Plot,"  was  executed  at  the  west 
end  of  St.  Paul's,  Mav  3,  1606. 

GARNETT,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  English  physi- 
cian and  natural  piiilosopher,  was  born  in  1766. 
After  having  studied  medicine  and  chymistry, 
and  giaduated  at  Edinburgh,  he  deUvered  seve- 
ral courses  of  lectures  on  chymistry  and  expe- 
rimental philosophy,  at  Manchester,  Liverpool, 
&c.  He  was  soon  after  elected  professor  of 
philosophy,  in  Anderson's  Institution  at  Glas- 
gow; and  his  leisure  hours  in  Scotland  were 
employed  in  collecting  materials  for  his  ■'  Tour 
through  the  Highlands,  and  part  of  the  Western 
Isles."  Pr.  Garneit  afterviard?  accepted  an  in- 
vitation from  the  new  royal  institution,  in  Lon- 
don ;  where,  for  one  season,  he  was  professor 
of  natural  philosophy  and  chymistry,  and  deli- 
vered the  whole  of  the  lectures.  On  reli.'ing 
from  this  situation,  as  being  too  laborious  for 
the  state  of  his  health,  be  commenced  a  course 
of  lectures  at  his  house,  on  Zoonomia,  or  the 
Laws  of  Animal  Life,  arranged  accordim;  to 
tiieUrunonian  theory.  From  a  patient,  whom 
he  attended  in  a  lever,  he  caught  the  infection, 
and  died  in  180-2. 

GARNIER.  Robert,  a  French  tragic  poet, 
born  in  1534,  died  1590. 

(4  \RN1ER,  John,  a  Jesuit,  professor  of  rhe- 
toric and  philosophy,  died  in  1681. 

G  VRNIER,  Julian,  a  Benedictine  monk,  died 
in  1703.  I 

G  AROS.VLO,  Bonvenuto,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  at  ?>rrara,  died  in  160.5. 

GARRARD,  Mark,  an  eminent  painter,  born 
at  Rrnges,  in  Flanders,  in  1561.  He  was  prin- 
cipal painter  to  queen  Elizabeth,  and  died  in 
1635. 

O.VRRARD,  James,  was  an  officer  of  the  re- 
voliiiionary  armv,  and  one  of  the  first  settlers 
of  Kentucky,  of  which  state  be  was  afterwards 
governor  ;  ho  died  m  1822. 

GARRjTK,  n.ivid,  an  excellent  English  actor, 

born  a'  Hereford,  and  baptized  there,  Feb.  28, 

1716.    Ilavin!:  perOumed  a  noviciate  at  Ipswich, 

he  made  his  appearance  at  Goodman's  Fields ; 

206 


GA 

and,  Oct.  1741,  acted  Richard  HI.  for  the  lirst 
thne.  His  acting  wria  attended  with  the  loudest 
acclamations  of  applause  ;  and  his  fame  was  so 
quickly  j)ropa:|ated  through  the  town,  that  the 
iriore  established  theatres  of  Drury  Lane  ami 
Covent  Garden  were  deserted.  These  patentees, 
ala'nied  at  the  gr.-at  deficiency  in  the  receipts  of 
their  houses,  and  at  the  crowds  which  constantly 
filled  the  theatre  of  Goodman's  Fiel.ds,  united 
their  efforts  to  destroy  the  new-raised  seat  of 
theatrical  empire;  in  consequence  of  which, 
Garrick  entered  into  an  agreement  with  Fleet- 
wood, patentee  of  Drury  Lane,  for  500Z.  a  year. 
The  fame  of  our  English  Roscius  was  now  so 
o.xtended,  that  an  invitation  from  Ireland,  upon 
very  profitable  conditions,  was  sent  him  to  act 
in  Dublin  during  the  months  of  June,  July, 
and  Angust,  1742 ;  which  invitation  he  accepted. 
His  success  there  exceeded  all  imagination  ;  he 
was  caressed  by  all  ranks  as  a  prodigy  of  thea- 
trical accomplishments;  and  the  play-house  was 
so  crowded  during  this  hot  season,  that  a  very 
mortal  fever  was  produced,  which  was  c.aWpd 
Garrick's  fever.  lie  returned  to  London  before 
the  winter,  and  now  attended  closely  to  his  the- 
atrical profession,  in  which  he  was  irrevocably 
fixed.  April,  1747,  he  became  joint  patentee  of 
Drury  Lane  theatre  with  Mr.  Lacy  ;  and  in 
July,  1749,  married  Mademoiselle  Violetti.  In 
1763,  he  undertook  a  journey  into  Italy  for  the 
benefit  of  his  liealth ;  and  during  his  travels, 
ave  frequent  proofs  of  his  theatrical  talents; 
for  he  could,  without  the  least  preparation, 
transform  himself  into  any  character,  tragic  oj 
^oniic,  and  seize  instantaneously  upon  any  pas- 
sion of  the  human  mind.  After  he  had  been 
abroad  about  a  year  and  a  h-alf,  he  lurncd  his 
thoughts  homewards,  and  arrived  in  London 
April,  1765  In  1769  he  projected  and  conducted 
the  memorable  Jubilee  at  Str:iif"ord,  in  honour 
of  Shakspeare,  so  much  admired  by  some,  anrf 
so  much  ridiculed  by  others.  On  the  death  of 
Mr.  Lacy  in  1773,  tiie  whole  management  of 
the  theatre  devolved  on  him  ;  but,  being  ad 
vanced  in  j-eais,  and  much  afflicted  with  chroni- 
cal disorders,  he  finally  left  it  in  June,  1776,  and 
disposed  of  his  moiety  of  the  patent  to  Messieurs 
Sheridan,  Linley,  and  Ford,  for  35,0i)(i/.  He 
died  Jan.  20,  1779.  Notwithstanding  his  con- 
lant  employ  as  both  actor  and  manager,  he 
was  perpetually  producing  various  little  thingj 
in  the  dramatic  way  ;  some  of  which  are  origi 
nals;  others  translations  or  alterations  from 
otlier  authors,  adapted  to  the  taste  of  the  present 
times. 

G.ARRIEL,  Peter,  he  wrote  an  account  of 
Montpelier  cathedral,  in  1631. 

GARSAULT,  Francis  .Mexander,  a  learned 
Frenchman  ;  he  wrote  theanatomy  of  the  horae, 
and  died  ar  Paris,  in  1778. 

G.-^RTH,  Sir  Samuel,  an  excellent  poet  and 
phvsician,and  author  of  a  most  admirable  satire, 
called  "The  Dispensary,"  was  born  in  York- 
shire. After  having  eminently  distinguished 
himself,  as  well  by  his  various  poetical  produc- 
lion.s  as  by  his  professional  merit,  he  died  Jan. 
18, 1718-19. 

GARTHSHORE,  Maxwell,  a  physician  and 
an  accoucheur,  who  practised  in  London,  with 
creat  reputaiicm,  near  lifty  years,  was  a  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society  ;  hoi-n  in  1732.  in  Scotland, 
[died  in  London,  in  1812.  Some  papers  of  his 
will  be  foiund  in  -'The  Pliirosophical  Transac- 
tions." 

GAR7.I,  Lewis,  a  painter,  considered  the  suc- 
|ce«»fi>l  rival  of  Carlo  Marat,  died  in  1721. 


GA 


GA 


<;AS(;01GNE,  sir  U'illi:im,  chief  justice  ol 
tliH  Kind's  Bench  in  tlie  reigii  ol'  H<:nry  IV  ,  na> 
bom  ill  1350.  How  much  lie  distinguished  him 
self  in  ilia  high  office  appenrf  from  Die  ;,e\  era! 
abstracts  of  his  opinions,  arguments,  disriiict  ions, 
and  decisions  wliich  occur  in  our  old  ijooUs  ol 
law  rcpoilH ;  but  lie  is  said  to  have  dislinguislied 
Jiiniself  above  his  brethren  by  a  niostnieinorabie 
transaf  tioii  in  tlie  latter  end  of  the  king's  reign. 
A  servant  of  the  prinrt  of  Wales,  afterwards 
Henry  V.,  being  arraigned  for  felony  at  the  bar 
of  the  King's  Bencli,  tlie  news  soon  reached  hi: 
master's  ears,  who,  hastening  to  the  court,  or 
dered  him  to  be  unfettered,  and  ofi'ered  to  rescue 
him  ;  in  which,  being  opposed  by  the  judge,  w  iio 
commanded  him  to  leave  the  prisoner  and  de- 
part, he  rushed  furiously  up  to  the  bench,  and, 
as  it  isgenerally  affirmed,  struck  tlie  chief  justice 
then  silting  in  the  execution  of  hisoffice.  Here- 
upon Sir  William,  after  some  expostulation  upon 
the  outrage,  indignity,  and  unwarrantable  in- 
terruption of  the  proceedings  in  that  pluce,  di- 
rectly committed  him  lo  the  Uing's  bencli  prison, 
mere  to  wait  his  father's  pleasure.  Thei.rince 
submitted  to  his  punishinent  with  a  cahnness  no 
less  sudden  and  surprising  than  the  offence  had 
been  which  drew  it  upon  him;  and  the  king, 
being  informed  of  the  whole  affair,  was  so  far 
from  being  displeased  with  the  justice,  that  he 
returned  thanks  to  God,  "That  he  liud  given 
liim  both  a  judge  who  knew  how  to  administer, 
and  a  son  who  coiild  obey  justice."  Tiie  prince 
also,  who  had  for  some  time  led  a  dissolute  liie, 
vv'as  eniirely  reformed  thereby,  and  afterward-* 
became  with  the  title  of  Henry  v.,  that  renowned 
king  who  conquered  France.  Sir  WiUiam  died 
in  1413. 

GASCOIGNE,  George,  a  celebrated  poet  in 
the  early  part  of  the  reign  of  aneen  Elizabeth, 
was  bred  to  the  law,  but  becan>e  a  soldier,  and 
served  with  credit  in  the  waisnf  the  Low  Coun- 
tries. He  was  author  of  ftmr  dramatic  pieces, 
and  several  poems;  the  most  remarkable  of 
which  was  a  satire  called  "  The  Steel  Glass;" 
he  died  in  1577.  His  works  were  most  collected 
m  15b7. 

GASPARINI,  a  celebrated  granimanan,  born 
in  13T0,  died  in  1431.  He  isdesorvedlyretorded  as 
«ne  of  the  first  restorers  of  food  Latin  in  Italy . 

GA6SENDI,  Peter,  a  very  eminent  French 
philosophical,  moral,  and  mathematical  writer, 
born  in  1592,  died  at  Paiis,  in  1G55. 

GASSION,  John  de,  a  native  of  Pan.  marshal 
of  France,  eminently  distinguished  for  his  valour 
in  war,  fell  at  the  siege  of  Len.-i,  in  lf)47. 

GAST,  John,  a  nalive  of  Dublin,  he  published 
some  works  of  merit,  for  wliich  the  university 
of  Dublin  honoured  him  with  a  degree  of  I).  D. 
without  the  usual  expenses;  he  died  in  1788. 

GAST.'VLDI,  John  Baptistc,  ar.ativeof  Siste- 
ron.  an  eminent  physician,  died  in  1747. 

GAt^TAUD,  Francis,  an  ecclesi3_tic  of  Ai\, 
he  insulted  the  bishop  of  Marseilles  7n  his  writ- 
ings, and  was  denied  the  honours  of  sepulture ; 
he  died  in  1732. 

GASTON  of  France,  John  Baptist,  duke  of 
Orleans,  was  son  of  Henry  IV.,  and  brother  of 
Lewis  XIII. ;  he  died  in  1600. 

GAST(jN  de  FOIX,  duke  of  Nemours,  early 
distiiii,Miished  himself  in  the  army  in  Italy  ;  he 
fell  in  b:i!tle  in  1512. 

GASTi5FLL.  Francis,  bishop  of  Chester,  and 
a  controversial  writer,  born  in  lGti2,  died  in  1725. 

G.'VTAKVMv,  Thomas,  an  Englisli  divine,  and 
critical  jind  theological  writer,  born  in  London, 
in  1574, 'ditd  in  1651. 


I  GATAKER,  Charles,  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  a  writer  on  controverblal  divinity,  born  in 
1G14,  diedin  lCh-0. 

GATES,  Sir  Thomas,  one  of  llio  first  govern- 
ors of  the  colony  of  Virginia,  alxmt  ICO'.!,  and 
again,  on  reiurning  from  England,  in  lUll;  he 
died  in  the  East-Indies. 

GATES,  Hor.itio,  a  major  general,  and  a  dis- 
tinguished officer  of  the  American  army  during 
the  revolution.  He  was  a  major  in  the  Britisii 
service,  at  the  defeat  of  general  Braddock  ;  at 
the  declaration  of  independence,  he  was  made 
adjutant  general,  afterwards  commander  of  the 
northern  army,  to  which  general  Burgoyne  sur- 
rendered in  1777 ;  in  1760,  he  was  appointed 
commander  of  the  southern  army  ;  after  the  \\  ar 
he  returned  to  his  farm,  from  which  he  removed 
to  New-York,  where  he  died  in  1806. 

GATlJiOSIN,  the  last  of  the  Mexican  kings. 
He  was  cruelly  tortured  in  a  fiery  ordeal  by 
Cortez,  and  three  years  after  was  hanged  in  his 
capital  in  1526. 

GAUBIL,  Anthony,  a  Frendi  missionary  in 
China,  where  he  resided  30  years ;  he  died  in 
1759. 

GAUEIUS,  Jerome  David,  a  native  of  Hei- 
delberg, professor  of  medicine,  and  lecturer  on 
botany  and  chyniistry,  died  in  l*eO. 

GAUD,  Henry,  a  painter  and  engraver,  of 
Utrecht,  died  in  1639. 

GAUDEN,  John,  bishop  of  Worcester  born 
in  1005,  celelii  ated  for  his  zeal  in  the  cause  of  the 
unfortunate  king  Charlej,  and  reputed  (though 
falsely)  the  author  of  "Eikon  Basihke,"  died 
in  1C62. 

GAUDENTIO,  a  painter,  of  Milan,  born  about 
1-180. 

GAUDENTIUS,  St.,  a  bishop  of  Brescia,  he 
wrote  sermons,  letters,  &c.,  and  died  in  427. 

GAUDENZIO,  Paganin,  a  native  of  Valte- 
liiie,  iireek  professor,  died  in  1648. 

GAULI,  Giovanni  Baptista,  a  painter,  of  Ge- 
noa, died  at  Rome,  in  IVOO. 

GAULMIN,  Gilbert, -a  French  writer  of  some 
celebrity,  died  in  If 65. 

CAUPP,  John,  a  native  of  Lindau,  educated 
at  Jena,  was  an  able  mathematician;  he  died 
in  1738. 

GAURICO,  Luca,  an  Italian  professor  of 
astronomy,  at  Forrara,  died  in  1558. 

G.aUSSEM,  Jane  Catharine,  a  celebrated 
actress,  retired  from  ihe  tlieatre  from  motives 
of  religion ;  she  died  at  Paris,  in  1767. 

GAUSHIER,  Jean  Baptiste.  a  French  abbe, 
he  wrote  a  "  Tract  against  Pope's  Flssay  on 
Man,"  and  died  of  a  tail  in  1755. 

G  A  VANTS,  Bartholomew,  a  Paniabite  monk, 
author  of  some  works  ;  died  at  Milan,  in  1638. 

GAVESTON,  Peter,  a  fav(<uiite  of  Edward 
II.,  was  proud,  overbearing,  and  crutl ;  he  was 
I  beheaded  in  1312. 

GAY,  John,  an  English  poet,  born  in  1688. 
His  amiable  qualities  recommended  him  to  the 
acquaintance  of  Swift  and  Pope,  who  were, 
exceedingly  sfuck  with  the  open  sincerity,  tlie 
undisguised  simplicity  of  his  manners,  and  the 
easiness  of  iiis  temper.  In  1712  he  produced 
his  celebrated  poem,  called  "  Trivia,  or,  the 
Art  of  walking  the  Streets  ;"  and  the  following 
year,  at  the  instance  of  Pope,  formed  the  plan 
of  his  "  Pastorals."  The  "  Shepherd's  Week" 
can'C  out  in  17M,  with  a  dedication  to  Lord 
Bolingbnike.  Gay  was  soon  after  introduced  at 
court,  and  for  several  years  experienced  the 
nsnai  vicissitiKles  of  favour  and  of  mortification 
incidunt  to  such  a  life.  Iiis  opinions  of  a  court 
207 


Gii 

friendship  are  pretty  plainly  inliinu^ed  in  liis 
"  Begjjar's  Opera;"  vvliich,  being  brought  upon 
the  sl:ige  in  1727,  was  rcceivtd  wilii  j;rt'ater 
applause  than  had  ever  been  known  on  any  occa- 
sion, being  acted  in  London  63  dajs  without  inter- 
ruption, and  renewed  tin;  next  season  with  amaz- 
ing success.  He  wrote  several  otluir  plays  of  no 
great  celebrity;  but  what  will  always  distin- 
guish him  as  a  poet  are  his  "  Fables,"  which 
will  be  read  and  admired  so  long  as  any  taste 
for  that  kind  of  writing  shall  exist.  He  died  in 
ITii,  and  was  buried  in  Weelniinister  Abbey. 

GAY,  Ebenezer,  D.  U.,  minister  of  Hingham, 
Mass. ;  he  published  several  sermons,  and  died 
in  1787. 

GAVOT  HE  PIT.WAL,  Francis,  a  French 
author,  born  at  Lyons,  was  unfortunate  in  all 
his  pursuits  ;  he  died  in  1743. 

GAZA,  Theodore,  a  very  eminent  gramma- 
rian, and  translator  of  Greek  writings,  born  at 
Thessalonica,  in  Greece,  in  1398,  died  in  1478. 

G\ZAL(,  or  ACON  HAMED  MOHAM.MEO 
ZEIM  EUDliV  ALTIIOUSI,  a  mussulman  doc- 
tor, died  at  Khoiassan,  in  1112. 

GAZET,  William,  a  native  of  Arra'i,  and  an 
ecclesiastic;  he  wrote  a  Chronological  History, 
and  died  in  1612. 

GA'ZOLA,  Joseph,  a  physician,  of  Verona, 
died  in  1715. 

GAZON  DOURXIGNE,  S.  M.  M.,  a  native  of 
QuinipHr,  a  famous  critic,  died  in  1784. 

G.\ZZOLI,  Beuozzo,  an  Italian  painter,  died 
in  1478. 

GEJ3ELIN,  Anthony  Court  de,  celebrated  as 
author  of  "  Le  Monde  Priniitif  compare  a  Monde 
Aloderne,"  born  in  1727,  died  in  1784.  When 
the  plan  of  his  great  work,  "  Le  Monde  Primitif, 
ma(le  its  appearance,  M.  d'Alembert  was  so 
struck  with  it,  that  he  asked  with  enthusiasm, 
"  si  c'etoit  une  societe  de  40  hommcs  qui  etoit 
charges  de  I'executer?"  The  French  academy 
were  so  well  satisfied  with  the  undertaking,  that 
they  twice  decreed  to  him  the  prize  of  i-200  livres 
which  they  give  annually  to  the  author  of  the 
most  valuable  work  that  has  appeared  in  the 
course  of  the  year. 

GEBER,  John  an  Arabian  physician  of  the 
9th  century.  His  works  contain  much  know- 
ledge. 

GED,  William,  an  ingenious  artist,  memora 
ble  for  a  new  invention  in  the  art  of  printing. 
From  any  types  of  Greek  or  Roman,  or  any 
other  character,  he  formed  a  plate  for  every 
page  or  sheet  of  a  book  from  which  he  printed, 
instead  of  using  a  type  for  every  letter,  as  is  done 
in  the  common  way.  This  scheme  has  recently 
through  the  ingenuity  and  perseverance  of  Earl 
Stanhope,  and  Mr.  Andrew  Wilson,  arrived  at 
a  high  degree  of  practical  perfection.  On  the 
29th  May  1810,  Mr. -Wilson  was  honoured  with 
the  gold  medal,  by  the  Society  of  Arts,  for  his 
exertions  in  Stereotype  printing.  Mr.  Ged  died 
in  1749. 

GEDALIA,  afamous  rabbi,  who  died  in  lt48 

GEDDES,  Michael,  a  learned  divine,  received 
the  degree  of  LL  D.,  from  the  university  of  Ox- 
ford ;  he  died  in  1715. 

GEDDES,  James,  born  in  Scotland,  in  1710, 
died  in  1748-9,  leaving  behind  him  "  .\n  Essay 
on  the  Composition  and  Manner  of  Writing  of 
t'le  Ancients,  particularly  Plato,"  which  has 
great  merit. 

GEDDES,  Dr.  Alexander,  a  man  of  very  pro- 
found les.arch  in  bib'ical  literature,  wa.s  born 
In  1737,  and  died  near  London,  in  1802.     Dr. 
CJeddea  was  a  Roman  Catholic,  and  had  era- 
208 


GE   

ployed  himself  many  years  in  a  new  translation 
of  the  Hible ;  owing,  however,  to  various  causes, 
It  was  left  unfniislied  ;  oiUy  the  first  twelve 
books  of  the  Old  Testament  being  printed. 
I  GEDOVN,  Nicolas,  a  French  writer.  He 
studied  at  Paris,  was  a  Jesuit  10  years  ;  he  wrote 
some  ingenious  essays,  and  died  in  1744. 

GEE,  John,  a  distiuguished  minister  in  Bos- 
ton, died  in  1748. 

GEEK,  Ciiarlesde,  a  native  of  Sweden,  much 
respected  as  a  man  of  science,  and  hrnefactor 
of  the  poor;  he  died  in  1778. 

GEINOZ,  Francis,  a  learned  Swiss  abbe,  au- 
thor of  some  valuable  dissertations  on  Ancient 
Medals  ;  he  died  in  1752. 

GEJER,  Alartin,  a  native  of  Leipsic,  and  pro- 
fessor of  Hebnw.  died  in  1681 

GELASiUS  the  Elder,  bishop  of  Ca;sarea,  in 
Palestine,  in  the  4th  century. 

GELASIUS  of  Cyzicus,  bishop  of  Casarea, 
in  476. 

GEIiASIUS  L,  bishop  of  Rome  after  Felix  IE, 
in  492,  some  of  his  works  are  extant ;  lie  died 
in  496. 

GELASIUS  II.,  a  Campanian  by  birth,  raised 
to  the  pontificate  in  1118,  died  in  1119. 

GELDENIlAUR,GeraidEobanus,  a  German, 
well  skilled  in  poetry,  died  in  1542. 

GELDER,  Arnold  de,  a  Dutch  painter,  of 
Dort,  died  in  1727. 

GELDORP,  Gualdorp,  a  painter,  of  Louvain, 
excelled  in  portraits  and  history ;  he  died  in 
1868. 

GELEE,  Claude,  commonlv  called  Claude  of 
Lorraine.    See  CLAUDE. 

GELENIUS,  Sigisniund,  a  learned  man,  born 
at  Prague.  His  disregard  for  honours  was  very 
uncommon  ;  he  died  at  Basil,  in  1555. 

GELLERT,  Christian  Fauchtegott,  a  German 
comic  poet,  born  in  Misnia,  in  1715,  died  in  1769. 

GELLI,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent  Italian  com- 
ic poet,  born  at  Florence,  in  1498,  died  in  1563. 

GELLIBERAND,  Henry,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, and  professor  of  astronomy  at  Gresham 
College,  born  in  London,  in  1597,  died  in  1636. 

GELLIUS,  Aulus,  a  celebrated  grammarian, 
who  lived  in  the  2d  century,  under  Marcus  Au- 
relius  and  some  succeeding  emperors,  and  is 
now  known  by  his  "Noctes  AttiCcE,"  a  collec- 
tion of  observations  on  authors,  which  he  gather- 
ed up  from  reading  or  conversation,  and  put 
together  for  the  use  of  his  children.  He  called 
them  "Noctes  .Attica;,"  because  they  were  com- 
posed in  the  evenings  of  a  winter  which  he  spent 
at  Athens.  The  cliicf  value  of  it  is,  that  it  has 
preserved  many  facts  and  monuments  of  aiiti- 
quitv,  which  are  not  to  be  found  elsewiiere. 

GELON,  king  of  Syracuse,  in  484  B.  C,  was 
univen-ially  respected  by  his  subjects. 

GEMELLI-CARRERI,  Francis,  an  Italian 
writer,  author  of  an  interesting  account  of  a 
vova?e  round  the  world,  between  1C03  and  1698. 

GK.MIGNAGNO,  Ovinentio  de  St.,  a  Tuscan 
painti  r,  dii  d  in  1530. 

GEMIGN.ANO,  Giacinto,  a  painter,  born  at 
Pisloie,  died  in  1681. 

GEM1\I.\NI,  Francisco,  a  fine  performer  on 
the  violin,  and  composer  for  that  iiiBtrument, 
born  at  Lucca,  in  Italy,  about  1680,  died  in  1702. 

GEMISTUS,  George,  he  lived  to  above  the 
age  of  100,  distinguished  for  his  learning  and 
virtues. 

GE.MMA,  Reinier,  a  Dutch  physician,  of  Doc- 
kum,  was  also  an  astronomer  and  mathemati- 
cian :  he  died  in  1555. 
I     GENDRE,  Lewis  le,  a  French  hiitorian 


GE C!K  

wrote  a  history  of  FiKiicp,  from  the  commence  Ijvmh)  adon.ed  ilm  cellu]^;^^  of  orocuwicii  and 
inent  of  itie  monarchy  to  the  death  of  LewiullYork  house,  Eiiylaiid,  where  he  died 


Xlli.,  maimers  and  customs  ol  tht  I'rench,  dec, 
and  died  in  1733. 

U  EN  DUE,  Gilbert  Charles  le,  marquis  of  St. 
Aubin,  died  at  I'aris,  in  174C. 

GEiVUKE,  Nicholas  lo,  a  French  sculptor, 
died  at  i'uris,  in  1670. 

GENUUE,  Lewis  le,  a  deputy  in  the  national 
conveiuiou,  died  in  17i)7. 

GEiNEliRARD,  Gilbert,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
born  at  Kioni,  died  in  1597. 

GENEiblUS,  Josephus,  one  of  the  Byzantine 
historians,  flourished  in  'J-10. 

GENEST,  Charleii  Claude,  a  French  poet,  and 
author  of  tragedies,  died  in  171U. 

GENET,  Krancis,  bishop  of  Vaison,  born  at 
Avignon,  in  1640,  i;s  known  for  the  Tlieology  of 
Grenoble. 

GENGA,  Gerome,  an  Italian  painter  and 
architect,  died  in  1551. 

GENGA,  Bartholomew,  son  of  the  preceding 
an  emuient  architect,  died  in  1558. 

GENGIS-KIJAN,  or  ZINGiS  KHAN,  a  most 
illustrious  Mojjul  prince,  who  being  obliged  to 
fly  from  Delhi,  on  account  of  a  general  revolt 
of  his  subjects,  took  slielter  at  the  cou  rt  of  Aventi - 
khan,  Cham  of  the  Tartars,  and  married  his 
daughter;  but  the  jealousy  ot  Aventi  obliged 
liim  to  escape  a  second  time  ;  and  being  pursued 
by  Aventi  and  his  son,  he  defeated  them  both  ; 
and,  their  army  revolting  to  him,  he  soon  in- 
creased it.  From  this  event  he  became  .•»§  re- 
nowned a  conqueror  as  Alexander  the  Great.  In 
the  space  of  23  years  he  subdued  the  greater 
part  in'  Asia,  and  rendered  himself  as  famous  fur 
liis  skill  in  government,  as  for  the  valour  of  his 
arms.  He  was  born  in  1163,  and  died  in  12127, 
leaving  his  dominions  (which  extended  1800 
leagues  from  east  to  west,  and  1000  from  north 
to  south,)  properly  divided  to  his  four  sons. 

GENNAOIUS,  a  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
after  Analolius,  in  458,  died  in  471. 

GENNADIUS,  an  ecclesiastical  writer  of 
Marseilles,  died  493.  There  are  two  works  of 
his  remaining:  "DeDogmatibusEcclesiaJticis," 
and  "  De  Illustribus  Ecclesia'  Scripioribus." 

GENXAHIUS,  a  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
wrote  the  Chrittiau  faith  in  Greek,  Latm,  and 
Turkish  ;  he  died  in  a  monastery,  in  1400. 

GE.NNAKI,  Keucdctto,  a  painter,  of  Boloj-na, 
was  patronised  by  Lewis  XIV.,  Charles  II.,  &c., 
and  died  in  1715. 

GEiVN.AKi,  Cffisare,  son  of  the  pf  ;;idiiig,  a 
painter,  was  eminent  in  historical  pieces;  he 
died  in  lfi88. 

GENNARO,  Joseph  Aurelius,  a  native  of 
Naples,  was  a  respectable  author ;  he  died  in 
1702 

GENOELS,  Abraham,  a  painter,  of  Antwerp, 
born  in  1610. 

CENOVESI,  Anthony,  celettated  as  a  lecturer 
m  philosophy,  died  in  1769. 

GENSERiC,  kins  of  the  Vandals,  a  conqueror 
Riiil  tyrant,  who  captured  Rome  in  435,  and  snf 
.'eied  his  soldiers  during  14  days  to  pillage  it,  and 
massacre  the  defenceless  inhabitants ;  he  died  in 
477. 

GENSONNE,  Armand,  an  advocate  of  Bour- 
deaux,  was  guillotined  in  1793. 

GENTILE,  Liidovico,  a  painter,  of  Brussels. 
His  portrait  of  Alexander^Vti.  is  admired  ;  he 
died  in  1670. 

CKNTILIS  DEFOLIGNO,  a  physician,  and 
an  author,  dii'd  in  1348. 
CiKNTILEcJCHl,  kloralio,  an  Italian  painter, 

D  a 


GEN'l'lLtSjt  HI,  Artenusia,  daughter  of  the 
preceding,  eminent  as  a  historical  painter. 

GL>;T1L1S,  Sicipio,  a  naiive  of  Ancona,  pro- 
fessor of  civil  law,  died  in  1616. 

GENTILIS,  John  Valenthie,  was  condemned 
lo  lose  his  head  at  Berne,  for  the  violence  of 
his  religious  opinions,  in  1567. 

GE.N'riLlS,  Alberico,  a  native  of  Ancona, 
and  professor  of  law,  at  Oxford,  died  in  1608. 

Gb;NTlLLET,  Valentine,  a  native  of  Dau- 
phine,  and  syndic  of  the  city  of  Geneva,  lived 
about  l.>78. 

GENTLEMAN,  Francis,  an  actor  and  dra 
niatic  writer,  born  in  Ireland,  1728,  died  1784. 
He  was  author  of  eleven  dramatic  pieces ;  and 
of  "The  D.aniatic  Censor." 
GEOFFULY,  of  Monmouth.  See  JEFFERY. 
GKOFFRUI,  Stephen  Francis,  a  French  phy- 
sician,who  wrote  a  Materia  Medica,  died  in  1731 
GEORGE,  St.,  the   patron  of  England,  sup- 
posed to  have  sulfered  in  the  reign  of  Dioclesiau. 
GEORGE  of  Trebizond,  a  naiive  of  Candia, 
and  secretary  to  pope  Nicolas  V.,  published  se- 
■ral  works,  and  died  in  1494. 
GEORGE  the  Cappadocian,  Arian  bishop  of 
Ale.Tandria  ;  w  as  assassinated,  in  consequence 
of  his  oppression,  in  361. 

GEORGE,  surnamed  Amira,  a  learned  Ma- 
oiiile,  who  published  a  grammar  of  the  Syriac 
and  Chaldee  ;   he  died  in  1641. 

GEORGE,  duke  of  Clarence,  brother  of  Ed- 
ward IV.,  of  England,  condemned  to  death  for 
conspiring  against  his  brother,  in  1478. 

GEORGE,  prince  of  Servia,  died  in  conse- 
quence of  a  wound  received  in  1457,  in  a  baule 
against  the  Hungarians. 

GEORGE  LEWIS  I.,  son  of  Ernest  Augustus, 
of  Brunswick,  called  to  the  throne  of  England 
on  the  death  of  queen  Anne,  in  1714. 

GEORGE  AT'GUSTUS  il.,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, succeeded  to  the  throne,  in  1727.  liisreiea 
was  more  splendid  than  useful. 

GEORGE  HI.,  king  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, succeeded  liis  grandfather  George  II.,  oti 
the  throne,  in  17C0.  His  reign  was  of  60  years 
duration,  and  was  rendered  prominent  by  the 
loss  of  the  American  colonies,  by  the  acquisition 
India,  and  by  long  and  sanguinary  wars, 
with  the  difi'erent  power.?  of  Europe.  During 
the  latter  part  of  hi.s  roigu,  the  kingdom  was  go- 
verned by  a  regency,  in  consequence  of  his  men- 
tal derangement.     He  died  in  1820. 

GERARD,  Tom,  or  Tung,  was  the  institu- 
tor  and  first  grand  master  of  the  knights  hospi- 
talers of  Jerusalem,  afterwards  of  Malta  ;  he 
,diedin  lliiC. 

GERARD. EaUhaz3r,the  assassin  ofWiJliam 
I.,  prince  of  Orange,  whom  he  shot  through  the 
head  with  a  pijtol  as  he  was  going  out  of  his  pa- 
lace at  I'eift.  His  sentence  was  the  same  as  that 
of  Damien ;  and  this  fanalic  died,  in  his  own 
conceit,  a  martyr  of  the  church  of  Rome,  !5e4. 
GERARD,  John,  a  learned  protestant  divine, 
[of  Qnedlimburp,  died  in  1638. 

GERARD,  John,  a  native  of  Jena,  professor 
and  rector  of  the  university,  author  of  several 
[works,  died  in  1663.  His  son,  John  Ernest,  died 
professor  of  divinity  at  Gei^sen,  in  1707. 

GERARD,  John,  a  native  of  England,  enii- 
'nent  as  a  bofanf-^t,  published  a  work  on  plants, 
and  died  in  1607. 

j    GERARD,  Dr.  Alexander,  professor  of  divi- 
nity in  the  university  of  Aberdeen,  an<l  author 
i8f  srveral  csttemed  works,  died  in  1795. 
If  J  a*  209 


GE 

GBRARD,  Gilbert,  was  lor  many  years  pas- 
tor orUieKu^lisli  churcli  at  Ai)isleiJam,aiicl  al- 
tcrwards  prolessor  of  Grt^ek  ia  King's  colliigt, 
and  of  divinity  in  the  university  of  AbordRnn. 
He  died  i.i  1815. 

GERAltDr,  Cliristofaro,  an  excellent  land 
scape  painter,  of  Florence,  di':d  in  155(). 

GERARDI,  Mark,  an  cjiiinent  painter,  of 
Bruges,  patronised  by  queen  Elizabeth,  died  in 
1035. 

GBRB.\IS,  John,  a  docior  of  the  Sorbonne. 
who  wrote  in  support  of  tiie  liberties  of  the  Gal- 
lican  church,  died  in  1099. 

GEliBELrJS,i\ic.iolans,  an  eminent  German 
lawyer,  boin  at  Pfor/.eini,  died  in  l-'ifiO. 

Gl^RBERO-V.  Gabriel,  a  French  ecclesiastic, 
wlio  wrote  on  the  Jansenist  controversy,  and 
was  inipriso.ied  for  it ;  he  died  in  prison,  in  1711. 

GEKiUER,  Sir  Balthazar,  a  celebrated  pain- 
ter, of  Antwerp,  boiu  in  1592,  died  in  llitjl. 

GERBILLON,  John  Francis,  a  Jesuit  mis- 
sionary in  Cl)ina,  much  respected  by  the  c.tii- 
peror,"for  whom  he  wrote  elements  of  geometry; 
he  died  in  1707. 

GERDES,  Daniel,  a  native  of  Bremen,  pro- 
foEsor  of  divinity  at  Duisburg,  died  in  1705 

GFORDfL,  Hyacinth  Sigismond,  a  native  of 
Piedmont,  professor  of  philosophy  at  JIacerata, 
and  tutor  to  the  prince  royal  of  Sardinia,  was 
made  a  cardinal  in  1777.  He  died  at  Rome,  in 
1802.  His  writings  are  chiefly  on  religious  and 
philosophical  subjects. 

GERHARD,  Ephraim,  professor  of  law  at 
Altdorf,  died  in  1718. 

GERL  ACH,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Swabia,  and 
chaplain  to  the  embassy  to  Constantinople ;  he 
wrote  ecclesiastical  history,  &c.,  and  died  in 
1612. 

GERMAIN,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Paris,  emi- 
nent as  agoldsmitli,  died  in  1748. 

GKR.\IANICUS,  Ca;sar,  son  of  Drusus,  and 
paternal  nephew  to  the  emperor  Tiberius,  who 
adopted  him:  he  was  a  renowned  general,  but 
still  more  illustrious  for  his  virtues.  He  took  the 
title  of  Germanicus  from  his  conquests  in  that 
country  ;  and,  though  he  had  the  moderation  to 
vefuiethe  empire  olTerod  to  him  by  his  army, 
Tiberius,  jealous  of  his  success,  and  of  the  uni- 
versal esteem  he  acquired,  caused  him  to  be 
poisoned,  A.  D.  29,  aged  'M.  He  was  a  protector 
of  learning,  and  composed  several  Greek  come- 
dies and  Latin  poems,  some  of  which  are  still 
e.tfant. 

GERiMANIO,  Anastasio,  a  native  of  Pied- 
mont, and  bishop  of  Tarentasia,  died  in  1627. 

GERM.^NUS,  bishop  of  Cyzicum,  made  pa- 
triarch of  Constantinople,  and  was  degraded  for 
supporting  image  worship;  he  died  in  740. 

GERMYN,  Simon,  a  Dutch  painter,  of  Dort, 
whos.<;  landscapes  are  admired,  died  in  17i9. 

GERRY.  Elbridge,  a  native  of  Massachusetts, 
was  a  member  of  congress  in  1776,  and  a  signer 
of  the  declaration  of  independence;  minister  to 
France,  with  Mr.  Marshall  and  Mr.  Pinkney;  go- 
vernor of  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  and  after- 
wards vice-president  of  the  United  States.  He 
died  at  Wasliinglon,  in  1814. 

GERSON,  John,  an  illustrious  French  theolo- 
gical and  critical  writer,  born  in  1363,  died  1429. 

GIT.RSTBN,  Christian  Lewis,  mathematical 
profesaor  at  Giesseu,  was  imprisoned  12  years 
for  writng  an  offensive  letter  to  hissoverei?!! ; 
he  was  author  of  several  works,  and  died  in  1762. 

GERV.\lS,.Armand  Francis,  a  Carmelite  ec 
cle: 
Be 

210 


GERV.\1S,  Armand  Francis,  a  Carmelite  ec-  the  language  in  which  it  is  writtei 
esiaslic.  was  confined  for  writing  against  th&jin  proofs  of  unexampled  learning 
ernardinf-i ;  he  died  in  prison,  in  1711.  "llJBtrating  ar.O  aagacious,  and  of  ti 


GGRV.VISE,  Nicholas,  missionary  to  Siam, 
and  aitervvards  to  Guiana,  where  he  was  mur- 
dered by  the  natives,  in  1729. 

GESNER,  Conrad,  an  eminent  physician  and 
natural  philosopher,  called  the  Pliny  of  Ger- 
many, born  at  Zurich,  in  1516,  died  1505. 

GESNER,  Sulonjon,  bookseller  at  Zurich,  in 
Switzerland,  and  author  of  many  elegant  and 
admired  poenis,  in  the  German  language,  bom 
m  1730,  was  for  several  years  before  his  death  a 
member  of  the  senate  of  his  native  city.  He 
was  an  admirable  landscape  painter  as  well  as  3 
poet.  Of  his  writings,  the  best  known  in  Eng- 
land is  "  The  Death  of  Abel."  He  died  in  1768. 

GESNER,  John  Matthew,  a  German,  much 
known  as  the  author  of  some  valuable  editions 
of  the  classics;  he  died  at  Gottingcn,  in  1761. 

GESNER,  John  James,  professor  in  the  uni- 
versity at  Zurich,  published  some  works,  and 
died  ni  1787. 

GESNER,  Solomon,  a  native  of  Silesia,  be- 
came divinity  professor  atWitiemberg ;  lie  wrote 
several  works,  and  died  in  1605. 

GETA,  Septinnus,  brother  of  Caracalla,  by 
whom  he  was  slain  through  jealousy,  A.  D.  212. 

GETHIN,  lady  Grare,  an  English  lady,  wife 
of  sir  Richard  Gethin,  distinguished  for  her  ta- 
lents ;  her  works  were  published  after  her  death, 
in  1700. 

GETHING,  Richard,  an  Englishman,  distin- 
guished for  his  penmanship ;  settled  in  London 
about  1610. 

GHCSS,  .John  Michael,  of  Holstein,  professoi 
of  mathematics  at  Copenhagen,  and  an  author, 
died  in  1786. 

GEV.\RTIUS,  John  Gasper,  an  eminent  cri- 
tic, and  author  of  several  works,  died  at  Ant- 
werp, in  1666. 

GHELEN,  or  GELENIUS,  Sigismund.  Sec 
GELENIUS. 

GHEZZt,  Peter  Leone,  a  painter,  knighted  bj 
Francis  ].,  duice  of  Parma,  died  in  1755. 

GHILINI,  Jeroiue,  an  Italian  writer,  born  at 
Milan,  in  1589,  lived  to  be  80  years  old,  and  was 
the  author  of  several  works ;  the  most  consider- 
able of  which  is  his  "Theatre  of  Learned  Men." 

GHIRLANUAIO,  or  GHIRLANDENI,  Do- 
menico,  a  Florentine  painter,  born  in  1449,  died 
1493. 

GHISOLFI,  Giovanni,  a  painter  of  Milan, 
died  in  1683.  His  perspective  views  are  much 
admired. 

GIAFAR,  or  SADEK  the  Just,  a  Mussulman 
doctor,  who  wrote  a  book  on  prophecies,  &c., 
died  at  Medina,  in  764. 

GIAHRDH,  or  LARGE  EYED,  the  head  of 
the  Motazales,  a  sect  who  united  religion  and 
philosophy. 

GI.\NNONI,  Peter,  an  esteemed  historian, 
born  at  Naples,  in  1680,  died  1748. 

GI.VRDINI,  Felix,  an  eminent  performer  on 
the  violin,  and  a  composer  of  music,  was  born  at 
Piedmont.  In  1750  he  went  to  England,  where 
he  met  with  great  encouragement,  and  had  a 
joint  interest  in  the  opera.  He  died  in  Russia, 
1793. 

GT  RBON,  Edward,  an  eminent  historian,  born 
at  Putney,  in  1737.  In  1774,  Mr.  Gibbon  was 
elected  to  a  seat  in  parlianlent,  which  he  vacat- 
ed in  1780  ;  i.i  the  course  of  which  period,  how- 
'iver,  he  was  some  time  a  lord  of  trade.  Ills  ce- 
lebrated "  History  of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  ihe 
Roman  Empire,"  will  probably  last  as  long  as 
the  language  in  which  it  is  written.  It  abounds 
,  of  aniiiid  pe- 
talents  for  riUi- 


GI 


cule  agreeable  and  exquisite.  Upon  the  subjeci 
of  Christianity,  however,  lie  has  indulged  much 
latitude,  wliieh  has  justly  raised  liim  a  ^reat 
nuiiiher  of  oppoients.  The  greater  part  oi"  tlli^• 
iinniortal  liistory  was  written  at  Luiiaanne,  in 
Switzerland.     Mr.  Gihbon  died  in  1794. 

GIBHuNS,  Grinhng,  a  famous  sculptor  etn- 
ployed  liy  (^harles  II.,  died  in  1721. 

CJIBnOiWS,  Orlando,  a  distingnislied  organist 
of  the  royal  ehapel  in  Eiiirland,  died  iti  1025. 

GIBBS,  James,  an  arciiltect,  wlio  designed  se- 
veral of  the  principal  buLldings  in  England,  died! 
in  1754. 

GIBBS,  Sir  Vicary,  an  eminent  T^nglisli  law 
yer,  was  born  at  Exeter,  and  educated  at  Cam 
bridge.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  parliamentj 
for  that  university,  and  was  afterwards  made 
Icing's  attoiney  and  solicitor-general,  a  judge, 
and  then  chief-justice  of  the  common  pleas.  He 
died  in  1?20. 

GiBKLIN.    SeeGEBELlN. 

GIBERT,  Balthasar,  a  native  of  Aix,  who 
held  tile  chair  of  rhetoric  at  Mazarin  .50  years  ; 
he  wrote  several  works,  and  died  in  1771. 

GIBERT,  John  Peter,  a  native  of  Ai.\,  and  a 
professor,  wrote  several  works  on  theology  ;  he 
died  ;it  Paris,  in  1736. 

GIHERTI,  John  Matthew,  a  native  of  Paler- 
mo, who  became  governor  of  Tivoli,  and  bishop 
of  Verona,  died  in  1543. 

GIBIEUF,  William,  a  priest,  who  wrote  a 
book  on  the  libertj'  of  God.  and  the  Creator,  a 
work  of  great  mer  ;>:  he  died  in  !t;50. 

GIBSON.Thomai!,  an  omintnt  painter,  known 
at  Oxford  and  London,  died  in  1751. 

GIBSON,  Thomas,  a  physician  in  England, 
eminent  as  a  botanist,  &c.,  wrote  several  works 
he  died  in  15(i2. 

GIBSON,  Edmund,  bishop  of  London,  born  in 
1669,  and  eminent  a?  an  antiquarian,  theoloci 
gicai,  political,  and  controversial  writer,  died  in 
1748.  He  published  an  edition  of  "  Camden 
Britannia,"  in  English,  and  the  posthumous 
works  of  sir  Henry  Spelman. 

GIBSON,  Richard,  an  eminent  English  pain 
ter,  greatly  in  favour  with  Charles  l.,towlion 
he  was  page  of  the  back  stairs.  He  was  a  dwarf, 
and  married  one  Mrs.  Annr;  Shepherd,  who  wa: 
also  a  dwarf.  Charles  I.  was^  pleased  to  honour 
their  marriage  with  his  presence,  and  to  give  tlie 
bride.  Waller  wrote  a  poem  on  this  occasion 
''Of  the  Marriage  of  the  U  wart's,"  which  begiiu- 
thus : 

"  Design  or  chance  make  others  wive  ; 

But  nature  did  this  match  contrive ; 

Eve  might  as  well  have  A  Jam  fled, 

As  she  denied  her  little  bed 

To  him,  for  whom  IJeav'n  seem'd  to  frame 

And  measure  out  this  only  dame,"  <8cc. 

They  appear  to  have  been  of  an  equal  stature 
each  of  them  measuring  three  feet  ten  inches 
They  had,  however,  nine  children  ;  live  of  whicl 
attained  to  maturity,  and  were  well  proportion- 
ed to  the  usual  standard  of  mankind-  He  dii;d 
in  1689,  aged  75,  and  his  wife  died  in  1709,  at  the 
age  of  89. 

GIBSON,  William,  nephew  of  Richard,  be- 
came eminent  a?  a  painter ;  he  died  in  1V02. 

GIBSON,  William,  a  self-taught  matliemati- 
cian  of  the  most  wonderful  powers,  born  iu 
172(1,  died  1791. 

GIBt-'ON,  Edward,  kinsman  to  William,  and 
instructed  by  him,  died  young. 

GIDEON,  one  of  the  judges  of  Israel,  died 
1230  B.  C. 


GIF.ANIUS,  llubertus,  or  oiR-rtus.acritic  and 
civiliarj,  died  at  Prague,  in  1€04. 

GIFFORD,  Dr.  Andrew,  an  eminent  English 
dissiiiting  divine  and  antiquary,  bom  m  1700, 
died  J784.  He  was  assistant  librarian  at  the  Bri- 
tish .Aluwunj  ;  to  which  post  he  was  remarkably 
suited,  having  a  peculiar  taleut  for  receiving  and 
eomniuiiitatiiig  knowledge.  As  a  minister  of 
the  Gospel,  he  was  lively  and  evangelical ;  he 
was  master  of  the  pathetic,  and  persuasion 
dwelt  on  his  lips ;  his  heart  was  in  the  work  ; 
and,  upon  some  occasions  particularly,  it  might 
have  been  said  of  him,  as  was  said  of  one  of 
the  blessed  reformers:  "  Vividus  vultus,  vividi 
oculi,  vivida:  inanns,  denique  omnia  vivida." 

GIFFORD,  Richard,  an  English  divine,  au- 
thor of  several  learned  works,  died  in  1607,  much 
respected. 

GIFFORD,  John,  a  political  writer  and  histo- 
rian, (whose  real  name,  however,  is ;  aid  to  have 
been  John  Richard  Green,  i  was  born  in  1T58.  He 
embraced  the  law  as  a  profession  ;  but,  having 
dissipated  his  little  fortune,  he  was  obliged  to  go 
abroad  under  the  assumed  name  which  he  ever 
after  retained.  He  returned  in  1788 :  and.  on  the 
breaking  out  of  the  French  revolution,  devoted 
his  pen  to  the  defence  of  government  in  church 
and  state.  He  contributed  to  the  establishment 
of  the  ■'  British  Critic  ;"  and  compiled  a  "  His- 
tory of  France  ;"  and  a  "  History  of  the  Politi- 
cal Life  oi  William  Pitt."     He  died  in  1618. 

GIGGEO,  Anthony,  an  Italian  divine,  w  no 
wrote  "  Thesaurus  Lingua;  Arabicae,"  in  4  vols, 
folio,  besides  other  works,  died  in  1632. 

GILBERT,  Sir  Humphrey,  an  enterprising, 
hut  inifortunate  navigator,  related  to  sir  Waller 
Raleigh.  He  took  possession  of  Newfoundland 
in  the  name  of  queen  Elizabeth,  wrote  a  bcok 
to  prove  the  existence  of  a  north-west  passage 
to  China,  and  died  in  1583. 

GILBERT,  Thomas,  P,.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
who  made  a  convert  of  Dr.  South  to  ins  opinion 
of  predestination;  he  died  ii.  1G94. 

GILBERT,  Sir  Jeffrey,  cnief  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer, and  a  voluminous  law  writer,  was  born 
in  1674,  and  died  at  Bath,  in  1726. 

GlLBERT,Wil!iam,  a  learned  physician,  who 
tirst  discovered  several  of  the  properties  of  the 
loadstone,  born  at  Co'chester,  in  1540,  dic.^  1603. 

GILDAS,  surnarcd  li;e  Wise,  a  nii  -»  of 
Wales,  and.  the  most  ancient  British  wrii^r  ex- 
tant ;  for  his  famous  "  Epistle"  was  written  A. 
D.  560,  and  is  a  most  severe  censure  of  the  de- 
pravity of  the  Britons  at  that  time. 

GILDON,  Charles,  an  English  poet  and  critic, 
born  in  1G65.  He  is  best  known  by  his  "  Com- 
plete Art  of  Poetry,"  and  died  in  1723. 

GILES  of  Viterbo,  an  Italian  cardinal,  favour- 
ite of  popes  Julius  III.,  and  Leo  X.,  died  in  1.532: 

GILES,  John,  or  iCgidius,  the  first  English- 
man on  record  entered  among  the  Dominicans; 
he  lived  in  the  13th  century. 

ClLIMER.or  GELIMER,  was  the  last  of  the 
Vandal  kings  of  Africa. 

GILL,  Alexander,  an  English  scholar,  mastei 
of  St.  Paul's  school,  who  wrote  some  theologi- 
cal tracts,  died  in  1635. 

GILL,  Alexander,  son  of  the  above,  assisted 
his  fatlier  in  his  school,  was  a  good  Latin  poet; 
he  died  in  1612. 

GILL,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  English  Calvin- 
istic  divine,  a  learned  orientalist,  and  voluniia- 
)U9  writer  on  theoloijical  subjects,  born  j.697, 
and  died  in  London,  1771.  His  greatest  work  ia 
a  "  Commentary  on  the  Bible." 

GlLLFiS,  Pster,  a  learned  adventurer,  who 
211 


GI      

wt'iit  iiitd  foreign  coun'rics  to  learn  their  man- 
ners ;  lie  (iird  al  Rome,  in  1555. 

GIIjLESI'IE,  Oeoryo,  a  lanjons  preacher  of 
the  cliurrh  of  SOTtlaud,  died  in  ]t)48. 

GILLOT,  Ulaiidc,  a  French  painlfr  and  en- 
graver, disc/ple  to  V'aleaujdiod  in  IT^. 

GILLRAY,  James,  a  celebrated  caricature 
designer  and  enpraver,  died  in  1815. 

GILPIN,  Bernard,  an  eminent  English  divine 
and  reformer,  l)orn  in  1517,  died  1583. 

GILPIN,  Richard,  a  popular  non-conformist 
minister  in  and  about  London  ;  he  afterwards 
practised  phvsic,  and  died  in  If)57. 

GILPIN,  William,  an  English  divine,  biogra- 
pher,- and  dolineator  of  nature's  picturesque 
beauties,  was  born  in  17S24,  dieil  1801.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are,  "  An  Exposition  of  the  New 
Tcsiament;"  "  An  Essay  on  Prints  ;"  and  nu- 
merous Essays  and  Observations  on  Picturesqu:; 
Scenery,  Sec,  in  different  parts  of  En(;land. 
To  tlie.-te  we  should  add,  his  "  Sermons  to  *a 
Country  Congregation." 

GILPIN,  Sawrey,  R.  A.,  a  celebrated  painter, 
particularly  of  horses  and  wild  animal.^,  was 
born  iu  1733,  and  was  brother  of  the  pvccediag. 
He  went  to  London  at  the  age  of  14,  and  was  ar- 
ticled to  Mr.  Scott,  a  ship-painter,  who  lived  in 
Covent-Gardcn,  where  Mr.  Gilpin  caught  his 
first  relish  for  animal  painting,  frequently  amus- 
ing himself  in  sketciiing  the  carts  and  horses, 
market-srroupa,  &c'.  He  was  afterwards  patron- 
ised by  William,  duke  of  Cumberland,  at  Wind- 
sor ;  and  from  his  royal  highness'  stud  he  ac- 
quired that  knowledge  of  the  horse  which  he  has 
BO  ably  exhibited  in  his  works.  The  historical 
compositions  lie  has  left,  show  that  he  might 
have  claimed  the  palm  in  the  first  department 
of  art.  The  Triumph  of  Camillas,  Diomcdes' 
Horses,  his  poetical  subjects,  and  drawings  of 
animals,  possess  a  taste  peculiar  to  himself  His 
chef  d'cBuvre  is  in  the  possession  of  S.  Whit- 
bread,  esq.  M  P.  It  consists  of  a  group  of  tigers, 
and  is  a  noble  and  spirited  composition.  He  ex- 
celled much  in  giving  an  expression  of  terrible, 
but  majestic  fierceness,  to  that  noblest  of  all  ani- 
mals, the  lion.     He  died  at  Brompton,  in  1807. 

GINNANI,  Francis,  page  to  duke  Anthony 
Farnese,  wrote  several  works  on  agriculture ;  he 
died  in  17G6. 

GIOCONDO, Fra  Giovanni, a  schoolmaster 
at  Verona,  who  instructed  Julius  Csesar  Scali- 
ger  ;  he  died  in  ]5'2I. 

GIOIA,  Flavio,  of  Amalfi,  in  Naples,  a  cele- 
brated mathematician,  who, from  his knovilcdse 
of  the  magnetic  powers,  invented  the  mariner's 
compass,  by  which  the  navigation  of  Europeans 
was  extended  to  the  most  distant  regions  of  the 
plobc  ,  before  this  invention,  navigation  was 
confined  to  coasting  It  is  said  that  the  Chinese 
knew  the  compass  long  before ;  be  this  as  it  may, 
he  Europeans  arc  inrtebted'to  Gioia  for  this  in- 
valuable discovery.     He  was  born  about  1300.    j 

GIOLITO  DETi  FERRARI,  a  printer,  of  thej' 
16th  century,  at  Venice,  ennobled  by  Charles  V., I 
died  iu  1.547. 

GIORDAN!,  Vital,  a  Neapolitan  mathemati- 
cian ;  author  of  several  works  on  the  niathema- 
tice.  died  in  1711.  | 

GiORD.\NO,Luca,  a  painter  of  Naples,  he  was; 
knighted  bvthe  king  of  Spain,  and  died  in  1705.' 
GIOKGIANI,  or  AL.SEfD  ALSCHERIF; 
ABON  HASSAN,  orHOUSSAIN  ALI,  a  ua-j 
live  of  Georgia,  author  of  Theological  and  Phi- 
losophical terms.  j 

GIORGtONR,  an  illustrious  Venetian  painter,; 
born  in  1478,  died  in  151,1.  ' 

21? 


GL 

GIOSEPPINO,  an  eminent  Neapolitan  painter, 
born  in  15Wl,  di(!d  in  1640. 

GIOTTINO  Tomaso,  a  painter,  of  Florence, 
died  ill  13.5t). 

GIOTTO,  an  eminent  Florentine  painter, 
sculptor,  and  architect,  born  in  1276,  died  in 
133G. 

GIRALDI,  Lilio  Gregorio,  an  ingenious  critic, 
antiquary,  and  historian,  and  one  of  the  most 
learned  men  that  modern  Italy  has  produced,  ' 
died  in  155-2. 

GIRALDI,  John  Baptist  Cintio,  an  Italian 
poet,  born  at  Ferrara,  in  1504,  died  in  1573.  Mis 
worlcs  consist  chiefly  of  tragedies;  and  some 
make  no  scruple  to  rank  him  among  the  best 
tragic  writers  that  Italy  has  produced. 

GIRALUUS,  Sylvester,  a  learned  Welchman, 
who  wrote  a  History  of  Ireland,  and  other  works 
of  great  erudition,  died  about  1215. 

GIRALDUS,  Canibrensis,  an  ancient  British 
historian,  who  died  about  the  latter  end  of 
the  12th  century,  having  written  "A  History 
of  the  Vv'orld,"  in  which  his  information  res- 
pecting ecclesiastical  attairs  is  extremely  valu- 
able. 

GIRANDON,  Francis,  was  inspector-general 
of  sculpture  to  Lewis  XIV. ;  he  died  in  1715. 

GIRARD,  John  Baptist,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Pol, 
was  tried  by  the  parliament  of  Aix,  for  using 
sorcery  upon  a  young  girl  ;  but  was  acquitted. 

GIR'.'\RD,  Gabriilj  a  French  ecclesiastic,  was 
almoner  to  the  duchess  of  Berri,  &c. ;  he  died  in 
17-tS. 

GIRON,  T).  Pierre,  duke  ot'Ossuna,  a  Spaniard, 
who  encoiiraged  tlie  fauious  conspiracy  against 
Venice,  wiiich  forms  the  subject  of  one  of  the 
finest  pieces  of  English  tragedy  ;  he  died  in 
prison  in  1024. 

GIRONST,  James,  of  Anjou,  known  as  a  po- 
pular preacher  :  his  sermons  were  pubhshed  in 
1704  ;  he  died  in  1689. 

GIRTIN,  John,  an  English  painter,  whcse 
views  of  London  and  Paris,  are  much  admired ; 
he  died  in  1802. 

GIBY,  Lewis,  one  of  the  first  members  of  the 
French  academy,  and  author  of  several  valuable 
works  ;  he  died  in  1G65. 

GISRERT,  John,  a  native  of  Cahors,proffis.«or 
of  divinity  at  Toulouse,  and  author  of  Anti- 
Probalasimus,  died  in  1710. 

GISBERT,  fiiaise,a  Jesuit  of  Cahors,  wrote  a 
work  on  Education,  &c.,  died  in  1731. 

GISELINUS,  a  physician,  a  native  of  Bruges, 
died  in  1551. 

GIST,  Mordecai,  a  brigadier  general  iu  the 
American  war ;  was  in  the  battle  of  Camden, 
died  in  1792. 

GIULANO,  Di-Majano,  a  Florentine,  sculptor 
and  architect,  who  died  at  Naplris,  in  1447.  Se- 
veral buildings  at  Naples,  are  the  monuments 
of  his  genius. 

GIUSTI,  Antonio,  a  painter,  of  Florence,  of 
much  excellence,  died  in  1705. 

GL.AIN,  N.  Saint,  a  zealous  Protestant,  born 
at  Limoges,  about  1620,  remarkable  for  having 
been,  by  re;iding  of  Spinoza's  book,  changed  into 
as  zealous  an  Atheist. 

GL  ANnOR,  Matthias,  a  physician  to  the  arch- 
bishop of  Bremen,  died  in  1652. 

GL.'VNVIL,  Joseph,  a  distinguished  philnso 
phical  and  theological  writer,  born  al  Plymouth, 
in  163<;,  died  in  lf)80.  In  "  Some  Philosophical 
Considerations,  touching  the  Being  of  Witches 
and  Witchcraft,"  he  defended  the  possibility 
of  witchcraft,  which  drew  him  into  a  com  ro- 
versy  that  ended  only  with  his  life.    During  the 


GL    

coiinie  of  it,  lie  endeavoured  to  eonJii m  his  opin- 
ion by  a  coUcciioii  of  several  narratives  itlativc 
tu  it. 

ULANVILLE,  Uaniilpli,  ctiief  justiciary  of 
all  Kiiylaiid,  and  an  uniinent  writer  on  jurispru- 
dence, who  first  collctud  the  Kiiglish  laws  into 
one  hody,  flourished  toward  tlie  end  of  the  12tli 
century. 

G  LAPH  yRA,  a  priestess  of  Bellona's  temple, 
known  foi  her  amoms  with  JMarc  Antony. 

GIj.^PTflOUAE,  Henry,  a  poet  and  dramatic 
writer,  who  lived  in  the  reign  of  Ciiarles  I.,  and 
puhlislied  five  plays. 

GI^ASER,  Christopher,  apothecary  to  Louis: 
XIV.,  and  author  of  a  valuable  treatise  on  chy- 
tnist.'-y,  died  in  1071*. 

GIj'ASS,  John,  a  Scotch  divine,  who,  in  1727, 
puhlislied  a  treatise  to  prove  that  the  civil  esta- 
blishment of  religion  was  inconsistent  with 
Christianity  ;  for  this  he  was  deposed,  and  be- 
can)e  the  father  of  a  new  .-ect,  called  in  Scot- 
land, Glassites,  and  in  England,  Sandenionians. 
He  was  born  at  Dundee,  in  1098,  and  died  in 
1773. 

GLASS,  John,  born  at  Dundee,  traded  to  the 
Brazils,  whence  returninj;  in  1705,  with  great 
property,  he  was  murdered  by  the  seamen,  wlio 
were  al'crvvards  executed. 

GLAPSIUS,  Solomon,  D.  D.,  a  German  di- 
vine, superintendent  of  the  schools  and  cliurches 
inSaxe  Rotha,  and  author  of  several  works  ;  he 
died  in  Viol). 

GLAUI5ER,  John,  a  painter,of  Utrecht,  whose 
pieces  are  much  admired  ;  he  died  in  1726. 

GLADDER,  John  Gotlief,  a  painter,  whose 
pieces  were  in  a  finished  style,  died  in  1703. 

GLAUBER,  Diana,  sister  of  the  preccdinj; 
painters,  born  in  1051),  was  also  distinguished 
for  the  execution  of  her  pencil ;  she  becamej 
blind  in  her  old  age. 

GLAUBER,  John  Rodolphus,  a  celebrated i 
German  chyraist,  and  chyuiical  writer,  of  the! 
17lh  century.  ! 

GLEDITSCH,  John  Gottlieb,  a  native  ofi 
Leipsic,  and  lecturer  in  botany,  physiologj',  &c.,l 
di?d  in  1786.  | 

GLEICIIEN,  Frederic  William  Von,  a  noble-' 
man,  of  Bayreiith,  he  constructed  a  curious  mi- 
croscope, and  died  in  178.3. 

GLEN,  John,  a  painter  and  engraver  on  wood,| 
of  Liege,  of  the  Ifith  centurv. 

GLUN DOWER,  Owen,  a  celebrated  Welch 
warrior,  who  for  more  than  fourteen  years  op- 
posed the  sovereignty  of  Henry  IV.  of  England, 
by  force  of  arms,  declaring  him  to  be  a  usurper, 
and  the  murderer  of  Richard  11. ,  born  in  1354, 
died  ill  1415. 

GI.ENIE,  James,  a  mathematician,  engag- 
ed in  the  military  service  of  Great  Britain,  died 
in  1817.  He  was  the  author  of  a  flistorj'  of 
Gunnery,  and  several  valuable  mathematical 
works. 

GLENN,  James,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
South-Carolina,  was  succeeded  by  Lytfleton,  in 
1755.  He  promoted  the  prosperity  of  the  colony, 
by  an  advantageous  treaty  with  the  Indians. 

GLICAS,  a  Byzantine  historian,  his  "Annals 
from  the  Creation,"  were  published  in  Greek 
and  Latin  in  IfiOO. 

GLIPSON,  Francis,  an  English  medical  and 
anatomical  author.  His  Treatise  on  the  Liver  is 
his  rti(l-ri'(puvre  ,  he  died  in  1677.  i 

GLOUCESTER,  Robert  of,  the  most  ancient ! 

poet  in  the  records  of  English  history,  flourished] 

in  the  time  of  Henry  II.  I 

GLOVEB.  Bichiird.     This  verv  ingeniouf=i 


GO  

gentleman  was  brought  up  ii>  the  mercantile 
hue,  and,  by  a  remarkable  speech  that  hf  de- 
livered in  behalf  of  the  leprcliantc  of  l^indon 
at  the  bar  of  the  House  of  Commons,  about  the 
year  1740,  previous  to  the  breaking  out  of  (he 
Spanisii  war,  acquired,  and  with  great  jiisiice, 
the  chaiacter  of  an  able  and  steady  patriot; 
which  churacler  he  retained  through  lite.  In 
the  belles  lettroshe  also  m.ide  no  inconsiiierable 
figure,  being  the  nutlior  of  an  epic  poem  ol  very 
liii^h  relebritj-,  entitled  "  Leonidas  ;"  the  subject 
of  which  is,"  ilie  gallant  actions  of  that  preat 
general,  and  his  heroic  defence  of,  and  fidl  at, 
the  pass  of  Thermopyla- ;  he  wrote  also,  "  Bo- 
adicea,"  "  lledea,"' and  "  Jason,"  tragedies  : 
and  died  in  1785,  aged  74. 

GLUCK,  Christopher,  an  eminent  musical 
composer,  born  in  Bohemia,  in  1716.  He  intro- 
duced a  new  style  of  music  iuto  Paris,  and  died 
at  Vienna,  in  17fe7. 

GLYNN,  Robert,  a  native  of  Cambridge,  au- 
thor of  the  Pay  of  Judgment,  a  poem  of  great 
merit ;  he  (ibiaincd  the  prize  of  Cambridge,  and 
died  in  1800. 

GMELiN,  Dr.  Samuel  Gottlcib,  a  celehratrd 
eastern  traveller,  who  has  left  an  account  of  his 
travels  inSvo'unies.  He  was  born  in  Swaliia,in 
1745,  and  died  in  1774,  at  Achniet  Kent,  a  village 
of  Mount  Caucasus. 

GMELIN,  John  George,  born  at  Tubingen, 
published  some  works  ;  he  died  in  1755. 

GMELIN,  John  Frederic,  a  professor  in  the 
university  of  Gottingen,  was  born  at  Ttibingen, 
in  1748.  He  was  a  voluminous  and  able  writer 
on  every  part  of  natural  history  ;  but  is  most 
celebrated  for  his  edition  of  Linnfeus'  "System 
of  Nature."  The  world  is  also  indebted  to  him 
for  the  discovcrV'  of  several  excellent  dyes,  ex- 
tracted from  diiferent  vegetable  and  mineral 
substances  :  he  died  in  1805. 

GOADBY,  Robert,  a  printer  and  bookseller,  of 
Sherborne,  in  Dorsetshire,  and  author  of  several 
useful  publications,  died  in  1778.  His  "  Illustra- 
tion of  the  Holy  Fcriptures,"  is  a  book  that 
has  been  very  generally  read,  and  widely  circu- 
lated. "The  Life  of  Bamfylde  Moore  V'arew, 
King  of  the  Beggars,"  was  likewise  written  by 
him. 

G0.4R,  James,  a  Dominican  friar,  of  Paris;, 
published  "  (Jra  coruni  Eucologinm,"  &c. ;  he 
died  in  1653,  much  respected. 

COBBO,  Pietro  Paolo  Cortonese,  a  much 
admired  painter,  of  Cortona,  died  in  1640. 

GOKBO,  .Andrea,  an  Italian  historical  painter 
died  about  ],')27. 

Gobi:!,,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Hanne, 
bislinp  of  Lydda  :  was  accused  by  Robespierre, 
of  aiheisni,  and  guillotined  in  17U3. 

GOBELTN,  Giles,  a  famous  French  dyer, 
w)io.<e  nanie  has  been  given  ever  since  to  the 
finest  French  scarlets  ;  his  house,  and  the  small 
river  that  lie  made  use  of  at  Paris,  are  still  called 
the  Gobelins  ;  an  academy  for  drawing,  and  a 
manufactory  of  fine  tapestries,  were  erected  in 
this  quarter,  in  ICC6,  and  for  this  reason  the 
tapestries  are  called  "  Of  the  Gobelins."  He 
flourished  about  1030. 

GOBiEK.Charles,  a  Jesuit,  of  St.  Maloes.  wrote 
the  "  Hi.story  of  the  Mariannes,"  &.c. ;  he  died 
in  1708. 

GOBRYAS,  one  of  the  seven  Persian  nobles, 
who  conspired  to  dethrone  the  usurper  Pinerdis. 

GOfLENrUS,  Conrad,  a  German,  csie-^nied 
hv  I'.rrisniiis  for  li.'s  virtues  and  learning;  he 
died  ill  I5:». 

G(i<  1. FN  lUS.  R('dol[>hus,  considered  as  the 
213 


GO 

founder  of  modern  magnetism :    was  born  at 
Wittemberg,  and  died  in  1621. 

GOCL.ENIUS,  Rodolphus,  a  volnniinous  wri- 
ter, 50  years  professor  of  logic  at  Marpurg,  died 
in  1028. 

GODDARD,  Jonathan,  an  English  physician 
and  chymist,  and  one  of  the  first  promoters  of 
the  Royal  Society,  born  in  1617,  died  iu  1074. 

GODEAU,  Anthony,  a  French  bishop,  born  in 
1605.  He  was  a  very  voluminous  author,  both 
in  prose  and  verse ;  but  it  may  xutiice  to  mention 
one  work  in  each  way,  as  chiefly  worth  notice  ; 
his  "Ecclesiastical  History,"  and  a  "Transla- 
tion of  the  Psalms  into  French  verse ;"  he  died 
in  1672. 

GODEFROI,  or  GODFREY,  of  Bouillon, 
duke  of  Lower  Lorraine,  a  most  celebrated 
crusader,  and  victorious  general :  he  took  Jeru- 
salem from  tlie  Turks  in  109(1,  and  was  pro- 
claimed king ;  but  his  piety,  as  historians  relate, 
would  not  permit  him  to  wear  a  diadem  of  golfl 
in  the  city  where  his  Saviour  had  been  crowned 
with  thorns  :  he  died  iu  1100. 

GODEFROI,  Denys.  a  native  of  Paris,  and 
author  of  Corpus  Juris  Civilis,  &c.,  died  in  1G22. 

GODEFROI,  Theodore,  counsellor  of  state, 
of  France,  died  in  16-12.  His  brother  James, 
was  law  professor  at  Geneva,  where  he  died 
in  1G59. 

GODEFROI,  Denys,  son  of  Theodore,  an  au- 
thor ;  he  died  in  1681. 

GODESCHALC,  surnamed  Fnlgentius,  a 
monk,  in  Saxony,  in  the  9th  century,  known  for 
Ills  controversy  about  predestination  and  grace; 
he  died  in  869. 

GODEVVYCK,  Margarita,  a  female  painter, 
of  Dort,  much  admired,  died  in  1077. 

GODFREY,  of  Viterbo,  chaplain  and  secre- 
tary to  king  Conrad  TIL,  and  the  emperors  Fre- 
deric and  Henry  VI.  He  laboured  40  years  iu 
compiling  a  Chronicle  from  the  Creation  of  the 
World  to  1186.  It  is  written  in  Latin  prose  and 
verse,  and  entitled  "Pantheon." 

GODFREY,  Sir  Edmundbury,  an  able  ma- 
gistrate, v.ho  exerted  himself  in  the  discovery 
of  the  popish  plot,  was  found  dead,  pierced  by 
his  own  sword,  supposed  to  have  been  killed 
by  the  papists  in  1078.  j 

GODFREY,  Thomas,  the  inventor  of  Flad- 
ley'si]uadrant,  died  iu  Philadelpliia,  in  1749. 

"GODFREY,  TI:omas,  soii  of  the  preceding,]' 
a  poet ;  died  at  VVilmington,  in  1763.  I 

GODIVA,  the  name  of  a  beautiful  lady,  wife 
of  Leofric  earl  of  Mercia,  in  the  reign  of  Edward  ] 
the  Confessor.  Having  an  extraordinary  affec-i 
tion  for  Coventry,  she  solicited  her  husband  to 
release  the  inhabitants  of  that  city  from  a  grie- 
vous tax.  To  this  he  evasively  consented,  on 
condition  that  she  would  ride  naked  tlirouL'h 
the  streets  of  Coventry ;  which  she  performed, 
covering  her  body  with  her  hair,  and  command- 
ing all  persons  to  keep  within  doors  and  from! 
the  windows  on  pain  of  death.  The  pictures 
of  Leofric  and  Godiva  are  in  the  window  of 
Trinity  Church  ;  and  every  year  on  the  Fri-] 
day  after  Trinity  Sunday,  there  is  a  procession 
through  the  town,  with  a  figure  representing  a 
naked  woman  on  horseback. 

GOUOLPHIN,  John,  an  eminent  civfiian,  of 
England,  born  in  1617,  died  in  1678.  He  puh-i 
lishcd  several  books  which  were  held  in  muchl 
esteem. 

GODWIN.  Earl,  brother  to  Edward  the  Con-| 

fessor,  invaded  England,  in  1052.     Being  tried. 

for  the  murder  of  prince  Alfred  his  brother,  he 

was  pardoned,  but  died  at  the  king's  tabl«,  wbilej 

214 


GO 

protesting  his  innocence  of  the  said  murder ; 
supposed  by  the  historian  of  those  times  to  have 
been  choked  with  a  piece  of  bread,  as  a  judg- 
ment from  heaven,  having  wished  it  might  stick 
iu  hi?  throat  if  he  were  guilty  of  the  murder, 
which  he  cerlainly  was. 

GODWIN,  Thomas,  an  English  prelate,  who 
embraced  the  tenets  of  the  protes'.anrs,  but  on 
the  accession  of  Mary,  was  persecuted  ;  he  was 
afterwards  favoured  by  Elizabeth,  who  at  length 
became  displeased  with  liim,  which  hastened 
his  death  in  1.590. 

GODWIN,  Dr.  Francis,  an  excellent  malhc- 
matician,  philosopher,  and  historian,  born  i« 
1561.  In  1583,  ho  wrote  an  entertaining  piece, 
which  came  out  about  five  years  after  his  death, 
under  the  title  of  "  The  Man  in  the  Moon  ;  or 
a  Discourse  of  a  Voyage  thither,  by  Domingo 
Gonsales,"  in  1038.  But  his  principal  work  is, 
"  A  Catalogue  of  the  Bishops  of  England,  since 
the  first  planting  of  the  Christian  Religion 
in  this  Island ;  together  with  a  brief  History 
of  their  Lives  and  memorable  Actions,  so  neaf 
as  can  be  gathered  of  Antiquity  ;"  he  died  in 
1633. 

GODWIN,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  learned  English 
writer,  and  excellent  schoolmaster,  born  in  1537, 
died  in  1642.  His  chief  work  is,  "  Roman® 
Historiffi  Anthologia,"  an  English  Exposition 
of  the  Roman  Antiquities,  &c. 

GODWIN,  Mary  Wollstonecraft,  aladyofvery 
superior  literary  accomplishments,  who  distin- 
guished herself  by  many  able  productions,  bill 
chiefly  by  "  A  Vindication  of  the  Rights  of 
Women,  with  Strictures  on  Moral  ami  Politica! 
Subjects."  She  also  wrote  well  on  female 
education  and  conduct,  and  her  practical  skill 
in  education  was  even  superior  to  her  specula- 
tions on  the  subject.  For  soundness  of  under- 
standing, and  sensibility  of  heart,  she  was,  per- 
haps, never  e.xcelled ;  but  there  were  certain 
peculiarities  of  system  both  in  her  writings  and 
her  conduct,  against  which  every  lover  of  reli- 
gion or  mor.Tis  must  protest.  She  was  born  in 
170S,  and  died  in  1797. 

GOERCE,  William,  an  eminent  scholar,  of 
Middleburv,  author  of  Jewish  Antiquities,  &c., 
died  in  1715. 

GOERIXG,  Jacob,  for  many  years  minister  of 
the  German  Lutheran  church  in  New- York,  died 
in  1807. 

GOERTZ,  John  baron  of,  a  memorable  Swede, 
who  endeavoured  to  e.\cite  an  insurrection  in 
Enslatid  in  favour  of  the  pretender  ;  he  was  be- 
headed in  1719. 

GOES,  Hugo  Vaiider,  a  painter,  of  Bruges, 
flourished  about  1480. 

GOESIUS,  William,  a  critic,  of  Leyden,  au- 
thor of  notes  on  Petronius,  died  in  1686. 

OOETZE,  George  Henry,  a  native  of  Leipsic ; 
he  was  superintendentof  the  churches  of  Lubec, 
and  died  in  1702. 

GOEZ,  John  Aigustus  Ephraiin,  a  native  of 
Ascherlcben,  eminent  as  a  naturalist;  he  died 
in  1780. 

GOEZ,  Damian  de,  a  Portuguese  writer,  and 
a  great  traveller,  became  acquainted  with  the 
learned  men  of  Europe. 

GOFF,  Thomas,  born  in  Essex.  1592,  and 
died  in  1627.  He  waB  a  divine ;  but  wrote  several 
pieces  on  different  subjects,  among  which  are 
four  tragedies. 

GOFF,  William,  one  of  the  judges  of  king 
Charles  I.,  and  major-eeneral  under  Cromwell, 
cauic  to  America  in  1660;  he  lived  in  conceal- 
ment till  his  death,  in  1679. 


4k 


GO 

GOGAVA,  Antonius  Jltunanius,  a  Geniian 
physici:iii,  flourisht'd  about  15i)2. 

GOGUET,Autoiiy-YveM,  a Fieiich  writer,  and 
author  of  a  celebrated  work,  entitled, "  L'Ori- 
giue  de  Loix,  des  Arts,  des  Sciences,  et  de  leur 
Progres  ches  las  Anciens  Peuples,"  born  at  Pa- 
ris, in  1716,  died  1758. 

GOLDAST,  Melchior  Haiminsfield,  a  learned 
civilian,  of  Switzerland,  author  of  many  valua- 
fcle  works,  died  in  1GH5. 

GOLDHAGEN,  John  Eustachius,  of  Magde- 
burg, translated  Herodotus,  &c. ;  he  died  in  177'2. 

GOLDMAN,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Breslaw, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  military  architecture, 
died  in  1665. 

GOLDONI,  Charles,  a  dramatic  writer,  born 
at  Venice,  in  1707,  produced  a  number  of  come- 
dies, which  were  remarkably  successful.  He 
died  in  1793. 

GOLDSMITH,  Francis,  a  poet  and  translator, 
who  lived  in  tlie  reign  of  Charles  I. 

GOLDSMITH,OUver,  an  eminent  Englisii  his- 
toric, dramatic,  and  mjscellaneous  writer,  was 
born  at  Elphiu,  in  Ireland,  Nov.  29, 1729.  Uuit- 
ting  home  to  taste  of  foreign  climes,  he  encoun- 
tered many  ditficulties ;  and  having  experienced 
all  the  vicissitudes  to  which  a  pennyless  wan- 
derer must  necessarily  be  subject,  arrived  in 
England  in  1758.  Shortly  after,  he  became  an  as- 
sistant at  an  academy  at  Peckham ;  then  a  writer 
in  "  The  Monthly  Review;"  and  afterwards  in 
"  The  Public  Ledger,"  in  which  his"  Citizen  of 
the  World"  originally  appeared,  under  tlie  title 
of"  Chinese  Letters."  Fortune  seemed  now  to 
take  some  notice  of  a  man  she  had  long  neglect 
ed.  The  simplicity  of  his  character,  the  integrity 
of  liis  heart,  and  the  merit  of  his  productions, 
made  his  company  acceptable  to  the  better  sort, 
He  took  handsome  chambers  in  the  temple,  and 
lived  in  a  genteel  style.  His  "Traveller,"  his 
"Vicar  of  Waketjeld,"  his  "  Good-natured  Man, 
aComedy,"  raised  hiraup,  and  ensured  him  sue 
cess  to  any  thing  that  should  follow  ;  as  "  The 
Deserted  Village,"  "She  Stoops  to  Conquer," 
&c.  Notwithstanding  the  success  of  his  works 
by  which  he  cleared  vast  sums,  his  circum 
stances  were  by  no  means  prosperous ;  and  this 
has  been  imputed  to  two  causes  :  partly  to  the 
liberality  of  his  disposition ;  and  partly  to  an  un 
fortunate  habit  of  gaming,  the  arts  of  which  he 
very  little  understood.  He  died  Apiil  4,  1774. 
Goldsmith,  like  SmoUet,  Guthrie,  and  others 
who  subsisted  by  their  pens, is  supposed  some 
times  to  have  sold  his  name  to  works  in  which 
he  had  little  or  no  concern. 

GOLIUS,  James,  a  learned  orientalist,  born 
at  tlie  Hague;  travelled  into  several  countric; 
he  published  several  learned  works,  and  died  in 
1667. 

GOLIUS,  Pete^-,  brother  of  the  preceding,  an 
cxcellentorientaUst,  assisted  in  the  edition  of  the 
great  Arabic  Bible,  printed  at  Rome,  in  1671 ;  he 
died  in  1673. 

GOLTZIUS,  Henry,  a  famous  Dutch  painter 
and  engraver,  born  in  1558,  died  1617. 

GOLTZIUS,  Hubert,  a  German  writer  on  Ro- 
man antiquities,  born  in  152fj.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  several  excellent  works,  in  all  which  he 
applies  medals  to  tlie  clearing  up  of  ancient  his- 
lorv.     He  died  in  1583. 

GOLYDD  AN,  a  bard  in  the  court,  of  Cadwal- 
lader,  in  the  beginning  of  the  8th  century. 

GOMAR,  Francis,  a  native  of  Bruges,  known 
for  his  strong  defence  of  Calvin's  principles 
against  Armiuius  ;  he  died  in  1641. 

GOMUAULD,  John  Ogicr  de,  a  French  poet| 


and  theological  writer,  born  1567,  died  in  166<j. 
At  {he  ai,'e  of  IsU,  he  published  a  large  collection 
of  "  Epigrams  ;"■  and  some  years  after  a  trage- 
dy, called  "  Danaiiies." 

GOMBEIIVILLE,  Marin  Lo  Roi,  a  French- 
man, member  of  the  academy,  and  author  of 
lioniances,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  li)74. 

GOMERSAL,  Robert,  an  Engli.sh  divine,  po- 
et, and  dramatic  author,  born  UiOO,  died  1G46. 

GOMEZ,  de  Cividad  Alvarez,  a  Latin  poet,  of 
Guadalaxara,  died  in  1558. 

GOMEZ,  de  Castro  Alvarez,  a  learned  Span- 
iard, author  of  the  life  of  Cardinal  Ximenes  > 
he  died  in  1580. 

GOMEZ,  Magdalene  Angelica  Poisson  de,  a 
French  lady,  who  wrote  some  romances,  &c., 
died  in  1770. 

GONDEBAUD,  third  king  of  Burgundy,  be- 
came tribuiary  to  Clovis,  king  of  the  Franks ;  he 
died  in  510. 

GONDlilN,  Lewis  Antony,  a  favourite  of 
Louis  XIV.,  who  gratified  that  monarch  by  em- 
ploying 1200  men  to  destroy  a  wood  which  was 
offensive  lo  him. 

GONDV,  John  Francis  Paul,  afterwards  Car- 
dinal de  Retz,  born  1613,  died  1679.  This  extraor- 
dinary man  has  drawn  liis  own  character  in  his 
"  Memoirs,"  which  are  written  with  such  an  air 
of  grandeur,  impetuosity  of  genius,  and  inequali- 
ty, as  give  us  a  very  strong  representation  of 
his  conduct.  He  was  a  man  who,  from  the 
reatest  degree  of  debauchery,  and  still  lan- 
guishing under  its  consequences,  preached  to 
the  people,  and  made  himself  adored  by  them. 
Voltaire  says,  that  "  in  his  youth  he  lived  like 
Cataline,  and  like  Attieus  in  his  old  age."  Of 
his  Memoirs,  "several  parts,"  says  the  same 
Voltaire,  "  are  worthy  of  Sallust,  but  the  whole 
is  not  equal."/  They  are  supposed,  however, 
to  be  written  with  impartiality  ;  the  author 
having  every  where  spoken  with  the  same  free- 
dom of  his  own  infirmities  and  vices,  as  any 
other  writer  could  have  done. 

GONET,  John  Baptist,  a  Dominican  friar, 
professor  at  Bourdeaux,  and  author  of  a  sys- 
tem of  theology ;  he  died  in  1681. 

GONGORA,  Lewis  de,  a  Spanish  poet,  bom 
in  16.52,  died  in  1027.  His  works  are  all  posthu  • 
mous,  and  consist  of  sonnets,  elegies,  a  comedy, 
a  tragedy,  &c.  The  Spaniards  have  a  very 
high  opinion  of  this  poet,  even  so  as  to  entitle 
him  prince  of  the  poets  of  their  own  nation. 

GONNELLI,  John,  a  Tuscan  sculptor  and 
painter,  who  lost  his  sight  at  the  age  of  20 ;  but 
modelled  in  clay  ;  and  by  his  exquisite  sensa- 
tion of  feeling,  wrought  his  statues  to  great  per- 
fection, and  drew  portraits  with  striking  resem- 
blance.    He  died  at  Rome  in  1073. 

GONSALVA,  or  GONSALVO,  Fernandez, 
duke  of  Terra  Nuova,  and  called  The  Great 
Captain,  a  renowned  Spanish  general  under 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  was  born  at  Cordova 
in  1443,  and  died  in  1515. 

GONTHIE!!,  a  Latin  poet,  author  of  a  histo- 
ry of  Constantinople,  in  1203. 

GONTHIER,  Leonard  and  John,  Frenchmen 
and  brothers,  eminent  in  the  art  of  paijitingor 
staining  glass  ;  the  time  of  their  birth  and  death 
is  uncertain. 

GONZAG.X,  Lucretia,  an  illustrious  lady  of 
the  16th  century,  as  remarkable  for  wit,  learn- 
ing, and  stylo,  as  for  high  birth.  She  wrote 
inch  beautiful  letters,  that  the  utmost  care  was 
aken  to  preserve  them  ;  and  a  collection  of 
them  was  printed  at  Venice,  in  1552.  All  that 
came  from  her  pea  was  so  much  esteemed,  that 
215 


GO 

u  collection  was  made  even  of  ihe  notes  that 
slie  vviote  to  lier  servants,  sev  i-ji  ol'  whicjiart 
10  lie  met  with  ir.  tlie  edilio.)  ol  licr  letters. 

GONZAGA,  Scipic,  a  noble  Italian,  whti 
wrote  some  poems,  aii'i  left  maimscript  inemoirt 
of  liirnself .  tie  died  in  1593 

GONZAGA,  Vespasian,  duke  of  Sabblone 
ta,  a  city  wliich  he  founded ;  he  died  in  169], 
much  respected. 

GONZALEZ,  Thyrsus,  a  Spaniard,  general 
of  the  Jesuits,  who  died  at  Rome,  in  1705. 

GOOCU,  Sir  William,  a  distinguished  oilicor 
ill  the  mifitaiy  service  of  Great-Brilaiii,  com- 
inauder  of  tile  forces  raised  for  the  Spanish  war, 
and  afterwards  a  major-general,  and  governor 
of  the  colony  of  Virginia,  after  Drysdale,  in 
17-27. 

COODALL,  Walter,  a  Scotchman,  known 
as  a  philologist,  and  author  of  a  vindication  of 
IMarv ;  he  died  in  1758. 

GOODKICH,  Elizur.  D.  D.,  minister  of  Dur- 
ham, Conn.  ;  was  distinguished  for  his  lilera/y 
and  scientific  acquirements :  he  was  well  ver- 
sed in  the  languages,  and  familiar  wilh  mathe- 
matical and  philosophical  investigation :  he 
published  several  sermons,  and  died  in  1707 

GOODRICH,  Chauncey,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  an  eminent  lawyer  and  siatesinan, 
of  Harttord,  Conn.  He  was  a  representative, 
and  afterwards  a  setiator  in  congress,  a  coun- 
sellor and  lieutenant-governor  of  Connecticut, 
and  njayor  of  the  city  of  Hartford.  For  depth 
and  solidity  of  judgment,  great  professional  at 
taiiiments,  strict  integrity,  benevolence  and  pi 
ety,  he  had  few  equals  ;  and  his  death,  which 
happened  in  1815,  was  lamented  as  a  public  ca 
lamity. 

GOODWIN,  Thomas,  a  puritanical  divine, 
one  of  the  members  of  the  assemblyof  divines  at 
Westminster,  and  autlior  of  theological  works; 
he  died  in  1679. 

GOODWIN,  John,  a  most  acute  and  subtle 
controversialist  of  the  17th  century.  He  wrote 
a  vindication  of  the  death  of  Charles  I.,  which 
at  the  Restoration  was  burnt  by  the  common 
hangman.  He  was  excepted  out  of  the  act  of 
indemnity,  and  died  soon  after.  His  works  are 
numerous,  but  mostly  in  support  of  Arminian 
doctrines. 

GOOKIN,  Daniel,  author  of  the  historical 
collections  of  the  Indians  in  New-England,  and 
major-general  of  Massachusetts ;  died  in  l(i87 
GOOKIN,  Nathaniel,  minister  of  Hampton 
N.  H.  ;  much  respected  for  his  faithfulness 
he  died  in  1734. 

GOOL,  John,  Van,  a  Dutch  painter,  born  at 
the  Hague,  in  1685. 

GORDIAN  I.,  emperor  of  Rome,  invested 
with  the  purple  in  Africa,  much  against  his 
will,  in  237,  in  the  reign  of  JVIaxiniinus,  and 
soon  after  killed  by  a  general  of  that  monarch. 
GORDON,  Robert,  of  Stralogh,  author  of 
"  Theatrum  Scotia;,"  an  e.vcellent  work,  con- 
taining a  description  of  the  whole  country  of 
Scotland,  with  maps  of  every  county.  He  died 
about  the  middle  of  the  17th  century. 

GORDON,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
greatly  distinguished  by  his  writings  on  political 
and  religious  subjects.  He  was  concerned  with 
Mr.  Trenchard  in  the  composition  of  "Cato's 
Letlers,"  and  "The  Independent  Whig;"  and 
published  English  translation.*  of  Sallust  and 
Tacitus,  with  additional  discourses  to  each  au- 
thor.    He  died  in  1750. 

GORDON,  James,  a  Jesuit,  who  inuKht  phi-" 
losophy  and  languages  at  Paris  and  Bourdeaux, 
216 


GO 

died  in  1620.    Another  of  that  name,  waa  au 
tlior  of  a  commentary  on  the  Bible. 

(iORtlON,  Alexander,  a  learned  Scotchman, 
an  excellent  draflsnian  and  antiquary,  and 
secretary  to  the  Antiquarian  Society,  in  1740. 
He  puhhshed  a  .lourney  through  most  parts  of 
ihe  counties  of  Scotland,  with  66  copperplates; 
"  The  Li  '-•*  of  Pope  Alexander  VI.  and  his  son 
Ca\»ar  Ilor„.a;"  "A  Complete  History  of  the 

■  iitient  Amphitheatres,"  &c.&c. 

GORDON,  Hon.  George,  commonly  called 
Lord  (icorge  Gordon,  a  man  whose  restless 
spirit  has  furnished  too  many  materials  for  fu- 
ture history,  to  pass  unineiitioiud  in  this  collec- 
tion. He  wfis  son  of  Cosmo-George,  dvikc  of 
Gordon,  and  born  in  1750.  At  an  early  period 
of  life  he  eiilered  into  the  royal  navy,  which 
he  quitted  during  the  American  war,  in  conse- 
quence of  an  altercation  with  the  earl  of  Sand- 
wich, relative  to  promotion.  He  afteiAvards  re- 
presented the  borough  of  Ludgeishall  in  parlia- 
ment during  several  sessions  ;  and,  as  he  ani- 
madverted with  gieat  freedom,  and  often  with 
great  wit,  on  the  proceedings  of  both  sides  of 
the  House,  it  was  usual  at  tl.at  period  to  say, 
that  "  there  were  three  parties  in  parliament, 
the  ministry,  the  opposition,  and  Lord  George 
Gordon ;"  at  length,  however,  taking  a  very  vio- 
lent part  in  the  House  against  a  "  Bill  for  th? 
Relief  of  Papists  from  certain  Penalties  and  Dis- 
abilities," he  headed  a  popular  associutKm  to 
oppose  the  measure ;  which  transaction  gave 
rise  to,  though  it  certainly  did  not  authorize, 
the  dreadful  riots  by  which  the  kingdom,  and 
particularly  the  metropolis,  was  for  some  days 
Jevastaled  in  1780.  For  this  Lord  George  was 
tried  on  a  charge  of  high  treason ;  but  acquit- 
ted, on  the  ground  that  his  intentions  in  assem- 
bling the  people  were  not  malicious  and  traitor- 
ous. May  4,  1786,  he  was  excommunicated  by 
the  arclibishop  of  Canterbury,  for  contempt,  in 
not  appearing  in  court  as  witness  in  a  cause. 
Jan.  28,  1788,  having  received  sentence  on  two 
convictions,  for  libelling  the  French  ambassa- 
dor and  queen,  and  the  criminal  justice  of  Great 
Britain,  he  retired  to  Holland,  but  wa.s  sent 
back  under  a  guard,  and  committed  to  New- 
gate. In  July,  1789,  he  presented  a  petition  to 
the  national  assembly  of  France,  for  its  inter- 
ference in  his  behalf;  but  Lord  Greiiville  in- 
formed tiie  French  ambassador  that  the  applica- 
tion in  his.  favour  could  not  be  admitted,  and 
the  ambassador  acquainted  him  with  it.  He 
died  in  Nevvgate,  in  1793 ;  and  his  last  moments 
were  embittered  by  the  knowledge  that  he  conlci 
not  be  buried  among  tlie  Jews,  whose  religion 
li.-^  had  embraced,  during  liis  imprisonment,  and 
jto  which  lie  w  as  warmly  attached. 

GORDON,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Aberdeen, 
!profc?snr  ;ind  author  ;  he  died  in  1751. 

GORDOK,Sir  Adam,  an  English  divine,  rector 
of  Hiuckworth,  and  prebendary  at  Bristol,  au- 
thor of  sermons  and  other  works,  died  in  1817. 

GORDON,  Patrick,  succeeded  Sir  ■William 
Keith,  as  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  in  1726. 
His  administration  was  prudent,  judicious,  and 
advantagfous  to  the  colonists ;  he  died  in  1736.    , 

CORDON,  William,  D.  D.,  minister  of  R ox- 
bury,  Ma.<s.,  and  author  of  a  jiistory  of  the  Re- 
volution of  the  United  States,  Sec. ;  he  died  in 
1807. 

GORE,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Aldcnon,  and 
author  of  some  Latin  poems,  died  in  1664. 

GORELLI,  an  Italian  poet,  who  wrote,  .ifter 
the  manner  of  Dante,  a  historv  of  his  country 
from  1010  to  1384. 


_  GO 

GOIUJIAS,  Leontiiius,  a  pliilosoplier,  ol"  Sici- 
ly, of  (jreat  eminence,  4J7  li.  C. 

GORHAM,  Nathaniel,  a  irieiiiber  of  concress 
til  17fJ4,  ami  presidentof  that  body ;  at'terwaids  a 
delegate  tVom  Massachusetts  to  llie  coiiveiitioii 
wliicli  formed  the  constitution  of  tlie  United 
Slates  ;  he  died  in  1796. 

(;()lvins,  or  GOIUO,  Antonins  Franciscus, 
a  hislnrian,  critic,  and  antiiiuariati,  of  Floreijcc, 
aridaiuhorofsonie  valuable  works,  diftd  in  1757. 

GORL/KUS,  Abraham,  an  antiquarian,  of 
Antwerp;  died  in  11)09. 

GORL.r.US,  Uavid,  a  native  of  Utrecht,  in 
the  17lh  century  ;  he  wrote  on  philosopliy,  and 
advanced  some  new  opinions. 

GOROI'IUS,  John,  a  pliysiciaii,  of  Brabant, 
who  settled  at  Antwerp,  and  maintained  that 
Flemish  was  the  language  of  Adam ;  he  died  in 

GORRAN,  Nicholas  de,  an  eloquent  preach- 
er, and  confessor  to  Philip  tlie  Fair ;  he  died  in 
1>29.). 

GORREUS,  a  piotestant  physician  at  Paris, 
who  pnblislied  a  trauslalioa  of  Nicander,  and 
died  in  157i. 

GORTKR,  John,  became  medical  lecturer 
and  public  piiysician  at  Harderwyck  ;  he  wrote 
various  works,  and  died  in  17t)'2. 

GOKTDN,  Samuel,  the  first  settler  of  War 
wick,  Rhode  Island,  was  persecuted  for  his  re 
ligious  opinions  in  Massachusetts,  and  for  s 
time  imprisoned  ;  he  died  after  the  year  1G76. 

GOSNOLD,  Bartholomew,  an  Knglishman, 
who  li.'-st  discovered  and  gave  name  to  Cape 
Cod,  in  ](i02  :  he  died  in  Virginia,  in  1007. 

GOySELINI,  .lulian,  a  writer,  horn  at  Rome ; 
he  was  appointed  secretary  to  Ferdinand  Gon- 
zaca,  viceroy  of  Sicily,  and  died  in  1587. 

GOSSEHN,  Antony,  regius  professor  of  his- 
tory and  eloquence  at  Caen,  and  principal  of 
the  college  du  Bois,  published  a  "  fiistory  of  the 
Ancient  Greeks,  in  Latin,  16.30." 

GOSSON,  Stephen,  a  divine  and  poet,  born 
ill  Kent,  in  1554,  educated  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  took  orders,  and  obtained  the  living  of 
St.  Botolph,  Bishopsgate,  where  he  died,  in 
1623.  He  wrote  three  plays  ;  and  afterwards, 
in  1.579,  published  an  invective  against  poets, 
players,  &c.  called  "  The  Schoole  of  Abuse." 

GOTH,  Stephen,  archbishop  of  Upsal,  who, 
in  attempting  to  restore  the  Catholic  religion  in 
Sweden,  nearly  kindled  a  civil  war,  in  the  16th 
century. 

GOTHOFRED,  the  name  of  a  very  learned 
family,  originally  of  France.  Deni.s  Gothofi  ed, 
a  celebrated  lawyer,  born  in  1549,  died  in  l&iU. 
He  is  now  best  known  by  an  edition  of  the 
"Corpus  Juris  Civilis."  Theodosiiis,  the  eld- 
est son  of  Denis,  born  in  1.580,  became  a  coun- 
sellor of  state,  and  died  in  1649.  James,  another 
son  ofDenis.  born  in  1587,  was  preferred  to  the 
first  ollices  in  the  republic  of  Geneva,  and  died 
there  in  16.52.  Denis,  the  sen  of  Theodosiiis, 
born  in  1615,  died  in  1681.  He  inherited  his 
father's  taste  for  French  history,  and  made 
great  additions  to  what  his  father  had  done. 
Of  thiij  kind  are  the  histories  of  Charles  VI., 
Charles  VH.,  and  Charles  VIII.,  magnificently 
printed  at  the  Louvre.  John,  son  of  the  fore- 
going, had  also,  like  his  father,  a  passion  for  the 
history  and  antiquities  of  France.  He  gave  an 
edition  of  "  Philip  de  Corainines,"  and  other 
works,  and  died  in  1732. 
GOTTESCHALC,  vid.  Godeschalc. 
GOTTt,  Vincent  Lewis,  an  Itali.in,  made 
cardinal  by  Benedict  XIII. ;  he  died  iu  1742. 

£  e 


GO 


CJOJ 'I'IGME.s,  Giles  Francis,  professor  of 
iiiathematji-,  at  Rome,  and  author  of  several 
"'■'!'",■','.''■,""''''  works;  he  died  in  ir>^j. 

GOTTLEi;i:r,  Jolm  Christopher,  an  excel- 
lenl  G<-rtnaii  critic  ;  he  died  in  17Hi;. 

GOTTiSCHED,  John  (Miristopher,  a  German 
poet  of  Kuuing.-^bi  rg,  who  was  the  means  of 
banishing  bullbonery  Horn  the  stage;  he  died 
in  1762. 

GOUUELIN,  or  GOUDOl'LI,  Peter,  a  poet 
of  Gascony,  so  celebrated  that  he  is  cullod  liie 
Homer  of  (;ascony  ;  he  died  in  h'A'J. 

(JOIJUIMEL,  CHudins,  an  eicellerit  musi- 
cian ;  he  was  put  to  death  lor  setting  the  psahiia 
of  .Marot  and  Beza  to  music. 

GOUUINOT,  John  a  native  of  Rheims,  zeal- 
ously attached  to  the  tenets  of  the  Jaiiseiiisto  , 
he  died  in  1749. 

GOUFFIER,  Marie  Gabriel  Augustel,aurent, 
count  de  Choiseul,  ambassador  from  France  to 
the  Porte.  During  the  revolution  he  went  to 
Russia,  where  he  was  made  a  privy  counsellor, 
and  keeper  of  the  imperial  library.  In  IWJ, 
he  returned  to  France.  On  the  restoration  of 
Eouis  XVUI.,  he  was  made  a  peer  of  France, 
and  died  in  1817.  He  was  autlior  of  "  Voyage 
en  Groce,"  (Sec. 

GftlKiE,  William,  one  of  the  ministers  of 
the  assembly  of  divines,  and  appointed  one  of 
the  annotators  of  the  Bible  ;  he  died  in  16.5:$. 

GOUGE,  Thomas,  sou  of  the  preceding,  wrote 
many  books,  and  distributed   many  thousand 
jpies  of  the  Bible  and  (^aii  cliism.  Sec,  among 
the  300  schools  established  in  Wales. 

GOUGE.S,  Mary  Olyinpe  de,  a  native  of  Mon- 
taiibaii,  whose  heroic  conduct  in  defending  Louis 
XVI.,  caused  her  to  be  guillotined  in  17ii2. 

GOUG II,  Richard,  a  very  learned  and  eminent 
English  antiquary,  born  in  1735,  in  London,  and 
educated  at  Cambridge.  The  principal  of  his 
very  numerous  works  are,  "  British  Topogra- 
phy," a  new  edition  of  "  Camden's  Britannia," 
and  "  Sepulchral  Monuments  of  Great  Britaiu.' 
Mr.  Gonuh  died  at  Enfield,  in  1809. 

GOUJET,  Claude  Peter,  a  French  writer,  born 
at  Paris,  in  K)i)7,  died  in  1707.  He  published 
"  Supplements  to  Moreri's  Dictionary,"  and  to 
•'  Dupin's  Dictionary  of  Ecclesiastical  Writers, " 

&.C. 

GOUJON,  John,  a  sculptor,  of  Paris,  called 
the  Cnreggioof  sculpture;  he  was  killed  iu  the 
massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  in  1.572. 

GOULART,  Simon,  a  Frenchman,  who  suc- 
ceeded Calvin  as  minister  at  Geneva,  and  wrote 
several  valuable  works  ;  he  died  in  1628. 

GOULD,  Robert,  an  English  poet  of  some 
celebrity,  in  the  17th  century,  died  in  1709. 

GOUIjIN,  John  u  French  writer  of  merit, 
died  in  1799. 

GOULSTON,  Theodore,  an  English  physi- 
cian of  great  celebrity,  died  in  1632- 

GOULU,  John,  a  Frenchman ;  he  translated 
Epictetns,  Arian,  Sec,  and  die<l  in  1625. 

GOUPIL,  James,  royal  professor  of  physic  at 
Paris,  ill  1.555;  he  edited  several  Greek  medical 
works,  and  died  in  1564. 

GOUPY,  Joseph,  a  French  artist,  who  taught 
the  princess  of  Wales,  died  in  1747. 

GOURDON,  Simon,  a  native  of  Paris,  wlio 
lived  an  austere  life,  wa.s  author  of  Cases  of 
Conscience,  and  died  in  1729. 

GOURNAY,  Mary  de  Jars,  lady  of.  a  French- 
woman devoted  to  literature,  and  much  attached 
to  Montaigne,  wlioin  she  called  her  father ;  she 
died  in  1645. 
GOUKViLLE,  John  Herauld,  author  of  "  Me- 
V)  217 


GR 

moirs,"  containing  anecdotes  of  the  French  iiii-j 
nisters,  from  Mazarin  to  Colbert,  &c. ;  he  died 
in  1705. 

GOUSSET,  James,  a  French  protestant,  pro 
feasor  of  Greek  at  Groninijeii,  anil  author  of  a 
Hebrew  drctuinarv,  died  in  1704. 

GOUTHIERES,  .lamee,  a  French  advocate, 
author  of  some  valuable  works,  died  in  1C38. 

GOUVION,  N.,  a  French  nlficer,  who  served 
in  America,  afterwards  penera!  injhearniyof 
the  north,  where  he  was  killed,  in  17!l3. 

GOUX  DE  LA  IJOiri.AYE,  Francis  le,  of 
Anjou,  who  travelled  through  Asia  and  Africa, 
and  published  an  account  of  his  travels,  in  1C)53. 

GOUYE,  John,  a  Jesuit  and  mathematician,  of 
Dieppe,  and  member  of  the  academy  of  sciences ; 
he  died  in  1725. 

GOUYE  LONGUEMARE,  a  French  author, 
wrote  on  the  history  of  France,  and  died  in  1763. 

GOVEA,  Martial,  a  Latin  (n>et  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury, and  author  of  a  Latin  grammar. 

GOVEA,  Andrew,  brother  of  the  precediifg, 
established,  under  John  III.  of  Portugal,  the  cot- 
lege  of  Coimbra  ;  he  died  in  1548. 

GOVE.A.,  Antony,  youngest  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, professor  of  law  at  Toulouse,  died  of  eat- 
ing cucumbers,  in  1565. 

GOWER,  John,  an  English  lawyer  and  poet, 
cotemporary  with  Chaucer,  but  older,  being  born 
about  1320"  Thouph  Gower  was  born  first, 
yet  he  outlived  Chaucer,  and  was  his  successor 
in  the  laurel.  In  his  character  as  a  lawyer,  he 
made  so  considerable  a  figure,  that  he  is  said  to 
have  been  raised  to  the  first  rank  in  that  profes- 
sion, and  to  have  sat  chief  justice  of  the  Com- 
mon Pleas.  His  principal  production,  as  a  poet, 
is  "  Confessio  Amantis,"  a  folio,  first  printed  by 
Caxton.     He  died  in  1402. 

GOYEN,  John  Van,  a  painter,  of  Leyden, 
distinguished  for  his  landscapes ;  he  died  in 
1656. 

GOZO\,  Deodati,  grand  master  of  the  order 
«f  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  died  in  1353. 

GOZZI,  Count  Gaspar,  a  Venetian  noble,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  lyrical  and  satirical  poems  ; 
he  died  in  1786. 

GRAAF,  Regnier  de,  a  celebrated  Dutch  phy- 
mcian  and  writer  on  anatomy,  born  in  1641.  died 
J673. 

GR.AAF,  Parent,  a  painter,  of  Amsterdam, 
who  died  in  1709. 

GRAAW,  Henry,  a  native  of  Hoorn,  disciple 
to  Van  Campen,  died  in  1082. 

GR.\BE,  John  Ernest,  a  learned  theological 
and  critical  writer,  and  editor  of  the  "  Septua- 
gint,"  from  the  Alexandrian  MS.  in  the  king  of 
England's  palace,  at  St.  J.-imes',  wag  born  at 
Koninzsberg,  in  1066,  and  died  1712. 

GRACCHUS,  Sempronius,  a  Roman,  ban 
tshed  to  a  solitary  island,  on  the  coast  of  Africa, 
for  hia  licentious  conduct. 

GRACCHUS,  Tiberius,  who,  being  elected  tri 
bune  of  the  Roman  people,  demanded  of  the 
.senate,  in  their  name,  the  execution  of  the  Agra- 
rian law,  by  which  all  persons  possessing  above 
."JOO  acres  of  land,  were  to  be  deprived  of  the  sur- 
plus, for  the  benefit  of  the  poor  citizens,  among 
whom  an  equal  distribution  was  to  be  made. 
Having  carried  his  plan  into  execution  by  vio- 
lent measures,  he  fell  a  victim  to  his  zeal,  being 
assa.»sinated  by  his  own  party,  133  B.  C.  Caius, 
his  brother,  pursuing  the  same  steps,  caused  a 
sedition,  in  which  he  was  killed  by  the  consul, 
Opimius,  121  B.  C. 

G!{.\(,CHUS,  Rutulius,  a  Roman  poet,  of  the 
lOthcenturv,  of  some  merit. 
218 


GR 

GRACI  AN,  Balthazar,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  whose 
iermons  were  esteemed  ;  he  died  in  1658. 

GRADENK.'O,  Peter,  adoge  of  Venice,  who 
rhanned  the  goveriinieiit  of  his  country  from  a 
Idiniocracy  lo  an  aristocracy  ;  he  died  in  1303. 

(;R/i;CiNnS,  Julius,  a  native  of  Frejus  ;  he 
was  put  to  d(!ath  by  Caligula,  for  refusing  lo  be- 
come the  accuser  ol  M.  Silvanus. 

GPyE.ME,  John,  a  Scotch  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer  of  considerable  merit,  born  in 
1748,  died  1772. 

GRTEVIUS,  John  George,  a  celebrated  critic. 
SeeGKKVll'S. 

GRAFFIO,  a  Jesuit  of  Capua,  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury, author  of  two  volumes  on  moral  subjects. 

GRAFIGNY,  Frances,  a  French  novelist  and 
dramatic  writer,  born  in  1694,  died  1758. 

GRAFTOiN,  Richard,  an  English  printer,  io 
the  JOth  century.  He  compiled  the  greater  part 
of"  Hall's  Chronicle  ;"  and,  in  1562,  published 
"An  Abridgment  of  the  Chronicles  of  England." 
(lis  large  Chronicle  appeared  in  1569.  Grafton 
was  a  great  promoter  of  tlie  reformation,  b) 
printing  Bibles.     He  was  living  in  1572. 

GRAFTON,  Augustus  Henry  Fitzroy,  duke 
of,  was  educated  at  Cambridge  university,  of 
which  he  was  afterwards  chancellor,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  family  honours,  in  1757.  He  waf 
made  secretary  of  state,  and  afterwards  first  lord 
of  the  treasury,  which  office  he  held  till  IdO. 
From  1771  until  1775,  he  was  lord  privy  s<;al, 
and,  after  that  time,  was  an  opponent  of  the  mi- 
nistry till  his  death,  in  1811.  The  celebrated  let- 
ters of  Junius,  were  many  of  them  addres.sed  to 
him,  with  a  severity  which  must  have  been  dic- 
tated by  private  hatred, 

GRAHAM,  Gcorg«',  clock  and  watch  maker, 
was  born  at  Gratwigk,  a  village  in  the  north  of 
Cumberland,  in  1675 ;  and,  in  1088,  went  to  Lon- 
don. He  was  not  put  apprentice  to  Tompion, 
as  is  generally  said  ;  but,  after  he  had  been  some- 
time with  another  master,Tompion  received  him 
into  liis  family  purely  for  his  merit,  and  treated 
him  with  a  kind  of  parental  atlcction  till  hia 
death.  "That  Graham  was,  without  competition, 
the  most  eminent  of  his  profession,  is  but  a 
mall  part  of  his  character  •,  he  was  the  best  me- 
chanic of  his  lirne,  and  had  a  complete  know- 
ledgeof  practical  astronomy;  so  that  he  not  only 
gave  to  various  movements  for  the  mensuration 
of  time,  a  degree  of  perfection  which  had  never 
before  been  attained,  but  invented  several  astro- 
nomical instruments,  by  which  considerable  ad- 
vances have  been  made  in  that  science ;  he  made 
great  improvements  in  those  which  liad  before 
been  in  use  ;  and,  by  a  wonderful  manual  dex- 
terity, constructed  them  with  greater  precision 
and  accuracy  than  any  other  person  in  the  world. 
He  was  many  years  a  member  of  the  royal  so- 
ciety, to  which  he  communicated  several  ingeni- 
ous and  important  discoveries,  and  died  in  1751. 

GR.AHAM,  Catherine  Macauley,  a  celebrated 
English  historian.  She  began  her  literary  career 
with  the  "  History  of  England,  from  James  I.  to 
the  Bru'iswif  k  line."     Her  other  works  were  a 

History  of  England  from  the  Revolution  to  the 
present  time,  in  a  series  of  Letters  to  a  Friend;" 

A  Treatise  on  tl)e  Immutability  of  Moral 
Truth;"  "  An Addressto the Peopleof England. 
Scotland,  and  Ireland,  on  the  present  important 
Crisis  of  Aft'airs;"  "Letters  on  Education,"  &e.  ■ 
She  died  in  1791. 

GRAHAM ,  James,  a  Scotch  poet,  and  a  cler 
gyrnan  of  the  church  of  England ;  he  died  in 
early  life,  in  1811. 
t  GRAHAM,  Isabella,  a  native  of  Scotland,  wht» 


GK 


'aiiie,  ill  17(511,10  Nert-Vork,  wlicro  slie  esla- 
»lii>li(!(l  a  seminary  lor  young  ladies,  which  was 
«xtensivPly  useful.  She  was  a  rare  uxaiiiplc  of 
piety  ami  active  benevolence.   She  died  in  1814. 

GRAIN,  John  Bapliste  le,  a  French  historian, 
born  in  15U5,  died  in  1643. 
GRAINDOllGE,  Andrew,  a  physician  and  plii- 
losopher  of  the  Epicurean  sect ;  hediedin  167t;. 

GRAINGER,  Dr.  James,  a  pliysicianand  poet, 
borri  at  Uunse,  in  Scotland,  about  1723,  died  at 
St.  Cliristoplier's,  in  the  West  Indies,  17G7.  He 
was  author  of  several  medical  tracts,  wrote  an 
excellent  poem  on  the  "  Sugar  Cane,"  and  ano- 
ther on  "  Solitude,"  and  publisiied  a  good  trans- 
lation of  "  Tibullus." 

GRAMAYE,  John  Baptist,  provost  of  Arn- 
heim  ;  he  wrote  a  history  of  Africa,  and  died  in 
1635. 

GRAMMOND,  Gabriel,  lord  of,  president  of 
the  parliament  of  Toulouse,  and  author  of  the 
history  of  Lewis  Xlll. ;  he  died  in  1654. 

GR.\MONT.  There  were  three  French  no- 
bles of  this  name,  who  distinguished  themselves 
bv  "  Memoirs  of  the  reiaas  of  Lewis  XIII.  and 
XIV.,"  and  died  at  the  latter  end  of  the  17th,  or 
beginning  of  the  18th  century. 

GRAN  BY,  Marquis  of,  a  celebrated  English 
general,  born  in  1720,  died  in  1770. 

GR ANGOLAS,  John,  doctor  of  theSorbonne, 
and  author  of  some  works ;  he  died  in  1732. 

GRAND,  Antony  le,  a  Cartesian  philosopher, 
of  the  17th  century,  author  of  some  iiistorical 
treatises. 

GRANDjJoachim  le,  aFrench  political  writer, 
much  esteemed  at  the  court  of  Lewis  XIV. ;  he 
died  in  1733. 

GRAND,  Mark  Antony  le,  a  French  actor, 
whose  comedies  were  received  with  applause  ; 
fte  died  in  1728. 

GRAND,  Lewis,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
bom  at  Luzigni,  in  Autun ;  he  wrote  some  va- 
luable theological  works,  and  died  in  1780. 

GRAND,  Peter  le,  a  captain  of  a  Dieppe  pri- 
vateer, famous  for  his  courage. 

GRANDET,  Joseph,  a  French  priest,  of  An- 
gers, of  great  aniiableness  ;  he  wrote  several 
volumes  of  biography,  and  died  in  1724. 

GRASDI,  Francis  Lewis,  a  native  of  Cremo- 
na, professor  of  philosophy  at  Florence,  &c. ,  he 
wrote  various  mathematical  works,  and  died  in 
1742. 

GRANDIER, Urban,  curate  and  canon  of  Lou 
don,  in  France,  famous  as  a  martyr  to  the  super 
Btitious  belief  of  magic;  being  burnt  alive  on  a 
charge  of  having  bewitched  several  Ursuline 
nuns  of  Louilon.  He  was  born  at  Bouvere,  near 
Sable,  and  suffered  in  1634. 

GRANDIN,  Martin,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
and  author  of  a  system  of  theology,  died  in 
1691. 

GRANDIUSjCuido,  a  mathematician,  of  Cre 
mona,  translated  Euclid  into  Italian,  and  died 
in  1742. 

GRANDUET,  Charles,  a  French  actor,  who 
played  with  success. 

GRANET,  Francis,  a  French  writer,  highly 
spoken  of  by  .4ibbe  do  Fontaine ;  he  died  in  1741 . 
ORANGEfJosephde  Chancel,  a  French  wri- 
ter, who  was  imprisoned  and  exiled  for  writing 
against  Philip,  duke  of  Orleans;  he  died  in  1758. 

GR.ANGE,  Nicolas,  an  able  writer,  who  trans- 
lated Lucretius,  Seneca,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1775. 

GRANGER,  James,  a  learned  and  ingenious 
English  divine,  author  of  a  very  valuable  work 
in  4  vols.,  4to,  under  the  title  of  "  A  Rioijraphi- 
cal  Hi«ory  of  England."   When  vicar  of  Sliip- 


iake,  in  Oxfordshire,  he  was  seized  with  a  sud 
lien  lit  wliile  administering  the  sarrainenl  al  the 
Icommuiiion-iablo,  by  the  bursting  of  a  ves-ifl  in 
brain,  in  1770,  and  died  the  next  morning. 
This  death  wa>i  similar  to  that  ot  the  cardinal 
(le  Berulle. 

GRANGER,  Gideon,  a  native  of  Connecticut; 
he  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1787,  and  was 
soon  after  admitted  to  the  bar  of  his  native 
state,  where  he  practised  law  with  considerable 
reputation.  He  was  appointed  postmaster- ge- 
neral of  the  United  States,  in  1801,  and  retained 
the  office  until  1814,  after  which  he  removed  to 
New- York,  and  was  chosen  a  member  of  th«- 
senate  of  that  state  ;  he  died  in  1822. 

GR.ANT,  Francis,  lord  Cullen,  an  eminent 
lawyer  and  judge,  of  Scotland,  died  in  1726, 
universally  respected. 

GRANT,  Patrick,  a  Scotch  judge,  who  wroto 
against  the  rebellion  ;  he  died  in  1762. 

GRANVILLE,  George,  viscount  Lansdowne, 
an  eminent  English  poet,  born  in  Devonshire 
in  1667,  died  in  1735.  Having  vainly  endea- 
voured lo  get  employment  in  arms,  fof  the 
defence  of  James  II.,  to  whose  cause  he  waB 
warmly  attached,  he  passed  the  course  of  king 
William's  r(Mi!n  in  private  life,  enjoying  the 
company  of  his  muse,  which  he  employed  in 
celebrating  the  reigning  beauties  of  that  age , 
as  Waller,  whom  he  strove  to  imitate,  had  done 
those  of  the  preceding.  We  have  also  several 
dramatic  pieces  of  his,  which  were  all  well  re- 
ceived. 

GRAPALDUS,  Francis  Marius,  a  native  of 
t'arhia,  so  distinguished  as  an  ambassador  to 
the  pope,  that  Julius  U.,  crowned  him  with  hia 
own  hand. 

GRAS,  Anthony  le,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Paris, 
who  translated  C.Nepos  ;  he  died  in  17G1. 

GRAS,  James  le,  an  advocate  of  Rouen,  who 
translated  Ilcsiod  into  Frencii  verse,  in  the  17lh 
century. 

GRASWINCKEL,  Theodore,  a  native  of 
Delft,  eminent  as  a  lav,'yer,  and  a  man  of  letters ; 
he  vindicated  'he  Venetians  against  tlie  duke 
of  Savoy,  and  died  in  1666. 

GRATAROLUS,  William,  a  learned  physi- 
cian, of  Basil,  wrote  many  books,  and  died  in 
1562. 

GRATIAN,  one  of  the  most  virtuous  of  the 
Roman  emperors,  son  of  Valentinian,  boru  in 
3.')9,  was  assassinated  by  rebels  in  383. 

GRATIAN,  a  private  soldier,  raised  to  the 
throne  of  Britain,  in  407 ;   he  reigned  4  months. 

GRATI.\N,  a  monk  of  Tuscany,  in  the  i2th 
century;  he  was  employed  24  years  in  recon- 
ciling the  contradictory  canons  one  lo  another. 

GRATIANI,  Jeronii',  an  Italian  of  the  !7tJl 
century ;  he  wrote.  Conquest  of  Grenada,  &c. 

GRATIUS,  Faliscu.-?,  an  eminent  Latin  poet, 
supposed  to  have  been  cotrmporary  with  Ovid. 
We  have  the  fragment  ol  a  poem  of  his  on 
hunting,  called  "  Cynegeticon." 

GRATIUS,  Ortuinus,  a  learned  German,  who 
wrote  several  works ;  he  died  in  1542. 

GRATTAN,  Right  Hon.  Henry,  a  statesman, 
and  an  orator,  born  in  Dublin,  about  1750.  He 
was  bred  to  the  bar,  but  relinquished  that  pro- 
fession for  the  senate.  He  was  elected  into  the 
Irish  parliament  in  1775,  and  by  his  powerful 
eloquence  obtained  for  his  country  a  participa- 
tion in  the  commerce  of  Britain  :  for  which  be 
was  rewarded  with  a  vote  of  .50,000/.  He  was 
the  active  and  vigilant  leader  of  the  oppo.><ilion, 
till  the  Union,  which  measure  he  resisted  with 
all  his  power.  In  ilio  BritWi  p;iriiuii!i;!it  In? 
219 


(.11  

cliiolly  exrriwi  liis  lalcnu;  in  advociUiiig  tlif> 
t'ailiolic  claiins,  to  \vl\ich  cause  lie  It'll  a  mar- 
lyr,  by  leaviii!^  Ireland  in  an  exhausted  staled 
heallli,  to  carry  to  Kngland  the  petition  with 
tvliicli  he  liad  been  intrusted.  )le  died  soon 
after  his  arrival,  May  14,  1830,  and  was  buried 
ill  Westminster  Abbey. 

GUAUNT,  .lohn,  a  well  known  author  of 
"Observations  on  l)ie  bills  of  Mortality,"  born 
iii  London,  in  H>20,  died  in  1C74. 

GKAUNT,  Edward,  a  learned  man,  head  of 
Westminster  school,  died  in  1001. 

r.KAVELOT,  Henry  I'raucis  Bourguignon,  a 
very  famous  engraver,  horn  at  I'aris,  in  1(>U9, 
diedii.  IT7:). 

fj'UAVEUOI.,  Francis  a  French  advocate, 
he  wrtne  Sorlieriana.  and  died  'n  1094. 

(JRAVKS, Thomas  Lord,  a  gallant  British  ad- 
miral, born  at  Tlianckes,  in  Cornwall,  died 
in  180-2. 

GRAVES,  Kichard,  52  years  rector  of  Cln- 
■verton,  near  Bath,  was  born  at  Micklcton,  in 
Clouoestersliire,  in  1715;  at  the  age  of  Ifi  he 
was  chosen  a  scholar  of  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford  ;  and  in  17.16  elected  a  fellow  of  All 
Pouls.  lie  \vas  jireaented  to  the  living  of  Cla 
xertnn,  in  1750  ;  and  iVoin  that  time  to  his  deatli 
tn  1804,  never  absented  himself  a  single  month 
at  any  one  time  :  thus  setting  an  ei-aniple  worthy 
the  apjirobalion  and  imitation  of  all  clergymen. 
Mr.  Graves  was  the  intimate  friend  and  corres- 
pondent of  Shenstone,  as  well  asof  many  otiitr 
literary  characters,  and  was  author  of  an  inge- 
nious satirical  novel,  called  '•  The  f'piritual 
Ciuixotte ;"  besides  a  dramatic  piece,  essays,  and 
many  poems,  translations,  and  sermons  on  \  ari- 
ous  subjects.  He  always  enjoyed  good  health, 
and  but  a  few  months  before  his  death,  when 
nearly  90  years  of  age,  published  "  Tlie  Invalid, 
with  the  obvious  Means  of  enjoying  Life,  by  a 
Nonagenarian."  There  is  an  ease,  and  spright- 
liness,  and  an  cpigraitunatic  turn  in  his  writ- 
ings. t\hich  was  peculiar  to  himself,  and  will 
make  them  bo  always  read  with  pleasure. 

GRAVESANDE,  William  James,  a  cele- 
brated mathematician  and  moral  philosopher, 
born  in  1(588,  at  Bois-lc-Duc,  in  Holland,  died 
in  1742. 

GR.WINA,  Peter,  an  Italian  poet,  who  pub- 
lished a  410  vol.  of  poems  much  admired. 

(jKAVlNA,  John  Vincent,  an  eminent  dra- 
ir)3lic  poet,  critic,  antiquary,  and  lawyer,  of 
Italv,  born  at  Roggiano,  in  1GG4,  died  in  1718. 
'ilie  ffreatest  of  all  his  works,  and  for  which  he 
will  be  ever  memorable,  is  his  three  books,  "  D 
Uriu  et  Progrcssu  Juris  Civilis." 

(i  K  A  Y,  Thomas,  eminent  for  a  few  poems  that 
HP  has  lof;  was  born  in  London,  in  1716,  and 
died  in  1771  He  Was  perhaps  the  most  learned 
man  in  Europe,  cfpially  awpiaintcd  with  the 
f  .ogant  and  the  profound  parts  of  science.  A 
new  arraiigrmont  of  his  poems,  with  notes  and 
aadilioiis,  was  made  and  printed  in  8vo.,  in  17;tl). 

GRAYSON,  William,  a  senaior  of  the  United 
S-.a«s.  from  Virginia;  of  great  abili_ties  and 
nninipeachable  integrity ;  he  died  in  17!l0. 

(;R.\7.ZIM,  Antony  Frair.iSiSurnaniedLascR 
roiisidered  nearly  ofequal  merit  as  a  writer  with 
iJoccace  ;  he  died  in  15r<3. 

GHEATR  AKEP-,  Valentine,  R  most  exlraordi- 
liitry  person,  celebrated  for  his  power  I'real  or 
Biipposed)  of  curing  the  king's  evil  ami  other 
di-cases  by  stroking  the  alfc  ted  parts  with  his 
(land^.  He  was  born  in  Ireland.  in.lli28,  Imt  it  is 
Ktrt  recorded  in  what  y*  ar  he  difjd.  ilo  was 
livldg,  bmvever,  in  HiSl". 


(;R 

(;Ki\;A  VE.-^,.ioiin,  an  eminent  niatliematiciar 
(uid  .-iiitiijiiaiy,  horn  at  Colinore,  Hants,  in  1IJ02, 
published  several  learned  works,  and  died  in 
1().W. 

GRECOURT,  John  Baptist  Joseph  Villartde,  a 
French  poet,  who  became  a  favourite  oi  men  of 
wit  and  rank  ;  he  died  in  1743. 

GREEN,  Robert,  a  dramatic  author  in  queen 
Elizabeth's  reign,  born  in  1550.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  wit  and  humour,  but  in  the  life  that  hf, 
led  prostituted  great  talents  to  the  purposes  of 
vice  and  obscenity ;  and  upon  the  whole,  both 
in  theory  and  practice,  seems  to  have  been  a 
most  perfect  libertine.  His  works  of  ditferent 
kinds  arc  very  numerous ;  many  of  thtin  are 
pastoral  romances  in  prose  and  verse.  His  dra- 
U)atic  pieces,  amounting  to  four  or  live,  njay  be 
seen  in  the  "  Biographia  Dramatica  ;"  he  died 
in  1532.  One  of  his  biographers  says  of  him 
that  his  works  contain  the  seedsof  virtue,  while 
his  acts  display  the  tares  of  folly. 

GREEN,  Matthew,  an  ingenious  English  poet, 
horn  in  1090,  of  a  good  family  among  the  dia- 
scntcrs;  lield  an  office  in  the  custom-house  of 
London,  and  died  in  1737.  His  poems  were  first 
collected  and  published  in  12mo,  in  1790.  The 
iiosi  celebrated  of  them  is  entitled  "  The  Spleen," 
in  which  (says  Mr.  Mehnouth)  "there  are  more 
original  thoughts  thrown  together,  than  I  have 
ever  read  in  the  same  compass  of  lines. 

GKEEN,  Dr.  Maurice,  an  eminent  musician 
and  composer,  who  was  successively  organist 
and  composer  to  the  Royal  Chapel,  professor 
of  music  in  the  university  of  Cambridge,  and 
master  of  the  royal  band.  About  1750,  he  con- 
ceived a  project  of  reforming  church-music, 
and  had  made  a  considerable  progress  in  the 
work ;  but,  ids  health  failing  lam,  he  transmitted 
the  further  prosecution  of  it  to  liis  friend  Dr. 
lioyce,  who  completed  and  published  it^  Dr. 
Green  was  born  in  London,  and  died  in  1755. 

GREEN,  John  Richard.  See  GIFFORD, 
John. 

GREEN,  John,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  and  an 
eminent  controversial  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
born  at  Hull,  about  1798,  died  in  1779. 

GREEN,  Samuel,  the  first  printer  in  North- 
America,  who  printed  first  the  freeman's  oath, 
then  an  almanac:  he  died  after  1085. 

GREEN,  Edward  Burnaby,  a  gentleman  well 
known  in  the  regions  of  Parnassiis,  liy  "  Trans- 
lations of  Anacreon  and  Pindar,"  and  many 
single  poems  and  essays ;  he  died  in  1788. 

GREENE,  William,  deputy  governor  and  go- 
vernor of  the  colony  of  Rhode-Island,  died  in 
17.'->8. 

GREENE,  William,  chief  justice  and  after- 
wards governor  of  the  state  of  Rhode-Island, 
died  in  1809 

GREENE,  Nathaniel,  a  major-general  in  the 
armv  of  the  UnitcU  States,  during  the  revolu- 
tion,'distinguished  himself  in  the  batties  of  Tren- 
ton and  Princeton,  and  afterwards,  in  that  of 
Gerniantown,  where  he  commanded  the  left, 
and  of  Monmouth,  where  he  commanded  the 
right  wing  of  the  artny.  He  was  appointed 
quarter  master  general,  in  1778,  and  in  1780  to 
the  command  of  the  southern  army,  with  which 
he'  gained  the  victory  at  the  Eutaw  Spring.?. 
His  bravery,  skill,  and  services,  were  sucli  as 
to  merit  tlie  express  apprabation  of  congress,  and 
of  his  €o\inlrv  ;  iie  died  in  Georgia,  in  1786. 

GREENHI'LL,  John,  a  very  ingenious  En- 
glish painter,  the  most  excellent  of  all  the  disci 
(lies  of  Sir  Peter  I.ely,  who  is  said  to  have  con- 
iiidefcd  liini  so  niuUi  a  rival,  that  he  never 


GR 


sulfoied  him  to  see  liim  iiaint;  he  was  born  at 
Salisbury,  and  dieii  in  IHTti. 

GREENUP,  Christoplier,  a  soiditr  of  tin;  re- 
volution, and  a  representative  ia  congress,  Iroiii 
Kentucky,  was  governor  of  that  state,  in  1804  ; 
h>:  died  in  1818. 

GIlIiEiWILLE,  Sir  Richard,  grandfather, 
ot'  tlie  well  known  Sir  Bevil  Greenville,  com- 
manded a  fleet  in  America,  in  1585,  against  the 
t^paniards,  but  was  tal;on,  and  died  of  his 
wounds. 

GREENVILLE,  Sir  Bevil,  distinguished  in 
the  civil  wars  for  defending  his  sovereign  ;  hi 
fell  at  the  batllo  of  Lansdowne,  in  1643. 

GREENWOOD,  Isaac,  professor  of  ntathc 
oiatics  and  natural  philosophy,  in  Harvard  cxtl 
lego,  from  1728  to  1738. 

GREGORIUS,  Georgius  Florentinns,  a  learn- 
ed bishop  of  Tours,  in  the  Gth  century  ;  ii«  wu 
an  able  writer,  but  censured  by  Gibbon  ;  he  died 
Rbout  595.  - 

GREGORY,  George,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
and  miscellaneous  wrili;r,  was  settied  In  Lon- 
don, where  he  supported  and  defended  the  mi 
iiistry  by  his  writing?  ;  he  died  in  181)8. 

GREGORY,  St.,  suiuanied  the  Great,  a  mild 
and  benevolent  ponlill",  died  in  fi04. 

GREGORY  II.,  an  enlightened  and  virtuous 
pontiff,  died  in  731. 

GREGORY  III.,  acharilnble,  but  magnificent 
pnntilf,  who  added  splendour  to  the  holy  see  ; 
he  died  in  1741. 

GREGORY  IV.,  who  visited  France,  to  re- 
concile the  jarring  interests  of  the  royal  family 
of  France,  but  witliout  success  ;  he  died  in  3f;4. 

GREGORY  v.,  Brunon,  a  German,  pope  after 
John  XVI.;  he  died  in9!lft. 

<;REG0RY  VI.,  .John  Gratian,  who  attempt- 
ed to  restore  the  revenues  of  the  church ;  he  ab- 
dicated the  tiara  in  104(5. 

GREGORY  VII.,  Ilildebrand,  succeeded  .\Iex- 
ander  II. ;  he  abdicated  the  pontificate,  and  died 
in  10S5. 

GREGORY  VIII.,  Albert  de  Mora,  succeeded 
Urban  III.,  and  died  two  mmitlis  after,  in  1187. 

GREGORY  IX.,  rgolin,  elected  pope  in  12^27. 
He  e.vcited  the  Christian  princes  to  undertake  a 
crusade,  and  died  in  1241. 

GREGORY  X.,  Theobald,  summoned  a  ge- 
neral council  at  Lyons,  and  endeavoured  to  Ileal 
all  schisms  in  religion;  he  died  in  1270. 

f.'RRGORY  XI.,  Peter  Roger,  a  promoter  of 
concord  and  benevolence  among  the  Christian 
princes;  he  died  in  1378. 

GREGORY  Xa.,  elected  pope  in  1400,  during 
ihe  schism  of  the  West :  he  died  in  1417. 

GREGORY  XI (I.,  Hugh  Buoncompagno, 
elected  pope  after  Pius  V.,  in  1572  ;  he  reform- 
ed the  calendar,  and  adopted  the  style  which 
bears  his  name.     He  died  in  1585. 

GREGORY  XIV.,  Nicholas  Sfondrate,  elect- 
ed pope  at^er  Urban  VII.,  and  died  in  1591. 

<;REGORYXV.,.AIe.xanderLudovisio,  made 
pope  in  1021,  died  in  1023. 

(JREtiORY,  James,  a  ver>-  eminent  mathe- 
riancian,  born  at  Aberdeen,  in  1039,  died  in 
1075.  7'he chief  inventions  of  Gregory  are,  the 
reflecting  telescope,  the  burnina  concave  mir- 
ror, and  the  quadrature  of  the  circle  by  an  in 
finite  convergi.'ig  series.  He  w.as  likewise  the 
first  who  demonstrated  the  meridian  line  to  be 
analagous  to  a  scale  of  lograritliic  tangents,  of 
the  half  complement  of  latitude  ;  he  also  invent- 
ed and  demonstrated  geonietiically,  by  the  help 
of  the  hyperbola,  a  very  swiff  converging  series 
for  uijkiiig  the  Ingsrithms,  and   lliejet'ore  re- 

IS* 


GR 

commended  by  Dr.   Halley  as  very  proper  fcjr 
'practice. 

I  GREGORY,  Uavid,  a  distinculshed  mathe- 
rnalician,  who  lirst  introduced  Newton's  I'rinci- 
ipia3  into  the  university  schools  ;  he  died  in  1710. 
I  GRE(;ORY,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  physician 
and  moral  writer,  died  in  1773.  Ili.t  writings 
are  spirited  and  elegant,  and  calculated  lor  ge- 
neral utility.  Those  by  wiiich  he  is  best  known 
arc,  "  A  Comparative  View  of  the  state  of  Alan 
and  other  Animals;"  "A  Father's  Legacy  lo 
his  Daughters  ;  and  "  An  Essay  on  the  oiiice 
and  Duties  of  a  X'hysician  ;"  by  the  lallir  of 
which  he  plainly  shows-  that  lie  thought  the 
miilical  art,  to  be  generally  admired,  needed 
only  to  be  better  known;  and  that  the  aflecta- 
tion  of  concealment  retarded  its  progress,  ren 
dered  it  a  suspicious  art,  and  tended  to  diavi" 
ridicule  and  disgrace  on  its  professors. 

GUKtiORY,  John,  an  English  divine,  wlio 
wrote  several  works  ;  he  died  in  1(346. 

GREGORY,  Edmund,  author  of  the  "  His- 
lorical  .\iiatoniy  of  Christian  Melancholy,"'  4iC. 
died  in  ItioO. 

GREGORY,  Nazianzen,  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople, born  in  .'524,  died  in  389.  He  was 
one  of  tlie  ablest  champions  of  the  orthodo.v 
faith  coiiceniiiig  the  Trinitv,  whence  he  had 
the  title  given  him  of  "  THE  DIVINE,"  by 
unanimous  consent. 

GREGt  )R  Y,  Ny-sen,  bishop  of  Nyssa,  in371, 
and  author  of  the  Nircne  Creed,  died  in  390. 

GREGORY,  Theodcirus,  bishop  of  Neo-Cesa- 
rea,  surnamed  Thaumaturgus,  a  disciple  of 
Origen,  and  famous  for  his  conversion  of  the 
Gentiles  ;  he  died  about  2(55. 

GREGORY  Peter,  a  native  of  Toulouse,  au- 
thor of  some  learned,  but  injudicious  works ; 
he  died  in  1527. 

GREGORY,  Dr.  Genrse,  a  native  of  Ireland, 
and  a  learned  and  industrious  moral  and  miscel 
laneous  writer,  died  vicar  of  West-Ham,  in  1808. 
GR1'>NADA,  Lewis  de,  who  refused  the  bish- 
opric of  Eraganza,  being  so  much  attached  to 
a  monastic  life  ;  he  died  in  1588. 

GREN.\N,  Benignus,  a  Latin  poet,  poetical 
rival  of  professor  Cotfin;  he  died  in  1723. 
GRKNCE,  a  French  painter  of  great  merit. 
G RENVILLE,  George,  a  celebrated  I'.ritish 
-talesman,  known  in  parliamentary  history  for 
his  two  bills  for  a  more  regular  payment  of  the 
navy,  in  17.57,  and  for  the  trial  of  contested  elec- 
tions in  1770 

GRESHAM,  Sir  Thomas,  an  eminent  mer- 
chant, born  in  London,  in  1510,  and  died  in  1579 
He  was  well  acquainted  with  the  ancient  and  se- 
veral modern  languaiies,  had  a  very  comprehen- 
sive knowledge  of  all  atlairs  relating  lo  com- 
merce, whether  foreign  or  domestic;  and  his  sue 
cess  was  not  less,  being  in  his  time  esteemed  the 
richest  commoner  in  lEngland.  He  transacted 
lueen  Elizabeth's  mercantile  affairs  so  constant- 
ly, that  he  was  called  "  The  Royal  Merchant ;" 
nd  his  house  was  sometimes  appointed  for 
the  reception  of  foreign  princes  upon  their  first 
arrival  in  London  ;  but  the  most  shining  part 
of  his  character  appears  in  his  public  benefac- 
tions, 'i'hi  Royal  Exchanee,  which  he  built, 
was  a  singular  ornament  to  the  city  of  London, 
and  a  great  convenience  to  the  merchants,  who 
wanted  such  a  place  to  meet  and  transact  their 
affairs  in  ;  and  the  donation  of  his  own  man- 
ion-houso,  in  Bishopsgatestreet,  for  a  seat  of 
learning  and  th(!  liberal  arts,  with  the  handsome 
provision  made  for  the  endowment  and  support 
it.  was  such  an  instance  of  a  jrenerous  and 
221 


GR 

public  spirit  as  has  been  equalled  by  few,  and 
must  [leipetuale  liis  memory  willi  the  higli'Sii 
fistecni  and  gratitude,  so  long  as  any  regard  to 
Jearningand  virtue  is  preserved;  nor  ought  hi? 
charities  to  the  poor,  his  8  alms- houses,  and  Ins 
liberal  contributions  to  the  10  prisons  and  lios- 
pitals  in  /jondon  and  Southwark,  to  be  forgotten 
in  the  delineation  of  Sir  Thomas  Greshani's  be- 
nevolent character. 

CRESSET,  John  Baptist  Lewis,  a  celebrated 
French  poet,  and  author  of  Vert-vert ;  he  died 
in  J777. 

GRETSER,  James,  a  learned  Jesuit,  24  years 
professor  at  Ingoldstadt;  he  died  in  1035. 

GREUZE,  a  very  eminent  French  painter. 

GREVENBROECK,  an  admired  Flemish  pain- 
ter, of  the  I7th  century. 

GREVILLE,  Fulk,  or  Foulk,  lord  Brooke, 
an  eminent  statesman,  historian  and  dramatic 
writer,  born  in  Warwickshire,  in  15.54,  was 
assassinated  by  one  of  his  domestics  in  1Q28. 

GREVIN,  James,  a  poet  and  physician;  he 
wrote  several  plays,  &.<.,  and  died  in  157J. 

GREVIUS,  or  GR/F.VIUS,  John  George,  a 
celebrated  Latin  critic,  born  in  1032,  at  Naum- 
bourg,  in  Saxony,  died  in  1703. 

GREW,  Obadiah,  an  Finglish  divine,  who 
sided  with  the  presbyterians,  but  opposed  their 
views  in  cutting  oil"  the  king ;  he  died  in  1098. 

GREW,  Nehemiah,  a  learned  writer  and  phy- 
sician, and  secretary  to  the  Royal  Society,  born 
at  Coventry,  in  1028.  His  chief  works  are  "  A 
Catalogue  of  the  natural  and  artificial  Rarities 
belonging  to  the  Society ;"  "  A  Comparative 
Anatomy  of  the  Stomach  and  Guts;"  and  "The 
Anatomy  of  Plants,"  &c. ;  he  died  in  1711. 

GREV",  Lady  Jane,  an  illustrious,  but  unfor- 
tunate personage  of  the  blood  royal  of  England 
by  both  parents;  her  grandmother  on  her  lather's 
side,  Henry  Grey,  marquis  of  Dorset,  being  queen 
consort  to  Edward  IV.,  and  her  grandmother 
on  her  mother's,  lady  Frances  Brandon,  being 
daughter  to  Henry  VH.,  queen  Dowager  of 
France,  and  mother  of  Mary  queen  of  Scots. 
She  was  born  in  1537,  and  fell  a  victim  to  the  am- 
bition of  her  parents,  who  on  the  demise  of 
Enward  VI.,  overcame  her  by  their  persuasions 
to  suffer  herself  to  be  proclaimed  queen  of  Eng- 
land. Though  only  an  iniwccnt  agent,  s!ie 
was,  on  the  accession  of  Mary,  declared  guilty 
of  Iiigh  treason,  and  beheaded  in  1554,  aged  17 
years.  She  was  eminent  for  her  piety  and 
learning,  being  mistress  of  the  Greek  and  Latin 
lancuages,  in  both  of  which  she  wrote  elegant 
letters,  which  were  printed  after  her  death. 

GREY,  Dr.  Zachary,  an  ingenious  English 
scholar,  born  in  Yorkshire,  in  1087,  died  at 
Ampthill,  in  1706.  He  was  the  atithor  of  nearly 
30  publications  ;  but  his  edition  of  "  Ifudibras,'" 
2  volumes  8vo.,  is  the  work  which  will  best  pre- 
serve his  memory. 

GREY,  Dr.  Richard,  a  learned  English  divine 
and  p(demical  writer,  born  in  1093,  died  in  1771. 
He  published  "  Memoria  Technlca ;  or  a  new 
Method  of  Artificial  Memory  ;"  "  A  System  of 
F.nglish  Ecclesiastical  Law  ;"  "  A  new  and  easy 
Method  of  leaniins  Hebrew  without  points,"  &c. 

GRIBALDLi'S,Matthew,  a  learned  civilian,  of 
Padua,  who  left  Italy  to  embrace  protestantism ; 
he  embraced  the  anti-trinitarian  doctrine,  for 
which  he  was  persecuted  ;  he  died  ofthe  plague, 
in  1504. 

GRIBNER,  Michael  Henry,  professor  of  law 
al  Wittemberg,  wrote  several  works  on  jurispru- 
dence, and  died  in  1734. 
GRIDLEY,  Jeremy,  attorney  general  of  the 
2?2 


GR 

provitice  of  Massachusetts,  of  great  distinction , 
In;  di<'(l  In  1707. 

r;RlERSON,Constantia,  born  at  Kilkenny,  in 
Ireland,  1700,  died  1733.  She  was  an  excellent 
scholar,  not  only  in  Greek  and  Roman  literature, 
but  ill  history,  divinity,  philo.^ophy,  and  mathe- 
matics ;  and  wrote  elegantly  both  in  verse  and 
prose. 

GRiESBACH,  John  Jacob,  a  learned  critic  and 
divine,  born  in  Hesse  Darmstadt,  1745.  In  1775, 
he  published  his  editir#i  of  the  "  Greek  Testa- 
ment," with  various  readings;  an  inestimable 
work.  His  "  Critical  Notes  upon  the  Scriptures" 
are  very  valuable.  He  died  at  Jena,  where  he 
was  divinity  professor,  in  1812. 

GRIFFET,  Henry,  a  Jesuit,  of  Moulins,  w^ho 
died  at  Brussels,  in  1775.  He  published  Daniel's 
History  of  France. 

GRIFFIER,  John,  an  eminent  painter,  called 
old  Griffier;  he  died  in  London,  in  i718.  His  son, 
c.illed  young  Griffier,  was  an  excellent  landscape 
painter,  and  was  living  In  1713. 

GRIFFIN,  Cyrus,  a  member,  and  president  of 
congress  ;  a  warm  friend  of  the  independence 
if  the  colonies ;  and,  in  178B,  a  judge  of  the 
United  States'  district  court  for  Virginia ;  he 
died  in  1810. 

GRIFFIN,  the  last  prince  of  Wales  before  its 
final  subjugation  by  the  English,  was  murdered 
by  his  conquerors. 

GR  IFFITH,  Michael,  a  native  of  London,  wh» 
became  a  Jesuit,  and  was  missionary  of  his  order 
in  iingland  ;  he  died  in  1052. 

GRIFFITH,  Elizabeth,  a  novelist  and  drama- 
tic writer  of  some  eminence,  first  distinguished 
by  "  The  Letters  of  Henry  and  Frances,"  which 
contained  the  genuine  correspondence  between 
her  and  her  husband  before  their  marriage.  Her 
next  publication  was,  "  Memoirs  of  Nin.m  d« 
L'Enclos."  Beside  these,  she  wrote  three  noveli", 
four  comedies,  the  "  Morality  of  Shakespeare's 
Drama  illustrated,"  and  "Essays  addressed  to 
Young  Married  Women,"  which  closed  and 
crowned  her  literary  career.  She  died  in  Ireland, 
1793. 

GRIFFITHS,  Ralph,  first  editor  ofthe  Month- 
ly Review,  begun  in  1749,  which  he  edited  very 
ably  ;  he  died  in  1803. 

GRIGNAN,  Frances  Margaret  do  Sevisne, 
countess  of;  the  correspondence  between  her 
and  her  mother  is  higlily  esteemed  ;  she  died  in 
170.5. 

GRIGNION,  Charles,  an  engraver,  who  ac- 
quired great  reputation  in  England,  until  his 
manner  was  superseded  by  a  more  fashionable 
and  imposing  sPyle  ;  he  died  in  1810,  aged  94. 

GRIGNON,  Jaques,  an  eminent  French  en- 
graver of  portraits,  flourished  toward  the  end 
of  the  17th  century. 

GRIGNON',  Charles,  an  English  painter  of 
some  cclebriry,  who  was  sent  by  the  royal  aca- 
demy to  lloine,  where  he  jiainted  a  picture  of 
the  death  of  captain  Cook,  &c. ;  he  died  at  Leg- 
horn, in  1804. 

GRIMALDI,  John  Francis, a  celebrated  pain- 
ter, born  at  Bologna,  in  1006,  studied  under  Ca- 
racci,  to  whom  he  was  related,  and  died  in  ]fi80. 
GRIM.\NI,  Domenico,  son  ofthe  doge  of  Ve- 
nice, a  learni'd  man,  died  in  1523. 

GRIMANI,  Hubert, an  e.xcellent portrait  pain 
ter,  of  Delft,  died  in  1629. 

GRIMAREST,  Leonard,  a  Frenchman,  who 
wrote  the  life  of  Charles  XH.,  &.C.  ;  he  died  in 
11720. 

I  GRIMAVD,  N.  de,  profei?jor  of  medicine  tU 
iMonlpclier,  died  in  1791. 


GR 


GR 


(JRIMMER,  James,  an  admired  landscape 
painter,  of  Antwerp,  died  in  1546. 

GRIMOUX,  a  French  painter,  who  affected  to 
make  no  distinction  between  night  and  day  ;  he 
died  in  1740. 

GRIMSTON,  Sir  Harbotlle,  master  of  the 
rolls  to  Charles  11.,  an  eminent  law  writer,  and 
original  editor  to  Judge  Croke's  Reports,  born  iu 
1584,  died  in  Ifia"!. 

GRINDAL,  Edmund,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
uury,  an  able  theological  writer,  born  in  1519, 
died  at  Croydon,  in  1583. 

GRINGOXNEUR,  Jacquemin,  a  Parisian 
painter  of  the  14th  century,  who  is  said  to  have 
invented  cards  to  amuse  the  melancholy  hours 
of  Charles  VI.,  king  of  Fiance. 

GRINGORE,  Peter,  herald  at  arras  to  the  duke 
of  Lorraine,  died  in  1544. 

GRISAUNT,  William,  an  English  physician, 
astronomer  and  matln^riiUtician  of  some  note  ; 
the  time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

GRISWOLD,  Roger,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent 
lawyer  of  Connecticut,  was  a  distinguished  and 
influential  member  of  Congress  under  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  first  President  Adams,  and 
hia  successor.  In  1801  he  was  appointed  secre- 
tary of  war,  an  office  which  he  declined  ;  he 
was  afterwards  successively  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court,  and  lieutenant  governor  and  go- 
vernor of  his  native  state.     He  died  in  1812. 

GRIVE,  John  de  la,  a  French  geographer, 
born  at  Sedan  ;  author  of  "Topography  of  Pa- 
ris," &c.  ;  he  died  in  1757. 

GROCHO  WSKI,  a  Pole,  who  was  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Syezekociny  with  Kosciusko,  in  1791,  in 
which  he  was  mortally  wounded. 

GROCYN,  WUIiam,born  at  Bristol.  1442,  died 
3519.  He  was  a  greater  master  of  the  Greek 
and  Latin  languages,  and  introduced  a  better 
pronunciation  of  the  latter,  than  had  been  kno  W!i 
Defore  in  England.  He  was  professor  of  Greek 
at  Ctford,  where  he  13  said  to  have  taught 
Erasmus. 

GRODITIUS,  Stanislaus,  a  Jesuit,  of  Poland, 
author  of  8  vols,  of  Latin  sermons,  &c.  ;  he  died 
in  1613. 

GRONOVIUS.John  Frederic,  an  emi-jent  ci- 
vilian, historian,  and  critic,  born  p.'.  '!i;:iburgh, 
In  1613,  died  in  1672. 

GRONOVIUS,  James,  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  a  writer  on  the  belles  lettres,  born  at  De- 
venter,  in  1645,  and  died  in  1716.  His  clief 
d'oeuvreis,  "Thesaurus  Antiquitatum  Gra;ca- 
rum,"  13  vols,  folio. 

GROPPER,  John,  an  able  polemic,  of  West- 
phalia, who  had  a  great  abhorrence  of  women 
he  died  in  1559. 

GROS,  Peter,  an  able  sculptor,  who  embel- 
lished the  capital  of  France  with  his  art ;  he 
died  in  1710. 

GROS,  Nicholas,  a  theologian,  of  Rheima 
•v(rho3e  opposition  to  the  bull  unigenitus  obliged 
him  to  flee  from  France  to  England  ;  he  was  au 
Ihor  of  several  works,  aud  died  in  1751. 

GROSE,  Francis,  F.S.  A.,  who,  after  haviikg 
illustrated  the  "  Antiquities  of  England,  Walts, 
and  Scotland,"  in  a  series  of  views  of  monastic 
and  other  ruins,  was  on  the  point  of  completiiig 
hid  design  by  those  of  "  Ireland,"  where  he  had 
been  employed  about  a  month  before  his  death, 
which  happened  in  1791,  in  the  52dyearof  his 
age.  He  published  also  "  A  Treatise  on  ancient 
Armour  and  Weapons ;"  "  A  Classical  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Vulgar  Tongue  ;"  "  A  provincial 
Glossary,  with  a  Collection  of  local  Proverbs 
and  popuiar  Supcrstilions ;"  and  "  Rules  for 


drawmg  Caricatures;  the  Subject  iUusiraied 
with  four  Copperplates ;  with  an  Essay  on  Co- 
mic Painting."    ■ 

GROSLKY,  Peter  John,  a  Frenchman,  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  belles  letters,  &c.,and 
author  of  several  works ;  he  died  in  1785. 

GROSSETESTE,  Robert,  an  English  prelata 
who  wrote  commentaries  on  Aristotle,  &c.  Dr. 
Pegge  wrote  his  life  ;  he  died  in  1253. 

GROSTESTE,  Claude,  a  minister  of  Savoy, 
who  went  to  London  on  the  revocation  of  tho 
edict  of  Nantes  ;  he  wrote  several  works,  and 
died  in  1713. 

GROSVENOR,  Benjamin,  a  native  of  Lon- 
don, and  minister  of  a  dissenting  congregation 
there  ;  he  wrote  an  Essay  on  Health,  &.C.,  and 
died  in  17.')8. 

GROTIUS,  Hugo,  or  Hugo  de  Groot,  bom  at 
Delft,  in  1.583,  died  in  1645.  He  was  eminent  as  a 
lawyer,  philosopher,  mathematician,  historian, 
political  and  poetical  writer  ;  but  his  chief  works 
are  "  Treatise  of  the  Truth  of  the  Christian 
Religion  ;"  and,  which,  singly,  i«  sufficient  to 
render  his  name  immortal,  his  "  Treatise  of  the 
Rights  of  War  and  Peace,"  "  De  Jiue  Belli  et 
Pacis." 

GROTIUS,  William,  brother  of  Hugo,  was  a 
distinguished  lawyer  aud  a  writer  on  law ;  he 
died  in  10G2. 

GROVE,  Henry,  a  learned  divine  among  the. 
Enijlish  dissenters,  born  at  Taunton,  in  1683,  died 
in  1738,  leaving  some  very  e.xcellent  theological 
treatises. 

GROVE,  Joseph,  an  English  historical  and 
critical  writer,  die<i  in  1764.  His  best  work  is  a 
"  Life  of  cardinal  Wolsey." 

GRUBER,  Gabriel,  a  very  distinguished  Je- 
suit, born  at  Vienna,  who  at  an  early  age  made 
great  proficiency  in  the  arts  and  sciences.  He 
practised  and  taught  successively,  rhetoric,  his- 
tory, mathematics,  hydraulics,  chymistry,  archi- 
tecture, and  medicine,  in  which  he  obtained  the 
degree  of  doctor.  Hia  recreations  were  physi- 
cal and  chymical  experiments,  drawing  and 
painting.  On  the  suppression  of  the  society  of 
Jesuits,  ti!e  empress  Maria  Theresa  took  him 
into  her  service,  and  intrusted  to  him  the  su- 
perlntendouce  of  ship-building  at  Trieste,  as 
well  as  the  drainingof  theSclavonian  and  Hun- 
garian morasses.  As  soon  as  he  learned  that  the 
society  continued  to  exist  in  the  Russian  em- 
pire under  the  protection  of  the  government,  he 
joined  the  society  at  Polocz,  where  he  applied 
himself  to  his  favourite  studies  for  several  years. 
Being  sent  to  St.  Peter.^burgh  several  times  on 
the  business  of  the  society,  he  gained  the  esteem 
of  their  imperial  majesties.  In  1802  he  was 
elected  general  of  the  society,  andsliowed  much 
tranquillity  and  perseverance  in  very  arduous 
and  trying  circumstances.  By  his  exertions,  the 
order  increased  in  Russia,  and  was  restored  in 
the  kingdom  of  Naples.  His  amiable  and  phi- 
lanthropic behaviour,  and  the  variety  and  ex- 
tent of  his  knowledge,  procured  him  many 
friends,  as  well  as  the  confidence  and  good- will 
of  men  of  the  highest  rank.  With  those  abili- 
ties and  information  which  form  a  great  mind, 
he  unitt'dthe  pieiy  and  virtue  of  a  true  member 
of  a  reii;:ious  order.     He  died  in  1805. 

GRUCHIUS,  Nicolas,  of  Rouen,  was  the  first 
who  explained  Aristotle  in  Greek ;  he  died  in 
1.572. 

GRIJDIUS,  Nicolas    F.verard,  treasurer  of 
lirab.mt ;  he  wrote  sacred  and  profane  history 
in  Latin,  and  died  in  1.571. 
GRUE,  Thomas,  a  Frenchman,  in  the  latter 
223 


fiU 

part  of  the  17th  century,  wlio  trilll^lilIclJ  Kob»' 
JUstory  of  all  Keli).'oiiB  iiitu  Frriich,  &.c. 

GRUET,  N.,  a  younp  poet  ot')iruiiii!^ing  abili- 
ties ;  he  was  killed  by  the  discharge  of  a  luwiiiig 
piece,  in  1778. 

GRUGET,  Claude,  a  Parisian,  of  the  Ifiili 
century,  who  translated  Spanish  and  Italian 
works  into  French. 

GRUNER,  John  Frederic,  an  able  theologian 
and  scholar,  of  Cobourg,  and  author  of  several 
works  on  language  ;  he  died  in  17i8. 

GRUTERUS,  Janus,  a  celebrated  philologer, 
antiquary  and  historian,  born  at  Antwerp,  in 
15G0,  died  in  1627. 

GRUTERUS,  Peter,  a  practitioner  of  physic, 
in  Flanders,  who  published  "  A  Century  of 
Latin  L#eiters,"  &c. ;  he  died  in  1034. 

GRYLLUS,  son  of  Xenophon,  slew  F'paifii- 
nondas,  and  fell  himself  at  the  battle  of  Ma- 
tinea,  3C3  B.  C. 

GRYXyEUS,  Simon,  a  learned  German,  Greek 
professor  at  Vienna,  and  afterwards  at  Heidel- 
berg, became  a  protestant,  for  which  he  suli'ered 
much  :  he  died  in  1541. 

GRY\yEUS,  John  James,  a  native  of  Berne, 
and  minister  and  professor  at  BaAil ;  he  died  in 
1617. 

GRYNjEUS,  Thomas,  was  profeaeor  of  Greek 
and  Latin,  at  Berne  and  Basil ;  he  left  four  sons, 
all  eminent  in  literature. 

GRYPHIARDER,  John,  professor  of  history 
and  poetry,  at  Jena,  died  in  1612. 

GRYFHIUS,  Sebastian,  a  very  celebrated 
printer,  of  Lyons,  in  France,  born  in  Germany, 
in  1493.  The  books  printed  by  him  are  highly 
valued  by  the  connoisseurs,  being  no  less  accu- 
rate than  beautiful ;  he  died  in  1556. 

GRYPHIUS,  Andrew,  the  Corneille  of  Ger- 
many, died  in  1664. 

GRYPHIUS,  Christian,  son  of  Andrew,  was 
professor  of  eloquence  at  Breslaw  ;  he  was  a 
man  of  extensive  erudition,  &.C.,  and  died  in 
170<'). 

GUA  DE  M.\LVES,  John  Paul  de,  a  French 
eccli-si^stic,  who  first  conceived  the  idea  of  an 
encyclopedia,  which  was  executed  by  d'Alem- 
bert ;  he  died  in  1786. 

GUADAGAOLO,  Philip,  a  learned  orientalist, 
born  at  Magliano,  and  author  of  several  works ; 
lie  died  in  1656. 

GUAGUIN,  Alexander,  an  author,  who  wrote 
some  topographical  works ;  he  died  at  Cracow, 
after  1581. 

GUALBERT,  St.  John,  a  Florentine,  who 
founded  a  monastery  at  Vallombrosa,  which 
spot  is  iramnrtahzed  by  Milton  ;  he  died  in  1073. 

GUAIiDUS,  Prioratus,  an  Italian,  historio- 
arapher  to  the  emperor ;  he  wrote  the  histories 
of  Ferdinard  If.  and  HI.,  &c.,  and  died  in  1678. 

GUALTERUS,  Rodolphuw,  author  of  Com- 
mentaries on  the  Bible,  fcc,  died  in  1.586. 

GU  ARIN,  Peter,  an  excetleut  Hebrew  scholar, 
of  Rouen  :  he  died  in  1729. 

GU  ARINI,  an  eminent  scholar,  of  a  noble  Ve- 
ronese family,  prcifessor  of  languages  at  Ferrara, 
and  author  of  some  works ;  he  died  in  14f>0. 

GUARINI,  John  BajitLst,  a  celebrated  Italian 
lioet,  born  at  Ferrara,  in  1537,  died  in  1612.  The 
"  Pastor  Fido"  has  iraiuortalized  the  name  of 
Ouarini. 

GUARINI,  Guarino.  a  well  known  architect, 
who  embellished  Turin  and  Paris;  he  died  in 
1(kJ3. 

GUASro,  Octavian.  a  native  of  Turin,  who 
disiirisuished  liiiuself  bv  his  writiiiijs  ;  he  died 
ilJ  J7e3. 

OCfA 


GU 

I    GUAV  'I'ROULS,  Keiiedu,  a  famous  admiral. 
s^ee  UIJ-GRAY. 

GU.AZ'/I,  Stcplu'n,  an  Italian,  author  of  .^ome 
poems,  dialogues,  iSlc.,  much  esteemed ;  he  died 

ill    l.ViO. 

GUAZZI,  Mark,  of  Padua,  eminent  in  arms 
and  literature ;  he  wrote  a  History  of  Charles 
VIII.,  middled  in  l.'.'ie. 

GUDIN  DE  LA  CRENELLERiE  Paul  Philip 
a  French  writer,  autiior  of  irageuies,  essays  on 
various  subjects,  &,c.,  died  in  1612. 

GUniliS,  Riarijuard,  an  able  critic,  of  Hol- 
stein,  who  owed  his  elevation,  being  counsellor 
to  the  duke  of  Hoistein,  to  the  friends  of  his 
pupil  Schas,  who  lefthii»  his  property  :  he  died 
in  1689. 

GUDIUS,  Gottlob  Frederic,  a  Lutheran  minia- 
ter,  author  of  some  valuable  works. 

GUEDRIER  DE  ST.  AUSTIN,  Henry  Mi- 
chael, a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  distinguished  a-s 
a  casuist ;  he  died  in  1742. 

GUERARD,  Robert,  of  Rouen,  who  wrote  an 
abridgment  of  the  Bible  in  questions  and  ati- 
swers,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1715. 

GUERART,  Benjamin,  governor  of  the  state 
of  South-Carolina,  died  at  Charleston,  in  1789. 

GUERCHEVILLE,  Antoinette  de  Pons,  niar- 
chionees  of,  a  French  lady,  who,  when  Henry 
IV.  meditated  an  attack  on  her  virtue,  replied 
that  she  was  not  noble  enough  to  be  his  wift^ 
but  too  noble  to  be  his  mistress. 

GUERCHI,  Claude  Lewis  de  Regnier,  count 
de,  a  French  general,  who  distinguished  himself 
in  the  wars  of  Italy  aud  Flanders ;  he  died  in 
1768. 

GUERCINO,  (so  called  from  a  ca.st  that  he. 
had  in  one  of  his  eyes,  for  his  true  name  was 
Francesco  Baibieri  da  Cento,)  a  celebraleu 
Italian  painter,  born  near  Bologna,  in  IdUO,  died 
in  1666. 

GUERET,  Gabriel,  eminent  as  an  advocate  at 
the  bar,  and  as  an  author;  hediedatParis,in]Ce8. 

GUERICK,  Citno,  a  Prussian,  and  the  most 
celebrated  mathematician  of  his  time,  born  in 
11602,  died  in  1686.  He  was  inventor  of  the  air- 
pump,  and  wrote  largely  on  natural  philo.sophy. 

GUERIIV,  Francis,  professor  of  the  college  of 
Beauvais,  translated  Tacitus  and  Livy  into 
French. 

GUERINIERE,  Francis  Robichon,  author  of 
"  I'Ecole  de  Cavalerie,"  &c. ;  he  died  in  1751. 

GUERRE,  Martin,  a  Frenchman,  whose  wife, 
in  his  absence,  received  another  man,  as  her 
husband ;  but  he  returning,  the  impostor  was 
hanged,  in  lO.U). 

GUESCLIN,  Bertrand  du,  constable  of 
France,  a  renowned  general,  who  checked  the 
victorious  progress  of  Edward  IH.,  of  England, 
after  king  John  of  France  was  taken  prisoner; 
he  was  born  in  Brittaiiv,  in  1311,  died  in  1380. 

GUETTARD,  John  Stephen,  a  French  physi- 
cian and  botanist,  whose  application  was  the 
cause  of  his  diatb,  in  1786  ;  he  wrote  on  jilanl*. 

GUEULETTE,Thoma3  Simon,  a  French  ad- 
vocate, author  of  some  novels  and  comedies;  ke 
died  in  1766. 

GUEVAR.A,  Antony  de  a  Spanish  writer, 
whose  life  of  M.  A.  Antonius  has  been  translat- 
ed into  all  the  languages  of  Europe  ;  he  died  in 
1>44. 

GUEVARA,  Lewis  Veioz  de,  a  Spanish  jioet, 
and  author  of  several  humorous  comedies,  born 
at  Andalusia,  and  died  in  1646. 

GUGLIELMINI,  Dominic,  a  mathematician, 
patronised  by  I,ewis  XIV.,  and  author  of  se- 
veral valuablr!  works ,  he  died  in  1710 


GU 


GU 


GUIBERT,  author  of  Gesta  I>«i  per  Francos  ;  Ii    GUILLET  DE  ST.  GKOKGE,  George,  first 
lie  (lit'd  iu  1 124.  |historiogiu|il)rr  to  ilie  acad'jiiiv  of'  paiiuing  and 

GUllJERTJamesAntlionyHippoliie,  aFrenchlsculptun;  in  Paris;  lie  wrou-  tlie  Hisinryof  Ma- 
wriier  on  miliiary  allaits,  borji  at  Montaubau,  iu  |  honiet  U-,  and  other  works,  and  dit-d  in  1705. 
1743.     He  acquired  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  the  I     GIJILL[AUU,Claude,  doctor  oil  he  Sorbonne, 
cross  of  St.  Louit),  by  his  active  services  in  the;  author  of  coiuaientaries  on  sonio  of  the  Gospels, 
French  army,  ami  publislied,  in  1770,  his  cele-!(ifcc. 


brated  work,  "  Essai  general  de  Taclique 
work  which,  though  known  and  admired  over 
all  Europe,  drew  upon  its  author  the  envy  too 
often  attendant  on  merit,  which  embittered  a 
great  part  of  his  days.  He  was  also  a  dramatic 
writer,  and  produced  three  traj^edies,  "  Tlie  Con- 
stable of  Uourbon,"  "  The  Gracchi,"  and  "  An- 
na Buileu ;"  neither  of  which,  however,  was 
published  ;  he  was  admitted  a  member  of  ihe 
Freiicli  academy  ;  and  died  of  an  almost  broken 
heart,  in  1T90 ;  e.xclainiing  on  liis  deaiii-bed,  al- 
luding to  iiis  enemies,  "They  will  one  tinie  kiiow 
me,  and  do  iHe  justice." 

GIJICCIARDINI,  Francisco,  a  celebrated  his- 
torian, of  Italy,  was  born  at  Florence,  in  1482, 
and  died  in  1540. 

GUICUIARDINI,  Lewie,  nephew  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  a  historictU  writer  of  the  most  ap- 
proved fidelity.  His  principal  work  is  a  "  His- 
tory of  the  Low  Countries,  and  of  the  Alfaiis  of 
Europe,"  from  15J0  to  1500.  He  was  born  atFlo- 
reiice,  in  152.J,  and  died  in  15fi3. 

GUICHARD,  Claude  de,  historiographer  to 


thedukeof  Savoy,  and  author  of"  The  Funerals  ieJ  his  rebel  band.  The  League;  the  plan  w 

nf  tli*i  AiiriMnl'a  •^'  ht>  itipjt  in  l(i(i7_  fVirinp^l    hw   iIk.    nnrHinal    hi^    trtuinat^r    hiv>rh*i 


■  the  Ancients  ;"  be  died  in  1607. 

GITICHERON,  Samuel,  a  FrencJi  advocate 
and  historian  ;  he  wrote  "  History  of  tlie  House 
of  Savoy,"  and  died  in  1004. 

GUIDI,  Alexander,  an  eminent  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Pavia,  in  1650,  died  in  1712. 

GUIDO,Reni,an  Italian  painter,  born  at  Bolog- 
»a,  iu  1575,  died  in  164'2.  The  heads  of  this  pain- 
ter have  been  considered  as  not  at  all  inferior  to 
Raphael's. 

GUIDO,  Cagnacci,  ahistorical  painter,  of  Bo- 
logna, of  great  merit,  died  in  1680. 

GUIDOTTI,  Paul,  a  painter  and  anatomist, 
v/ho,  in  attempting  to  fly,  fell  and  broke  his 
limbs  ;  he  died  in  1629. 

GUIGNARD,  John,  a  Jesuit,  who  was  execut- 
ed at  Paris  for  high  treason,  in  1595. 

GUIGNES,  Joseph  de,  a  native  of  Pontoise; 
he  became  interpreter  to  the  French  king  in  1741, 
and  wrote  many  works ;  he  died  in  lEOO. 

GUILD,  William,  D.  D.,  a  Scotch  divine,  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  and  philosophy  at  Aberdeen  ; 
he  (lied  in  1G6'2. 

GUILLAIN,  Simon,  a  sculptor,  rector  of  the 
painting  and  sculpture  academy  at  Paris;  he 
died  in  1658.     . 

GUILLANDIUS,  Melchior,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  botanist  in  Prussia,  wrote  an  e.xcel- 
leni  commentary  ou  the  Papyrus,  (tc. ;  he  died 
in  1589. 

GUILLELMA,  of  Bohemia,  the  foundress  of 
an  infamous  sect  which  started  up  in  Italy  in  the 
liitli  century,  and  which,  under  the  mask  of  de- 
votion, used  to  practise  all  manner  of  lewdness. 
Guillelnia  imposed  so  effectually  upon  the  world, 
by  a  show  of  extraordinary  devotion  all  her  life 
time,  that  she  was  not  only  reputed  holy  at  her 
death,  but  also  revered  as  a  saint  a  considerable 
time  after  it.  However,  her  frauds,  and  the  de- 
lusions she  had  employed,  were  at  last  discover- 
ed ;  upon  Which  her  body  was  dug  up,  and  burnt, 
in  1300.  She  died  in  1281,  and  had  been  buried 
in  Milan. 

GUILLEME.AIT,  James,  a  French  surgeon, 
author  of  some  valuable  works :  he  died  in  1C12. 
F  f 


GUILLIM,  John,  the  'eputed  author  of  a  ce- 
lebrated book,  entitled,  "  The  DispUiyof  Heral- 
drie,"  was  born  in  Herefordshire,  in  liW,  died  in 
1621.    See  BARKHAM. 

GUILLOTiN,a  piiysitian,  of  Saintes,  inventor 
of  the  guillotine  ;  ho  died  ofgrief  that  this  instru- 
ment was  so  much  abused. 

GUIS(,'ARD, Robert,  a  famous  Norman  knight, 
who  assisted  in  the  conquest  of  ^^aples  from  the 
Saracens;  he  died  in  1085. 

GUISCARD,  Charles,  a  Prussian  oflicer  of 
distinction,  author  of  "  Military  Memoirs  of  IhQ 
Greeks  and  Romans,"  &c. ;  he  died  in  1775. 

GUISE,  Claude  de  Lorraine,  duke  of,  settled 
in  France,  and  became  foiinderof  the  family  of 
Guise  there  ;  he  died  in  1513. 

GUISE,  Francis,  duke  of,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, a  man  of  great  talents  ;  in  him  began  the 
factions  of  Coiule  and  Guise  ;  he  died  in  1503. 

GUISE,  Henry,  duke  of,  memorable  in  the  his- 
tory of  France  as  a  gallant  officer ;  but  an  iiiipe- 
liou.s,  turbulent,  seditious  subject,  who  placed 
hiui.-;elf  at  the  head  of  an  armed  force,  and  cal- 


forined  by  the  cardinal,  his  younger  brother  : 
and,  under  the  pretext  of  defending  the  Roman 
catholic  religion,  the  king,  Henry  HI.,  and  the 
freedom  of  the  state,  against  the  designs  of  the 
Huguenots,  or  French  pioiostants,  they  carried 
on  a  civil  war,  massacred  the  Huguenots,  and 
governed  the  king,  who  forbade  his  appearance 
at  Paris  ;  but  Guise  now  became  an  open  rebel, 
entered  that  city  against  the  king's  express  or- 
der, and  put  to  the  sword  all  who  opjiosed  him  ; 
the  streets  being  barricadoed  to  prevent  his  pro- 
gress, this  fatal  day  is  called  in  the  French  his- 
tory, The  Day  of  the  Barricades.  Masters  of 
Paris,  the  policy  of  the  Guises  failed  them  ;  for 
they  suffered  the  king  to  escape  to  Bloia,  tliougU 
he  was  deserted  in  his  palace  at  Paris  by  his 
very  guards.  At  Blois,  Henry  convened  an  as- 
sembly of  the  states  of  France  ;  the  duke  of 
Guise  had  the  boldness  to  appear  to  a  summons 
sent  him  for  that  purpose  ;  a  forced  reconcilia- 
tion took  place  between  him  and  the  king,  by 
the  advice  of  this  assembly ;  but  it  boing  acci- 
irtentaHy  discovered,  that  Guise  hud  I'ovinetla  plan 
jlo  dethrone  the  king,  that  weak  monarch,  in- 
stead of  resolutely  bringing  him  to  justice,  had 
|tiini  privately  assassinated,  Dec.  23, 1558,  in  the 
;j3th  year  of  his  age  His  brother,  the  cardinal, 
shared  the  same  fate  the  next  day. 

GUtSE,  Charles,  duke  of,  eldest  son  of  Henry, 
was  arrested  on  his  father's  murder,  but  escap- 
ed ;  he  was  reconciled  to  the  king,  but  the  Jea- 
lousy of  Richelieu  drove  him  from  the  kingdom ; 
he  died  in  1640. 

GUISE,  Lewis  de  Lorraine,  cardinal  of,  son 
of  Henry,  well  known  as  illustrious  in  arms,  and 
in  the  arts  of  peace  ;  he  died  in  1021. 

GUISE,  Henry  of  Lorraine,  duke  of,  grandson 
of  Henry,  was  remarkable  for  his  intrigues  with 
the  duke  of  Bouillon,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1004. 

GUISE,  William,  tn  English  divine,  eminent 
for  his  translations  from  the  oriental  languages, 
born  in  Gloucestershire,  in  16.53,  died  in  1683.  Fo- 
reigners hive  styled  him  "  the  immortal  orna- 
,ment  of  the  university  of  Oxford." 
1  GUiTTOX,  John,  a  citizen  of  RorhcUc,  was 
22.5 


GU 

known  as  an  ablf  antiquarian,  and  correct  writ- 
er ;  he  ilir.il  in  3638. 

OUTHRIK,  William,  a  very  laborious  and  vo- 
luniiiious  vvritpr  on  liistory,  politics,  and  otlier 
subjects,  borii.if  Breii'lieii,  in  Angussliire,in  ]70J, 
died  in  !7f)'J.  His  principal  works  arc,  "Historief 
of  Hit-  World,"  of  "  Kng'and,"  and  of  "  Scot- 
land." He  was  a  "  writer  by  prolession,"  and 
is  said  to  have  lent  Iiis  name  lo  booksellers  for 
pubiicaiiona  in  which  he  had  no  concern.  Such 
is  asserted  to  have  been  the  case  with  respect  to 
tlieGeoprnpliicttl  Giamniar,  called  "Guthrie's;" 
which,  however,  is  a  work  that,  for  its  general 
utility  and  con.parative  perfection,  coiilera  cre- 
dit on  tlio  compiler,  whoever  he  be. 

GUTTER  i'.ERGH.Johii  of,  a  citizen  of  Stras- 
bourg, tci  whom  is  attributed  the  invention  of 
the  art  of  printing,  in  conjunction  with  Fust,  or 
Faustus,  and  Peter  SchocfTer,  or  Schuffer,  the 
servant,  and  afterwaids  the  son-in-law,  of  Faus- 
tus, by  whom  it  was  further  improved.  He  was 
born  at  Mentz,  in  1408,  and  died  there,  in  1467. 

GUY,  a  monk  of  Arezzo,  who  invented  the  six 
syllables  of  the  gamut,  ut,  re,  mi,  fa,  sol,  la,  liv 
ed  about  102G. 

GUY,  Thomas,  founder  of  Guy's  hospital,  was 
the  son  of  Thomas  Guy.  lighterman  and  coal- 


GU 

elected  mayor,  captain-general,  and  governor, 
when  that  city  was  besieged  by  cardinal  Riclie- 
Jieu,  in  lti37.  He  would  not  accept  the  conmiand, 
unless  it  was  agreed  that  a  poignard,  which  he 
produced,  should  lie  on  the  table  in  the  town- 
house,  for  him  to  put  to  death  the  first  man  who 
proposed  to  surrender.  When  he  was  told  that 
I'amine  had  swept  off  the  greatest  part  of  the  in- 
habitants, he  coolly  answered,  "  No  matter, 
while  there  is  one  lell  to  shut  the  gates." 

GUITTON,  d'Arezzo,  an  early  Italian  poet, 
flourished  in  the  middle  of  the  13th  centtiry. 

GULDENSTAEIiT,  John  Antony,  a  famous 
traveller,  born  at  Kiga ;  visited  Astracan,  Cau- 
casus, &c.  ;  he  died  in  ]781. 

GUNDLING,  Nicolas  Jerome,  anative  of  Nu- 
remberg, professor  at  Halle,  and  author  of  some 
valuable  work:^,  he  died  in  172y. 

GUNNERUS,  John  Ernest,  a  native  of  Chris- 
tiana, founder  of  the  royal  Norwegian  society  at 
Drontheim  ;  he  died  in  1773. 

GUNNING,  Peter,  an  English  prelate,  born 
at  Hoo,  in  Ken^,  was  one  of  the  committee  ap- 
pointed to  review  the  liturgy  ;  he  died  in  1684. 
GUNTER,  Edmund,  an  English  mathema- 
tician,and  professor  of  astronomy  at  Greshani  col- 
lege, born  in  Herefo;dsliire,  in  1581,  was  bred  for 

the  church,  and  took  ordi^rs  ;  but  genius  and  in-ljdealer  in  Horsleydown,  Southwark.  He  was 
clination  leading  him  chiefly  to  mathematics,  he  jput  apprentice,  in  IGCU,  to  a  bookseller,  in  the 
app'ied  early  to  that  study,  and  distinguished' porch  of  Mercer's  chapel,  and  set  up  trade  witU 
l)inisKlfbymanyin])or[a;n  improvements  in  ma-j  a  stock  of  about  200/.,  in  the  house  that  forms 
thematical  instruments  for  the  use  of  naviga-,  the  angle  between  Cornhill  and  Lombard-street, 
tion  ;  of  those  the  most  celebrated  are,  a  new  |The  English  Bibles  being  at  that  time  very  badly 
projection  of  the  sector,  the  invention  of  a  small  I  printed,  Mr.  Guy  engaged,  with  others,  in  a 
portable  quadrant,  the  discovery  of  anew  varia-lscheme  for  printing  them  in  Holland,  and  ira 
tion  in  the  mariner's  compass,  and  of  a  scale,  ;porting  them  ;  but  this  being  put  a  stop  to,  he 
which,  after  him,  is  called  "  Gunter's  Scale."  n contracted  with  the  university  of  Oxford  for 
He  died  in  lOie.  their  privilege  of  printing  them,  and  carried  on  a 

GUNTHER,  a  German  poet,  in  the  beginningj'great  Bible  trade  for  many  years  to  considerable 
«>f  the  I8th  century,  who  was  poisoned  by  a  ri- 
val, when  going  to  be  presented  to  Augustus  II., 
king  of  Poland. 

GURTLER,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Basil,  author 
of  a  German  and  Freneh  Lexicon,  and  other 
vorks  ;  he  died  in  1707. 

GUSMAN,  Lewis,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  author  of 
the  history  of  his  fraternity,  in  the  Indies,  &c.  ; 
he  died  in  1005. 

GUSSANVILLAN,  Peter,  a  native  of  Char- 
tres,  edited  the  works  of  Gregory  the  Great. 

GUSTAVUS  V.ASA,  who,  having  delivered 
Sweden   from   the  Danish   yoke,  was,  in  1523,|lmas',  v\hich  bears  his  name.     The  charge  of 
elected  king  of  that  country.    He  was  born  in  .erecting  this  vast  pile  amounted  to  18,793/.,  be- 
1400,  and  died  in  1500.  'sides  219,499/.  w^hicli  he  left  to  endow  it :  and  he 

GUSTAVUS  ADOLPHUS,  the  greatest  king  [  just  lived  to  see  it  roofed  in.  He  died  Dec.  17, 
that  Sweden  ever  had.  He  conquered  Ingria,  1 1724,  in  the  81st  year  of  his  age,  after  having  de- 
I.ivonia,  Brcmen,Venden,Wiesmar,  PomeraniaJ  dicated  to  charitable  purposes  more  money  than 
&c.  He  shook  the  throne  of  the  emperor  Fcr-|  any  one  private  man  upon  record  in  England, 
dinandn.  He  protected  the  Lutherans  in  Ger-[j  GUYARD,  de  Berville,  a  French  author  of 
many,  and  by  his  victories  humbled  the  housci. some  merit,  died  in  poverty,  aged  73. 
of  Austria.  The  glory  of  this  action  has  been'l  GUYAKD, .Anthony,  a  Benedictine  monk,  ati- 
unjustly  attributed  to  cardnial  Richelieu,  who! 
had  the  art  of  raising  his  reputation  from  the' 
victories  which  Gustavus  was  content  to  gain. | 
He  carried  the  war  beyond  the  Danube,  and 
would  perhaps  have  dethroned  the  emperor,  had 
he  not  been  slain  at  the  battle  of  Lutzen,  A.,  D. 
1663,  in  the  37th  year  of  his  age,  after  he  had  de-^ 
feated  the  imperial  army  commanded  by  Wal- 
Etein.  He  carried  to  his  tomb  the  name  of  "The 
Great  Gustavus,"  the  love  of  his  subjects,  and 
the  esteem  of  his  enemies. 

Gi:STAVUS  III.,  king  of  Sweden,  came  to 
the  throne  in  1771,  was  shot  at  a  masked  ball, 
and  having  languished  some  time,  died  in  1792. 

GUTHIERES,  James,  a  French  advocatej died  in  1799. 
2?6 


advantage.  Thus  he  began  to  accumulate 
money,  and  his  gains  rested  in  his  hands ;  for, 
being'a  single  man,  and  very  penurious,  his  e.v- 
penses  were  next  to  nothing.  His  custom  was, 
J  to  dine  on  his  shop-counter,  with  no  other  table 
cloth  than  an  old  newspaper:  he  was  also  as  lit 
tie  nice  with  regard  to  his  apparel.  The  bulk  of 
his  fortune,  however,  was  acquired  by  purchas- 
ing seamen's  tickets  during  queen  Anne's  wars, 
and  by  South-sea  slock,  in  the  memorable  year 
17-20.  He  WIS  76  years  of  age  when  he  formed 
the  design  of  building  the  hospital,  near  St.Tho- 


thor  of  several  works,  died  at  Dijon,  in  1770. 

GUYET,  Francis,  an  eminent  critic,  of  An- 
gers, died  in  1655,  much  esteemed. 

GU  YON,Claude,a  French  historian, author  of 
an  ecclesiastical  history,  and  other  works;  he 
died  in  1T71. 

GUYON,  Johanna  Mary  Eouviers  de  la 
Motho,  a  French  lady,  memorable  for  her  writ- 
ings and  her  sufferings  in  the  cause  of  Quietism, 
born  at  Montargis,  in  1648,  died  in  1717.  Some  of 
her  spiritual  songs  have  been  translated  by  Cow- 
per. 

GUYS, Peter  Augustine,  a  native  of  Marseilles, 
eminent  as  a  man  of  letteis,  and  a  metchavit 


HA 

'  GUYSK,  John,  D.  D.,  minister  of  an  inde- 
pendeat  congrngatioii  at  London,  and  author  of 
several  thtoloRical  works  ;  be  died  la  1761. 

GUYTONDE  MORVEAU,  Lewis  Bernard, 
an  eminent  lawyer,  of  Dijoa,  and  advocate  gc-\ 
neral  to  tUe  parliament  of  that  city.  He  was  dis-i 
tinKuished  as  a  proficient  in  natural  philosophy, 
and  cliymiatry,  and  as  tho  author  of  a  course  of 
chymistry,  in  4  vols.,  and  other  writings  on  the 
same  subj»;ct ;  he  was  made  a  member  of  the  le- 
gion of  hononr,  and  a  baron  of  the  empiie,  by 
Napoleon,  and  died  in  1815. 

GWINNET,  Button,  a  native  of  England 
tame  to  South-Carolina,  in  1770,  and  soon  re^ 
moved  to  Georgia.  He  was  a  decided  friend  of 
the  revolution,  a  member  of  cougiess,  in  17TC, 
and  a  signer  oT  Uie  declaration  of  independence. 
He  was  killed  in  a  due!,  in  1777. 

GWYNN, Eleanor,  better  known  by  the  name 
of  Nell,  who  rose  from  an  orange  girl  to  be  the 
mistress  of  Charles  II.  ;  she  died  in  1687. 

G\VYNNE,!\Iatthew,  a  dislinguished  English 
physician,  died  after  1639. 

GYLIPPU.S,  a  Lacedaemonian  general,  sent  to 
assist  Syracuse  against  the  .Athenians,  414  B.  C 

GYZEN,  Peter,  a  landscape  painter,  whose 
views  on  the  llhine  are  much  admired  ;  he  was 
born  at  Antwerp,  about  1636. 

H 

HAANSBERGEN,  John  Van,  a  painter,  of 
Utrecht.  Tlie  figures  which  he  introduced  into 
hi.-^  landscapes  were  very  much  admired ;  he 
died  in  1705. 

HAAS,  William,  a  printer  and  type-founder 
was  the  first  who  engraved  French  type  in  the 
style  of  Baskerville  ;  he  invented  a  new  print- 
ing press,  and  died  at  St.  Urban  monastery,  in 
1800. 

IIABAKKUK,  the  eighth  of  the  minor  pro 
phets,  supposed  to  be  of  the  tribe  of  Simeon. 
His  style  is  poetical,  beautiful,  and  sublime. 

HABERT,  Francis,  a  native  of  Berry,  one  of 
the  most  ancient  poets  of  France ;  he  wrote 
some  fables,  &c.,  and  died  in  15G9. 

HABERT  DE  CEUISl,  Germain,  an  eccle- 
siastic, of  Bayeux,  who  wrote  some  poems  ;  lit 
died  in  Itw."). 

HABERT,  Henry  Lewis,  the  friend  of  Gas 
eendi,  and  the  pulVisher  of  his  works,  with  ai 
elecant  Latin  preface,  died  in  1679. 

HABICOT,  Nicolas,  a  surgeon,  born  atEonay, 
was  eminent  in  his  profession,  and  wrote  a  trea 
fise  on  the  pinsue  ;  he  died  in  16'24. 

HABliNGTUN,  William,  .in  English  poet  and 
historian,  born  in  Worcestershire,  in  1G05,  died 
in  1054.  His  amatory  poems  were  entitled 
"  Castara,"  and  printed  in  1634  5  and  1640.  He 
also  published  a  tragi-comedy,  called  "  The 
Queen  of  .\rragon." 

HACHETTE,  Jane,  a  heroine,  of  Beauvais, 
in  Picardy  ;  she  successfully  headed  a  body  of 
women,  in  an  assault  aijainstthe  Bourguignons 
who  be.sieged  her  native  place  in  1472. 

H,\CK.\EllT,  John,  a  Dutch  painter,  horn  at 
Amsterdam,  in  1035.  The  mountainous  scene- 
ry in  his  landscapes  is  much  admired. 

H.\CKET,  John,  an  English  prelate,  of  great 
merit,  was  chaplain  to  James  I.  bishop  of  Lich 
field  and  Coventry, ;  he  spent  eight  ye.trs  in  re 
pairing  liis  cathedral,  at  the  o-npeiise  of  20,000/., 
ucarlv  all  his  own.  and  died  in  1670. 

HACKET,  William,  an  English  fanatic,  in 
tlie  reign  of  Eli/.abeth.  He  was  hung  and  quar- 
tered for  blasphemy,  in  1502. 

H.\CKSPAN,  Theodore,  a  liUtheran  miniB 


HA; 

ter,  well  skilled  in  oriental  literature ;  his  books, 
on  theological  subjt-cts,  are  much  esteemed ;  ba 
died  in  l()5i1. 

HADDICK,  N.,  count  of,  an  Austrian  gene- 
ral, distingui-'hed  hinwelf  against  the  Turks,  in 
1789,  and  di<.'d  Uic  ne.tt  year. 

HADDOfJK,  Sir  Richard,  a  valiant  admiral, 
who  distiuKuished  himself,  on  various  occasions, 
under  Charles  II.  and  his  successors ;  he  died 
very  old,  in  1714. 

HADUOiV,  Walter,  an  eminent  English  scho- 
lar, professor  of  civil  law,  in  the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward ;  ho  was  a  zealous  promoter  of  the  refor- 
mation, and  died  in  1571. 

HADRIAN.     See  ADRIAN. 

HAEN,  Antony  de,  privy  counsellor,  and  phy- 
sician to  the  empress  Maria  Theresa,  was  au- 
thor of  "  Ratio  Medendi,"  and  a  treatise  on 
magic  ;  he  died  in  1776. 

HAERLEM,  Theodore  Van,  a  Dutch  painter, 
born  at  Haerlem.  His  Christ  and  his  apostles, 
in  the  church  of  Utrecht,  arc  much  admired  ; 
he  died  in  1470. 

HAGEDORN,  a  German  poet,  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury. His  works,  iii  imitation  of  Fontaine,  dis- 
play genius,  vivacity,  and  great  delicacy. 

HAGEN,  John  Van,  a  landscape  painter,  born 
in  C'leves.  His  pieces  are  much  admired.  He 
died  at  the  end  of  the  17th  century-. 

HAGGAI,  the  tenth  of  the  minor  prophets, 
lived  in  the  reign  of  Darius  Hystaspes.  He  was 
of  the  sacerdotal  race. 

HAGUENIER,  John,  a  French  poet.  Hia 
pieces  are  on  light  subjects,  but  possess  great 
wit  and  elegance  ;  he  died  in  1738. 

HAGUENOT,  Henry,  author  of  medical  trea- 
tises, was  a  physician,  of  Montpelier;  he  died  in 
1776. 

HAHN,  Simon  Frederick,  author  of  the  "  His- 
tory of  the  Empire,"  was  a  very  extraordinary 
character.  .Vt  the  age  of  10,  he  knew  several 
languages,  and  at  24,  was  professor  of  history  at 
Helnistadt ;  he  died  in  1729. 

IIAILES.    See  DALRYMPLE. 

KAILLAN,  Bernard  de  Girard,  lord  of,  a 
French  historian,  born  at  Bourdeau.x,  in  1535, 
died  in  1010.  He  published  a  history,  which 
reaches  from  Pharamond  to  the  death  of  Charles 
VH.,  and  was  the  first  who  composed  a  body  of 
the  French  history  in  French. 

HAINES,  Joseph,  commonly  called  count 
Haines,  a.  very  eminent  low  comedian,  and  a 
person  of  great  fac.°tiousness  of  temper  and 
ri'adines.^  ofwit,  died  in  1701. 

H.-\KEM,  the  tiilrd  of  the  Fatimite  caliphs, 
was  a  violent  persecutor  of  the  Christians  and 
Jews,  and  pretended  to  be  the  visible  image  of 
God.  He  was  assassinated  by  the  intrigue  of 
his  sister,  in  1021. 

HAKEWELL,  John,  mayor  of  Exeter,  in 
1632.  Another  brother,  William,  was  of  Exeter 
college ;  he  warmly  espoused  the  party  of  the 
puritans,  and  published  "  The  Liberty  of  the 
Subject  against  the  power  of  Impositions,"  &c. 

HAKEWELL,  George,  a  learned  divine,  born 
at  Exeter,  in  1579,  died  in  ItUO.  His  principal 
work  is  "  An  Ajxilogy,  or  Declaration  of  tlie 
Power  and  Piiividence  of  God  in  the  govern- 
ment of  the  World,  proving  that  it  doth  not  de- 
cay," &c. 

HAKLUYT,  Richard,  famous  for  his  skill  in 
the  naval  history  of  England,  was  born  in  Here- 
fordshire, in  15.53,  and  died  in  1616.  He  is  au- 
thor of  a  "  Collection  of  Voyages  and  Discove- 
ries,' '  in  3  vols.  foliOj  and  of  several  otlier  useful 
works. 

227 


__^ HA 

I  been  a  man  of  gtcat  nit  and  learning,  andof  a« 
IfeipatinPekiicffr,  modesty,  and  piety.  His  works 
jn;Bke  5  vol^.  in  Iblio,  and  Viave  gained  liim  the 
a|ijiellatioii  of  the  "  Clirislian  Seneca." 
I  HALL,  Lyman,  governor  of  Georgia,  was  s 
zealous  advocate  Co.'  the  revolution,  a  member 
of  congress  in  mfi,  and  a  signer  of  the  decla 
lion  oi  independauce.    He  died  about  I'iOO. 

HALIiE,  Antony,  a  good  Latin  poet  and  pro- 
fessor of  eloquence  at  Caen  ;  lie  died  at  Taris 
in  1C75. 

HALLE,  Peter,  professor  of  canon  law  in  tlie 
uiiiverBitv  of  Paris,  born  at  Bayeux,  in  Konuan- 
dy,  ill  16J1,  riiedin  Jf)89. 

HALLE,  Claude  Guy,  of  Parifc,  distinguished 
as  a  painter,  died  in  173C.  His  son,  ^'oel,  was 
also  respectable  in  liie  same  art;  he  died  in  ITdS. 
HALLER,  Albert,  an  illustrious  physician, 
and  voluminous  writer,  born  ai  Berne,  in  Swit- 
zerland, in  ITU'i,  died  in  17"7.  lie  is  supposed  to 
have  been  the  most  aciue,  various,  and  original 
genuis,  that  lias  appeared  in  the  medical  world 
since  lioei  haave. 

HALLEY,  Edmund,  a  most  eminent  English 
pliilosoplier  and  astronomer,  born  inLondon,in 
IfiSO.  His  asironoiiiicai  discoveries  greatly  im 
proved  the  art  of  navigation,  and  his  works  are 
highly  valued  in  every  part  of  Europe.  He  died 
at  Greenviich,  in  Jan.  1741-2. 

H  ALLIFAX,  George  Savilie,  marquis  of.  See 
.SAVILLE. 

IIALLIFAX,  Dr.  Samuel,  bishop  and  arch- 
deacon of  St.  Asaph,  was  a  prelate  of  great 
I<nowledge  and  ability  ;  an  incomparable  civi- 
lian, and  an  extreniely  acute  public  speaker. 
His  sermons  at  bishop  Warburton's  lectures  are 
niucli  eiiieemed ;  and  his  Analysis  of  bishop 
Kutler's  Analogy  (a  book  entirely  abstruse  and 
metaphysical)  is  written  with  great  elegance  of 
style,  as  well  as  witli  much  profundity  of  think- 
ing. He  was  born  at  Chesterfield,  in  1730,  and 
Ihe  knowledge  of  17  languages,  and  became  in-jidied  in  1790. 
terpreter  to  the  grand  signior;  translated  into!  HALS,  Francis,  an  admired  portrait  painter, 
the  Turkish  language  the  catichit-m  of  tliej  of  Alechlin  :  he  died  in  1C66. 
ehurcb  of  England,  and  all  the  Bible  ;  composed!  HALS,  Dirk,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  a 
a  Turkish  grammar  and  dictionary,  and  oiheij  painter  of  festive  and  low  scenes;  he  died  in 
things  which  were  never  primed     His  principal  llfl.'iti. 

work  is  "  A  Trcaiife  upon  the  Liturgy  of  ihelj  H.AMBET.GER,  George  Albert,  an  eminent 
Turks,  their  Pilgrimages  to  Mecca,  their  Cir-||in,ithemHtician,of  Francoiiia,  and  author  of  a 
cumcision,  and  Alanner  of  visiting  the  Sick."  I  valuable  work  on  optics  and  other  subjects  ;  he 
He  died  in  1075.  Kdi.  din  1726. 

H.ALKEl ,  Lady  Anna,  was  born  in  London,  I  HAMfJERGEK,  George  Christopher,  a  learn- 
in  Wii,  and  inanied  Sir  Janie.=  Halket,  in  lti56.l|ed  Gennan,  published  Orpheus  and  other  volu- 
Her  father,  Robert  Murray,  was  preceptor  toj|minous  works  ;  he  died  in  1773. 


.        .  » 

H.VLDB,  John  iiaplist  dn,  a  leariieri  French- 
man, horn  nt  Paris,  ia  1674,  died  in  1743.  We 
have  of  his,  a  valuable  work,  entitled  "  Grande 
JJeBCviption  de  la  Chine  et  dc  la  Tartaric,"  in  4 
vol*,  folio. 

HALE,  Sir  Maltliew,  a  most  learned  lawyer, 
and  chief  justice  of  the  King's  liencli,  born  in 
](K)9.  The  attainments  of  Sir  Matthew  were 
wonderful ;  for  he  had,  beside  liis  peculiar  pio- 
ffcssion,  a  considerable  kuowied^ie  in  the  civil 
law,  in  arithmetic,  algebra,  and  other  maihe- 
mnticaJ  soieaces,  as  well  as  in  physic,  anato-i 
my,  and  surgery;  was  very  conversaiil  in  ex- 
perimental philosophy,  and  otlier  branches  of 
philosophical  learning,  and  in  ancient  history 
Riid  chronology  ;  but,  above  all,  he  seemed  to] 
have  made  diVinity  his  chief  study;  so  thatj 
IbOHc  who  read  what  he  lias  written  upon  theo- 
logical questions,  might  be  inclined  to  think  that 
lie  -had  studied  notiihig  else.  His  principal 
works  arc  legal,  philosophical,  and  religious;  of  j 
the  former,  the  most  valuable  are,  his  ''Pleas  of  • 
the  Crown,"  and  a  "  History  of  the  Conimonl 
Law  of  England."     He  died  in  lb7t).  | 

HALES,  John,  an  Eimlish  divine  and  poet,! 
born  at  Bath,  in  15f'4,  died  in  105C.  After  his| 
death,  there  came  out  a  cnllcction  of  his  works, 
with  this  title, "  Golden  Reinains  of  the  ever-j 
memorable  Mr.  Joliii  Hales,  of  Eton  College,"] 
&c.  I 

HALES,  Stephen,  a  very  celebrated  natural] 
philosopher  and  matheniaiician,  born  in  Kent,i 
in  1677,  died  in  1761.  Among  many  other  use- 
ful inventions  of  his,  v.-as  that  of  ventilators  ; 
which  he  continued  to  improve  as  long  as  he 
lived.  His  "  Statical  Essays"  have  been  often 
printed,  and  are  well  known. 

HALI-REIGH,  a  Polander,  whose  original 
name  was  Bobowski.  Being  taken  by  tiie  Tar- 
tars, while  a  child,  he  was  sold  to  the  Tuiks, 
who  educated  him  in  tJieir  religion.  He  acquired 


Charles  L  From  her  MSS.  was  selected  a  vo- 
Jume  of  meditations  ;  she  died  in  1699. 

HALL,  John,  an  JSngiish  lawyer  and  poet, 
celebrated  as  a  political  writer,  died  in  16.W. 

HALL,  Heniy,  an  English  divine,  who  pub- 
lished some  occasional  sermons,  and  was  great-' 
ly  beloved  ;  he  died  in  171J3.  ! 

HALL,  John,  a  surgeon  of  Kent,  who  flou-| 
riehed  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  :  he  published: 
&  compendium  of  Anatomy,  «cc.  lixiS.  I 

1L\LL,  Jacob,  a  noted  rope  dancer  in  the  age 
r.{  Charles  U. 

HALL,  r.icliard,  an  Englisli   popish   priest. 


HAMEL,  du  Moiicau,  Henrj-  Lewis  du,  of 
Paris,  eminent  forliis  knowledge  of  mechanics, 
agriculture  and  commerce  ;  he  died  in  1782. 

H.\MEL,  John  Baptist  du,  a  celebrated 
French  philosopher  and  divine,  born  at  Vire,  in 
1024,  died  in  1706. 

IIA.MILCAR  BARCAS,  a  famons  Carthagi- 
nian Keiieval,  slain  in  battle  K7  B.  C. 

HAMILTON,  Patrick,  abliot  of  Feme,  in  Scot- 
land. He  was  condemned  to  the  Hanies,  for  his 
adherence  to  llie  tenets  of  Luther,  and  endured 
file  scnteiit^  witli  wonderful  fortitude.  He  was 
not  only  pious,  but  learned  and  polite.    He  suf- 


He  left  England  to  avoid  the  i>ciial  hiwsagainstlifercd  in  1.V27,  aged  S.'.. 
liw  rehgion,  and  became  diviniiy  piofessor  at.  HAMILTON,  James,  first  duke  of,  a  dislin- 
i)ouay;"he  was  author  of  some  theokigicaHgiiisited  commander  under  Charles  I.  He  main- 
works,  and  died  ia  JOO-t.  jtained  his  master's  cause  in  tlie  North,  after  its 
HALL,  Joseph,  an  eminent  and  learned  bi-ljruin  iti  England;  was  at  length  defeated  at 
phopof  Norwich,  born  ia  1574,  died  in  \(5i>.  Hisp  Preston,  and  beheaded  in  irv49. 
"  MeditRtio«iii"  are  well  known  ;  and  his  pocli-|J  H.A.MILTON,  Count  Antony,  art  elegant  wit- 
cul  talents,  cliietiy  exercised  in  saiire.  were  very ptcr,  Iwrn  in  Ireland,  ui  1640,  of  a  Scotch  fau.ilv 
Hvpcctalile.    He  is  universally  ttilo^Ved  to  have,!  Hie  most  cctebrated  work  was  "  Wciaoir*  of  ttm 


HA 

tilt;  Nav-y  of  the  United  Stales  under  President 
iVIadiiDU.     He  diiMl  in  1810. 

HAMU.TON,  lliifTli,  a  learned  English  pre- 
late, proli'ssor  of  naitnal  pliilosopliy  at  'I'riiiity 
college,  Diihlin,  afterwards  dt^an  of  AriiiaK'' 
and  liiniioi)  ■""'  Clonfert  and  of  Ossory  ;  iic  died 
ill  IHUJ. 

HAMILTON,  William,  an  Eni^lish  historical 
painter,  and  iiicnibur  of  the  royal  academy,  died 
in  1801. 

H.\  MLU'T,  the  name  of  a  prince  of  Denmark, 
vviiose  history,  as  related  hy  Saxo  Gi  ainmalicns, 
has  furnished  tShakspeare  with  the  groundwork 
of  one  of  his  finest  plays. 

HAM.MONP,  Anthony,  an  English  poet  and 
an  author,  disthifjiii^hed  also  as  a  wit  and  as  a 
man  of  fashion  ;  he  died  about  17;i0. 

HAMMtJNI),  Dr.  Uefiiy,  a  learned  English  di- 
vine and  coiinnentalor,  bom  at  Chertsy,  in 
l'J05,  died  in  WOU.  His  chief  works  are,  a  "  i'rac- 
tical  (^1techi^iln  ;"  a  "  Paraphrase  and  .Annota- 
tions on  tl'.e  New  Testament ;"  and  a  "  I'ara- 
phraaeand  Coinineiitary  on  tlie  Old  Testament ;" 
of  which  he  only  published  the  Psalnia,  and  went 
through  a  third  part  of  the  book  of  Proverbs. 

HAMMOND,  Ja.Tie.<;,  an  elegant Englisli  poet, 
borii  in  1710,  died  in  1742.  He  was  oquerry  to  the 
prince  of  VVales ;  and  i.^  said  to  have  divided 
his  life  between  pleasure  and  book.s;  in  his  re- 
tirement forgeuiug  the  town,  and  in  hisgayety 
]  losing  the  student.  Of  his  literary  hours  th« 
principal  elfects  are  exhibited  in  liis  memorable 
"Love  Elegies." 

HAMON,  John,  a  French  physician,  who 
wrote  on  religious  subjects  in  an  admired  style  • 


HA 

^uiit  dc  (Vranimout ;"  but  lie  wrote  also  some 
poems  and  P'airy  Tales,  wiiich  are  excellent  in 
th^ii.-  kiod.  and  died  17-.'0. 

H.-VMILTON,  William,  dnke  of,  was  secre- 
tary of  state  for  ricoiland.  He  died  in  lli.j'i  of 
wouiuls  received  al  tin;  battle  of  Worcester. 

H.\  MILTON,  William,  an  ingenious  poet, 
distinguished  by  the  liveliness  of  his  imagina- 
UiHi  and  the  delicacy  of  his  sentiments.  He  was 
Iwin  of  ail  ancient  and  honourable  family  in 
];i)i,  and  died  in  1754.  His  poems  were  printed 
at  Edinburgh,  1700. 

H.\i\liL'rON,  tieorge,  carl  of  Orkney,  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne, 
and  at  lilenheini  ;  he  died  in  1737. 

HAiMlLTOIV,  sir  WiUiam,  thirty-seven  years 
British  ambassador  at  the  court  of  Naples,  was 
born  ill  the  year  Hi!),  and  died  in  London,  in 
1801).  The  zealous  and  successful  eftbrts  which 
Jic  .Tiade  during  his  long  residence  in  It^.ly,  in 
bringing  to  lighi  the  buried  treasures  of  antii-iii- 
ty  need  not  here  be  enumerated  ;  indeed,  his 
whole  life  was  devoted  to  studies:  connected 
with  the  fine  arts.  His  "  Observations  on  Mount 
Vesuvius,  Mount  ."Etna,  and  other  Volcanoes, 
in  a  Series  of  Letters  to  the  Royal  Society," 
were  published  with  notes  in  1772. 

HAMILTON,  Eli/.abeth,  a  distinguished  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  born  at  Heifast,  in  1758.  Miss 
flaniilton  remained  single  throu;,»h  life,  andilied 
at  Hariovvgate,  in  ISltj.  Her  principal  works  are, 
"Letters  of  a  Hindoo  Rajah;"  '•  Memoirs  of 
Moderu  Pliilosophers ;"  "  Letters  on  the  Prin- 
ciples of  Education  ;"  and  the  "  Life  of  Agrip- 
pina,  Wife  of  Germanicus."  After  her  death, 
her  "  Meinoiis,"  with  a  Selection  from  her||he  died  in  lf)87. 
Correspondence,  were  edited  by  Miss  Bengcr,  HAMPUEN,  John,  a  celebrated  political  cha- 
and  piibliehcd.  I  racter  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  famous  for  sus- 

H.-^MILTON,  Andrew,  an  eminent  lawyer  of  |  laining  singly  the  weight  of  a  royal  prosecution, 
Philadelphia,  and  speaker  of  the  house  of  as-  on  his  refusing  to  pay  the  ship-money  in  the 
semblv;  he  died  in  1741.  His  son  James  Ha-  |  reign  of  Charles  I.,  was  born  in  London,  in  1594. 
milton  was  repeatedly  governor  of  Pennsylva-  |i  Having  in  HM5-6  obtained  a  seat  in  the  house  of 
nia  between  1748  and  1771.  1  commons,  he  soon  grew  to  be  one  of  the  most 

HAAHLTON,  Andrew,  governor  of  the  co-j' popular  man  in  the  nation;  and  after  he  had 
lony  of  New-Jersey,  and  deputy  governor  oflj  held  the  chief  direction  of  his  party  in  the  house 
Pennsylvania,  died  in  1702.  against  the  king,  he  took  up  arms  in  the  same 

HAMILTON,  John,  a  counsoilor  of  the  colony  i|  cause,  and  was  one  of  the  tirst  who  opened  the 

war  by  an  action  at  a  piace  called  Brill,  about  5 
milef"  from  O.ttbrd  ;  but  he  was  cut  ofT early  by 
a  mortal  wound,  which  he  received  by  a  pistoj 
bursting  iu  his  hand,  in  a  skirmish  with  prince 
Rupert,  June  18,  104.'?,  and  of  wiiich  he  died  the 
vJ4th.  Clarendon  has  given  Hampden  the  ciia- 
racterof  a  great,  rathertlian  a  good  man;  but 
when  passive  obedience  and  non-resistance 
were  disgraced  by  law,  he  came  to  be  esteemed 
a  good  as  well  as  a  great  man,  and  lias  conti- 
nued lo  he  thought  so  from  that  time  to  this. 

HAMPTON,  James,  translator  of  Polybius, 
died  1778. 

K  AMSA,  a  Mahometan  doctor,  known  for  his 
attempt  to  eradicate  the  tenets  of  Mahomet  and 
to  establish  his  own.  He  flourished  about  1020. 
HANCOCK,  John,  minister  of  Lexington, 
Massachusetts,  respected  and  beloved ;  he  died 
in  1752. 

HANCOCK,  John,  minister  of  Braintree,  son 
of  the  preceding ;  died  in  1744. 

H  ANCOCK,  Thomas,  a  benefactor  of  Harvard 
college,  died  in  1704. 

HANCOCK,  John,  LL.  D.,  one  of  the  most 
conspicuous  friends  of  the  American  revolution, 
was  president  of  congress  in  177G,  and  s'^'ied 
the  declaration  of  independence  in  that  ca.vici- 
ty.  He  was  afterwards  governor  of  Maa^acliii 
setts  for  .several  years.     He  died  in  1793. 


of  New-Jersey,  who  was  at  the  head  of  its 
verninent  for  several  years  ;  he  died  in  1746. 

H.\MILTON,  John",  was  several  times  gover- 
nor of  Pennsylvania;  he  died  ill  New- York,  in 
1783. 

H.\MILTON,  Alexander,  secretary  of  the 
Treasury  of  the  United  States,  under  general 
Washingion,  and  a  major  general  in  the  Ameri- 
can army,  was  born  in  the  island  of  St.  Croix,  in 
17.'j7,  and  came  to  New- York,  in  1773.  At  the 
commencement  of  tiio  revolution  he  joined  the 
army,  wa.«i  aid-de-camp  to  the  commander  in 
chief,  and  continued  in  the  service  until  the  sur- 
render of  Cornwallis,  at  Vorktown,  where  the 
Americans  under  his  command  stormed  and 
took  the  British  works.  He  afterwards  com- 
menced the  practice  of  the  law  in  New-York, 
and  rose  to  the  highest  eminence  in  the  pro- 
fession. He  was  killed  in  a  duel  with  colonel 
Burr,  in  1804.  As  a  statesman  and  a  financier, 
he  revived  the  public  credit,  and  placed  the 
United  States  revenue  on  a  permanent  footing-. 
He  always  possessed  the  coniidence  of  Washing- 
ton, and  his  death  was  lamented  by  the  whole 
community,  as  an  irreparable  loss  to  his  coun- 
trv. 

HAMILTON,  Paul,  was  a  firm  and  decided 
patriot  of  the  revolution,  governor  of  the  state 
tif  South  Carolin.'i,  and  altcrwards  secretary  of 

^0 


229 


IBT 


HA 


HANDEL,  George  Frederic,  an  illustrious 
iiiastcrin  music,  born  at  Halle,  in  Upper  Saxony, 
in  1684.  Hi8  compositions,  particularly  bis  ora- 
torios, have  been  repeatedly  performed,  to  tlie 
present  day,  with  uninterrupted  success  and  un 
rivalled  glory.  He  died  in  1759,  and  was  bu- 
lled in  Westminster  Abbey,  where,  by  his  own 
order,  and  at  lii.s  own  expense,  a  monument  is 
LTtcted  to  liiii  mtniory. 

HANGEST,  Jerome  de,  a  doctor  of  the  Sar- 
boniic  who  wrote  ajrainst  Luther;  he  died  in  1.^38, 
H.\NIFAH,  asaintamonff  the  Mussulmans, 
the  head  of  ail  their  sects;  he  died  at  Babylon. 
HA.NKIN.S,  Martin,  was  professorof  liistoiy, 
politics  and  eloquence  atBreslaw,  and  an  author ; 
he  died  in  1709. 

HANMER,  Meredith,  D.D.,  trcasurerof  Tri- 
nity church,  Dublin.  He  translated  the  ecclesi- 
astical histories  of  Eusebius,  Socrates  and  Eva- 
grius,  and  died  in  1604. 

HANMER,  Jonathan,  a  non-conformist  di- 
vine. He  is  the  author  of  ecclesiastical  ami- 
qaity  and  other  works  ;  he  died  in  1C87. 

HANMER,  SirThon:a3,  Bart.,  a  distin<itiishe<i 
st.-iitsMian  and  polite  writer,  born  in  1G76.  In 
1713  he  was  cliosen  speaker  of  the  house  of 
coiinnojis ;  wliich  ofRce,  difficult  at  all  times, 
but  at  that  time  more  particularly  so,  he  dis- 
tthar{;o<l  with  becoinin;:  dignity.  He  died  in  1746. 
HANNECKEN,  Wennon,  a  historian  and  di- 
vine, of  G.jinuiny,  was  professor  of  morals, 
theology,  fee.  at  Marpurg,  and  died  in  1671. 

HAXNECKEN,  Philip  Ltv/is,  son  of  the 
piccerim;;,  was  professor  of  Hebrew  and  elo- 
quence at  Giesscn.  His  works  were  chiefly  on 
tiieolo!,'ical  controversy  ;  he  died  in  1706. 

HAN'NEiM  Mi,  John,  a  painter,  at  the  Hague, 
and  an  excellent  copyist  of  Vandyck ;  he  died  in 
1C80. 

HANNIB.\L,  a  great  Carthaginian  general, 
was  the  Eon  of  Hamiicar,  who  made  him  swear 
on  the  altar,  that  he  would  never  be  reconciled 
to  the  Romans.  At  25  years  of  age,  he  took 
upon  him  tiie  command  of  tlie  army.  After 
taking  Salamanca  and  Saguntum,  in  Spain,  he 
defeated  the  Gauls,  and  passed  the  Alps  in  de 
fiance  of  the  snow,  and  rf  Publius  Cornelius 
having  mollitied  the  rocks  with  vinegar,  and  cut 
through  them  with  iron.  He  took  Turin,  and 
at  Pavia  defeated  Cornelius  Scipio.  The  follow- 
ing year  he  deiVal.->d  Flaniinius,  and  slew  lOjOCO 
mm  :  he  next  overthrew  Varro  at  Canns,  with 
40,000  foot,  and  2700  horse,  the  flower  of  the 
Roman  youth,  and  sent  to  Carthage  two  or  three 
bar<kets  of  gold  rings  taken  from  the  hands  of 
S630  slain  Roman  gentlemen.  .And  now  had 
Hannibal  go.-ie  straight  to  Rome,  he  had  cer- 
tainly ruined  thatcominonweaith;  hut  going  to 
Cajiaa,  where  lie  wintered,  the  delights  of  the 
j)lace  so  debauched  his  whole  army,  that  the 
Komans  recovered  themselves  from  the  conster- 
nation into  which  the  loss  of  five  battles  had 
thrown  them.  Two  years  after,  Marcellus  gave 
him  battle,  and  conquered,  but  was  himself 
killed  in  an  ambush.  Hannibal  was  defeated 
afterwards  by  Sernpronius  Gracchus,  and  at  last 


met  with  a  total  overthrow  by  Scipio;  when, 
falling  (or  fearing  to  fall)  into  the  hands  of  the 
Rowans,  he  took  poison,  which  he  had  kept  in 
a  rinL'  lor  that  purpose   182  B.  C,  aged  70. 

HA.NXIBALIANUS,  Flavius  Claudius,  was 
murderpd  by  Constantius,  in  336. 


Some  supposed  voyages  of  Hanno  are  published 
in  the  Oxford  Geographers. 

H.AN.NSACHS,  a  Gcnnan  poet.  His  worts, 
in  five  volumes  folio,  are  indillcrent ;  he  died  in 
1576. 

HANRIOT,  Francis,  an  associate  of  Marat 
and  Robespierre,  and  equally  atrocious  in  bis 
character.  He  was  guillotined,  July,  1794,  exe- 
crated for  his  cruelty  and  rapine. 

HANSON,  John,  a  dibtinguishcd  member  of 
Congress  from  Maryland,  and  for  two  years 
president  of  that  body  ;  he  died  in  1783. 

HANVVAY,  Jonas,  was  born  at  Portsmouth, 
in  1712.  Being  bred  to  conimei;cc,  he  left  Eng- 
land., and  entered  into  business  at  Lisbon  as  a 
merchant ;  from  Lisbon  he  removed  to  Peters- 
burgh,  where  be  was  appointed  agent  to  the 
Hritisli  factory;  and,  with  the  view  of  opening 
a  trade  through  Russia  into  Persia,  he  undertook 
a  laborious  and  dangerous  course  of  travels,  of 
which  he  afterwards  published  an  interesting 
account  at  his  return  to  England.  To  the  cha- 
ritable disposition  and  benevolent  exertions  of 
Mr.  Hanway,  London  owes  in  a  great  measure 
the  institution  of  the  Marine  Society,  the  sup- 
port of  the  Magdalen  Hospital,  the  improvement 

f  its  streets  and  avenues  ;  and  the  poor  of  v» 
rious  descriptions,  their  most  eUectual  comfor 
and  support.     He  died  in  1786. 

HARCOURT,  Harriet  Eusebia,  an  Engllsn 
lady,  who  established  a  female  monastery  on 
her  laiid.s  in  Yorltshire,  which  was  dissolved  at 
her  death,  in  1745. 

HARDENIiURGH,  Jacobus  R.,  D.  D.,  first 
prcfidi'nt  of  Queen's  College,  New-Jersey,  was 
indelaticable  in  his  labours,  and  much  blessed ; 
he  died  in  1700. 

HARDER,  John  James,  was  professorof  rhe- 
toric, afterwards  of  medicine  and  anatomy,  at 
Basil ;  a  man  highly  esteemed  for  his  learning 
and  abilities;  he  died  iu  1711.  His  brother, 
James,  was  professor  of  oriental  languages  at 
Leyden,  and  a  learned  divine. 

HARDEBY,  Geoft'rey,  an  Augustine  monk, 
confessor  to  Henry  H.,  professor  at  Oxford,  and 
an  author  ;  he  died  in  130O. 

HARDI,  Alexander,  a  French  poet,  who  is 
said  to  have  written  f>00  pieces  for  the  theatre. 
Of  these,  however,  no  more  remain  than  41, 
which  were  published  by  himself  in  six  vols. 
He  was  the  first  French  dramatist  who  intro- 
duced the  custom  of  being  paid  for  his  pieces, 
and  died  at  Paris,  in  1630. 

H.^RDIME,  Peter,  a  painter,  of  Antwerp, 
died  in  1748.     His  brother,  Simon,  excelled  as 
la  flower  painter,  and  died  in  1737. 
I    HARDING,  John,  an  old  English  chronicler, 
born  in  1438,  died  after  1161. 

HARDING,  Thomas,  an  Enalish  divine,  and 
polemical  writer,  born  in  1512,  died  about  1570. 

HARDINGE,  Nicolas,  an  eminent  English 
scholar,  and  author  of  some  Latin,  and  other 
poems  :  he  died  in  1759. 

HARDINGE,  George,  an  eminent  English 
lawyer,  a  member  of  parliament,  and  attorney 
'and  solicitor  general  to  the  queen ;  be  died  in 
1816. 

H.\RDION,  James,  a  Frenchman,  who  pub- 
lished "  Universal  History,"  18  vols.,  and  other 
works  ;  he  died  in  1766. 

HARDOUIN,  John,  a  French  Jesuit,  eminent 
1  as  a  critical,  historical,  and  miscellaneous  wri- 


HANNO,  a  Carthacinian,  employed  by  hisl  ter,  born  at  Kimper,  in  Bretagne,  in  1647,  diod 
countrymen  to  make  the  circuit  of  .\frica;  in  in  1729. 

consequence  of  which  he  explored  various  re-ll     H.ARDUIN,  Alexander   Xavier,  of  Arras, 
gions,  and  made  great  geographical  discoveries,  llkxiowii  as  a  grammarian,  died  in  1783. 
230 


HA 


HAKDvVICKK.     See  YORKF.,  Ptiilip. 

HAllOV,  Sir  Cliarles,  governor  of  Uie  colony 
of  New- York,  aftervviiriJs  an  adinJrfil  in  llie 
British  navy,  and  oominander  in  chi(^f  of  the 
western  squadron,  in  ITT-J,  the  year  of  liis  death. 

HARDY,  Josiah,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  governor  of  the  province  of  iVew- Jersey,  in 
17U1. 

HARR,  Dr.  Francis,  bishop  of  Chichester, 
and  author  of  some  celebrated  polemic  tracts, 
died  ill  1740. 

HARGRAVE,  Francis,  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent law-writers  of  his  day,  was  born  in  17;W, 
and  died  in  18-21.  He  was  many  years  one  of  his 
majesty's  counsel,  ami  recorder  at  Liverpool : 
and  among  his  numerous  publications  may  be 
mentioned,  a  "  Collection  of  State  Trials,"  11 
vols,  folio,  in  1781.  In  1813,  owing  to  ill  health 
and  other  circumstances,  he  parted  with  his 
library,  which  was  purchased  by  parliament  for 
SOOOl.,  to  be  placed  in  the  library  of  Lincoln's 
Ir-«,  for  the  public  use.  It  contained  300  MSS 
arnl  his  law  books  were  enriched  with  valuable 
notes. 

IIARTOT,  Thomas,  an  English  mathemati- 
cian. He  accompanied  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  ti) 
America,  and  gave  the  public  an  account  of 
Virginia;  he  died  in  1621. 

H.\RIRI,  an  Arabian  author,  lived  in  1120 

HARLAY,  Achille  de,  a  firm,  dicnilied,  and 
learned  president  of  the  parliament  of  Paris, 
after  De  Thou ;  he  died  in  1616. 

HARLAY  DE  SANCY,  Nicholas  de,  was 
ambassador  of  France  to  England,  under  Henry 
UI.  ;  he  died  in  1629. 

HARLAY,  Francis  de,  archbishop  of  Paris, 
■he  favourite  of  Lewis  XIV.  ;  he  died  in  1605 

HARLAY,  Achille  de,  first  president  of  the 
oarliamentof  Paris,  was  an  upright  magistrate ; 
mi  died  in  1712. 

HARLEY,  Robert,  afterwards  earl  of  O.^ford 
and  earl  Mortimer,  and  lord  high  treasurer  iu 
the  reign  of  queen  Anne,  was  born  in  London, 
in  1661.  On  the  8th  of  March,  1711,  he  was  in 
great  danger  of  his  life ;  the  marquis  of  (iuis- 
card,  a  French  papist,  then  under  exarai nation 
ofacominittee  of  the  privy  council  at  VVhituhall. 
stabbing  him  with  a  penknife,  which  he  took 
up  in  the  clerk's  room,  where  he  waited  before 
he  was  examined.  Guiscard  was  imprisoned 
and  died  iti  Newgate,  the  17tli  of  the  same 
month ;  whereupon  an  act  of  parliament  passed, 
making  it  felony,  without  benefit  of  clergy,  to 
attempt  the  life  of  a  privy  counsellor  in  the  e.xe- 
cution  of  his  office.  After  the  death  of  queen 
Anne,  viz.  June  10,  1715,  Harley  was  impeached 
by  the  house  of  commons  of  high  treason,  and 
high  crimes  and  misdemeanors  ;  and  was  com 
mitted  to  the  Tower  by  the  house  of  lords 
where  he  suffered  confinement  till  July  1,  1717, 
and  then,  after  a  pubhc  trial,  was  acquitted  by 
his  peers;  he  died  in  1724,  and  Pope  has  cele 
brated  his  memory  ia  the  following  lines : 

*'  A  soul  supreme  in  each  hard  instance  tried, 
Above  all  pain,  all  anger,  and  all  pride. 
The  rage  of  power,  the  blast  of  public  breath, 
The  lust  of  lucre,  and  the  dread  of  death." 

This  nobleman  laid  the  foundation  of  the  Hai 
leian  Collection  of  M3S.  now  in  the  British 
Museum  ;  which  was  enlarged  by  his  son  Ed 
ward,  who  succeeded  to  his  title  and  estates, 
and  at  whose  death,  it  consisted  of 8000  volumes. 
and  above  40,000  original  rolls,  charters,  and 
other  deeds  and  instruments  of  jreat  antiquity. 
ilARLOVV,  an  eminent  English  portrait  and 


__^ HA 

jhistorical  painter,  died  in  the  bloom  of  life,  in 
1819.  The  admirable  arranijenient  and  pow- 
erful effect  with,  which  he  represented  the  scene 
I'rom  Henry  ViU.,  in  which  i\Irs  Siddons  is 
the  principal  Ojriire,and  all  the  Kemblc  fami- 
ly are  introduced,  is  a  masterly  proof  of  hi9 
taste,  judgment,  and  skill,  as  a  historical  pain- 
as  his  portraits  of  West,  Northcole,  Fnseli, 
&c.,  were  of  his  fidelity  in  that  branch  of  the 
art.  As  a  copyist  also  he  was  entitled  to  high 
praise.  His  copy  of  a  picture  of  Rubens  might 
be  taken  for  the  original ;  and  his  copy  of  Ra- 
phael's famous  picture  of  The  Transfiguration, 
which  he  pahited  with  astonishing  rapidity, 
was  highly  admired  at  Rome,  where  the  original 
might  be  compared  with  it. 

HARMRR.  Thomas,  an  eminent  dissenting 
divine,  and  critical  writer  on  biblical  literature, 
born  at  Norwich,  in  1715,  was  .54  years  pastor  of 
a  congregation  at  Wattesfield,  in  Suffolk,  and 
died  in  1788. 
HARMODIUS.  See  ARISTOGITON. 
H.'VRO,  Don  Louis  de,  a  favourite  of  Philip 
IV.,  prime  minister,  and  a  great  diplomatist ;  he 
died  in  1661. 

HAROLD  I.,  king  of  England,  son  of  Canute; 
he  died  the  .)th  year  of  his  reign,  in  1039. 

HAROLD  11.,  son  of  earl  Godwin,  took  pos- 
session of  the  English  crown,  on  the  death  of 
Edward  the  Confessor.  In  repelling  the  inva- 
sion of  his  kingdom,  by  William  of  Normandy, 
he  was  slain,  Oct.  1066,  in  the  first  year  of  hia 
reign. 

HARP  ALUS,  a  Grecian  astronomer,  inventor 
of  the  cycle,  480  B.  C 

HARPALUS,  an  officer  intrusted  by  Alex- 
ander with  the  treasures  of  Babylon,  with  which 
he  fled  away. 

HARPE,  Jean  Fraricois  la,  an  eminent  French 
orator,  critic,  poet,  and  dramatic  writer,  born  at 
Paris,  in  1740,  died  in  1802. 

HARPOCRATION,  Valerius,  an  ancient  rhe- 
torician of  .■Alexandria,  who  has  left  an  excellent 
Lexicon  upon  tiie  Ten  Orators  of  Greece." 
He  flouiish'?d  about  175. 

H.'VRPSFIELD,  Nicholas,  archdeacon  of  Can- 
terbury, an  Bnglish  divine,  attached  to  the  po- 
pish relision  ;  he  died  in  1572. 

HARRINGTON,  John  lord,  an  English  noble- 
man, distinguished  by  the  talents  and  genius 
which  he  displayed  at  a  very  early  age  ;  he  died 
in  1613,  agud  22. 

HARRINGTON,  Sir  John,  an  ingenious  Eng- 
lish poet,  and  translator  of  Ariosto's  "  Orlando 
Furioso ;"  by  which  he  gained  a  considsrable 
reputation,  and  for  which  he  is  now  principjiily 
known  ;  he  was  born  at  Helston,  near  Bath,  in 
1561,  and  died  in  1612. 

H  \RRl.\(JTON,  James,  an  eminent  political 
wri'er,  born  in  Northamptonshire,  in  1611,  died 
in  1677.  His  chief  work  is  called  "  Oceana," 
and  is  a  kind  of  political  romance,  in  imitation 
of  Plato's  ''  Atlantic  Story,"  where,  bv  Oceana, 
Harrington  means  England  ;  exhibiting  a  plan 
ofrepublican  government,  which  he  would  have 
erected,  by  forming  the  three  kingdoms  into  a 
gsniiine  commonwealth. 

H.\RRIN''GTON,  Henry,  an  eminent  English 
physician  and  poet,  died  at  Bath,  in  181G 

HARRIS,  Walter,  an  Englisii  physician,  in 
the  reign  of  William  III.  He  wrote  some  es- 
'.eemed  books  on  !hc  diseases  of  children. 

HARRIS,  Robert,  was  president  of  Trinity 
college,  Oxford,  wrote  some  sermons,  and  died 
in  I'.Kj-^. 
H.VRRIS,  John.an  English  divine,and  a  distin- 
231 


jIA  _ 

guislied  inatlicinalisiaii,  seerutary  to  the  royal 
society,  diud  in  1730. 

HARRIS,  William,  minister  of  a  dissenting 
coiiirpyalinii  in  Lniidoii,  died  in  1710. 

ll.VURIS,  William,  a  protesiant  dissuntiti!; 
minister, oCoiiiineut  abilitieHandcliaiactcr,  and 
autiior  of  a  historical  and  crilical  Account  of 
the  Ijives  of  James  I.,  Charles  I.,  and  Oliver 
Cromwfdl,  all  tending  to  reconnnond  republican- 
ism, in  5  vols.,  after  the  manner  of  Jlr.  Bayle. 
Ue  died  in  1770. 

HARRIS,  James,  an  English  gentleman,  of 
very  uncommon  parts  and  learning,  born  in  the 
Close,  at  Salisbury,  in  170!t,  died  in  1780.  He  is 
the  author  of  "  Three  Treatises,  concerning 
Art,  Music,  and  Paintinji,  and  Poetry,  and  Hap- 
piness ;"  "  Hermes  ,  or,  a  Philosophical  Inqui- 
ry concerning  Universal  Granniiar,"  (which 
hisiiop  l,owth,  in  tlie  preface  to  his  "  English 


HA 

of  eminence,  born  in  Yorlvishire,  in  1705  His 
principal  work  is  entitled  "  Observations  on 
.Man, his  Frame, Ids  Duty, and  hid  Expectations.'' 
He  died  in  1757. 

H-\RTMA.N,  John  Adolphus,  a  convert  from 
ihe  Jesuits,  to  Calvinism,  and  professor  of  [ihi- 
losopliy  and  poetry,  at  Casrel,  and  afterwards 
of  hi.-tory,  at  Marpurg  ;  he  died  in  1744. 

HART50EKF.R,  Nicolas,  ))rofe:,sor  of  phi- 
losophy, at  Heidelberg,  and  m.Khfcmatician  to 
the  elector  palatine,  died  in  172.). 

HARTUNGUS,  John,  profes.-or  of  Greek  at 
Heidelberg,  for  some  time  in  arms  against  Ihe 
Turks  ;  he  died  in  1579. 

U.VRVARD,  John,  an  eminent  American  di- 
vine, founder  of  Harvard  college,  JMass.^chu 
setts,  died  in  10.18. 

HARVKV,  Gideon,  an  eminent  English  phy- 
ician,  attendant  upon  Charles  11.  in  his  e.Tile, 


Giamniar,"  calls  the  most  beautiful  and  perfect  and  after  his  restoration  ;  he  died  in  1700 
example  of  analysis  that  lias  been  exhibited  since  HARVEY,  William,  an  eminent  Enjilishphy- 
tlic  days  of  Aristotle;)  "  Philosophical  Arrange-  isician  wlio  first  discovered  the  circulation  of  the 
D)ent9j"  and  "  Philological  Inquiries  "       _      'blood  and  the  motion  of  the  heart,  in  aniiirahs, 


HARRIS,  James,  earl  of  Malmesbury,  an  En 
glish  ambassador  at  the  court  of  IJcrlin,  St.  Pe- 
ter.'^burg,  and  afterwards  at  the  Hasue,  and  aj 
member  of  the  privy  council,  v/as  raised  to  thei 
peerage  in  1800.- ond  died  in  iKO. 


born  at  Polkstone,  in  KeiU,  in  1578,  died  in 
1657. 

H,\RVEY,  Sir  John,  governor  of  tlie  coiony 
of  Virginia.  His  tyranny  and  rapacity  caused 
his  impeachment  and  removal,  in  1035. 


HARRISON,  Willian^,  an  elcjiant  poet,  and  I 
secretary  to  the  English 
Hacue.  died  in  London,  in  1713.  {|1 

H.VRKlSOiV,  William,  an  English  writer,  au- Hare,  "  Anintrodnction  to  the  Study  or  the  New 


H.\RWO01),  Dr.  Edward,  an  English  dis- 
tiglish  ambassador  at  the  j'senting  divine,  and  e.Ycellent  classical  scholar, 
Ion,  in  1713.  ilborn  in  1729,  died  in  1794.     His  chief  works 


thor  of  the  Pilffrim,  a  pastoral  trfigedy,  1709 

H.\RKISON,  John,  a  colonel  in  the  parlia 
ment  army,  and  one  of  the  judges  of  the  un 
fortunate  Charles;  he  was  executed  for  his  per 
tidy,  after  the  restoration. 

HARRISON,  Robert  Hansen,  an  eminenti 
lawyer,  of  Maryland,  was  chief  justice  of  the  I 
general  court,  and  governor  of  that  state.  He 
was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  ; 
the  United  States,  in  1789,  but  declined  the  of- 
fice, and  died  in  1790.  I 

HARRISON,  John,  a  most  accurate  English ; 
mechanic,  inventor  and  maker  of  the  famous 
time-keeper,  for  ascertaining  the  longitude  at 
sea,  born  at  Foulby,  near  Pontefract,  in  York- 
shire, lfi93,  died  177G.  .\fter  many  experiment?, 
he  made  a  time-keeper  in  the  form  of  a  watch, 
with  which  two  trials  were  in  voyages  to  the 
West  Indies  ;  and,  being  found  to  answer,  the 
discoverer  received  from  parliament  the  sum  of 
24,000Z. 

H.\RRISON,  Benjamin,  one  of  the  delega- 
tion from  Virginia,  who  signed  the  declaration 
of  Independence. 

H.\RT,  Oliver,  minister  of  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,publi3hed several  sermons,  and  died  in 
1795. 

HART,  Levi,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Preston, 
Conn.,  instructed  maiiv  young  men  for  the  mi- 
nistry, and  died  in  1808. 

HART,  John,  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of 
Independence,  and  an  active  and  useful  revo- 
lutionary patriot,  he  died  in  1779. 

H.\RTE,  Walter,  a  divine,  poet  and  histori- 
an, born  earlv  in  the  18th  century,  and  educa- 
ted in  the  free-school  of  Marlborough.  Lord 
Chestertield,  to  whose  son  Ilarle  was  tutor) 
describes  him  as  a  man  of  consummate  erudi-I 
tioii.  His  greatp.st  poetical  work,  called"  The 
.Amaranth,"  was  published  in  17()7  ;  his  "  His- 
torv  of  Gnstavus  Adolphus,"  in  17G5:  and  his 
'  Essays  on  Husbandry,"  in  17tU.  He  died  in 
1773. 

HARTLEY,  David,  an  English  physician 
232 


iTestament,"  "  A  View  of  the  variou.s  editions 
lof  the  Greek  and  Roman  Clajisics,"  and  an  edi- 
jtion  of  the  "  New  Testament  in  Greek,  witll 
English  notes." 

HASE,  Theodore,  professor  of  Hebrew  at 
Bremen,  his  native  town,  died  in  1731. 

HASE,  James,  brother  ot  the  preceding,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  learning  and  writings,  died  in 
17-J3. 

HASSELQUIST,  Frederic,  a  Swedish  bota- 
nist and  natural  historian,  born  in  East  Goth- 
land, in  1722,  died  at  Smyrna,  in  1752. 

HASTED,  Edward,  a  topographer,  born  at 
Ilawley,  in  Kent,  in  1732.  His  "  History  of 
Kent"  is  well  known  and  esteemed.  In  the 
latter  part  of  his  life  he  was  much  reduced  in 
circumstances,  and  was,  by  lord  Radnor,  pre- 
sented with  tlie  mastership  of  the  hospital  at 
Corsham,  Wilts.    He  died  there  in  1812. 

HASTINGS,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  llie  earl 
of  Huntington,  was  celebrated  for  lier  accom- 
plishments, and  for  her  public  and  private  cha 
ritv.     She  died  in  1740,  deservedly  lamented. 

ilASTINGS,  Rt.  Hon.  Warren,  was  born 
near  Daylesford,  in  Worcestershire,  in  1733. 
Having  been  educated  at  Westminster  school, 
he  went  out  to  the  East  Indies  as  a  writer,  and 
in  course  of  time  became  governor  of  Bengal. 
He  was  removed  from  Madras  to  the  presidency 
of  Calcutta  at  a  critical  period,  when  the  state 
of  Hindostan  became  perilous  from  the  rapidly 
increasing  power  of  Ilyder  Ally,  the  sovereign 
of  Mysore,  and  the  intrigues  of  the  French,  who 
were  taking  ad\  antage  of  the  rupture  between 
Great  Britain  and  her  colonies.  In  this  e.xigeucy, 
the  governor-general  had  to  rely  solely  upon  his 
own  exertions;  and  he  succeeded,  beyond  all 
expectalion,  in  saving  British  India  t'rom  a  com- 
binalion  of  enemies.  Party  spirit  at  home,  how- 
ever, turned  his  merit  into  a  crime,  and  charges 
were  brought  against  him  in  jiarliament.  He 
returned  in  1786,  and  an  impeachment  followed, 
the  trial  of  which  lasted  nine  ye.ors,  and  termi- 
nated in  an  aciiuittal.    After' this  he  led  a  re- 


UreU  life  on  the  wreck  of  his  fortune,  and  aiijlliave  sunk  iiuo  wretclieijness,  arising  from  the 
annuity  from  the  India  company.  He  liii-d,  untimely  loss  of  their  dearest  relatives, 
however,  to  see  his  pians  lor  the  security  of  HAV\  Elrf, Thomas, an Etiglibh divine. known 
ijidia  publicly  applauded  ;  but  received  no  other  as  cliaj>lain  to  the  countess  of  Hunlingion,  and 
recompense  for  his  sufierings,  tlian  that  of  being  l.is  principal  of  a  seminary  wliich  .slit;  founded 
Bwoni  of  the  privy-couucU     Sir  Warren  died  |for  the  education  of  students  in  divinity;  he  died 


iu  181S. 

flATSELL,  John,  clerk  of  the  Imuse  of 
commons,  from  1708  to  1797,  died  in  Irt'JO. 

H.'\TTOiV,  Sir  Ciiristopher,  an  eminent  states 
man,  and  lord  chancellor  under  Uueen  Eliza 
beth,  died  iu  JoOl. 

HAUSTEAD,  Peter,  a  clergyman  and  a  comic 
writer,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I. 

HAUTE-FEUILLE,  I'ahbe,  a  French  gentle- 
man, slcillcd  in  mechanics,  who  inrde  con.siUera- 
ble  impro\-eineiUs  in  the  movements  of  watches, 
and  invented  a  specular  gnomon  lor  rcgniatiug 
clocks  and  watches  by  the  sun,  iStc,  born  in 
?!>4'/,  died  ir  1724. 

HAiJTEIlOCHE,  Noel  le  Breton  de,  a  French 
dramatic  poet  and  actor,  died  at  Paris,  in  1707 

HAUTETERUE,  Anthony  Dadine  de,  profes- 
sor of  law  at  Toulouse,  autlior  of  a  treatise  on 
monastic  life,  and  other  works,  indicative  of 
great  alents  and  learning;  he  died  in  HJB2. 

HAVARO,  William,  a" respectable  actor,  and 
dramatic  writer,  of  Dubiin,  died  in  1778. 

HAVEN,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Ports- 
mouth, New-Hampshire,  publislied  many  ser- 
mons, and  died  iu  1806. 

H.WEN,  Jason,  minister  of  Dedham,  l\[assa- 
chuseils,  author  of  many  published  seiinons, 
died,  much  respected,  in  1803. 

HAVERCAMP,  Sigibert,  a  celebrated  Dutch 
critic,  and  professor  of  history,  eloquence,  and 
the  Greek  tongue,  at  Leyden.  He  was  particu- 
larly skilled  in  the  science  of  medals,  and  was 
the  author  of  some  works  in  this  way  that  were 
very  much  esteemed.  He  gave  good  editions, 
as  well  as  grand  ones,  of  several  Latin  and 
Greek  authors ;  of  Eutropius,  Tertullian's  "Apo- 
logetic," Josephus,  Sallust,  &.c. ;  and  his  edi- 
tions of  those  authors  are  reckoned  the  best. 
He  died  in  1742,  aged  58. 

HAVERS,  Clopton,  an  English  physician, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  the  bones,  died  early  in 
the  181  h  century. 

H.\WES,  Stephen,  an  English  poet,  who 
flourished  about  1500. 


in  J820. 

H.VVVKE,  Edward  lord,  a  brav  ind  intrepid 
Englisi)  aihniral,  appointed  rearol  the  white,  in 
1747,  being  then  styled  l)y  (Jeorge  11.  "  His  own 
Admiral;"  and,  by  successive  prnmoiioiis,  he 
becaisie  vice-admiral  of  Great  Britain,  in  1765. 
He  was  one  of  tlie  greatest  characters  that  evel 
adorned  tlie  British  navy  ;  but  most  of  all  re* 
njarkable  for  the  daring  courage,  which  induced 
hjni,  on  many  occasions,  to  disregard  those  forma 
of  conducting  or  sustaining  an  attack,  which, 
by  the  rules  and  ceremonies  of  service,  had  be- 
fore been  considered  as  indispensable.  His  de- 
feat of  the  Fiench  armament,  under  marshal 
Confiaiis,  off  Belleisle,  will  never  be  forgotten. 
He  died  in  r,dl. 

HAWKESWORTH,  Dr.  John,  an  English 
writer,  of  a  very  soft  and  pleasing  cast,  born  at 
Bromley,  iu  Kent,  in  171.5,  died  in  1773.  As  aa 
author,  "The  Adventurer"  is  his  capital  work; 
the  merits  of  which,  it  is  said,  procured  him  the 
degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Dr.  Herring,  arclibislioj* 
of  Canterbury.  When  the  design  of  compiling 
a  narrative  of  the  discoveries  in  the  South  Seas 
was  on  toot,  he  was  recommend.^d  as  a  proper 
person  to  be  employed  on  the  occasion  ;  but  the 
perforinanci'did  not  answer  expectation.  Worka 
of  taste  and  elegance,  where  imagination  and 
the  passions  were  to  be  afiected,  were  his  pro- 
vince ;  not  works  of  dry,  cold,  accurate  narra- 
tive. However,  lie  executed  his  task,  and  in 
said  to  have  received  for  it  the  enormous  sum 
of  6000;. 

HAWKINS,  Sir  John,  an  English  admiral, 
who  signalized  himself,  in  the  reign  of  Eliza- 
beth, by  opposing  the  Spanish  armada,  and  in  his 
espeditions  to  the  West  Indies  ;  he  died  in  1595. 

HAWKINS,  Sir  John,  to  whom  the  public 
are  indebted  for  a  good  edition,  with  notes,  of 
"Walton's  Angler,"  is  well  as  a  valuable"  His- 
torv  of  Music,"  was  born  in  1719,  and  died  in 
1739.  Some  short  time  before  his  death,  he 
wrote  a  "  Life  of  Dr.  Samuel  Jolmson," 
which,  though   replete  with  literary  anecdote 


HA  WES,  Dr.  William,  an  English  physician,  1|  and  entertainment,  met  with  but  an  indifferent 
who  has  iirmiortalized  his  name  by  being  thej  reception  iVoia  the  critics. 


founder  of  the  Royal  Humane  Society,  lor  the 
'ecovery  of  persons  apparently  dead  by  drown- 
ing, suftbcation,  or  strangulation,  was  born  at 
Islington,  in  1736,  and  died  in  1808.  Dr.  Hawes 
was  a  truly  amiable  and  benevolent  man ;  and 
gave  a  strong  proof  of  his  philanthrophy  in  his 
unwearied  attention  to  the  above-mentioned  in- 
stitution, which  has  been  fotmd  highly  vtseful, 
and  to  establish  which  ho  employed  many  years 
of  his  life.  So  much,  indeed,  did  this  engross 
his  mind,  and  engage  his  attention,  that  his  own 
iimnediate  interests  appeared  to  him  to  be  very 
subordinate  considerations ;  yet  he  was  always 
ready  to  afford  his  professional  assistance  to 
distress.  It  would  be  difficult  for  the  enemies 
of  Dr.  Hawes,  (if  such  a  truly  benignant  cha- 
racter could  have  any  enemies,)  to  say  any  thing 
to  his  disadvantage.  There  was  a  remarkable 
simplicity  in  his  manners,  the  result  of  an  inno- 
cent and  unsuspecting  heart ;  and  his  name 
ought  to  be  recorded  among  the  benefactors  of 
their  country,  for  liie  esiablishment  of  an  insti- 
tiilion,  which  has  been  a  source  of  renewed 
happiness  to  tliousauds,  who  might  otherwise 


HAW'KINS,  William,  governor  of  the  state 
of  Ge<irpia,  died  in  1819. 

HAWKSMOOR,  Nicolas,  an  English  archi- 
tect, pupil  to  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  died  in  J73(}. 

HAWKWOOD,  Sir  John,  born  in  the  reign 
of  Edtvard  II.,  died  in  1394.  Though  bred  a 
tailor,  having  afterwards  taken  to  arms,  he 
signalized  himself  in  the  wars  iu  Italy,  by  his 
valour  and  conduct,  which  raised  him  to  the 
highest  posts.  He  gained  so  great  honour  and 
reputation  for  having  restored,  in  those  parts, 
mili'ary  discipUne,  which  was  almost  lost,  that, 
after  his  death,  the  Florentines  erected,  in  their 
city,  a  black  marble  statue  as  an  acknowledg 
ment  for  the  services  he  had  done  them. 

HAWLEY,  Joseph,  distinguished  as  a  states 
man  and  patriot,  and  regarded  as  having  been 
one  of  the  ablest  advocates  of  American  liberty  ; 
he  died  in  1788. 

HAWLEY,  Gideon,  many  years  a  missionary 
to  the  Stockl)ridt:e,  Mohawk,  and  Oneida  In 
dians,  and  eminently  useful  to  them ;  he  died  iu 
1807. 

H.VY,  James,  a  Scotchman,  who  went  W> 


G 


20* 


233 


HA 

England  with  Jamus  1.,  when!  ho  was  ennobled, 
and  en)ployed  on  several  embassies,  and  to  ni 
gotiate  a  marriage  between  the  prince  of  Wales 
and  a  princess  oi  France  ;  he  died  in  IGUG. 

HAY,  William,  born  in  Sussex,  in  1C95,  was 
lemarkable  for  his  personal  det'oimity ;  on  which 
subject  Ik;  wrote  an  excellent  "  Essay,"  wherein 
he  alluded  to  his  own  case  with  singular  good 
liumour.  He  was  representative  in  parliament 
for  Seaford,  and  died  in  1755  ;  having  written, 
beside  tlie  above  essay,  "  Fcligio  Philosoplii," 
"  Imitations  of  Martial,"  and  some  other  pieces, 
which  were  collected  and  printed  in  17114. 

HAYDN,  Joscpl),  was  born  of  low  parentage, 
at  Rhorau,  in  Austria,  in  1733.  At  an  early  age 
he  was  received  into  the  choir  of  Uie  cathedral 
in  Vienna.  He  afterwaids  got  his  living  by 
teaching  music,  and  by  composition.  In  1791, 
he  went  to  England,  and  published  several  of 
his  works  ;  in  consccjuence  of  which  the  univer- 
sity of  O.xford  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
doctor  of  music.  In  179G,  he  returned  to  Ger- 
many, where  he  composed  his  sublime  oratorio 
of  "The  Creation,"  and  "  The  Seasons,"  and 
died  in  1809.  His  works  are  very  nunjerous  and 
valuable.  Wlule  Haydn  was  in  England,  a 
ship  captain  entered  his  chamber  one  morning : 
"  You  are  Mr.  Haydn  V  "  Yes."  "  Can  you 
make  me  a  march  to  enliven  my  crew  7  You 
shall  have  thirty  guineas ;  but  1  must  have  it  to- 
day, for  tomorrow  1  start  for  Calcutta."  Haydn 
agreed :  the  seaman  left  him  ;  the  composer 
opened  his  piano,  and  in  a  quarter  of  an  hour 
the  inarch  was  written.  Haydn  appears  to  have 
had  a  delicacy,  rare  among  the  musical  birds  of 
prey  and  passage,  who  go  to  feed  on  the  un- 
wieldy wealth  of  England ;  he  thought  so  large 
a  sum,  for  a  labour  eventually  so  slight,  a  spe- 
cies of  plunder — came  home  early  in  the  even- 
ing, and  made  two  other  marches,  in  order  to 
allow  the  liberal  seaman  his  choice,  or  to  give 
them  all  to  him.  At  daybreak  the  purchaser 
came — "  Where  is  my  march  V  "  Here,  try  it 
on  the  piano."  Haydn  played  it.  The  captain 
counted  the  thirty  guineas  on  the  piano,  took  up 
the  march,  and  went  down  stairs.  Haydn  ran 
after  him  ;  "  I  have  made  two  others,  both  bet- 
ter, come  up  and  hear  them,  and  take  your 
choice."  "  I  am  satisfied  with  the  one  I  have." 
The  captain  still  went  down.  "  I  will  make  you 
a  present  of  them."  The  captain  went  down 
only  the  more  rapidly,  and  left  Haydn  on  the 
stairs.  Haydn,  from  one  of  those  motives  not 
easily  defined,  determined  on  overcoming  this 
singular  self-denial.  "He  immediately  went  to 
the  exchange,  ascertained  the  name  of  the 
ship,  made  a  roll  of  his  marches,  and  sent  them, 
v»ith  a  polite  billet,  to  the  captain  on  board.  He 
was  surprised  at  receiving,  shortly  after,  his  en- 
velope, unopened,  from  the  Englishman,  who 
had  judged  it  to  be  Haydn's.  The  composer 
tore  the  whole  in  pieces  on  Ihc  spot.  The  anec- 
dote is  of  no  great  elevation ;  but  it  expresses 
peculiarity  of  character;  and  certainly  neither 
the  captain  nor  the  composer  could  have  been 
easily  classed  among  tlie  common,  or  the  vulgar 
of  men.  Haydn  soon  adopted  the  custom  of 
shopping,  and  frequently  wandered  in  the  morn- 
ing from  house  to  house  of  the  music-sellers. 
He  used  to  mention  his  dialogue  with  one  of 
those  persons.  He  had  inquired  for  any  par- 
ticularly good  music,  "  You  are  come  exactly  at 
the  right  time,"  was  the  shopkeeper's  answer, 
"for  I  have  just  printed  off  Haydn's  sublime 
music.  "  Oh !  as  for  that,  I  will  have  nothing 
t«  do  wtli  it."  "  How,  air,  Hothiflg  to  do  with 
234 


HE 

llaydn!  wliat  fault  is  to  be  found  with  ill" 
'Oh!  fault  enough;  but  there  ig  no  use  in 
speaking  about  it  now ;  it  does  not  please  mc, 
show  me  something  else."  The  music-seller, 
who  was  an  enthusiast  about  Haydn's  compo- 
sitions, looked  at  the  inquirer,  "  No,  sir,  1  have 
other  music,  no  doubt,  bui  it  is  not  fit  for  you," 
and  turned  his  back  upon  him.  Haydn  was  go- 
ing out  of  the  shop,  laughing,  when  he  met  an 
acquaintance  coming  in,  who  pronounced  lii« 
name.  The  music-seller,  whose  ve.xation  had 
revived  with  the  sound,  turned  round  and  said, 
"  Yes,  sir,  here  is  a  gentleman  who  actually 
does  not  like  that  great  man's  music."  The  mis- 
take was  of  course  soon  cleared  up,  and  the 
person  was  known  who  alone  might  presume  l» 
object  to  Haydn's  music. 

HAYER  DU  PERUON,  Peter  le,  a  native  of 
Alencon,  distinguished  for  his  poems,  odes, 
songs,  &c. ;  he  was  born  in  1003. 

HAYER,  John  Nicholas  Hubert,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  author  of  a  work  on  the  immortali- 
ty of  the  soul,  and  other  valuable  writings  ,  he 
died  at  Paris,  in  1780. 

HAYES,  Charles,  an  ingenious  mathematical 
writer,  author  of  a  treatise  on  fluxions,  and 
other  works  ;  he  died  in  London,  in  1760. 

HAYES,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  musical 
composer,  born  in  1708.  He  became  professor 
of  music  at  Christ  Church  College,  Oxford,  anC 
published  a  collection  of  English  ballads  ;  but  it 
best  known  by  his  cathedral  music  and  catches. 
He  defended  Handel  against  Avison,  with  some 
asperity,  and  died  in  1777. 

HAYLEY,  William,  an  English  poet,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  1820. 

HAYLEY,  William,  a  poet,  dramatist,  an4 
miscellaneous  writer,  bom  in  1745,  was  edu 
cated  at  Cambridge.  On  leaving  the  university 
he  retired  to  his  estate  of  Eartham,  in  Sussex  i 
he  died  at  Felpham,  in  1820. 

HAYMAN,  Francis,  a  painter,  of  some  dis" 
tinction,  born  at  Exeter,  in  1708,  became  a  mem 
ber,  and  librarian  ef  the  royal  academy,  ana 
died  in  1776. 

HAYWON,  a  native  of  the  Tyrolese,  in  the 
15th  century,  of  gigantic  stature.  He  is  said  te 
have  been  16  feet  in  height,  with  strength  pro- 
portionate to  his  size. 

HAYNES,  Hopton,  assay  master  of  the  Eng- 
lish mint,  known  as  the  author  of  a  work  on  the 
attributes  and  worship  of  God,  and  the  charac- 
ter and  ofiices  of  Christ ;  he  died  In  1749. 

HAYNES,  Samuel,  an  English  clergyman; 
he  published  a  collection  of  state  papers,  and 
died  in  1752. 

HAYNES,  John,  governor  of  Massachusetts 
and  Connecticut,  of  which  latter  colony  he  wa« 
one  of  the  founders  ;  he  died  in  1654. 

HAYTER,  Rev.  John,  an  excellent  Greek 
scholar,  who  was  employed  by  the  prince  of 
Wales,  (present  king,)  for  many  years,  in  un- 
rolling and  decyphering  the  MSS.  found  at  Her- 
culaneiun.  He  died  at  Paris,  of  apoplexy,  in 
1818,  in  his  63d  year. 

HAYWOOD,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  English 
historian,  died  in  1627. 

HAYWOOD,  Elizabeth.    See  HEYWOOD. 

HAYWOOD,  Henry,  minister  in  South  Ca- 
rolina to  the  Socinian  baptists,  died  in  1755. 

HAZAEL,  servant  of  Benhadad,  king  of  Sy- 
ria, was  sent  by  his  master  to  inquire  of  the 
prophet  Elisha,  "the  result  of  his  sickness.  Oa 
his  return,  he  killed  the  King,  and  usurped  bia 
throne,  889  B.  C. 

HEAD,  Richard,  a  native  of  heland,  known 


HE 


HE 


DS  tli€  author  of  "The  English  Rogue,"a«)- 
medy,  and  scvural  other  dramatic  pieces ;  he 
4ied  in  iffiif. 

HFADLKY,  Henry,  an  ingenious  poet,  and 
excellent  young  man,  was  born  at  Irstead,  in 
Norfolk,  in  17(5>,  and,  after  passing  under  the 
tuition  of  Dr.  Parr,  was  admitted  to  Trinity  col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  died  in  ITt'S.  Before  the  age 
of  20  he  published  a  volume  of  "  Poems ;"  but 
he  is  principally  known  to  the  literary  world  by 
two  volumes  of  "  Select  Beauties  of  Ancient 
English  poetry,  with  Remarks,"  1787:  a  work 
Tery  deservedly  in  high  esteem  ;  and  which  was 
elegantly  republished  by  Mr.  Sharpe,  in  18i0, 
with  a  biographical  sketch  of  the  author,  by  th' 
Rev.  Henry  Kett,  B.  D.,  Fellow  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Oxford. 

HEARNE,  Thomas,  an  English  antiquary, 
and  indefatigable  collector  and  editor  of  hooks 
and  MSS.  chiefly  concerning  English  history, 
born  in  1678,  and  died  in  1735. 

HE.\TH,  Nicholas,  archbishop  of  York,  and 
chancellor  of  England  in  the  reign  of  Mary, 
died  in  1560. 

HE.ATH,  Jamea,  an  English  historian,  boni 
in  London,  in  1629,  and  died  in  1664. 

HE.\TH,  Thomas,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
and  a  Jesuit ;  he  was  sent  as  a  missionary  to 
England,  where  he  died  about  1568. 

HEATH,  Benjamin,  a  lawyer  of  eminence, 
and  town-clerk  of  Exeter,  who  wrote  several 
works,  but  is  best  known  by  "  A  Revisal  of 
Shakspeare's  Text,  wherein  the  alteratioiis  in- 
troduced into  it  by  the  more  modern  editors  and 
eritics  are  particularly  considered,  1765. 

HEATH,  William,  a  brigadier,  and  after- 
wards a  major-general  in  the  American  army 
during  the  revolution  ;  he  was  distinguished  for 
his  patriotism  and  zeal,  and  died  after  the  war 
at  Boxbury,  Massachusetts 

HEATHCOTE,  Dr.  Ralph,  a  very  learned  di- 
vine and  controversial  writer,  born  in  1721,  and 
died  in  1795.  When  very  young,  ho  published, 
atCambridge,  "  Hiatoria  Astronomiae,"  which 
laid  the  foiuidation  of  that  merit  which  he  after- 
wards acquired  in  the  literary  world.  The  doc- 
tor was  deeply  engaged  in  the  Middletonian 
controversy  upon  the  miraculous  powers.  In 
1775  he  published  "  A  Sketch  of  Lord  Boling- 
broke's  Philosophy ;"  and,  in  the  latter  end  of 
the  same  year,  came  out,  "  The  use  of  Reason 
asserted  in  Matters  of  Religion."  The  doctor 
also  was  engagfd  in  the  compilation  of  the 
"■Biographical  Dictionary,"  12  vols.  3vo,  1761, 
and  had  a  considerable  sum  from  the  booksellers 
for  several  new  articles  in  the  edition  of  1764. 
In  1771  appeared  "  The  Irenarch  ;  or.  Justice 
of  Peace's  Maimal ;"  and  he  then  qualified 
himself  for  actint'  for  the  liberty  of  Southwell 
and  Scrooby.  The  first  volume  of  "  Sylva  ;  or, 
The  Wood,"  was  published  in  1786,  and  a  se- 
cond edition  in  1788.  He  had  intended  publish- 
ing a  second  volume  of  this  work,  but  indisposi- 
tion prevented  his  accomplishing  it. 

HEATTIFIKLD,  Lord.    See  ELIOT. 

HEBENSTREIT,  John  Ernest,  a  physician 
and  writer  educated  at  Jena;  he  went  afterwards 
to  Leipsic,  where  he  died  in  I'UG. 

HEBER,  son  of  i^^lah,  and  father  of  Pheleg, 
died  817  B.C.  aged  464.  The  Jews  derive  tlie 
name  of  Hebrews  from  him. 

HF.Br.RDEN,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  Eng 
lish  phv.'-ician  and  medical  writer,  born  in  1710, 
died  in'1801. 

HKBF.RT,  James  Rene,  a  French  revolution 
ist,  distinguisUad  for  tiis  abusive  writings  and 


his  bitterness  against  the  queen.    He  was  guil- 
lotined bv  order  cf  Robespierre,  in  1794. 

I1ECATA;l  y,  a  historian  of  Abdera,  at  the 
court  of  the  Ptolemies,  author  of  a  history  «( 
the  Jews,  &.c. 

HECHT,  Christian,  a  minister,  of  Essen,  in 
East  Friezland,  died  in  1748. 

IlECK,  Nicholas,  an  admired  Dutch  landscapa 
and  historical  painter,  born  in  1580. 

HECK,  Martin  Heimskirk,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  also  an  eminent  landscape  painter. 

HECK, John  Van,  a  landscape  painter,  of  Ou- 
denard,  died  in  ]()89. 

HECKEWELDER,  John,  a  native  of  Eng- 
land, was  for  many  years  a  Moravian  mission- 
ary among  the  Delaware  Indians,  and  author  of 
an  account  of  the  mai'ners  and  customs  of  the 
Indian  tribes  which  ouce  inhabited  Pennsylva- 
nia ;  he  died  in  1823. 

HECQUET,  Philip,  a  French  physician,  who 
is  immortalized  in  Gil  Bias,  under  the  name  of 
Doctor  Pangrado.  He  was  a  man  of  piety,  and 
author  of  several  medical  works ;  he  died  in 
1737. 

HEDELIN,  Francis,  a  French  grammarian, 
poet,  antiquary,  preacher,  and  writer  of  roman- 
ces ;  but  chiefly  distinguished  by  a  book  Mititled, 

Pratique  du  Theatre,"  born  at  Paris,  in  1604, 
died  in  1676. 

HEDERICUS,  orHEDERICH,  Benjamin,  a 
native  of  Upper  Saxony,  and  author  of  a  cele- 
brated "  Greek  Lexicon,"  was  born  in  Misnia, 
in  1675,  and  died  in  1748. 

HEDLINGER,  John  Charles,  a  Swiss  engra- 
ver, whose  medals  are  much  admired,  died  in 
1771. 

HEDWIG,  John,  a  German,  professor  of  bo- 
tany, whose  researches  respecting  the  cryptoga- 
mia  class  of  plants  will  immortalize  his  fame  ; 
he  was  born  in  1731,  and  died  at  Leipsic,  in  1799. 

HEEDE,  William,  a  historical  painter,  bom 
at  Fumes,  died  in  1728.  His  brother.  Vigor  Van, 
also  eminent  in  the  same  branch  of  the  pro- 
fession, died  in  1708. 

HEEJI,  John  Diivid  de,  apainter,  of  Utrecht, 
whose  fruits  and  flowers  were  much  admired , 
he  died  in  1674. 

HEEMSKIRK.     See  HEMSKIRK. 

HEERE,  Lucas  de.  an  eminent  historical 
painter,  of  Ghent,  died  in  1584. 

HEGEPIPPUS,  a  Jew,  converted  to  Christi- 
anity, in  157.  He  wrote  a  history  of  the  church 
to  his  own  time.  Another  of  the  same  name, 
wrote  an  account  of  the  destruction  of  Jeru- 
salem. 

HEIDEGGER,  John  Henry,  an  eminent  pror 
testant  divine,  professor  at  Heidelberg,  atStein- 
furt  and  ai  Ziuich,  where  he  died  in  1698. 

HEIDEGGER,  John  James,  born  in  Switzer- 
land, in  1661,  and  famous  for  his  humour  and 
his  ugliness.  His  judgnieut  and  taste  in  operatic 
amusements  gained  hiin  the  favour  of  George 
II.  and  his  court,  and  acquired  him  the  chief 
management  of  the  Opera-house  in  the  Hay- 
market.  He  also  improved  another  species  of 
diversion,  not  less  agreeable  to  the  king,  which 
was  the  masquerades  ;  and  over  these  he  always 
presided  at  the  king's  theatre.  He  was  likewise 
appointed  master  of  the  revels.  Froii  these 
several  employments,  be  gained  a  regu  iar  in- 
come, amounting  in  some  years  to  5000?.,  which 
he  spent  with  mueh.liberality ;  and  his  charity 
was  b<mndless  ;  it  being  well  attested,  that  after 
a  successful  masquerade  he  has  been  known  to 
give  away  several  hundred  pounds  at  a  tin»«. 
He  is  supposed  to  Itave  been  the  most  hard-fe.^- 
?35 


as 

tuird  man  in  t!ie  kiti^idotn,  and  iiinunipraWle] 
jo8t»  are  related  of  liiiri ;  bul  bring  y^ouii  hii-j 
inourtd,  and  always  llio  tirsi,  to  joki;  on  his  own 
uglini'ss,  1)0  blunted  every  shaft  of  rtdicule  ;  he 
diid  ill  16-3'.). 

HEIti,  Daniel  Van,  a  painter,  of  Brussels, 
born  about  1704. 

.  HEIL,  Jolin  Baptist,  brotlierof  the  preceding. 
Was  an  eminent  liistorical  and  portrait  painter; 
he  was  born  in  ltj09.  I<conard  Van,  another 
brother,  was  also  distinyuislied  as  a  painter, 
particularly  of  flowers  and  insects. 

HEiN,  Peter,  a  Butclinian,  who,  from  obscu- 
rity, rose  to  the  coniniand  of  tli'j  fleets  of  his 
country,  was  killed  in  a  battle  with  the  French, 
in  i&i'X 

HEINECCIUS,  John  Gotflieb.,  a  German  law 
professor  and  writer,  born  at  Eisemberg,  in  1681, 
died  1741. 

-  HKIMECKEN,  Christian  Henry,  an  extraor- 
dinary youth,  born  at  Lubeck,  in  1721.  He  spok/? 
his  maternal  tongue  (iuHmly  nt  ten  months  ;  at 
one  year  old  he  fcnew  the  principal  events  of  the 
Pent'aieuch  ;  ir.  two  months  more  he  was  master 
of  the  entire  histories  of  the  Old  and  New  Tes 
taraeiT, ;  at  two  years  and  a  half  he  answered 
the  principal  questions  in  geo:;raphy,  and  in  an- 
cioiil  and  modern  history.  He  spoke  Latin  and 
French,  German  and  Low  Dutch,  with  great  i"a- 
cility,  before  the  commencement  of  his  fourth 
year,  1725,  in  which  he  di^jd.  His  constitution 
■was  so  delicate,  that  he  was  not  weaned  till  a 
few  months  bft'ore  his  death. 

HEINSIUS,  Daniel,  professor  of  politics  and 
history,  at  Leyden,  and  librarian  of  the  univer- 
sity there,  born  at  Ghent,  in  1580,  died  1G55. 
He  distinguished  himself  as  a  critic  by  his  la- 
bours upon  Theocritus,  Hcsiod,  Seneca,  Ho- 
»ner,  Theophrastus,  Ovid,Livy,  Terence,  Horace 
&c.,  and  wrote  poems  in  various  langua.^je^^, 
which  have  been  often  printed,  and  always 
admired. 

HEIiNSIUS,  N.,  grand  pensionary  of  Holland, 
was  an  able  statesman,  and  a  man  of  stroii'; 
powers  of  mind.    He  died  at  the  HaTue,  in  1720. 

HEiNSIUS,  Nicholas,  the  son  of  Daniel,  born 
at  Leyden,  in  lf>20,  became  as  great  a  Latin 
poet,  and  a  greater  critic,  than  his  father,  and 
died  in  1681. 

HEISS,  N.,  a  German  liistorical  writer,  of  the 
ittli  century. 

HEISTER,  Lawrence,  a  physician,  surgeon, 
and  naturalist,  born  at  Frankfort,  in  1683,  died 
in  1758.  His  principal  works  are,  "Compendiuni 
Anatoinicum,"  and  "  Institutions  of  Surgery." 

Hh:lE,  Thomas,  an  Englishinan,  w'.io,  at"tei 
eerviiig  ill  the  army,  setl  led  at  Paris,  where  he 
became  an  esteemed  dramatic  v/iiier,  in  the 
French  language  ;  he  died  in  17.-!0. 

H.nLENA,  St.,  the  mother  of  Const.intine  the 
Great  was  distinguisiictl  for  her  piety  and  Chrii- 
tiaa  ;harity,  and  .as  the  founder  of  several 
Churoiies     She  died  in  323. 

HELtODORUS,  of  Phumicia.  nourished  ahonf 
^{)8.  In  hif,  youth  he  wrote  a  romanre,  by  which 
he  is  now  brftter  known  than  by  his  bi.-.liripric  of 
Tricca,  to  which  he  was  after  .vards  promoted.  It 
h  enti'led,  "  Ethiopics,"  and  relates  the  annurs 
rrffbeagenesand  Chariclea.  The  leainwi  Heu- 
tiiiE  is  of  opinion,  that  iieliodorus  vv:i-<  among 
the  romance  writers,  W'liat  Homer  was  among 
the  j)oeis. 

IlELIoaAUALrS.Marcus  Aurclius  Auftmi- 
tnis,  emperor  of  Rome.  He  was  crael,  vindic- 
Sive,  and  licentious,  and  was  assaasitiated  A.  D. 

aw 

236 


JHE^ 

HKLLENICUS,  a  Greek  historian,  w.a>  dieiJ 
411  B.C. 

HELLOT,  John,  a  French  philosophical  and 
chyinical  writer,  and  a  distinguished  chyniist, 
died  in  17G6. 

UELMBRKKER,  Theodore,  a  Dutch  land- 
iicape  and  historical  painter,  of  Ilaerlein,  died  at 
Koine,  in  I6!I4. 

HELMONT,  John  Baptist  Van,  commonly 
called  Van  Helinont,  a  man  of  great  learning,  ea- 
ipeiially  in  physic  and  natural  philosophy,  born 
lat  Brussels,  in  J577.  By  his  skill  in  physic  he 
perlbrmed  such  une.ipected  cures,  thai  he  was 
put  into  the  inq.ui»ition,  as  a  man  that  did  things 
beyond  tlie  reach  of  nature.  He  cleared  him- 
.^elf  before  the  inquisitors ;  but,  to  be  more  at 
liberty,  retired  afterwards  into  Holland,  where 
he  d;cd, in  1G44. 

HELMONT,  Matthew  Van,  a  painter,  of  Ant- 
werji,  died  in  1726. 

HELOISE,  the  concubine,  and  afterwards  the 
wife,  of  Peter  Abelard  ;  a  nun,  and  afterwards 
prioress  of  Argentail ;  and,  lastly,  abbess  of  the 
i'araclete.  She  was  born  about  the  beginning  of 
the  12th  century,  and  died  in  1163.  See  ABE- 
LARD. 

HELSHAM,  Richard,  M.  D.,  professor  of 
physic  and  n.itura)  philosophy  in  Dublin  college) 
and  author  of  leciures  on  natural  philosophy. 

HELSE,  Bartholomew  Van  der,  a  painter,  of 
Haerleni,  died  in  1670. 

H  i-JLVETlUS,  Adrian,  a  Dutch  physician,  who 
ilistinguished  himself  at  Paris,  during  the  pre- 
valence of  an  epidemic  there,  by  his  successful 
practice  ;  he  died  in  1721. 

liELVETH'S,  John  Claude,  son  of  the  pre- 
xding,  was  pliysician  to  the  queen  of  France, 
;ounsellor  of  state,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1755. 

HELVETIUS,  Claude  Adrian,  who  wrote 
tlie  celebrated  book  "De  I'Esprit,"  On  the 
Mind,  and  "  De  rHoinme,"  On  Man,  and  whom 
Voltaire  calls  "  a  true  philosopher,"  was  born 
at  Paris,  in  1715,  and  died  in  1771.  His  hypo- 
thesis is  rmtcrialism  in  the  worst  sense. 

Ht;LVl'JUS,  Christopher,  professw  of  Greek 
and  ea-itevn  languages,  andof  divinity  at  Giesaen 
aniveisitv  :  he  died  in  1617. 

HELYOT,  Peter  a  native  of  England,  of 
the  order  o"  Franciscans,  author  of  a  history 
of  the  mona'tic  orders,  &c.,died  in  1716. 

HEMFjLAU,  John,  a  Flemish  poet  and  orator, 
and  author  of  srmie  extremely  useful  connnen 
taries  upon  the  medals  of  tlie  Roman  emperors, 
from  tlie  time  of  Julius  CiEsar  down  to  Justinian, 
was  born  at  the  Hague,  and  died  in  1640. 

HEMMERLIN,  or  MALLEOLUS,  Felix,  a 
canon,  and  writer  of  Zurich,  in  1428. 

HEMMINGFOUD,  Waller  de,  canon  of  Gis- 
borough  abbey,  England,  and  author  of  a  history 
of  Ensbini!,  from  1066  to  1308 ;  he  died  in  1.347 

HEMSKfRK,  Martin,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  a  village  of  his  name  in  Holland,  in  1198 
Most  of  his  works  were  engraved ;  but  it  ib 
visible  thai  he  did  not  understand  the  chiaro 
obscuro.  and  that  his  manner  of  designing  was 
dry.  He  has,  however,  been  called  the  Ra- 
phael of  Holland,  and  died  in  1574. 

HE.VISKIRK,  Egbert,  a  Dutch  painter. 

HEJISKIRK,  Egbert,  the  Youniter,  a  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  also  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter,  ii?  died  in  1704. 

HKiMSTERHIJIS,  or  HEMSTEKHUSIUS, 
Tiberius,  a  iearnfd  critic,  born  at  Groningen, 
was  professor  of  mathematics  and  philosophy, 
at  Aiiijlerdam,  and  of  Gieek  and  histoid,  at 
Levden ;  he  died  in  HbCV, 


HE HE         

IIKMSTEUHUSIUS, Francis, t'raiKJsoiiofthcjjbflow,  "  Inveniaiu  viani,  aut  faciani."  Each 
precediuj;,  was  in  the  seivice  of  the  United  auiiit'ir  paid  one  shiilins.'.  Kc  was  ai;o  author 
Slatoi.  He  was  author  >«r  "  ffiuvres  Piiiloso-  ot'  a  w<;i;l<!y  piiper,  called  "  The  Hyp  Doctor," 
phiiines,"  and  other  works,  and  died  in  ITOO.       for  which  iio  had  IWl.  ayear  given  him.    Tliia 

HiiNAULT,  Joiind",  a  Frenchnian,  who  ac-  singular  character  died  hi  175b. 
quired  considerable  celebrity  as  a  poet,  died  in||     HE^'LEY,  Samuel,  IJ.  D.,  professor  of  moral 
H>.^-.>.  iiphilosopiiy  in  thi;  coll<g(:of  Williiiinsbiirir,  Vir- 

HfiNAITLT,  Charles  John  Francis,  born  at  ginia,  afterwards  head  of  the  East  India  college, 
Paris,  in  IC-rj,  was  admitted  counsellor  in  parlia-|  at  Hertford,  England;  lie  died  In  381ti. 
nieni,  in  1706,  with  a  dispensation  on  account  of       HENNINGES,  Jerome,  a  German  historian, 
his  age,  arid,  in  1710,  was  made  prerident  of  the  |  in  the  liitn  century. 

first  chamber  of  inquests.  He  spent  several  HENNUVEK,  John,  a  bishop  of  l.isieiiit,  in 
yi!arsin  making  himself  ninster  of  the  Roman  France,justlymer.'orable  for  his  humanity  at  the 
law,  the  ordinances  of  tiic  French  kings,  tlieir|  time  of  the  dreadful  massacre  of  St.  bartholo- 

mew,  died  in  1577. 

HEXRION,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Troves, 
was  engaged,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  in  ir2(l, 
in  writiii;;  a  work  on  weights  and  measures. 

HENRY, ofHiiiitingdon, an  early  English  hi* 
torian,  died  in  ll')8. 

HENRY  1.,  surnanied  the  Fowler,  emperor 
of  Germany,  was  elected  to  the  throne  in  919. 
He  was  a  wise  and  politic  prince,  was  success- 
ful in  his  wars,  strengthened  his  empire,  and 
promoted  harmony  and  union,  among  the  Ger- 
man princes.    He  died  in  fi36. 

HENRY  H.jSurnanied  ihe  Lame,  was  grand 
son  of  the  preceding,  and  ascended  tlie  imperial 
throne  in  1002.     He  died  in  1034. 

HENRY  III.,  emperor  of  Germany,  succecd--- 
ed  to  the  throne  in  1039.  He  made  war  with  .se- 


cuslonis,  and  public  law;  but  history  was  his 
favourite  study ;  and  he  is  deservedly  accounted 
the  first  fiamer  of  chronological  abridgments; 
in  which,  wiLliout  stopping  at  detached  lacts,  he 
attends  only  to  those  which  form  a  chain  of 
events  that  perfect  or  alter  Ihe  government  and 
character  of  a  country,  and  traces  only  the 
springs  whicli  e.xalr  or  humble  a  nation,  extend- 
ing or  contracting  the  space  that  it  occupies  in 
the  world.  The  lirst  edition  of  his  work,  the  re- 
sult of  forty  years'  reading,  appeared  in  1744, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  chancellor  Dragues- 
Seau,  with  the  modest  title  of,  "  An  Essay." 
The  success  it  met  with  surprised  him.  He 
made  continued  improvements  in  it,  and  it  has 
gonethrougli  nine  editions,  and  been  trunslated 
into  Italian^  English,  and  German,  and  even  into, 

Chinese.  He  wrote,  in  eai  ly  lil'e,  tiiree  tragedies,  j  veral  of  the  popes,  expelled  three  of  them,  and 
which  met  with  indifferent  success ;  but  after-  i  was  crowned  by  a  fourth.    He  died  hi  lO.iii. 


wards  he  composed  three  delightful  comedies 
Henault  died  in  1771. 

HENDERSON,  Alexander,  a  leader  of  the 
Presbyterian  party  in  Scotland,  and  one  of  the 
divines  sent  to  meet  Cliailes  1.  at  Newcastle. 
He  died  about  1646. 

HENDERSON,  John,ofCoventGardenthca 


HENRY  IV.,  emperor  of  Germany,  succeed- 
'ed  his  father.  Henry  HI.,  when  only  six  years 
,old  ;  during  his  minority,  the  kingdom  was  go- 
verned by  his  mother.  He  was  involved  in  wars 
with  the  popes,  was  dethroned  by  his  children, 
land  died  in  poverty  and  obscurity,  in  llOii. 

HENRY   v.,  son  of  the  preceding,  deposed 


tre,  an  admirable  actor  in  variouscliaractersof  i:his  father  in  UOtJ.   He  died  in  112.5,  leaving  the 


the  immortal  Shakespeare.  His  private  life  was 
exceedingly  amiable.  He  was  born  in  London, 
in  1747,  and  died  in  1785. 

HENDERSON,John,B.  A.,  of  Pembroke  col- 
lege, Oxford,  born  in  Ireland,  in  1757,  displayed, 
at  a  very  early  period  of  life,  an  uncommon 
thirst  after  knowledge,  which  he  gralilied  with 
unremitting  ardour.  The  favourite  subjects  of 
his  studies  were  meiaphysics,divinily,  morality, 
chymistry,  and  medicine ;  and  the  virtues  of  his 
heart  were  superior  even  to  the  astonishiii] 
p^iwera  of  his  understanding.  He  died,  however, 
Xhc  victim  of  intemperance,  in  17S8. 

HENGEST,  a  Saxon  chief,  who  went  to  Eng- 
land to  assist  ill  repelling  the  Picts,  and  received 
the  kingdom  of  Kent  as  a  reward  for  his  ser 
vices  ;  he  died  in  4H9. 

HENLEY,  Anthony,  a  member  of  the  British 
parliament,  distinguished  for  his  elocjuence,  the 
wit  and  ease  of  his  writings,  the  elegance  of  his 
manners,  and  his  patronage  of  literary  men  ;  he 
died  in  1711. 

HENLEY,  John,  better  known  by  the  appella- 
tion of  "  Orator  Henley,"  was  born  at  Jlelion, 
JIowbray,in  Leicestershire,  in  1()92.  He  publish- 
ed several  pieces ,  as  a  translation  of  Pliny's 
"  Epistles,"  of  several  works  of  Abbe  Vertot,' 
of  Mnntfaucon's  "  Italian  Travels,"  in  folio, 
and  many  other  hicubrations ;  but  his  celebrity 
he  acquired  asa  popular  orator  near  Clare  Mar- 
ket. He  preached  on  Sundays  upon  theological 
matters,  and  on  Wednesdays  upon  all  other 
sciences.  He  struck  medals,  which  he  dispersed 
as  tickets  to  his  subscribers,  a  star  rising  to  the 
middle,  with  this  motto,    "ad  stniima,"    and 


character  of  an  unnatural  son,  an  impious  hypo- 
crite, and  an  insidious  and  imperious  master. 

HENRY  VI.,  ascended  the  throne  of  the  em- 
pire in  1190.  He  detained  Richard  of  England, 
who  had  fallen  into  his  hands,  a  prisoner,  and 
I  obtained  a  large  sum,  as  his  ransom.  He  died 
in  1197. 

j  HENRY  VII.,  was  elected  emperor  in  1308. 
iHe  entered  Rome,  sword  in  hand,  and  was 
'crowned  by  the  pope,  1J12,  and  died  the  fol- 
lowing year. 

I  HENRY,  Raspon,  margrave  of  Thuringia, 
was  raised  to  the  imperial  throne  in  1246,  but 
died  the  followiiu;  year. 

HENRY  I.,  kinVof  Franco,  succeeded  to  the 
|throneial031.  He  diedin  1060,  with  the  reputa- 
tion of  a  brave  warrior,  and  a  benevolent  man. 
HENRY  II.,  succeeded  his  father,  Francis  I., 
'asking  of  France,  iu  1547.  He  was  engaged  in 
iwarswith  England,  and  with  Charles  V.,  of 
Spain,  and  supported  the  glory  ol  his  arms,  by 
his  bravery  and  success.  He  died  of  a  wound, 
accidentally  inflicted  at  a  tournament,  in  1559. 
HENRY  III.,  was  chosen  king  of  Poland,  but 
quitted  that  throne,  to  succeed  his  brother,  as 
king  of  France.  After  a  reign,  distracted  by  th« 
quarrels  between  the  protestants  and  catholics, 
he  was  killed  by  a  priest,  named  Clement,  in 
1589.  In  his  person,  the  house  of  Valois  became 
extinct. 

HENRY  IV.,  kingofPrance,  was  born  at  Pau, 
in  1553.  His  right  to  the  throne  was  disputed, 
because  he  was  a  protestant ;  but,  after  the  mas- 
sacre of  St.  Barthrilomew,  he  signalized  himself 
against  tiie  leaguers  ;  and  Henry  HI.  dying,  he 
237 


HE 

succeeded  hiin,  iu  opposition  lo  cardinal  dc  Bour- 
bon. In  1580,  with  1000  men,  liedelcatfd30,()<)0 
cornniiindcd  by  the  duke  of  Maycnne,  &.c.  lie 
afterwards  embraced  the  catholic  relipion,  and 
was  crowned.  He  also  defeated  18,000  Spani- 
ards, in  Uurgundy,  and  reduced  the  leaguers  to 
their  duty,  whom  he  pardoned.  A  young  scho 
lar,  John  C'hastel,  would  have  struck  him  in  the 
mouth  with  a  knife,  but  niii>sed  him  ;  the  king 
said, ''  And  is  it  so,  tliat  the  Jesuits  must  be  con- 
demned by  my  mouth  ?"  and  thereupon  they 
were  banislied.  A  protestant  minister  told  him, 
"He  denied  God  with  his  mouth,  and  therefore 
he  was  struck  there  ;  but  if  he  denied  him  in  his 
heart,  the  ne.vt  stroke  might  be  thereabouts  too." 
He  concluded  a  peaee  with  Spain,  and  an  agree- 
ment with  Savoy,  in  IGOJ  ;  and  was  stabbed  with 
a  knife,  by  Ravillac,  in  his  coach,  at  Paris,  May 
14,  IGIO.  Above  fifty  historians,  and  five  hun- 
dred panegyrists,  poets,  and  orators,  have  spoken 
in  Ills  praise.  But  the  "llenrindf:"  of  Voltaire 
is  the  most  likely  to  immortalize  him. 
.  HIINKV  I.,  king  of  England,  and  duke  of 
Normandy,  was  the  third  son  of  William  the 
Conqueror,  and  ascended  the  throne  in  1100. 
Although  absolute  in  power,  he  reigned  with 
wisilom,  opposed  the  encroachments  of  the 
church  of  Rome,  abolished  the  curfew,  regula- 
ted the  weights  and  measures  of  his  kingdom,!; position  of  the  Bible.  " 

and  laid  the  foundationof  that  liberty,  of  which'J  HENRY,  Dr.  ROBERT,  minister  of  one  of 
Englishmen  are  so  justly  proud.  He  died  inj  the  churches  of  Edinburgh,  and  author  of  the 
1185.  |!"  Histoiy  of  Great  Britain,"  in  5  vols.,  born  at 

HENRY  II.,  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  Eng-  St.  Ninian's,  in  1718,  died  in  1790.  A  posthu- 
land  in  1154.  He  added  Brittany  and  Ireland  [mous  volume,  being  the  6th,  has  been  published 
to  his  dominions,  attempted  to  repress  the  ambi-j since  his  death. 

tion  of  tlie  clergy,  and  died  of  ii  broken  heart,]     HENRY,  Philip,  an  English  dissenting  cleegy- 
at  the  rebellion  of  his  clvldrtn,  in  1189.     His,  man,  eminent  for  his  piety,  benevolence,  and 
reign  was  markedwith  v  .,)dora,  valour,  and  po-;  moderation,  died  about  1670. 
pularity,  and  was  caJtulated  to  advance  then    HENRY,  David,  a  printer,  was  for  moie  than 
welfare  of  his  people.  |]  half  a  century,  an  active  manager  of  the  Gentlc- 

HENRY  HI.,  succeeded  John,  as    king  of  man's  Magazine,  he  was  born  in  the  neighbour- 


laws,  and  died  with  the  reputation  of  a  great 
and  good  king,  in  1509.  By  his  marriage,  the 
rival  claims  of  the  houses  of  York  and  Lancas- 
ter, were  united  and  settled. 

HENRY  VIII.,  son  and  successor  to  HeDry 
VII.,  ascended  the  throne,  in  150!1,  aged  18.  Al- 
though for  a  short  time  popular,  he  soon,  by  his 
arbitrary  and  capricious  conduct,  proved  him- 
self a  tyrant.  He  obtained  the  title  of  defender 
of  the  laith,  from  the  pope,  by  opposing  Luther., 
He  afterwards  quarrelled  with  the  pope,  wlio 
refused  to  divorce  him  from  his  wife,  and  re- 
nounced his  authority,  and  declared  himself 
head  of  the  church,  thus  introducing  the  refor- 
mation into  England.  He  was  six  times  mar- 
ried ;  two  of  his  wives  perished  on  the  8caft"n.d, 
and  two  others  were  divorced.  Although  bene- 
fits resulted  from  his  reign,  he  must  be  detested 
for  his  tyranny  and  oppression ;  he  died  in  1547. 

HENRY,  prince  ofWales,  oldest  son  of  JamcB 
I.,  died  in  1612,  aged  18,  lamented  by  the  nation, 
who  viewed  in  him  their  future  friend  and  com- 
mon benefactor. 

HENRY,  of  Huntingdon,  an  early  English 
historian,  died  in  1168. 

HENRY,  Matthew,  an  eminent  dissenting 
teacher,  and  voluminous  writer,  bom  in  166^ 
died  in  1714.    His  best  known  work  is  his  "  Ei- 


England,  in  1216.  He  was  defeated  in  his  wars 
abroad,  and  imprisoned  by  his  barons  at  home, 
and  died  after  a  weak  and  disgraceful  reign,  in 
1272. 

HENRY  IV.,  third  sonof  Henry  III.,  usurped 
the  throne  in  1399,  and  by  that  act,  gave  rise  to 
the  long  wars  between  the  houses  oif  York  and 
Lancaster;  he  died  in  1413. 

HENRY  v.,  son  of  Henry  IV.,  on  ascending 
the  throne,  abandoned  his  dissolute  associates, 
and  his  equally  dissolute  habits,  and  became  a 
wise  and  virtuous  monarch.    He  formed  the  de 


hood  of  Aberdeen,  in  1710.  A  concurrence  of 
circumstances  placing  him  within  the  notice  of 
Mr.  Edward  Cave,  of  St.  Gate,  he  at  length 
became  related  to  his  patron,  by  marrj'ing  his 
sister,  in  1736.  Those  useful  and  popular  publi- 
cations which  describe  the  curiosities  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  St.  Paul's  Church,  the  Tower  of 
London,&c.printed  for  Newbury, wereoriginally 
compiled  by  Mr.  Henry,  and  were  improved  by 
him  through  many  successive  impressions.  He 
published  in  1772,  "The  Complete  English  Far- 
mer; or,  A  Practical  System  of  Husbandry ,  iij 


sign  of  conquering  France,  fought  the  battle  of  j  which  is  comprisedageneral  View  of  the  whole 


Agincourt,  married  Catherine,  and  was  declar 
ed  heir  to  the  throne  of  that  kingdom  ;  but  died 
suddenly  in  the  midst  of  his  successes,  in  1422. 

HENRY  VI.,  son  of  Henry  V.,  succeeded  his 
father  on  the  English  throne,  when  only  ten 
iBunlhs  old,  and  his  grandfather  Charles  VI.  asi 
sovereign  of  France.  He  was  crowned  king  of 
France  at  Paris  ;  but  his  claims  were  opposedj 
by  the  duke  of  Orleans,  under  the  name  of; 
Charles  VII.  who  recovered  the  French  domin- 
ions, and  expelled  the  English.  He  was  after-; 
wards  deposed  at  home  by  the  duke  of  York,! 
and  committed  a  prisoner  to  tlie  tower,  where' 
ne  was  murdered,  in  1471.  j 

HENRY  VII.,  opposed  and  defeated  Richard 
III.  and  was  crowned  king  of  England,  on  the 
field,  after  the  battle  of  Bosworth,  in  1485.  He 
was  devoted  to  the  happiness  of  his  subjects, 
ind  contributed  materially  10  the  establishment 
of  commerce,  the  encouragement  of  industry, 

and  lo  the  protection  of  the  arts     He  checked  

lihc  cncroariiments  of  tlie  nobles,  made  salutary  he  died  hi  1799 
233 


Art  of  Husbandry;"  from  this  he  withheld  his 
name, as  he  did  also  from  "  A  Historical  Account 
of  all  the  Voyages  round  the  World,  performed 
by  English  Navigators,"  in  4  vols.,  in  1774  ;  !o 
which,  in  1775,  Mr.  H.  added  a  5th,  containing 
Captain  Cook's  Voyage  in  the  Resolution  ;  and 
in  1786,  a  Cth,  containins  the  last  Voyage  of 
Captain  Cook ;  introduced  by  an  admirable 
summary  of  all  the  voyages  undertaken  for  dis- 
covery only,  in  the  Southern  and  Northern  hem- 
ispheres, and  in  the  Pacific  and  Atlantic  Oceans. 
He  died  in  1792. 

HENRY,  Patrick,  a  native  of  Virginia,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  commanding  eloquence,  was 
the  first  man  who  proposed  to  the  colonies, 
hostile  measures  against  Great  Britain.  He 
was  the  first  governor  of  Virginia,  after  the  de- 
claration of  Independence,  and  a  member  of  the 
old  congress  ;  he  declined  the  appointments  of 
secretary  of  state,  under  president  Washington, 
and  of  minister  to  France,  under  his  successor ; 


HE 


HE 


HENRY,  Jolia,  a  mtnibcr  of  congress,  from  ^wno  publi.sli»jd  some  elegant  lyric  and  tieroic 


Maryland,  in  1116,  afterwards  elected  a  senator 
of  the  United  Stales,  and  in  1797,  governor  of 
Ihe  state  ol  Maryland  ;  he  died  in  171)6. 

HERACLITUS,  a  celebrated  Epiicsian  philo- 
Bopher,  who  is  said  ;o  have  contiiiually  bewail- 
ed the  wicked  lives  of  men,  and  as  often  as  tie 
came  among  them  to  have  fallen  a  weeping  ; 
eontrary  to  Democritus,  who  made  the  follies  of 
mankind  the  subject  of  laughter;  he  flourished 
about  500  B.  C. 

HERACLIUS,  son  cf  a  governor  of  Africa, 
dethroned  Phocas,  and  ascended  the  throne  of 
Constantinople,  in  610  ;  he  died  inti41. 

HERACLIUS,  patriarch  of  Jerusalem,  about 
1170. 

HERALDUS,  Desiderius,  a  counsellor  of  the 
parhament  of  Paris,  eminent  for  his  writings 
on  law  and  on  the  belles  lettres,died  in  104!). 

HERBELOT,  Bartholomew  d",  an  eminent 
orientalist,  born  at  Paris,  in  i&25,  died  in  ItiOo. 
His  chief  work  is  "  Bibliotheque  Orientale,  or 
A  Universal  Dictionary,  containing  whatever 
relates  to  the  Kunwledge  of  the  Eastern  world." 

HERBEP.T,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  author 
of  "  Travels  in  Asia  and  Africa,"  was  engaged 
in  the  civil  wars  of  his  country,  at  first  on  the 
Bide  of  the  parliament,  afterwards  for  the  king. 
At  the  restoration  Ue  was  created  a  baronet,  and 
died  in  1682. 

HERBERT,  Mary,  countess  of  Pembroke,  a 
great  encourager  of  letters,  and  herself  an  in- 
genious poet.  Her  character  may  be  highly 
judged  of,  from  the  epitaph  written  by  BeH  Jon- 
eon,  viz. 

"  Underneath  this  sable  hearse 
liies  the  subject  of  all  verse : 
Sidney's  sister,  Pembroke's  mother. 
Death  !  ere  thou  hast  kill'd  another, 
Fair,  and  good,  and  learn'rt  as  she, 
Time  shall  throw  a  dart  at  thee." 

HERBERT,  Edward,  lord  Herbert  of  Cher- 
bury,  in  Shropshire,  an  eminent  English  states- 
man, and  writer  on  history,  philosophy,  and 
Briticism,  born  in  Montgomery  Castle,  in  1581, 
died  in  1043. 

HERBERT,  George,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
8  divine  and  poet,  of  whose  judgment  the  great 
Lord  Bacon,  had  so  high  an  opinion,  that  he 
would  not  sutler  his  works  to  be  printed  till 
they  had  passed  Herbert's  e.xamination  ;  he  was 
Iwrn  in  1593,  and  wrote  a  volume  of  devout 
poems  called  "The  Temple."  He  also  wrote 
»  valuable  work  in  prose,  entitled  "  A  Priest  to 
the  Temple  ;"   he  died  about  1635. 

HERBERT,  William,  earl  of  Pembroke, born 
in  Wiltshire,  in  1580,  died  of  apoplexy,  in  1630. 
He  was  chancellor  of  Oxford,  and  made  the 
university  a  present  of  a  large  collection  of 
manuscripts.  Pembroke  College  was  so  named 
tn  honour  of  him. 

HERBERT,  William,  a  topographical  anti- 
quary, born  in  1718,  died  at  Cheshunt,  in  1795, 
Bublished  a  new  edition  of  "  Alkyns's  History 
»f  Gloucestershire;"  and  a  continuation  of 
"Ames's  Topographical  Antiquities." 

HEREIN,  Augustus  Francis  Julian,  a  native 
of  France,  distinguished  as  an  oriental  scholar, 
iied  in  1806. 

flERBINIUg,  John  a  protestant  clergyman 
of  Poland,  died  in  1676. 
HERDER,  JoImi  Gottfried,  a  German  writer. 


poetry,  abuut  1582. 

HERISSA.NT,  Lewis  Anthony  Prosper,  an 
emineiit  French  poet  and  physician,  died  at 
Paris,  in  1709. 

HEKITIER,  Nicolas  1',  a  French  poet,  and 
dramatic  writer,  and  historiographer  of  France, 
died  1.1  1G80. 

HERITIER,  Marie  Jeanne  1'.  dcVillandon,  a 
French  poetess  and  novel  writer,  died  ai  Paria, 
in  1734. 

HERITIER  DE  BRUTELLE,  Charles  Lou- 
is 1' ,  a  botanist,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1746.  In  1784 
he  published  a  splendid  work,  called  "  Stirpes 
Novae  ;"  two  years  after  which  he  went  to  Eng- 
land, and  collected  from  the  gardens  the  mate- 
rials of  his  "  Hortum  Anglicuni,"  winch  he 
left  unfinished,  being  assassinated  in  August, 
1801,  as  was  suspected,  by  his  son. 

HERLIC1UE5,  David,  a  German  astrologer, 
born  in  l.>j7. 

HERM.XN,  Paul  a  celebrated  botanist,  a  na- 
tive of  Halle,  in  Saxony,  died  in  1695. 

HERM.\N,Jaines,  an  eminent  mathematician 
of  Basle,  and  the  friend  of  Leibnitz.  He  was 
born  iu  1678,  and  died  in  1733,  leaving  various 
works. 

HERMANT,  Godefroi,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  and  rector  of  the  university  of  Paris,  died 
in  1690. 

HERMAS,  Pastor,  or  Shepherd,  one  of  the  fa- 
thers, supposed  to  have  died  at  Rome,  A.  D.  81. 

HERMES,  an  Egyptian  legislator,  priest,  and 
philosopher,  who  lived,  as  some  think,  in  the 
year  of  the  world  '2076,  in  the  reign  of  IS'inus, 
after  Moses ;  and  was  so  skilled  in  all  profound 
arts  and  sciences,  that  he  acquired  the  surname 
of  Trisinegistus,  or,  "thrice  great."  Some 
writers  think  that  Hermes  Trismegistus  was  no 
other  than  Moses,  and  state  that  he  flourished 
1930  B.  C. 

HERMIAS,  a  heretic,  of  Galatia,  in  the  2d 
century. 

HERMILLY,Vaquetted',  anative  of  France, 
author  of  the  history  of  Majorca  and  Minorca, 
&c.,died  at  Paris,  in  1778. 

HERMOGENES,  of  Tarsus,  a  Greek  rhetori- 
cian, flourished  about  the  year  IGl.  At  15  he 
became  a  teacher ;  at  17  he  wrote  iiis  "  Art  of 
Rhetoric;"  but,  at  25,  he  lost  his  memory,  and 
the  faculty  of  speech.  Of  his  works  some  por- 
tions remain,  which  were  printed  at  Geneva,  in 
1614, 

HERMOGENES,  a  heretic,  of  the  2d  century, 
of  the  sect  of  stoics. 

HEROD,  falsely  called  the  Great,  king  and  ty- 
rant of  Judea,  who,  on  the  strength  of  a  misin- 
terpreted prophecy,  caused  all  the  male  children 
of  Bethlehem,  and  its  neighbourhood,  to  be  mas- 
sacred by  his  soldiers,  at  the  time  of  the  birth  of 
Christ,  iii  the  vain  hope  of  destroying  the  Sa- 
viour of  mankind.     He  died  .\.  D.  3. 

HEROD  ANTIPAS,  son  and  successor  to  He- 
rod the  Great ;  he  put  to  death  John  the  Baptist. 
Our  Saviour  was  made  to  appear  before  him  by 
Pilate. 

HERODr.\N,aGreekhistorian,  ofRome,  who 
flourished  under  the  reigns  of  Severus,  Cara- 
calla,  HeliogabaUis,  Alexander,  and  Maximin. 
His  history  coiituins  eight  books,  and  ia  greatly 
adm'ired.  It  comprises  the  events  from  A.  D.  IS) 
to  236.     Herodian  died  about  247. 
HERODOTUS,  an  ancient  Greek  historian, 
preacher  to  the  duke  of  Saxe  Weimar,  ecclesi- 1  of  Halicarnassus,  in  Caria,  born  about  484,  and 
astical  counsellor  &c.,  died  in  1803.  (died  in  41:?  B.  O.     He  is  called  "  The  Faiherof 

HERERAS.  Ferdinand  de.  a  poet  of  SeviJI';.  liHistorv  ;"  his  work  is  written  in  the  Ionic  dia- 

239 


HE 


P^ 


feet,  and  divided  into  nine  books,  which  contain 
tlie  most  remarkable  occurrences  williin  a  pe- 
riod of  240  years,  from  the  reiijn  of  Cyrus,  the 
first  king  of  Persia,  to  tliat  of  Xerxes,  wlien  the 
historian  was  living.  These  nine  books  are  ca! 
:e<l  the  Nine  Muses,  each  of  ihcm  being  distiu 
guished  by  the  name  of  a  Muse. 

IlEROPHILUs!,a  phyj^icianand  able  anato- 
mist, of  Clialcedon,  570  B.  V. 

HERKEBA  TORDE3ILLAS,  Antonio  de,  a 
celebrated  Spanish  historian.  He  piihlished  a 
•'  History  of  the  World  from  1554  to  laStS;"  aiidj 
'What  is  much  more  esteemed)  a  general  "  His- 
tory of  the  Indies  from  1402  to  1554 ;"  and  also 
wrote  a  History  of  Spain.  He  was  born  in  1565, 
and  died  in  KiiS. 

HERRICK,  Robert,  a  poet,  born  in  London, 
15D I ,  received  his  education  at  Cambridge ;  aftei 
which  he  obtained  tiie  vicarage  of  Dean  Prior, 
Devonshire.  At  the  time  of  tlie  rebellion,  hi 
was  deprived  of  this  living;  but  at  the  restora- 
tion he  recovered  it,  and  died  not  long  after- 
wards. His  poetical  works  weie  printed  in  1C18, 
under  the  title  of  "  Hesperides." 

HERRING,  Dr.  Thomas,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terburv,  born  in  Norfolk,  1693.  When  the  re- 
bellion broke  out  in  Scotland,  in  1745,  and  the 
Highlanders  defeated  the  king's  troops  at  Pres- 
ton-pans, the  archbishop  (then  of  York)  contri- 
buted much  to  remove  the  general  panic,  and 
awaken  the  nation  from  its  lethargy.  He  con- 
vened the  nobility,  gentry,  and  clergy,  of  his  dio- 
cese, and  addressed  ihem  in  a  nohle  and  animat- 
ed speech,  which  had  such  an  effect  upon  his: 
auditory,  that  a  subscription  ensued  to  the 
amount  of  40,000^.,  and  the  example  was  suc- 
cessfully followed  by  the  nation  in  general.  On 
the  death  of  Dr.  Poller,  in  1747,  he  was  translat- 
ed to  the  see  of  Canterbury,  and  died  in  1757. 
HpRSCHEL,  Sir  William,  an  eminent  Eng 
lish  astronomer,  discoverer  of  the  planet  Geor- 
gium  Sidus,  or,  as  it  is  sometimes  called  Her- 
schel,  died  in  1822,  aged  84. 

HERSENT,  Charles,  or  Hersan,  a  French  di- 
vine, known  as  the  author  of  a  severe  satire 
against  Richelieu;  he  died  in  1660. 

HERSEY,  Ezekiel,  an  eminent  physician,  of 
Hingham,  Mass.,  who  gave  1000/.  sterling  to- 
wards founding  a  professorship  of  anatomy  and 
surgorv  in  Harvard  college  ;  he  died  in  1770. 

IJERSEY,  Abner,  brother  of  Ezekiel,  gave 
5001.  to  establish  a  professorship  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  physic  in Cambiidge  ;  he  died 
alter  1770. 

HERTZBERG,  Ewald  Frederic,  comte  de 
very  eminent  statesman, of  Prussia,  born  .  •>< 
tin,  in  Pomerania.  He  became  known  .;i  thej 
literary  world  at  the  age  of  17,  and  on  leavind 
college,  by  a  •'  Dissertation  on  History."  On  his 
return  from  the  university,  being  known  to  Fre- 
deric [I.,  who  saw  him  possessed  of  merit,  in 
1745,  he  entered  the  diplomatic  career  as  secre- 
tary of  legation,  and  progressively  rose  to  the 
highest  point  of  rank  and  confidence  in  the  state. 
The  retnenibiance  of  him  will  always  be  closely 
connected  with  that  of  the  great  king  w  hom  he 
had  the  honour  to  serve.     He  died  in  1795. 

HERVEY,  .\ugustu3  John,  earl  of  Bristol. 
a  captain  of  the  royal  navy,  and  a  loid  of  the 
admiralty ;  he  died  in  1779. 

HERVEY,  James,  an  English  divine,  of  ex- 
einplarv  virtue  and  piety,  born  at  Hardingstonc. 
in  Northamptonshire,  in  1714,  died  in  1758.  Hisj 
chief  writings  are,  "  Meditation^  nnd  ContcDi-| 
plations;"  "Remarks  on  Lord  P.'ilingbroke's| 
Letters  on  the  Study  and  Use  of  History  ;"  andjj  1000, 
240 


HE 

"Theron  andAspasio;  or,  a  Seriesof  Inaloguea 
and  Letters  on  the  most  imiiorlant  subjects.'' 

HEUWART,  or  HERVAU'l',  John  Frederic, 
of  .Augrhurg,  chancellor  of  Bavaria,  lived  at  the 
hegiiiiiiiiii  01  the  17tl:  century. 

HE.SHL'^IL'S,Tillenian;nis,  a  German  divine.- 
was  a  teacher  of  theolot;y,  aiul  the  aiiihor  ol  se- 
veral theological  works;  he  died  in  1588. 

HESIOD,  a  very  ancient  Greek  poet,  but  whe- 
ther cntempory  with,  or  older  or  younger,  than 
Homer,  is  not  yet  agreed  among  the  learned. 
The  "'Tlieogony,"  and  "Works  and  .Hays,"  are 
the  only  undoubted  pieces  of  this  poet  now  ex- 
tant. 

HESSE,  W^illiam,  prince  of,  was  distinguish- 
ed for  his  attention  to  literature,  and  for  his  pa- 
tronage of  literary  men  ;  he  died  in  1597. 

HESSELS,  or  HESSELIUS,  John,  profeasoi 
of  theology  at  Louvain,  was  distiiigiiished  for 
his  eloquence  and  learning  ;  he  died  in  15Wi. 

HESYCHILS,  a  celebrated  grammarian  and 
le.xicoL'rapher,  of  Alexandria,  who  flourished 
about  A.  D.  300. 

HETHERINGTON,  William,  an  English  di- 
vine, who  died  in  1778,  leaving  20,0U0i.  as  a 
perpetual  fund  for  the  relief  of  50  blind  persons 
with  10/.  a  yesr. 

HETZER,  Lewis,  a  German  socinian ;  he 
published  a  translation  of  the  Bible,  which  was 
suppressed,  and  died  in  1540. 

HEURNIUS,  John,  acelebrated  Dutch  physi- 
cian, born  at  Utrecht,  in  1543,  died  in  IGOl. 
There  are  several  productions  of  his,  but  his 
principal  one  is,  "  A  Treaii.ie  upon  disorders  of 
the  Head.'"  He  also  published  Hippocrates,  in 
Greek  and  Latin,  with  explanatory  commenta- 
ries, which  have  nndergoneniany  editions. 

HEUSCII,  William  de,  a  landscape  painter, 

I  of  Utrecht,  who  died  in  the  latter  part  of  the 

1 17th  century.    His  nephew  Jacob,  and  another 

of  the  same  family,  named  Abraham,  were  also 

uccessful,  a.";  painters. 

HEUSINGER,  John  Wicbael,  a  Saxon  di- 
vine, eminent  for  his  piety,  was  made  professor 
at  Gotha,  and  afterwards  at  Eisenach,  >vhere 
ho  died  in  1751. 

HEUSINGER,  James  Frederic,  nephew  of 
the  preceding,  was  an  able  scholar,  and  a  dis- 
tinguished teacher  ;  he  died  in  1778. 

HEVELIUS,  John,  an  eminent  astronomer, 
bom  at  llantzic,  in  1611,  died  in  1687 ;  leaving 
behind  him  several  valuable  treatises. 

HEVIN,  Prudent,  an  eminent  French  sur- 
geon, and  writer  on  surgery,  died  at  Paris,  in 
1789 

KEWES,  Joseph,  a  member  of  the  conti 
nental  congress  from  North-Carolina,  and  a 
signer  of  the  declaration  of  Independence ;  he 
died  in  1779. 

HEWSON,  William,  a  distinguished  anato- 
mist and  lecturer,  for  some  time  the  assistant 
and  partner  of  Dr.  Hunter,  and  author  of  several 
mediial  works;  he  died  in  1774. 

HEXHAM,  John  of,  an  English  Benedictine, 
and  historical  writer,  of  the  12i,li  century. 

HEY,  John,  D.D.,  born  in  1734,  was  educated 
at  Cambridge,  and  in  1780,  became  the  first 
Norrisian  professor  of  divinity,  which  chair  he 
resigned  in  1795;  he  died  in  London,  in  1815, 
leaving,  besides  other  works,  "  Lectures  on  Di- 
vinitv." 

HEYDEN.  John  Van  dor,  an  eminent  Dutch 
landscape  painter,  died  in  1710. 

HEYLIN,  Dr.  Peter,  an  English  divine  and 

historian,  born  at  P.urford,  in  O.xfordshire,  in 

In  1021,  he  published  his  "  Micioccsinus,. 


HI 


or,  Description  of  the  Great  World  ;"  wliicli  is 
almost  liii;  only  work  that  he  is  known  hy  now  ; 
but  tlial  is  in  no  very  hijjh  esteem,  beim;  super- 
seded by  things  abundantly  better  of  tlie  Itind  ; 
he  died  in  1602. 

liKVNE,  Christian  Gottlieb,  born  in  Silesia, 
17I!1,  succeeded  Gesner,  in  1763,  in  the  profes- 
sorship of  rhetoric  at  Gottingen,  where  also  he, 
became  secretary  to  the  Society  of  Sciences. 
He  drew  up  a  catalogue  of  the  library  at  Goi- 
tingen,  whicli  made   150  folio  volumes.     Kingjlof  the  Romans 


HI 

hibiis  a  splendid  and  durable  monumciil  of  hid 
industry. 

HICKMAN,  Henry,  ejected  fornon-conforini- 
ty,  minister  of  au  English  congregation  at  Ley- 
den,  and  author  of  several  works ;  he  died  ui 
1688. 

HIERO  I.,  king  of  Syracuse,  478  B.  C,  ccle- 
brati'dby  the  pen  of  Pindar. 

HIERO  II.,  king  of  Syracuse,  268  B.  C,  was  at 
onetime  the  enemy,  and  afterwards,  tint  fiitiid 


George  111.  placed  his  three  younger  sons  under|      H[EROCLES,an  enemy  and  peiieculor  of 
nie  care  at  Goitlngen,  and  they  all  treated  him   the  Christians  in  the  4th  century, 
with  tlie  greatest  respect:    he  died  suddenly,  I     HIEROCLES,  a  Platonic  philosopher  of  the 
July  14,  iei2.    His  principal  works  were,   an  15th  century,  taught  at  Alexandria  with  great  re 


edition  of  Homer,  with  illustrations,  8  vols, 
another  of  Virgil,  witii  notes;     and  "  Opuscnla 
Academica,"  6  vols.  8vo. 

HEY  WOOD,  John,  a  noted  English  poet  and 
jester  of  his  time,  was  one  of  the  first  who 
wrote  Englisli  plays.  He  found  means  to  become 
a  favourite  with  Henry  VIII.,  and  was  well  re-j 
warded  by  that  monarch  for  the  mirth  and  quick- 
ness of  his  conceits  ;  he  was  born  in  London, 
and  died  in  15()5. 

HKYWOOl),  Jasper,  son  of  the  preceding, 
translated  three  tragedies  of  Seneca,  and  wrote 
various  poems  and  devices,  some  of  v/liich  are 
printed  in  a  book  called  "  The  Paradise  of 
Dainty  Devices,"  in  1573,  4to  ;  he  was  born  in 
15H5,  and  died  in  1597. 

HEYWOOD,  Thomas,  an  actor,  and  most 
voluminous  play-writer,  in  the  reigns  of  queen 
Elizabeth  and  James  I.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
the  author  of  iiO  plays,  of  which  only  '24  are 
now  e.xtaut. 

HEYVVOOD,Eliza,avery  voluminous  writer, 
born  ill  London,  in  lt;93,  died  in  175ti.  Her  latter 
and  best  writings  are  "The  Female  Spectator," 
,4  vols.  "  Epistles  for  the  Ladies,"  2  vols.  "  For- 
tunate Foundling,"  1  vol.  "  Adventures  of  Na- 
ture," "  History  of  Betsy  Thoughtless,"  4  vols., 
"  Jenny  and  Jeinmy  Jessainv,"  3  vols.,  "  Invisi- 
ble Spy,"  2  vols.,  " The  Husband"  and  "The 
Wife,"  2  vols. :  all  in  12ino. :  and  a  pamphlet, 
entitled,  "  APresent  for  a  Servant  Maul."  When 
young,  she  dabbled  in  dramatic  poetry,  but  with 
no  great  saccess  :  none  of  her  plays  being  either 
much  approved  at  first,  or  revived  afterwards. 
.  HEY  WOO  I).  Oliver,  an  English  non-conior- 
inist  divine,  and  a  writer  ou  theolugical  sub- 
jects ;  I'^H  died  in  1702. 

HEYWOOD,  Nathaniel,  a  native  of  Bolton, 
ejected  for  non-cont"ormity  ;  died  in  ltJ77. 

HEYWOOD,  Thomas,  junior,  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence  ;  he 
was  from  South  Carolina. 

IHACOOMES,  the  first  Indian  in  New-Eng- 
land, converted  to  Christianity, was  luiuister  at 
Martha's  vineyard;  he  died  iu  16'.t8. 

HICETAS,  of  Syracuse,  an  ancient  philoso- 
pher, who  flourished  about  340  B.  C.  He  taught 
that  the  sun  and  the  stars  were  motio.ikss.  and 
that  the  earth  moved  round  them  ;  this  is  men- 
tioned by  Cicero,  and  probably  gave  the  first  hint 
of  that  system  to  Copernicus. 

niCKEL,  a  celebrated  portrait  and  historical 
painter,  died  at  Hamburgh,  April  1799. 

HICKES,  John,  joined  the  duke  of  Mon 
mouth's  rebellion,  in  16S5,  and  for  this  disloyal 
act  was  executed. 

HICKES,  George,  an  English  divine,  anti- 
quary, critic,  and  polemical  writer,  of  uncom- 
cuon  parts  and  learning,  born  in  Yorkshire,  in 


ICA",  died  in  1715.     His  "  iJnguaruni  Septen 

triQnaUam  Thesaurus,"  publislied  in  1705,  ex-llesteeuKu  ,  he  died  in  1' 

11  h  21 


putatiou,  and  wrote  seven  books  upon  Provi- 
dence and  Fate.  These  books,  however,  aie 
lost,  and  all  we  know  of  them  is  by  the  extracts 
which  are  to  be  met  with  in  Pliotius.  Ilieroclcs 
wrote  also  "  A  Commentary  upon  the  Golden 
Verses  of  Pythagoras,"  which  is  still  exlan;, 
and  has  several  times  been  published  witii  those 
verses. 

HIKRONIMUS,  or,  as  he  i«  commonly  called, 
Jerome,  a  very  celebrated  father  of  the  churci,, 
horn  oil  the  confines  of  Dalmatia,  about  32^, 
died  in  420. 

HIFFERN.\N,  Paul,  a  native  of  Ireland,  but 
chietiy  resident  in  England,  and  known  as  a 
dramatic  writer,  translator,  and  compiler,  was 
born  ill  Dublin,  in  1719,  and  died  in  1777.  Some 
very  curious  and  entertaining  memoirs  of  this 
singular  character,  will  be  found  in  the  F.uru- 
pean  Magazine,  vol.  XXV. 

HIGDEN,  Ralph,  an  early  English  chronicler 
died  in  1363. 

HIGDEN,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  polilicul 
writer  in  the  time  of  queen  Anue,  died  in  17J5 

HIGGENS,  or  HIGINS,  John,  an  English,  di 
vine,  who  instructed  youth,  and  wrote  several 
school-books ;  he  died  after  1004. 

HIGGINSON,  Francis,  first  minister  of  Sa- 
lem, Massachusetts,  arrived  from  England  lu 
1629,  and  died  in  1630. 

HIGGINSON,  John,  son  of  the  preceding, 
much  respected ;  died  in  1708,  aged  93 ;  lie  was 
a  minister  72  years. 

HIGGONS,  SirTliomas,  a  writer,  and  an  am- 
bassador from  England  to  Saxony  and  Vienna ; 
he  was  knighted  lor  liis  services,  and  died  :u 
lti91. 

HIGGONS,  Bevil,  a  dramatic  poet  and  !iisii>- 
rian  ;  died  in  1738. 

HIGHMORE,  Natlianiel,  an  eminent  English 
anatomist;  he  died  in  1684. 

HIGIIMORE,  Joseph,  an  eminent  English 
paintei',  born  in  Loudon,  in  1092,  died  iu  1780;. 
Mr.  Higliuiore  was  also  a  respectable  writer,  and, 
among  several  other  things,  i)ublislied  in  HiiO, 
two  small  volumes  of  "  Essays,  Moral,  Rehgi- 
ous,  and  Miscellaneous."' 

HILARION,  a  native  of  Gaza,  founded  a 
monastic  order  in  Palestine,  and  died  in  371. 

HILARIUS,  an  ancient  father  of  the  Chris- 
tian church,  and  bishop  of  Poictiers,  who  Huu- 
rished  in  the  4th  century. 

HI LARIUSE,  Joseph,  eminent  as  a  medalist 
and  antiquary,  at  Vienna  ;  died  in  1798. 

HILARY,  St.  a  native  of  Poictiers,  in  France, 
bishop  of  that  town,  in  3.55;  was  banished  by 
Constantius.  into  Phrygia  ;  and  died  in  3ti7. 

HILDEBERT,  blsiiop  of  Mans,  and  lii-u 
archbishop  of  Tours,  distinguished  for  pitix , 
learning,  &.c.  ;  died  in  tho  12ih  century. 

HILDESLEV,  Mark,  an  English  bishop  much 


241 


HILL,  Aaron,  a  celebrated  poet  and  mistt-Ila' 
iioous  writer, born  in  Loudon,  in  lt'fc'5,  dli:(!  iii^ 
175(1.  His  principal  works  arc,  "  EH'rid,  or^ 
'I'lie  Fair  Inconstant,"  a  tragedy  ;  "  Riiialilo,"  j; 
an  opera ;  anntlKT  tragedy,  called,  "  TJie  Fatal  J 
Vision,  or,  Tlie  Fall  of  Si'ain;"  and  two  trage  [•; 
dies,  called,  "  Merope,"  and  "  Zara  ;"  which 
were  brought  ujion  the  stage  in  Drury-lane,  by 
Gariick. 

MILL,  Joseph, an  English  p\iritan  divine,  v/ho 
fled  to  Holland  ;  author  of  an  improved  edition 
of"  Schrevelii  Lexicon,"  &.c.  ;  tie  died  in  1707. 

HILL,  Sir  John,  an  Engli^:h  writer,  born 
abuni  1716,  died  in  1775.  He  wa.*  bred  an  apo- 
iliecary,  and  set  up  in  St.  Martin's  lane,  V\  est- 
ininster ;  but,  iiiarryiri^  early,  and  without  a 
fortune,  he  was  obliged  to  look  round  for  other 
resources  than  hi:)  profession.  Being  po.ssessed 
of  fjuick  natural  parts,  he  soon  made  himself 
acquainted  with  the  theoretical  as  well  as  pi  ac- 
tical  parts  of  botany  ;  and  being  recommended 
to  thedukeof  Richiuoiid  and  lord  Pelre,  lie,  un- 
der their  patronage,  executed  a  scheme  of  travel 
ling  over  several  parts  of  England,  to  gather 
certain  of  the  most  rare  and  uncommon  plants, 
which,  he  afterwards  i  ublishcd  by  subscription. 
About  1746,  he  translated  from  the  Greek  a 
small  tract,  written  by  Theoplirastus,  "  On 
(iems ;"  and  this  being  well  executed,  pro- | 
cured  him  friends,  reputaiion,  and  money.  En- 
couraged by  this,  he  engased  in  works  ol  greater 
extent  and  importance.  The  first  tliat  he  under- 
took was,  "  A  General  Natural  History,"  3  vols. 
<blio.  Ke  ne.vt  engaged,  in  conjunction  with 
George  Lewis  S(  ott,  Esq.,  for  a  "  Supplement  to 
Chamber's  Dictionary.  "  Heat  the  same  time 
started  the  "'British  Magazine;"  and,  when 
engaged  in  a  number  of  these  and  other  works, 
some  of  which  seemed  to  require  a  man's  whole 
attention,  carried  on  a  daily  essay,  under  the  ti- 
tle of  "  The  Inspector."  Henextap|)lied  himself 
to  the  preparation  of  certain  simple  medicines  : 
namely,  the  "  Essenceof  Water-dock,  Tincture 
of  Valerian,  Pectoral  Balsam  of  Honey,  and 
Tincture  of  Bardana."  The  well-known  sini- 
7»licity  of  these  medicines  made  the  public  judge 
favourably  of  their  efl'ects,  insomuch  that  they 
liad  a  rapid  sale.  Soon  after  the  publication  of 
the  first  ot  these  medicines,  he  obtained  the 
patronage  of  the  earl  of  Bute ;  under  which  he 
published  a  very  pompous  and  voluminous  bo- 
tanical work,  entitled,  "  A  System  of  Botany  ;" 
and  having,  a  year  or  two  before  his  death,  pre- 
sented an  elegant  set  of  his  botanical  works  to 
the  king  of  Sweden,  that  monarch  invested  him 
with  one  of  the  orders  of  his  court. 

HILL,  Robert,  a  man  remarkable  for  his  per- 
severance and  talent  in  learning  many  languages 
tiy  the  aid  of  books  alone,  and  that  under  every 
disadvantage  of  laborious  occupation(as  a  tailor) 
and  e.«treme  poverty  ;  he  was  born  at  Miswell, 
near  Tring,  in  Hcilfordshire,  in  1699,  and  died 
in  1777. 

HILL,  William,  an  English  scholar,  who  pre 
pared  an  edition  of  Dionysius  Periegetis;  lie 
died  in  1667. 

HILL,  George,  an  eminent  clergj'man,  of 
Scotland,  professor  of  Greek,  and  afterward: 
of  divinity  at  the  college  of  St.  Salvador,  prin 
cipal  of  St.  Marv's  College,  and  chaplain  to  the 
king  :  he  died  in  1820. 

HILL,  Thomas  Ford,  an  eminent  English  an- 
tiqiuirv  and  philoloaist.  died  Sept..  179S. 

HiLLF.L,  the  Elder,  a  Jewish  doctor,  of  the 
Misclina,  born  about  30  B.  C,  he  reduced  the 
Jewish  traditions  intoeix  treatises. 
242 


HI 

HILLEL.  the  prince,  great  grandson  of  Judas 
Kakkadosli,  was  one  ol  the  writers  of  the  Gcma- 
ra;  hetlourishtd  iutlieiniddleofthe4lliceiitury. 

HILlilARI),  Nicholas,  limner  to  queen  Eli- 
zabeth, whose  picture  he  drew  several  times, 
was  bom  at  Exeter,  in  1547,  died  in  1619.  He 
imitated  the  style  of  Holbein  :  and  Isaac  Oliver 
was  his  pupil.  Donne  hascelebrated  this  painter 
in  apoem,  called, "  Tlie  Storm  ;"  where  he  says, 

"A  hand,  an  eye, 
By  Hilliard  di-awn,  is  worth  a  history." 

HILLIARD,Tiniothy,minister  of  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  died  in  1790,  much  respected  for  his  tal- 
ents ami  qualifications. 

HJMKRIUS,  a  Greek  grammarian,  who  kept 
a  S'.lin.il  at  Athens,  in  the  time  of  Julian. 

HL\(_'KLEY,  John,  an  English  divine,  who 
published  sonje  works;  he  died  in  1691. 

IIL\CMAR,or  HINCMARUS,  archbishop  of 
Rheinis,  a  zealous  supporter  of  the  Galilean 
churcM  ;  he  died  in  882. 

HIPPARCHIA,  a  celebrated  lady  who  flour- 
ished ill  the  time  of  Aleiander.  Slie  addicted 
herself  to  philosophy,  and  wrote  some  things 
which  have  not  been  transmitted  down  tons; 
among  which  were  "  Tragedies ;  Philosophical 
Hypotheses,  or  Suppositions;  some  Reasonings 
and  Ciuesiioiis  proposed  toTheodorus,  surnanied 
the  Atheist,"  &c. 

HIPPARf'inJS,  a  great  astronomer,  born  at 
Wee,  in  Bithyiiia,  flourished  between  KiO  and 
125  B.  C.  He  is  reckoned  to  have  been  the  first 
who  from  vague  and  scattered  observations  re- 
duced astronomy  into  a  science,  and  prosecuted 
the  study  of  it  svslemaiically. 

HIPPARCHUS,  son  of  Pisistraius,  v.as slain 
by  Harmodius  and  Aristogitoii,  SiW  B.  C. 

HIPPOCRATES,   the  father  of  physic  andN 
prince  of  physicians,  born  in  the  island  of  Cos,  J 
in  the  80th  Olympiad,  flourished  at  the  time  of  / 
the  Peloponnesian  war.     He  was  the  first  man/ 
that  we  know  of,  who  laid  down  precepts  con' 
ceining  physic.     On  account  of  his  wonderful  ' 
skill  and  foresight  in  this  art,  he  passed  with 
the  Grecians  for  a  god,  and  after  his  death  liad  j 
divine  honours  paid  him      He  died  at  about  W 
years  of'ase.  His  works  have  often  been  printed^ 
lilPPOAAX,  a  satirist  of  Ephesus,  as  re- 
markable for  his  wit  as  the  deformity  of  his 
person.    Bupalus  and  Authernms,  two  eminent 
statuaries,  caricatured  him  in  a  statue :  on  which 
he  wrote  such  bitter  invectives  against  them, that 
they  both  d'spatciied  themselves  ;  or  (as  others 
say)  left  Ephesus  on  the  occasion. 

"  Acer  hustis  Bupalo,"  says  Horace. 

In  the  Antbologia,  there  are  some  epigrams  on 
Hipponax. 

HIR.\jM,  king  of  Tyre  ;  he  furnished  Solomon 
with  materials  for  the  temple,  and  died  1000 
B.  C. 

HIRE,  Laurence  dc  la.  a  much  admired 
French  painter,  died  in  16.56. 

HIRE,  Philip  do  la,  a  celebrated  French  ma- 
thematician, son  of  Laurence  ;  his  works  are 
numerous  and  valuable;  he  died  in  1718. 

HIRE,  Phiiip  de  la,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
a  painter,  whose  portraits  are  admired  ;  he  died 
in  1719. 

HISCAM,  or  HV3IAM,  15th  caliph  of  the 
Omraiades,  ascended  the  throne  in  723,  and  died 
in  74:'. 

HITCHCOCK,  Enos,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Pro- 


Ho  

vidence,  Rhodu  Island,  was  snmotiiuu  cliaplaiti 
in  the  American  army  ;  tie  died  in  JHt)3. 

HOADLY,  Jolm,  1>.  D.,  bisliop  of  Leighlin 
and  F'ernes.arclibiHliop  olDulilin  and  of  Armagh, 
an<l  primate  of  Iri'land  ;  liediedin  !71)i. 

HOADIiY,  Benjamin,  bishop  ol  Winchester, 
born  at  VVesterliam,  in  Kent,  liJ7G,  died  in  17111. 
Preaciiing  against  wliat  he  considered  as  the 
inveterate  errors  of  the  clerj^y,  amonci  otlier  dis- 
courses one  was  upon  tliese  words,  "  My  liing- 
dom  is  not  of  this  world  ;"  which  producing 
tlie  famous  Baii;;orian  controversy,  as  It  was 
called,  employed  the  press  for  many  years. 
Hoadly  contended,  that  theclergy  had  no  preten- 
sions lo  any  tenij)oraljnrisdirtions  ;  but  that  tem- 
poral princes  had  a  ri!,'ht  to  govern  in  ecclesiasti- 
cal politics ;  and  by  this  means  he  drew  on  him- 
self the  indignationof  almost  all  the  clergy.  These 
disputes,  however,  have  long  since' subsided. 

HOADLY,  Or.  Benjamin,  eldest  son  of  the 
bishop  of  VViiichesler,  born  in  London,  in  1705-(). 
He  was  appointed  physician  to  his  majesty's 
household,  in  174-2,  and  to  that  of  the  prince  of 
Wales,  in  174t).  This,  being  at  a  time  vviien 
the  families  were  not  upon  the  best  terms,  is  a 
proof  that  Dr.  Hoadly  was  a  most  une.xception- 
able  man ;  and  he  is  said  to  have  tilled  the  post 
with  singular  honour.  He  published  some  me- 
dical and  philosophical  works,  and  "  The  Sus- 
picious Hu^-band,"  a  comedy,  which,  wlieneviir 
represented,  continually  affords  fresh  pleasure 
to  the  audience;  he  died  in  17.'>7. 

HOADIiY,  Dr.  John.  This  gentleman,  young- 
est son  of  the  bishop  of  Winchester,  was  born 
in  London,  in  1711,  and  died  in  177fi ;  and  wiili 
him  the  name  of  Hoadly  became  extinct.  He 
revised  Li llo' 5  "  Arden  of  Feversham,"  wrote 
the  5th  act  of  ?diller's  "  Mahomet,"  and  left 
behind  him  several  dramatic  works  in  M3.S.; 
among  the  rest,  "The  Honsei^eeper,"  a  farce, 
on  the  plan  of  High  Life  below  Stairs,  and  a 
tragedy  on  the  .storv  of  lord  Cromwell. 

HOAR,  Leonard,  M.  D.,  president  of  Har- 
vard College,  respected  as  a  scholar  and  a 
Christian  ;  he  died  in  11)75. 

HOBART,  Peter,  lirst  minister  of  Hingham, 
Mass.,  died  in  1079. 

HOBART,  Nehemiah,  son  of  Peter,  .ind  min- 
ister of  Newton ;  he  was  humble,  pious,  and 
learned,  and  died  in  1712. 

HOBART,  Noah,  minister  of  Fairfield,  Conn., 
was  a  man  of  great  talents  and  extensive  ac- 
quirements; he  wrote  in  favour  of  presbyteriaii 
ordination,  and  died  in  177.3. 

Ht)B.\RT,  John  Sloss,  judge  of  the  district 
court  of  New  York,  and  a  senator  of  the  United 
Slates:  he  died  in  1.^05. 

HOBBES.  Thomas,  born  tit  Malinsbury,  in 
1588,  died  in  1079.  He  published,  among  otlier 
things,  an  •'  English  transl.irion  of  Thiicydidcs," 
"  Tluman  Nature,"  and  a  treatise  "DeCorpore 
Politico,  or,  of  the  Elenienls  of  the  Law." 
This  latter  piece  was  presented  to  Gassendus, 
and  read  by  him  a  few  months  before  his  deatli ; 
who  is  said  fir^it  to  have  kissed  it,  and  then  to 
have  delivonvl  his  opinion  of  it  in  these  words: 
"  This  treatise  is  indeed  small  in  bulk,  but,  in 
my  judgmiMit,  the  very  marrow  of  science." 
In  1651,  he  pnbl  shed  his  religious,  political,  and 
moral  principles  in  a  complete  system,  which 
lie  called  the  "  Leviathan ;"  and  caused  a  copy 
of  it,  very  fairly  written  on  vellum,  to  be  pre- 
gentrd  to  Charles  II.  He  also,  in  his  88th  year, 
published  in  Kiiglish  verse,  the  whole  "  Iliad" 
and  "Odyssey"  of  Homer;  but  his  poetry  is 
below  criticism,  and  has  long  ticuii  exploded. 


HO 

'J'here  have  been  few  persons  whose  writings 
have  liad  a  more  pernicious  influence  in  spread- 
ing irreligion  and  infidelity  tlian  Hobbes;  and 
yet  none  of  his  treatises  are  directly  levelled 
against  revealed  religion. 

HOBBIMA,  Minderhout,  an  eminent  Dutcli 
landscape  painter,  born  at  Antwerp,  about  1611. 

HOCHE,  Lazarus,  a  native  of  Versailles,  dis 
linguished  as  a  brave  and  intrepid  general  in  the 
French  army,  during  the  revolution  ;  he  died 
in  Austria,  in  1797. 

HOCHSTKT  TER,  Andrew  Adam,  a  German 
divine,  historian,  and  political  writer,  born  at 
Tubingen,  in  ItiOH,  died  in  1717. 

HODGES,  Nathaniel,  an  eminent  English 
physician,  settled  in  London,  wiiere  he  died  in 
1R84.  He  wrote  an  account  of  the  plague  in 
London,  and  other  medical  works. 

HODY,  Humphrey,  an  eminent  English  di- 
vine, and  controversial  writer,  regius  professor 
of  Greek  at  O.xford,  and  an  archdeacon ;  he 
died  in  1706. 

HOE,  Matthias  de  Hoenegg,  a  distinguished 
German  Lutheran  divine,  and  preacher  to  the 
elector  of  Sa.\ony  ;  he  died  in  1645. 

HOECK,  Robert  Van,  m  eminent  painter,  of 
Antwerp,  died  in  the  middle  of  the  17th  century. 

HOECK,  John  Van,  a  distinguished  portrait 
and  historical  painter,  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1600, 
and  died  in  1650. 

HOEL,  Ger.ard,  a  distinguished  historical  and 
landscape  painter,  of  Utrecht,  died  in  1733. 

HOELTZLINltS,  Jereraias,  a  learned  phi- 
lologist, of  Nuremberg,  settled  at  Leydcn,  where 
he  died  in  1041. 

HOESCHELIUS,  David,  a  learned  and  inde- 
fatigable scholar,  of  Augsburg,  and  librarian 
and  teacher  in  tiie  college  there,  died  in  1617. 

HOFFM.'VN,  Daniel,  an  eminent  Lutheran 
livine,  and  professor,  at  Hclmstadt,  toward  the 
close  of  the  16th  century. 

HOFFMAN,  Maurice,  a  German  medical, 
an.itomical,  and  botanical  writer,  born  at  Bran- 
denburg, in  16-21,  and  died  in  1698. 

H(:)FFMAN,  John  Maurice,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  physician,  and  medical  writer,  born  at 
Altdorf,  in  1656,  and  died  in  1727. 

HOFFMAN,  John  James,  the  laborious  com- 
piler of  a  "  Lexicon  Universale  Historiro-Geo- 
graphico-Poetico-Philosophico-Poiitico-Philolo- 
gicum,"2  vols,  folio,  Geneva,  ];i77.  It  hasbeen 
since  enlarged  and  published  ia  4  vols.  I'olio,  and 
tinrls  a  place  in  every  learned  library.  He  was 
born  at  Basle,  in  1635,  and  died  there  in  1706. 

HOFFM.AN,  Gasper,  professor  of  physic, 
at  Altdorf,  and  author  of  some  medical  works  ; 
he  died  in  1649. 

HOFFMAN,  Frederic,  born  at  Hall,  near 
.Magdeburg,  in  IWO,  was  professor  of  physic  at 
that  place,  and  died  in  1742.  His  works  were 
collected  at  Geneva,  in  si.v  large  folios,  1748, 
and  1754 ;  and  he  has  deservedly  been  reckon- 
ed among  the  best  writers  on  physic. 

HOGARTH,  William,  a  truly  great  and  ori- 
ginal genius  in  painting  and  engraving,  was 
born  in  1697,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Martin,  Lud- 
gate,  and  bound  apprentice  lo  Mr.  Ellis  Gam- 
ble, a  silversmith  of  eminence,  in  Cranbonm 
street,  Lciceeter  Fields.  In  this  profession  it  is 
not  unusual  to  bind  apprentices  to  the  single 
branch  of  engraving  arms  and  cyphers  on  every 
species  of  metal ;  and  in  that  particular  depait- 
ment,  young  Hogarth  was  placed.  He  be.;aii 
business  on  his  own  account  about  1720;  and 
his  first  employment  seems  to  have  been  the 
engraviiiu  of  arms  and  shop-bills.  The  next 
243 


HO 


Rtep  was  to  (lesi'.'ii  aiul  I'liruUI]  plates  lor  honk 
eolliirs  ;  ol'  wliicli,  thosi^  hist  kiinwn  arn  17  tor 
aduodociiiK)  edition  of  "  Fluililiras,"  (with  Joll- 
ier's lioad,)  in  1726.  Tlie  lirsl  pie<-e  in  wliicli 
he  distinguished  liiniself  a;-  a  painlrr,  was  a  re- 
jircRcnlation  of"  Waiistrad  a?s'i;ibly,  the  por- 
traitu  I'rom  life,  witliout  hurlesipie,  and  the  C'>- 
loiirinf;  rather  better  than  tiome  of  his  later  and 
more  liighly  finieiied  pertorinances.  It  was 
Hosrarth's  custom  to  sketch  out  on  the  spot  any 
reiTiarkable  lace  which  |)<trtiriilarly  struck  hlni, 
and  of  which  he  wished  tojireservc  tlie  reiiieni- 
b>aiice  ;  and  this  he  Ireqiientlv  did  with  a  pen- 
cil on  liis  nail.  In  17;t0,  Mr.  Hnuartli  married 
the  only  daughter  of  Sir  James  Thornhill ;  and 
soon  alter,  liavin(5  summer  lodgincs  at  S-outh 
Ijauilielh,  and  beinc  iiitiniate  with  Mr.  Tyers, 
he  contributed  to  the  iniprovciiiciitof  the  .Sjiring 
Gardens,  at  Vaiixhall,  by  the  hint  of  eint)elli9h- 
in"  them  with  paiiuiii!;,  eome  of  which  were  the 
productions  ol  his  own  truly  cofhic  pencil.  In 
i~'0  his  genius  became  conspicuously  known. 
His  "  Harlot's  Proeress"  introduced  him  to  the 
notice  of  the  great,  aiitj  Ho?arth  rose  complete- 
ly into  fame.  Soon  after  the  peace  of  Aix-la- 
("hapellc,  lie  went  over  to  France,  and  was  ta- 
ken into  custody  at  (.'alais,  while  he  was  draw 
ing  the  gate  of  the  town  ;  a  circumstance  whicli 
Jic  has  recorded  in  liis  picture,  entitled  "  O  th< 
Roast  Beef  of  Old  England  !'"  published  1749. 
H>'  was  actually  carried  before  the  governor  as 
a  sp\,  and  alter  a  strict  examination,  commit 
led  a  prisoner  to  fJrandsire,  his  landlord,  on  liii 
promisnia  that  Hojiarth  should  not  go  out  of  hi: 
house,  till  he  was  to  embark  for  England.  In 
J'ii'.i,  he  appeared  to  the  world  in  the  character 
of  an  author,  and  published  a  4to  volume,  en 
tilled  "  The  Analysis  of  Beauty,  written  with 
a  view  of  lixing  tlie  fluctuating  ideas  of  Taste." 
Jn  this  performance,  he  shows,  by  a  variety  of 
examples,  tha*  a  curve  is  the  line  of  beauty, 
and  that  round  swelling  figures  are  most  pleas 
)!ig  to  the  eye  ;  and  the  truth  of  his  opinion  has 
been  countenanced  hy  subsequent  writers  on  the 
Kuhjeet.  Hoiiarfh  was  one  of  the  most  absent 
of  men.  Soon  after  he  set  up  his  carriage  he 
had  occasion  to  pay  a  visit  to  the  lord-mayor, 
(Mr.  Beckford.)  When  he  went,  the  weather 
was  fine ;  but  business  detained  him  till  a  vio 
lent  shower  of  rain  came  on.  He  was  let  out 
o!  the  mansion-house  by  a  different  door  from 
that  at  which  he  entered  ;  and,  seeing  the  rain, 
began  immediately  to  call  for  a  hackney-coach. 
Nril  one  was  to  be  met  with  on  any  of  the  neigh- 
Ijouring  stands;  and  our  artist  sallied  fortli  to 
111  ave  the  storm,  and  actually  reached  Leicester 
Fi, 'Ids  without  bestowing  a  thought  on  his  own 
carriage,  till  Mrs.  Hogarth,  (surprised  to  see 
him  so  wet  and  siilashed)  asked  him  where  he 
bad  left  it.  The  last  memorable  event  in  our 
artist's  life,  was  his  quarrel  with  Mr.  Wilkes; 
in  which,  if  Mr.  Hogarth  did  not  commence  di- 
rect hostilities,  he  at  least,  obliquely  gave  the 
first  offence,  hy  an  attack  on  the  friends  and 
party  of  that  gentleman.  Mr.  Churchill,  the 
poet,  soon  after  published  the  "  Epistle  to  Wil- 
liam Hu;.'arth,"  and  took  for  the  motto, "  ut  pic- 
turapoesis."  Mr.  Hogarth's  revenge  against  the 
p.ipt,  terminated  in  vamtiing  up  aii  old  print  of 
fi  pug-dog  and  a  bear,  which  he  pnnlished  under 
tllH  title  of  "The  Bruiser  C.  ("hurcliill,  (once 
the  Uev. :)  in  the  chat.icter  of  a  Rus.'Jian  Hercu 
Ifs,"  &c.  At  the  lime  tliese  hostilities  were 
carrying  im  in  a  niatnier  so  vii ulent  and  (lis 
gi  .-VrpfMl  to  all  the  parties,  Hogarth  dad,  Ocioiier 
25,  17G4. 

244 


HO 

(lOriKMiOHE.  prince  de,  a  distinguished 
zeneral  ot  the  imperial  army,  inthc  wars  against 
the  Fr.-nch  and  Turks  ;  he  died  in  1796 

IKJLBAt  K,  Paul  Thierri,  baron  de,  an  emi- 
nent miri(ralo(;i.-^t,  andinendier  of  several  of  the 

adcniii's  of  Europe  :  he  died  at  Paris,  ii;  1789. 

HOLIiElW,  John,  better  known  by  hi's  Ger- 
man name,  Hans  Holbein,  an  admirable  pain- 
ter, born  at  Basil,  in  Switzerland,  in  14t>8,  died 
of  the  plague,  in  1554.  Hi*  most  famous  pic- 
tures are.  Our  Saviour's  Passion,  in  the  town- 
house,  at  Basil ;  and,  in  the  Ilsh-market  of  the 
same  town,  a  Dance  of  Peasants,  and  Death's 
l>ance;  which  are  exceedingly  striking  to  the 
connoisseur,  fioing  to  England  Holbein  wai 
introduced  by  SirThomas  .More  to  Henry  VIII., 
in  this  manner.  Sir  'I'homas  invited  the  king  to 
an  entertainment,  and  hung  up  all  Hoibein's  pie- 
ces, disposed  in  the  best  order,  and  in  the  best 
light,  in  the  great  nal!  of  his  house.  The  king, 
upon  his  tirstentraiice,  was  so  charmed  with  the 
sight  of  them,  that  he  ask.  d  "  Whether  such  an 
artist  were  now  alive,  and  to  be  had  for  mo- 
nev?"  Upon  which.  Sir  Tiiomas  presented 
Holbein  to  the  king,  who  immediately  took  him 
into  his  service,  and  brouuht  him  into  great  es- 
teem with  the  nobility  of  the  kingdom.  Hol- 
bein haii  the  same  singularity  which  Pliny  men- 
lions  olTurpilius,  a  Roman;  namely,  that  of 
painting  with  his  left  hand. 

HOLBERG,  Louis  de,  a  distinguished  Da- 
nish writer,  author  of  a  history  of  Denmark, 
and  other  works,  died  in  1754. 

HOL(  ROFT,  Thomas,  a  miscellaneous,  poe- 
tical, political,  and  dramatical  writer,  and  no- 
velist, was  the  son  of  a  shoemaker,  and  born  in 
1744.  He  was  bred  to  his  father's  trade,  but 
quitted  it  for  a  time,  and  became  jockey  to  the 
Hon.  Mr.  Vernon,  at  Newmarket  races.  He  re- 
turned afterwards  to  shoemaking,  at  which  he 
continued  till  he  wa»  about  25  years  of  age. 
Mr.  Holcroft  then  became  an  actor,  which  pro- 
fession he  followed  (not  with  the  most  flatter- 
ing success)  till  after  the  production,  in  1781,  of 
his  comedy,  called  Duplicity.  He  then  with- 
drew from  the  stage  as  an  actor,  and  for  several 
years  devoted  his  attention  to  dramatic  and  no- 
vel writing.  His  plays  (of  which  the  bent  is 
The  Road  to  Ruin)  are  enumerated  in  the  Bio- 
graphia  Dramatica.    Mr.  Holcroft  died  in  1809. 

HOLDEN,  Henry,  an  excellent  English  com- 
mentator on  tiie  New  Testament,  and  writei 
on  Faith,  died  in  1(562. 

HOLDEN,  Samuel,  died  in  London,  in  1740, 
and  bequeathed  4,847/.  in  charity,  for  promoting 
iihe  gospel,  &c.,  in  New  England. 

HOLDER,  William,  an  ingonRous  English 
Iman,  who,  among  many  other  works,  published 
a  book  entitled  "  The  Elements  of  Speech  ;  an 
Essay  of  Inquiry  into  the  natural  production  of 
Letters  :  with  an  Appendix  concerning  Persons 
that  are  Deaf  and  Dumb,  lCtJ9."  He  died  in 
1697. 

HOLDSWORTH,  Edward,  born  in  1689,  died 
in  1747.  He  was  the  author  of  "  Miir-cipula," 
a  poem,  esteemed  a  master-piece  in  its  kind  ; 
and  also  of  "  Remarks  and  Dissertations  on 
Virgil;"  and  Mr.  Spence  speaks  of  him  in  "Po- 
Ivmetis,"  as  one  who  understood  Virgil  in  s 
liiore  masterly  manner  than  any  person  he  ever 
kni'W. 

I    HOLE,  Richard,  an  English  poet  and  divine, 
'born  at  Exeter;  he  died  in  IPOS. 
I    HOLINSHEP,  Raphael,  an  English  historian, 
[and  fanous  for  the  chronicles  that  go  under  his 
•name,  died  in  1581.    His  "  Chronicles"  wett 


Jl  ' 


'It 


HO 


no 


first  (mblis-Iicd  in  1577,  in  2  vols,  folio  ;  and  llien 
ill  )5f7,  in  14;  tlie  I  wo  firsl  ot  which  are  gene- 
rally hoiiiiii  lo'.'Ltlici.  The  lonliiiualions  from 
1577,  to  1587,  were  by  Stow,  Thin,  Fleming,  and 
olhi.rs. 

HOMj,  Francis  Xavier,  a  jcsnit,  professor 
of  belles  letters,  and  of  ecclesiastical  law,  in 
several  German  universities;  he  died  atlleidel- 
bnrg,  in  I7H4. 

HOLIi.ViM*, Philemon,  a  very  lalmrions  trans- 
lator, was  born  at  C'helmford,  Kssex,  and  edn- 
cated  at  Trinity  coUei^e,  Cambridge,  lie  died 
in  lliliO,  at  tb«  ace  of  85,  having;  published 
translations  of  Ijivy,  Pliny,  Plutarch,  Suetonius, 
Xenophon,  and  "  (Camden's  Britannia  ;"  to 
which  last  he  made  additions. 

HOliLAB,  VVenlzel,  or  Wenceslaus,  a  most 
admirtid  enpravcr  of  views  and  portraits,  born 
at  Praane,  in  Kolieniia,  in  lii07,  died  in  l(i()7. 

HOlililS,  Denzil,  lord,  second  son  of  the  earl 
of  Clare,  an  eminent  English  patriot,  born  in 
1597,  died  in  lii80.  He  nobly  maintained  and] 
defended  the  rishls  and  privileges  of  the  honsel 
of  connnons,  of  which  he  was  a  most  worthy' 


HOLT,  John,  an  Knglish  miscellaneous. wri 
ler,  died  near  Liverpool,  in  Jf^OI.  At  the  time 
of  his  death  tie  was  engaged  m  writiug  a  liisto- 
ry  of  that  city. 

HOLVVELL,  John  '/,e|)haniah,  a  governor  of 
Hengal,  and  oni;  ol"  the  wretched  prisoners  con- 
lined  in  the  l^lack  Hole,  in  Calcutta,  iJOih  June, 
17.1(5,  wherein  a  great  number  of  gentlemen 
were  sulibcated  ;  but  Mr.  Hohvell,  wilJi  a  few 
others,  surviving,  he  published  a  "  Narrative" 
o!  the  dreadful  affair.  He  al.so  wrote  a  great 
number  of  tracts,  chiefly  on  Indian  alfaits,  and 
died,  aged  near  00,  in  1708. 

IIOLYDA,  Karten,  an  ingenious  and  learned 
Englisli  divine,  poet  and  philosopher,  born  at 
Oxt'oid,  in  I.j'.W,  died  in  1(561.  He  wrote  '"J'eclj 
nogamia,  or  the  Marriage  of  the  Arts,"  a  cmii- 
edy,  acted  by  some  Oxford  scholars,  at  AVood 
lock,  in  Ifi'il,  before  king  James  ;  and  a  "  (Pur- 
vey ot'  the  World,"  in  10  books,  a  poem,  in 
1(5(51  ;  but  the  work  tbat  he  is  known  and  es- 
teemed lor  now,  is  his  '•Translation  of  the  Sa- 
tires of  Juvenal  andPersius;"  for  lhons;h  hiB 
poetry  is  but  inditlerent,  yet  his  translation  is 


member,   against    the    arbitrary    measures  ot'llnerally  allowed  to  be  faithful, and  his  notebpiod 


Charles  I.  and  his  favourites,  falsely  styled 
"  'J'ho  King's  Friends."  His  lordship  was  alsoi 
a  political  writer.  "  I 

HOLLIS,  Thomas Fclham,  duke  of  Newcas-| 
tie,  was  employed  in  several  high  otlices  dnringi 
the  reign  of  Ceorge  11.  He  retired  from  the  ad- 1 
ministration  soon  after  the  accession  of  George; 
Ifl.,  and  died  in  17(58.  | 

HOLLIS,  Thomas,  born  in  Ijondon,  in  1720 


died  in  1774;     He  was  possessed  of  a  large  for-,  colIc;2e,  died  in  17li7. 


HOLYOAKE,Fraiici.*,  a  learned  Englishman, 
niomorable  for  having  made  an  "  Etymolou'ical 
Dictionary  of  Latin  Words,"  born  in  War- 
wickshire, in  15(57,  died  111  1633. 

HOLYOAKE,  Thomas,  an  officer  in  the  Eng- 
lish army,  afterwards  a  clergyman,  and  author 
of  a  Latin  and  English  Dictionary ;  he  died  in 
1675. 

HOLYOAKE,  Edward,  president  of  Harvard 


;;  more  than  half  of  which  he  devoted  to 
charities,  to  the  encouragement  of  genius,  and, 
to  the  support  and  del'cnce  of  liberty,  liis  stu-i 
dions hours  were  devoted  to  the  search  ofnoblel 
authors  hidden  by  the  rust  of  time,  and  to  do: 
their  virtues  jnsticii  by  brightening  their  actionsj 
for  (iie  review  of  the  public.  A  new  edition  of  i 
"Toland's  Life  of  Alilton"  was  published  un-| 
der  his  <lirection,  in  17(51  :  and  in  1763,  he  gave; 
an  accurate  edition  of  AlL'eriion  Sidney's  "  I)is-| 
courseson  (iovermnent;"  on  which  the  pains  and' 
expense  that  ho  bestowed  are  almost  incre<Hble. 

HOLI^IS,  'Phomas,  a  benefactor  of  Harvard  jborn  in  Scotland,  in  1690,  died  in   1782 
college,  and  founder  of  a  professorship  of  ma-  [principal  works  are,  "Sketches  of  the  History 
themaiics  and  theology,  in  that  seminary;  be'ofMan,"  "  I'.lements  of  Criticism,"  and"'i'he 
tiled  in  England,  in  1731. 

HOLMES,  Oe(nge,  a  distinguished  English 
antiquary,  employed  to  arraii'iethe  valuable  i)a- 


IIOI.VWOOD,  John,  an  English  mathemati- 
cian, died  at  Palis,  in  1256. 

HOMUERG,  William,  a  nalive  of  Batavia, 
in  Java;  he  went  to  Europe,  and  settled  at 
Paris,whcre  he  became  a  distinguished  cbymist, 
and  physician  to  the  duke  of  Orleans  ;  he  died 
in  1715. 

HOME,  David,  a  celebrated  Scotch  divine  ami 
writer,  the  linie  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

IKJME,  Henry,  lord  Kaimes,  one  of  the  se- 
nators of  the  college  of  justice  in  Scotland,  and 
eminent  as  a  critical  and  philosophical  writer. 

His 


pers  in  tlie  'i'ower  ;  he  died  in  1749. 

HOLMiOS,  Dr.  Nathaniel,  an  English  divine, 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  the  Hebrew 
lansinaires;  he  died  in  1(578. 

HtJLiMES,  Robert,  D.  D.,an  English  divine, 
successively  canon  of  Salisbury  and  dean  of 
Winchester,  distinguished  as  a  poet  and  scholar, 
and  for  his  devotion  to  biblical  criticism;  he 
died  at  Oxford,  in  18U5. 

HOLSTRN,  Cornelius,  an  eminent  painter, 
of  llaerleni,  who  lived  about  the  end  of  the  17lli 
century. 

IIOLSTEINIUS,  Lucas,  a  German  commen- 
tator, on  Greek  and  Latin  authors,  born  at  Ham- 
burg, in  1590,  and  died  in  16(51. 

HOLT,  sir  John,  chief  justice  of  the  court 
of  king's  bench,  in  the  reign  of  king  William, 
was  born  in  1642,  died  in  1708.  He  puhlishecl 
chief  justice  Kelynge's  Reports,  with  annota 
tions  upon  them,  by  himself;  and  his  integrity 
and  uprightness  as  a  judge  are  celebrated  by  th 


Gentleman  Farm 

HOME,  John,  was  born  in  the  city  of  An- 
cruin,  in  Roxbnrgshiie,  in  1724,  and  died  at 
Merchiston  House,  near  Edinburgh,  in  18(18, 
Mr.  Hinne  was  oriL'iiially  educated  for  the 
church  of  Scotland,  inducted  into  a  living  in 
the  Lothians,  the  duties  of  which  he  discharged 
with  the  greatest  propriety.  As  soon,  however, 
as  it  was  known  that  he  was  the  author  of  the 
excellent  tragedy  of  "Douglas,"  he  became 
very  uupopiiiar,  from  the  puritanical  spirit  of 
the  times,  which  rendered  it  crimintil  in  the 
eyes  of  the  multitude,  that  a  clergyman  should 
even  read  a  play,  far  less  be  the  author  of  one 
On  this,  Mr.  Home  gave  in  his  resignation,  and 
contented  himself  with  the  income  of  a  small 
paternal  estate.  He  was  always,  as  far  as  his 
means  would  admit,  the  friend  and  patron  of 
merit ;  and  under  his  fostering  hand,  many 
sparks  of  literary  genius,  that  would  otherwise 
have  lain  dormant,  were  brought  to  light.  Ho 
was,  in  early  life,  a  very  kind  patron  to  Mac- 
phcrson,  the  translator  of  Ossian,  who  had  af- 
terwards an  opportunity  of  manifesting  his  gra- 


antlior  of  the  "Tattler,"  No.  14,  nmler  tljecha-|ititudeby  abcquest  of  20110?.  Though  IMr.  Horn-? 
lacior  of  Vorus,  the  magiatruti;  'Iwrole   several'   tregedics  besides    "  DouglaV 

21*  245 


HO 

some  of  which  possess      merit,  none  of  them 

wore  successful  on  the  9taj;e. 

HOMER,  the  most  ancient  of  tlie  Greeic  poets, 
was  the  t'ather  of  poetry,  as  Herodotus  was  of 
history,  and  Hippocrates  of  pliysic.  As  mucli 
as  he  has  cfilebratod  tlic  praises  of  otiiers,  he 
has  been  so  very  modest  about  liiinself,  tliat  w 
do  not  tind  the  least  mention  of  liiui  lhrou<;hout 
his  poems:  so  liiat  whore  he  was  born,  wlio 
were  liis  parents,  what  age  ho  lived  in,  and  al 
ni.)5,t  every  ciicumstanr.e  of  his  life,  remain,  at 
this  day,  in  a  great  measure,  if  not  wliolly,  un- 
known. The  only  incontestable  works  which 
Hom-;r  has  left  bidiind  him  are  the  "  Fliad"  and 
the  "  Odyssey."  It  was  by  these  poems  that 
all  the  wormies  of  antiquity  were  formed. 
Hmice  the  lawijivers,  the  founders  of  monar- 
chies and  cointaonwealths,  took  the  model  of 
th<Mr  politics  ;  hence  the  philosophers  drew  the 
first  principles  of  morality  which  they  taught 
the  people ;  hence  physicians  have  studied  dis- 
eases and  their  cures  ;  astronomers  have  leafn- 
ed  the  knowledge  of  the  heavens,  and  geome- 
tricians of  the  earth :  kings  and  princes,  the  art 
to  govern  ;  and  captains,  to  form  a  battle,  to 
encamp  an  army,  to  besiege  towns,  totii^'ht,  and 
gain  victories.  "  "  Homer  (sr.ys  Sir  VVilliani 
Temple)  was,  without  doubt,  the  most  universal 
genius  that  has  been  known  in  the  world,  and 
Virgil  the  most  accomplished.  To  the  first  must! 
be  allowed  the  most  fertile  invention,  liie  richest! 
vein,  the  most  general  knowledge,  and  the  most; 
lively  expressions :  to  the  last,  the  noblest  ideas,  j 
the  justest  institution,  the  wisest  conduct,  and] 
the  ciioicest  elocution.  The  colouring  of  b  ith; 
.seems  equal,  and  indeed  in  both  is  admirable.] 
Homer  had  more  fire  and  rapture,  Virgil  more 
iijht  and  sweetness;  or,  at  least,  the  poetical 
lire  was  more  raging  in  the  one,  hut  clearer  in' 
t!ie  other ;  which  makes  the  first  more  amazing.  [ 
and  the  latter  more  agreeable.  In  short,  these 
yvo  immortal  poets  must  be  allowed  to  iiave 
St)  much  excelled  in  their  kinds  as  to  have  ex- 
ceeded all  comparison,  to  have  even  exlinsnish- 
ed  emulation,  and,  in  a  manner,  contined  true 

poetry,  not  only  to  their  two  languages,  but  tOi'himself  by  many  noble  inventions  andfjm- 
their  very  persons."  The  first  appearance  of  j  provements  in  mechanics ;  invented  pendiimm 
Homer's  works  in  Greece,  was  about  120  years!|watcl.es,  and  several  astronomical  instruments 
before  Rome  was  built;  that  is,  about  200  yeaisj|for  making  observations  both  at  sea  and  land  ; 
after  the  supposed  time  of  Homer.  The  A  run-  .and  was  particularly  serviceable  to  Mr.  Boyle 
delian  marbles  give  !I07  years  before  Christ,  asl|ia  completing  the  air  pump.  His  writings  are 
the  period  when  he  flourished.  I  numerous  and  valuable. 

HOMMEL,  Charles  Frederic,  a  voluminous      HOOKE,   Xallianael,  author  of  a  valuable 
writer,  of  Leipsic,  died  in  1781.  "  Roman  History,"  and  other  works;  he  died 

HOMMO.VD,  Charles  Francis  1',  an  instruct-   in  nfi4. 
er  of  youth,  at  Paris,  author  of  an  Epitome||    .HOOKER,  John,  an  eminent  English  anti- 

qtiary,  born  at  Exeter,  in  l.l'i^.  He  afterwards 
represented  his  native  place  in  parliament,  and 
died  in  HiOl. 

HOOKER,  Richard,  an  eminent  English  di- 
vine, author  ofan  excellent  work,  entitled  "The 
Laws  of  Ecclesiastical  Polity,  in  8  books," 
was  born  in  1553,  and  died  in  KiOO.  Of  Hook- 
er and  this  work,  pope  Clement  VIII.  said, 
I"  This  man  indeed  deserves  the  name  of  ah 
author.  His  books  will  get  reverence  by  age; 
tfor  mere  are  in  them  such  seeds  of  eternity, 
that  they  shall  continue  till  the  last  fire  shall  de- 
vour all  learning." 

HOOKER,  Thomas,  first  minister  of  Cam- 
bridge, JIass.,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  Con- 
necticut ;  iie  published  several  sermons,  and 
died  in  1647. 

HOOKER,  John,  minister  of  Northampton, 
Mass.,  was  able  and  faii.hful  in  bis  office  ;  he 
died  in  17 T7. 


HO 

HONOR  HJS,  son  of  Theodosius  the  Great, 
and  emperor  of  the  West,  died  at  Ravenna,  in 
12.1. 

HONORIUS  I.,  pope  after  Boniface  V.,  died 
in  G38. 

HONORIUS  II.,  Lambert,  bishop  of  Ostia, 
and  pope  in  1124.  died  in  ]  130. 

HONORIUS  HI.,  Censio  Savelli,  succeeded 
Innocent  HI.,  as  pope,  and  died  in  1227. 

HONORIUS  IV.,  James  Savslli,  was  elected 
pope  in  128.5,  and  died  in  1287. 

HONT.W,  baron  de,  author  of  a  volume  of 
travels  in  North  America,  filled  with  improba- 
bilities ;  he  lived  in  the  17th  century. 

HONTHEIM,  John  Nicholas  de,  suffragan  to 
the  archbishop  of  Treves,  died  in  17110. 

HONTHOHST,  Herard,  an  eminent  and  ad- 
mired painter,  of  Utrecht,  died  in  16C0. 

HOOD,  Kamuel,  viscount,  a  celebrated  Biiiish 
admiral,  K.  B.,  and  governor  of  Greeiuvicli 
Hi'^pital,  born  in  1724,  died  at  Bath,  in  1816. 

IKJOFT,  Petrus  CorneUus  Van,  an  eminent 
Dutch  poet  and  historian,  born  at  Amsterdam: 
he  died  in  1(147. 

HOOGEVREN,  Henry,  an  eminent  Dutch 
philologist,  born  atLeyden,  in  1712,  died  in  1794. 
His  '•  Doctrina  Particularum  Lingua  Graca;," 
2  vols.  4to,  in  1796,  is  executed  with  a  prodi- 
gious abundance  of  learning,  and  is  a  lasting 
rbuidation  for  his  well-earned  fame. 

HOOGS TRAETEN,  Theodore  Van,  an  ad- 
mired landscape  painter,  of  Antwerp,  died  in 
ItUO. 

HOOGSTRAETEN,  Jame3,aDominican,and 
inquisitor  general,  known  for  the  virulence  with 
which  he  wrote  against  Luther  and  Erasmus. 
He  died  at  Cologne,  in  1.527. 

HOOGSTRATEN,  David  Van,  a  celebiat.-d 
Dutch  critic,  lexicographer,  and  poet,  born  at 
Rotterdam,  in  lfi.58,  died  in  1724. 

HOOGUE,  Romain  de,  a  Dutch  engraver  and 
designer,  whose  works  are  highly  esteemed. 

HOOKE,  Robert,  an  eminent  English  mathe- 
matician and  philosopher,  born  in  the  Me  of 
Wight,  in  1635,  died  in  1702.    He  distinguished 


llistoria;  Sacra,  and  "  De  viris  IllustribusftJrbis 
RoiniE,"  &c.,  died  in  1794. 

IIONDEICOETER,  Gilles,  a  landscape  and 
flower  painter,  at  Utrecht,  born  in  1533. 

HO\DRK0ETER,  Gysbrecht,  son  of  the  pre- 
cedint;,  was  also  a  painter,  and  was  bom  in  1613. 
HO.VDEKOETER,  Melchior,   a    landscape 
painr"r,  of  Utrecht,  died  in  1605. 

HONDIUS,  Abraham,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Rotterdam,  died  in  1695. 

HONDIUS,  Jesse,  an  eminent  selftaught  en- 
graver on  copper  and  ivory,  and  a  writer  of 
distinction,  in  Flanders;  he  died  in  1614. 

HONE,  GeorgePaul,  a  lawyer,  of  Nuremberg, 
and  counsellor  to  the  duke  of  Meimingen,  died; 
in  1747. 

HONESTIS,  Petrus  de,  or  Petrus  Damiam,] 
an  Italian,  made  bishop  of  Ostia  and  a  cardinal 
by  pope  .Stephen,  and  afterwards  his  ambassa- 
dor at  France  ;  ha  died  iu  LU72. 
246 


/ 


HO 


llO 


JIOOLE,  Charles,  an  En^'lish  teacher  and  di- 
vine, [irebcudary  of  Lincoln  cathedral ;  he  died 
in  )66<3. 

HOOLE,  John,  a  poet  and  translator  of  con- 
siderable reputation,  was  born  in  London,  1727, 
and  iducated  in  (lenibrdiliire,  under  Mr.  jainea 
Bennett,  the  publisher  of  Roger  Ascham's' 
works.  In  1744,  ha  was  placed  as  a  clerk  in  the 
India  House,  in  which  establishment  he  remain- 
ed (ill  the  end  of  the  year  1785,  when  he  resign- 
ed his  office  of  auditor  of  Indian  accounts,  and 
soon  after  retired  to  the  neighbourhood  of  Dor- 
king, in  Surrey,  where  he  died  in  1803,  having 
pr.'Maced  elegant  transla.ions  of  the  works  of 
Tasso,  Ariosto,  and  Metastatio,  and  written 
three  tragediee.  He  was  a  very  amiable  charac- 
ter, and  greatly  esteemed  by  Dr.  Johnson. 

HOOPER,  or  HOP£Il,  John,  bishop  of  Glou- 
cester, was  born  in  Somersetshire,  in  1495.  In  the 
persecution  under  Mary,  refusing  to  recant  his 
opinions,  he  was  burned  in  the  city  of  Glouces- 
ter, and  sutfered  death  with  admirable  constan- 
cy, in  1555. 

HOOPER,  George,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished  En- 
glisii  prelate,  bishop  of  St.  Asaphs,  and  after- 
wards of  Bath  and  Wells ;  he  died  in  17:i7. 

HOv^PER,  William,  a  member  of  the  conti-| 
nentri  congress,  from  North  Carolijia,  and  a 
ligner  of  the  declaration  of  Independence  ;  he 
die.,  in  nuo. 

HOORiVBECK,  John,  an  eminent  Dutch  di- 
vine, professor  of  divinity  at  Utrecht,  and  after- 
wards at  Leyden,  and  a  theological  writer  ;  he 
died  in  16i)6. 

HOPivlNS,  Ezekiel,  a  learned  prelate,  bishop 
of  Raphoe,  and  at'lerwards  of  Londonderry  ;  he! 
diid  in  IC'JO.  1 

HOPKINS,  Charles,  son  of  theprecedinr;,  was 
distinguished  in  England  as  a  poet  and  drama- 
llc  writer ;  he  died  in  1699. 

HOPKIXS,  John,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  also  celebrated  as  a  poet ;  the  time  of  liis 
death  is  not  known. 

HOPKINS,  Edward,  governor  of  Connecti- 
cut, aiid  a  benefactor  of  Har\'ard  college  ;  he 
founded  grammar  schools  in  New-Haven  and 
Hartford,  Conn.,  and  died  in  1657. 

HOPKINS,  Samuel,  minister  of  West  Spring- 
field, Mass.,  died  in  1755,  mucii  esteemed. 

HOPKINS,  Stephen,  LL.  D.,  chief  justice 
and  governor  of  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island,  a 
member  of  Congress  in  1776,  and  a  signer  of 
the  declaration  of  Independence  ;  he  died  in 
1785. 

HOPKINSON,  Francis,  a  member  of  con- 
gress, from  New-Jersey,  and  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  Independence ;  he  was  after- 
wariis  a  judge  of  the  district  court  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  for  Pennsylvania,  and  died  in  1791. 
He  was  distinguished  also  as  a  popular  writer, 
and  as  a  poet. 

HOPPNER,  Jrihn,  R.  A.,  an  eminent  English 
portrait  painter,  and  translator  of  '•  Oriental! 
Tales"  into  English  verse  (1305),  was  born  1759,! 
and  died  in  Charles-street,  St.  James'  square,  in| 
IS  10.  I 

HOPTON.  Arthur,  a  distinguished  Ensflish] 
ma'Jjematician,  and  writer  on  raaihematical 
•ubjecis,  died  in  1614,  aged  36. 

HOPTON,  Ralph,  lord,  an  English  officer, 
distiniriiished  for  his  valour,  particularly  during 
»he  civil  wars  ;  he  died  in  1652. 

HOPTON,  Snsaiiiiii,  an  English  lady,  author, 
»f "  Daily  Devotions"  and  other  religious  works  ;| 
jhe  died  in  1709.  I 

aORAPOLLO,  or  HORUS  APOLLO,  a  cele- 


brated grammarian,  of  Egjpt,  flourished  about 
A.  D.  3e0.  There  are  extant  under  his  name 
two  books  "  Concerning  the  Hieroglyphics  of 
the  Egyptians." 

HORATIl,  three  Roman  brothers,  who 
fought  and  conquered  the  thr-ie  Curiatii  of  Alba, 
667  B. C. 

I  HORATIUS,  Codes,  a  renowned  Roman 
knight,  who  saved  the  city  by  his  noble  defence 
of  a  wooden  bridge,  attacked  by  Porsenna. 
While  he  and  two  associates  opposed  the  enemy 
at  the  entrance,  hedtsiied  his  fellow  citizens  to 
cut  away  the  bridge  behind  him  ;  this  being  exe- 
|cuted,he  fell  into  theTyber;  but,  though  wound- 
led,  and  oppressed  by  heavy  armour,  he  gained 
Ithc  shore.  He  flourished  500  B.  C. 
j  HORATIUS,  UuintusFIaccus,  or  Horace,  an 
ancient  Roman  lyric  and  satiric  poet,  who  flour- 
ished in  theageof  Augustus,  was  born  atVenu- 
laium,  about  65  B.  C.  His  poetical  talents  soon 
(made  him  known  to  some  of  the  greatest  men  in 
I  Rome.  Vir^iJ,  as  hehastoldus,  wasUiefirsl  who 
I  recommended  him  to  Mjecena-s;  and  this  cele- 
jbrated  patron  of  iileiature  and  learned  men  grew 
]30  fond  of  him,  that  he  became  a  suitor  for  him 
to  .•Augustus,  and  got  his  estate  (which  had  been 
I  forleited)  to  be  restored.  Augustus  was  highly 
itaken  with  his  greatmerit  and  address;  admitted 
ihim  to  a  close  familiarity  with  him  in  his  private 
I  hours,  and  afterwards  made  him  no  small  offers 
of  preferment.  Tiie  poet  had  the  greatness  of 
mind  to  refuse  them  ail ;  the  life  he  loved  best, 
and  lived  as  much  as  he  could,  was  the  very  re- 
verse of  a  court  hie  ;  a  life  of  retirement  and 
study,  free  from  the  noise  and  hurry  of  ambition. 
He  died  about  8  B.  C. 

HORMAN,  William,  a  native  of  Salisbury, 
distinguished  as  a  divine  and  as  a  botanist,  died 
in  1535. 

HORMISDAS,  a  pope  of  Rome,  in  514,  died 
in  523,  aiid  was  afterwards  canonized. 

HORMISDAS  II.,  succeeded  his  father  as 
king  of  Persia,  in  578.  His  subjects  revolted  un- 
der his  general,  Varanes,  who  defeated  him,  and 
deprived  iiim  of  sight.    He  died  in  590. 

HORNE,  George,  bishopof  Norwich,  born  at 
Otiiam,  in  Kent,  in  17.30,  and  died  in  1792.  This 
divine  united,  in  a  remarkable  degree,  depth  of 
learning,  brightness  of  imagination,  sanctity  of 
manners,  and  sweetness  of  te:iiper.  Four  vo- 
lumes of  his  incomparable  "  Sermons"  are  pub- 
lished. His  "  Commentary  on  the  Psalms,"  in  2 
vols.  4to,  "  will  (as  the  writer  of  his  epitaph  ex- 
presses it)  continue  to  be  a  companion  to  the 
xloset,  till  the  devotion  of  earth  siiall  end  in  the 
hallelujahs  of  heaven."  Dr.  Home  also  wrote  a 
celebrated  piece  of  irony,  in  reply  to  Adam 
Smith's  Sketch  of  David  Hume's  Life. 

HORNECK,  Dr.  Anthony,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish divine,  born  in  the  Lower  Palatinate,  in 
1641,  died  in  1696. 

HORNER,  Francis,  an  English  lawyer,  and  a 
member  of  parliament,  of  some  distinction,  died 
in  1.^17. 

HORNIUS,  George,  professor  of  history  in  the 
university  of  Levdcn,  died  in  1670. 

HORNSBY,  Tho:n<«s,  D.  D.,  born  in  1734,  and 
died  in  1810,  at  the  Observatory,  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Oxford.  He  was  Saviliaii  professor  of  as- 
tronomy, professor  of  natural  philosophy,  reader 
in  experimental  pliilneojihy,  and  librarian  to  the 
RadcliiTe  library  ;  and  Jiis  long  and  eminent  aer- 
vicns  in  the  cause  of  science,  and  successful  la- 
bours in  comi'leling  the  astronoiiiical  arrange- 
mcni«  at  liie  Observatory,  will  ever  be  remein- 
bcied  witi)  gratitude  by  lie  univtrsitv. 
247 


IiCJ 

I  HOK TENS Iirs7M aFtiuran  astronomer,"  ot 
Dtjlft;  lic(li.;(i  in  UYM. 

IIOSKA,  the  (irst  ot'  theniiiior  prophets,  flour- 
ishcil  iiikIlt  the  rfiigns  orji;iohi)amaii,1 1'zziati. 

HOSIUS,  ?lanislaiis,  n  t/ntivt  of  I'oland,  was 


HO 

HORREHOW,  Fcter,  pioteBgor  of  astronomy, 
matlieiiialics,  and  pluloeophy,  at  Copiiiliaiicn, 
and  a  wriler  on  the  Coperiiican  system ;  he  diud 
in  1764. 

HOKROX,  Jeremiah,  an  English  astroiuiiner, 
memorable  from  being  the  first,  frniii  the  ln'(.'in-ijsicre!ary  to  the  king  of  I'oland,  hishop  of  Culm 
ning  of  the  world,  who  had  ohserved  the  ir«ri-|aiid  of  \Varniia,  and  afterwards  a  cardinal.  He 
8it  of  Venus  over  the  sun"s  disk.     He  was  born  idicd  in  )57y. 
in  1619,  and  died  in  l(i41.  IIOSKIAS,  .Tnlin,  an   eniineiit  English   por- 

HORSLEY,  John,  author  of  a  very  learned  trail  iiainter,  died  in  1(»1. 
and  excellent  work,  entitled,  "  Hrilaunia  Roma-       HOSI'IMAN,  Rodolphns,  a  harned  >Swis« 
iia  ;"  being  an  amplt  account  of  the  vislipes  of  writer,  who  has  done  prtxligioup  service  to  the 
the  Romans  in  Britain.    He  wa.s  born  in  North-   pr^testant  cause,  hnni  at  Altdorl,  in  1547,  died 
umberland,  and  di<!(i  in  1731.  [lin  16'J(i.  lie  wrote  an  excelient  work  of  vast  ex- 

HOKSJ.EY,  Samuel,  biahopofSt.  Asanh,  was  lent,  oiled, "A  History  ot  the  Errors  of  I'opery. 


born  in  the  parish  of  t-t.  ftlarlin's  ir.  the  Fields, 
where  his  father  was  clerH  in  orders,  and  was 
educated  at  Trinity  hall, Cambridge.  He  became 
one  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  his  day,  as  a 
theolngist,  a  mathematician,  and  a  profound 
classic.  He  was  many  years  rector  of  Pt.  Slary's, 
Newmgtou,  the  first  parisli  to  which  he  was  ever 
promoted,  and  which  preferment  he  held  long 
after  his  episcopal  elevation.  His  lordship's  first 
seat  on  the  right  reveieud  bench  was  in  1788,  as 
bishop  of  St.  David's.  In  1793,  he  was  trans- 
lated to  the  see  of  Roclrester,  with  wliicli  he  held 
the  deanery  of  Westminster;  and.  in  1802,  ele- 
vated to  the  more  lucrative  bisliopric  of  St. 
Asaph.  No  man  of  the  age,  perhaps,  pos-sessed 
more  of  what  is  getierally  understood  by  the 
idea  of  recondite  learning,  or  was  more  pro- 
foundly versed  in  classical  chronology.  He  edited 
and  illustrated  some  of  the  most  important  of 
Sir  Isaac  Newton's  works,  in  5  vols.  4to,  and 
was  himself  the  author  of  several  esteemed  ma- 
thematical and  theological  productions.  As  a 
senator,he  wasdeservcd.'y  considered  in  the  lirst 
class;  there  were  few  important  discussions  in 
the  house  of  lords,  especially  when  the  topics  re- 
ferred to  the  hierarchical  establishments  of  Eng- 
land, the  French  revolution,  or  the  African  slave 
trade,  (of  which  he  was  a  systematic  opponent,) 
in  wliicli  his  lordship  did  not  participate.  The 
reverend  prelate  was  many  years  a  leading  mem- 
ber of  the  royal  society  ;  but  withdrew  from  it, 
as  has  been  said,  in  consequence  of  a  certain 
high  appoinlineni  taking  place,  of  which  he  dis- 
approved. His  concludii,;.'  words,  on  retiring, 
were,"  1  quit  that  temple  where  philosophy  once 
presided,  and  where  Newton  was  her  officiating 
minister  1"  His  lordship  died  at  Brighton,  Oct. 
4,  ISOfi. 

HORSTIUS,  James,  a  German  physician,  and 
professor  of  medicine  in  the  university  of  Helm- 
sladt ;  he  died  in  1600. 

HORSTIUS,  Gregory,  of  such  reputation  in 
the  practice  of  physic,  that  he  was  usually  cal- 
led the  iEseulapins  of  Germany.  He  was  born 
in  Torgau,  in  1578,  and  died  in  1636. 

HORTE,  John,  an  English  divine,  bishop  of 
Kilinore,  and  afterwards  of  Tuam,  in  Ireland; 
he  died  in  1751. 

HORTENSI.A,a  celebrated  Roman  matron, 
who,  when  the  senate  laid  a  heavy  tat  on  the 
women  of  Rome,  pleaded  with  so  much  elo- 
quence in  behalfof  hersex,  that  the  tax  was  con- 
Bidcrablv  diminished. 

HORtENSILrs,Quintus,  a  celebrated  Roman 
orator  and  poet,  who,  being  eclipsed  at  the  bar 
by  Cicero,  quitted  it  for  a  military  life,  and  bo- 
came  military  tribune,  praetor,  and  consul.  He 
died  about  .SO  B.  C. 

HORTRNSH^S,Lambert,  aDutrliphiloloslBt, 
poit^and  historian,  a  native  of  Uiieclu;  Uedied 


ill  137 


243 


HOSPITAJ.,,  William  Francis  Antony,  mar- 
quis de  r,  a  great  mathematician,  of  France, 
born  in  lt;fil,  died  in  1704. 

HOSPIT.AL,  Michael  de  1',  chancellor  of 
France,  to  whicli  office  he  was  raised  on  the 
death  of  Henry  II..  in  the  midst  of  turbuifiice! 
and  faction.  He  displayed  great  abilities,  and 
was  distinguished  for  ilie  firmness,  integriiy,  aJid 
mildnoBS  of  his  administration;  he  died  inl5V3. 

HOSSCH,  Sidronins,  a  Flemish  jesuil.  a'.ithnj 
of  some  elegant  Latin  poems,  &c.,  died  in 
1G53. 

HOSTE,  Paul  1'  a  French  Jesuit,  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Toulon,  and  a  maiiieinatical 
writer  ;  he  died  in  1700. 

HOSTUS,  Matthew,  a  German  antiquary, 
died  ill  ir>87. 

HOTM.'\N,  Francis,  a  learned  French  civi- 
an,  and  conunentator  on  Latin  autiiors,  bom 
at  Paris,  in  15-J4,  died  in  1590. 

HOTTINGER,  John  Henry,  a  native  of  Zu- 
rich, distinguished  for  his  great  learning  and  ta- 
lents. His  abilities  were  so  conspicuous,  that 
he  was  educated  at  the  public  expense ;  he  was 
professor  of  divinity  and  oriental  languagi  s  at 
Zurich,  professor  at  Heidelberg,  and  ecclesiasti- 
cal counsellor  to  the  elector  Palatine.  His  writ- 
ings are  very  numerous.     He  died  in  1607. 

HOTZE,  an  Austrian  general, born  in  Zurich, 
distingnishc(i  for  his  bravery,  was  killed  in  bat 
tie  about  17W). 

HOUARD  DE  LA  MOTHE,  Anthony,  a 
French  lawyer,  skilled  in  the  profession,  and  au- 
thor of  several  works  connected  with  it ;  he 
died  in  1803. 

HOUBIGOT^^T,  Charles  Francis,  a  learned 
divine, born  at  Paris,  in  ItjfiO.  He  published  an 
excellent  edition  of  the  Hebrew  Bible,  with  a 
Latin  version,  and  notes,  4  vols  folio,  17.'>,3,  and 
many  other  learned  works,  and  died  m  1763,  in 
the  !l8tli  vcar  of  his  age. 

HOfJBRAKEN,  Arnold,  a  Dutch  painter,  au- 
hor  of  tlie  "  Lives  of  the  Flemish  painters," 
was  born  at  Dordi,  in  lf.60. 

HOUBRAKEN,  Jacob,  an  eminent  Dutch 
portrait  and  historical  engraver,  bom  in  1698, 
lied  at  Amsterdam,  in  1780. 

HOUCHARD,  John  Nicholas,  a  French  ge- 
neral, who  raised  himself  to  the  highest  rank  in 
I  be  annv  during  the  revolution  ;  he  was  guillo- 
iiied  in'l7(t3. 

HOUDARD  DE  I-A  MOTTE,  Anthony,  a 
French  writer.    See  BIOTTE. 

HOUDRY,  Vincent,  a  Jesuit,  distinguished 
as  a  popular  preacher  and  writer,  died  at  Paris, 
in  17:!0,  aged  'J9. 

HOr(HI,  John,  bishop  of  AVorrester,  memo- 
rable for  the  noble  stand  he  made,  when  presi- 
.lent  of  Ma?dalcu  college,  Oxford,  against  James 
II.,  who  wanted  arbitrarily  to  impose  fellows 
[and  ollicers  upon  the  coIle;ie  by  iiii,  royal  muii- 


.HO 

ctati",  \va3l)i>rn  in  MiflUiesex,  in  1650,  anil  dieil 
111  I74:i. 

HDUFilKRES,  Antoinette  de  la  Gardn  dns,  a 
French  luily,  distliisiii>'l"-d  as  a  pootcss  ami  dia- 
niatic  writer;  she  died  in  ltJ91.  Her  daugh- 
ter, wlio  also  possessed  poetical  talents,  died  in 
1718. 

HOUSEMAN,  Cornelius,  a  celebrated  land 
Bcape  painter,  of  Antwerp,  died  in  1727. 

HOUSEM.\N,  James,  an  eminent  portrait 
and  historical  painter, ol' Antwerp,  died  in  Iti'JG 

HOUSbAYE.     Sec  AMKLOT. 

HOUSTON,  William,  M.  D.,  an  eminent  Ein 
glisii  physician,  pupil  to  Boerhaave,  died  in  the 
West  Indies,  in  1733. 

HOUSTON,  John,  a  distinguisjied  advocate 
for  the  revolution,  was  a  member  oi  congress 
in  1775,  afterwards  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court,  and  governor  of  the  state  of  Georgia ; 
he  died  in  1796. 

HOUTEVILLE,  Claude  Francis,  a  native  of 
Paris,  who  wrote  an  admirable  work,  called 
"  La  Verite  de  la  Religion  Chretienne  prouvee 
par  les  Faits,"  died  in  1742,  aged  54. 

HOVEDEN,  Roger  de,  an  early  English  his- 
torian, whose  annals  commenced  where  tliosc 
of  Bede  terminated ;  he  lived  in  the  agt  of  Hen- 
ry H. 

HOVEY,  U'ory,  minister  of  Plymouth,  Mass. 
He  left  a  journal  which  contained  about  7,000 
octavo  pages,  and  died  in  180:J. 

UOVV,  William,  an  officer  in  the  royal  army, 
during  the  civil  wars  in  England,  afterwards  a 
physician  and  botanist  of  distinction  in  London ; 
he  died  in  ltJ56. 

HOWARD,  Charles,  earl  of  Nottingham,  an 
intrepid  English  admiral,  commander  in  chief 
at  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish  Armada,  born  in 
153f),  died  in  16'Jl. 

HOWARD,  Sir  Robert,  an  English  historian 
and  dramatic  pout,  died  about  16'J8.  There  was 
one  Edward  Howard,  esq.,  likewise  a  descend 
ant  of  the  same  family,  who  exposed  himself  to 
the  satirists  by  writing  bad  plays. 

HOWARD,  Henry,  earl  of  Surrey,  a  brave 
general  and  esteemed  poet,  born  in  15iO,  was 
beheaded  on  a  suspicion  of  his  designing  to  wed 
the  princess  Mary,  and  thereby  aspiring  to  the 
crown. 

HOWARD,  Thomas,  earl  of  Surrey,  and 
duke  of  Norfolk,  lord  high  admiral  of  England, 
in  the  reign  of- Henry  VIII.,  distinguished  for 
his  services  as  a  naval  officer,  and  as  a  soldier,  at 
the  battle  of  Floddentield,  and  afterwards  as 
viceroy  of  Ireland ;  he  narrowly  escaped  tJje 
capricious  tyranny  of  that  prince,  and  died  in 
15.54. 

HOWARD,  Edward,  a  brave  and  celebrated 
English  admiral,  brother  to  the  preceding,  wus 
killed  in  an  action  with  a  French  ship,  in  1514. 

nOVV.\RD,  John,  was  born  at  Hackney,  in 
Miildlesex,  in  the  year  1729,  and  put  apprentice! 
to  Mr.  Nathaniel  Newnhain,  a  wholesale  gro- 
cer, in  Walling-street.  His  constitution  was 
thought  very  weak,  and  his  health  appeared  to 
have  been  injured  by  the  necessary  duties  of  his 
apprenticeship ;  at  the  expiration  of  it,  there- 
fore, he  took  an  apartment  hi  a  lodging-house, 
in  Stoke,  Newington.  kept  by  a  .Mrs.  Sarah 
I,ardeau,  a  widow,  by  whom  he  was  nursed 
wiih  the  utmost  care  and  attention.  At  iengili 
he  became  so  fond  of  his  landlady,  tiiat  tiiey 
were  privately  married,  about  tlio  year  I^.V!. 
She  was  possessed  of  a  small  fortur.e,  wliicli  ho 
presented  to  her  lister.  This  wile,  lio'«'">'e- 
died  in  1735,  and  he  was  a  sincere  and  .irfTi 

i   I 


HO 

tionate  iiioiii  ner  ior  her  death.  About  this  time, 
it  is  believed,  he  was  elected  F.  R.  S.,  and,  with 
an  intention  of  visiting  Lisbon  after  the  earth- 
quake, he  at  midsummer,  17.''j6,  set  sail  on  board 
the  Hanover  packet,  which  was  taken  by  u 
French  privateer;  and  he  behaved  with  so  much 
hauteur,  so  much  a  I'Anglois  to  the  captain  of 
the  privateer,  as  might  probably  be  the  cause  of 
his  sutl'ering  so  severely  as  it  appears  he  did,  and 
•'  perhaps  what  he  sulFered  on  this  occasion 
increased  (if  it  did  not  first  call  forth)  his  sym- 
pathy with  the  unhappy  people."  He  ailer- 
warils,  it  is  believed,  made  the  tour  of  Italy; 
and  at  his  return,  settled  at  Brokenhurst,  a  re- 
tired and  pleasant  villa  in  the  New  Forest,  near 
Lymington,  iu  Hampshire;  having,  April  25, 
lioS,  married  Harriet,  only  daughter  of  Edward 
Leeds,  esq.,  of  Croxton,  in  Cambridgeshire. 
Mrs.  H.  died  in  17G5,  in  childbed.  After  the 
death  of  his  second  wife,  he  left  Lymington, 
and  purchased  an  estate  at  Caidington,  near 
Bedfoid,  where  he  very  much  conciliated  the 
esteem  of  the  poor,  by  employing  them,  build- 
ing cottag(«  for  them.  &c.  In  1773,  he  served 
the  office  of  sheriff  of  the  county  of  Bedfoid. 
This  office,  as  lie  observes,  brought  "  the  dis- 
tress of  prisoners  more  immediately  under  hia 
notice  ;"  and  with  a  view  to  its  alleviation,  lie 
began  his  labours  by  "  visiting  most  of  the 
county  jails  in  England,'*  and  afterwards  "  the 
bridewells,  houses  of  correction,  city  and  town 
jails,"  where  lie  found  "  multitudes,  both  of 
felons  and  debtors,  dying  of  the  jail  fever  and 
the  smallpox."  Upon  this  subject  he  was  ex- 
amined in  ths  house  of  commons,  in  March, 
1774,  when  "  he  had  the  honour  of  their 
thanks."  This  encouraged  him  to  proceed  in 
his  design :  he  travelled  again  and  again  through 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  also  into  France. 
Flanders,  Holland,  Germany,  3n<l  SwilzerUmd  , 
and  published  "  The  State  of  the  Prisons  iu 
England  and  Wales,  with  preliminary  observa- 
tions, and  an  account  of  some  foreign  prisons, 
1777."  in  1730,  he  published  an  Appendix  to 
this  Account,  in  which  he  extended  the  narra- 
tive of  his  travels  to  Italy,  and  gave  some  ob- 
servations on  the  management  of  prisoners  of 
war,  and  the  hulks  on  the  Thames.  This  Ap- 
pendix he  republished,  in  1734  ;  wliich  publica- 
tion included  also  an  account  of  his  visit  to 
Denmark,  Sweden,  Russia,  Poland,  Portugal, 
and  Spain.  By  this  time  his  character  tor  ac- 
tive benevolence  bad  engaged  the  public  atten- 
tion, and  it  was  propos-d  tiiat  a  subscriptin  i 
should  be  set  on  toot,  to  erect  a  statue  to  his  he 
nour.  This  idea  was  s<)  well  received,  that  m 
15  or  16  months,  615  persons  siibscrii)ed  153:W. 
13«.  6d. ;  but  some  of  those  who  knew  Mr.  How- 
ard best  never  concuriod  in  the  scheme,  btniig 
well  assured  tliat  he  would  never  countenance 
nor  accede  to  it:  and  the  event  justified  their 
conduct;  for  the  ianguage  that  he  held  upon 
the  subject,  wlienfirst  advised  of  it,  was,  "  Have 
not  I  one  friend  in  England  that  would  put  a 
stop  to  such  a  proceeding'?"  In  consequence 
of  two  letters  from  Mr.  Howard  himself  tr» 
the  subscribers,  the  design  wits  laid  aside.  In 
1789,  Mr.  ,H.  published  "  An  Account  of  the 
principal  Lazarettos  in  Europe,  with  various 
oupcrs  rel.itive  to  the  plague,  together  with 
furilier  Observations  on  some  Foreign  Prisons 
:iiid  Hosiiituls,  and  ai'dilional  Remarks  on  the 
piirse'it  Slate  of  those  in  (ireal  Britain  and  Ira 
iaod,"  with  a  great  number  of  curious  plate.s 
iVotsaiislinl.  however,  with  what  he  had  alrea 
.k  d'>n::.  In  e.oiii'.luries  bis  "  Account  of  La.-.a- 
243 


no 


HU 


reitos"  with  announcing  his  intention  again  to 
•juit  liiB  country,  for  llic  purpoee  of  rivisitiiii; 
Kusfia,  Turkey,  and  some  other  countriri!,  and 
rxtonding  his  tour  in  the  East.  On  this  toin, 
liowc\er,  he  fell  a  victim  to  his  liuinanily ;  for, 
having  visited  a  young  lady  at  Chcrson,  nick  of 
an  epidemic  fever,  for  the  purpose  of  adminis- 
tering sonic  medical  assistance,  he  ca\i^'ht  the 
distemper  himself,  and  was  carried  0(1  in  12 
(lays,  Jan.  20,  1790.  The  name  of  Howard  will 
live  in  the  remembrance  of  those  who  have 
been  rescued,  by  his  exertions,  from  the  gloomy 
horrors  of  confinement,  which  might  otherwise 
have  been  unlimited ;  alleviated  in  the  pangs  of 
disease,  which  might  have  been  irremediable  ; 
and  comforted  in  the  still  more  agonizing  re- 
proaches of  conscious  guilt,  which  would  inevi- 
tably have  terminated  in  destruction.  A  statue 
to  Mr.  Uoward's  memory  has  been  erected  in 
St.  Paul's  cathedral. 

"HUWARO,  Francis,  earl  of  Effingham,  go- 
vernor of  the  colony  of  Virginia,  in  1(584.  After 
an  unpopular  administration  of  five  years,  he 
returned  to  England,  and  died  in  1700. 

HOWARD,  t^imeon,  D.  D.,  minister  in  Bos- 
ton; he  took  a  deep  interest  in  the  American 
revolution,  and  died  in  1804. 

HOWARD,  Benjamin,  a  member  of  congress, 
from  Kentucky,  afterwards  governor  of  the  ter- 
ritory of  Ujiper  Louisiana,  was  a  brigadier-ge- 
neral in  the  army  of  the  United  States,  during 
the  last  war ;  he  died  in  1814. 

HOWE,  John,  an  English  non-conformist  di- 
vine, eminent  for  his  learning,  moderation,  and 
great  virtues ;  he  died  in  1705. 

HOWE,  John,  an  English  statesman,  and 
member  of  parliament,  was  a  privy  counsellor, 
in  the  reign  of  Anne.    He  died  in  1721. 

HOWE,  Richard,  earl,  a  famous  British  ad- 
miral, born  in  1725.  At  14  he  entered  the  na- 
vy ;  and  at  the  early  age  of  20  was  appfiinted 
captain  of  the  Baltimore  sloop,  in  which  he 
attacked  two  French  frigates  of  30  guns  each, 
and  obliged  them  to  sheer  off.  Our  Umits  pre- 
vent us  from  tracing  this  brave  man  through  all 
his  exploits ;  but,  tding  presented  to  the  king, 
by  lord  ^'"■-fke,  after  the  memorable  victory 
oVc;  i,onflans,  in  1759,  his  majesty  said,  "  My 
lord  Howe,  your  life  has  been  one  continued  se- 
ries of  services  to  your  country."  In  brief,  we 
may  say  the  same  thing  of  the  latter  period  of 
his  e.\istence.  In  178-2  he  was  sent  to  the  relief 
of  Gibraltar,  a  sen'ice  which  ho  performed  in 
the  most  admirable  manner  in  the  sight  of  the 
hostile  fleet,  which  he  in  vain  challenged  to  bat- 
tle. In  1793,  his  lordsliip  took  the  command  of 
the  channel  fleet ;  and  in  1794,  totally  vanquish- 
ed one  of  the  most  powerful  fleets  that  France 
had  ever  equipped  for  sea,  and  brought  home 
seven  ships  of  the  line,  besides  smaller  vessels. 
On  this  glorious  occasion  their  majestieji,  with 
three  of  the  princesses,  paid  him  a  visitou  board 
liis  ship,  at  Hpithead  ;  when  the  king  presented 
him  with  a  magnificent  sword,  enriched  with 
diamonds,  a  gold  chain,  and  a  medal ;  and  the 
thanks  of  both  houses  of  parliament,  the  free- 
dom of  London,  and  the  \mivcrsal  acclamations 
of  the  nation,  followed  these  acknowledgments 
of  the  sovereign.  Karl  Howe  died  in  nSlt,  and 
a  handsome  monument  is  erected  to  his  memo- 
ry, in  St.  Taul's  cathedral. 

HOWELL,  James,  an  English  political  and 
historical  writer,and  poRl,born  in  Caerniarthen- 
shire,  in  1596,  died  in  lOGG.  Of  his  very  nume- 
rous works,  the  best  arc  "  Dodona's  Grove,  or, 
(he  Vocal  Forest,"  and  "  Epistolse  Ho  Elian<e; 
250 


Familiar  Letters  Domestic  and  Foreign,  partly 
historical,  partly  political,  partly  philosophical." 
It  is  not  to  be  wondered  that  these  letters  have 
run  through  ninny  editions;  since  they  not  only 
contain  much  of  the  history  of  his  own  times, 
but  are  also  interspersed  with  many  pleasant 
stories  properly  introduced  and  applied. 

HOWELL,  William,  a  civilian,  of  Oxford, 
and  chancellor  of  Luicoln,  died  in  1(588.  The 
works  that  he  has  left  behind  hini  are,  among 
oUiers,  "  Bledulla  Historiee  Angiicanae ;"  a 
"  History  of  the  World  from  the  earliest  Times 
to  tlie  Ruin  of  the  Roman  Empire ;"  and  "  Ele- 
menta  Historia;  Civilis." 

HOWELL,  David,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
Rhode  Island,  was  a  member  of  congress,  at' 
torney-general,  and  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  that  state,  professor  of  mathematics,  and  af- 
terwards of  law,  in  Brown  university,  and  a 
judge  of  the  district  court  of  the  United  States, 
for  that  district.    He  died  in  1824. 

HOWELL,  Richard,  governor  of  New-Jer- 
sey, in  1793,  to  which  office  he  was  elected  eight 
years  successively  ;  he  died  in  1802. 

HOVLE,  Edmund,  author  of  some  celebrated 
treatises  on  the  games  of  Whist,  (Quadrille,  &c., 
born  in  lt!72,  died  in  1769. 

HOZIER,  Fetcr  d',  an  eminent  French  genea- 
logist, and  counsellor  of  state  under  LewisXIV.; 
he  died  at  Paris,  in  lOCO. 

HOZIER,  Francis,  a  brave  English  admiral, 
I  died  in  17-:J7. 

HUARTE,  John,  a  native  of  Fretich  Navarre, 
though  he  usually  passes  for  a  Spaniard,  lived 
in  the  16th  century,  and  gained  great  fame  by  a 
work  that  he  published  in  the  Spanish  tongue, 
upon  a  very  curious  and  interesting  subject, 
viz.  to  show  the  gifts  and  difi'erent  abilities  of 
men,  and  for  what  kind  of  sludy  the  genius  ot 
every  man  is  adapted.  This  book  has  been 
translated  into  several  languages.     Its  title  is 

The  Trial  of  Wits." 

HUBBARD,  William,  minister  of  Ipswich, 
Mass.,  author  of  a  history  of  New  England  in 
manuscript ;  he  died  in  1704. 

HUBER,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Berne,  was 
professor  of  divinity,  at  Wittembeig,  in  1592. 

HUBER,  Ulric,  a  Dutch  lawyer,  professor  of 
law  and  history,  at  Franeker;  he  died  in  1094. 
His  writings  were  on  subjects  connected  with 
his  protpssion. 

HUBER,  Mary,  a  native  of  Geneva,  distin- 
guished as  a  vv'riter.    She  died  at  Lyons,  in  1753. 

HUBER,  John  Rudolph,  a  portrait  and  histo- 
rical painter,  of  Basil ;  he  died  in  1748,  aged  80. 

HUBERT,  Matthew,  a  preacher,  and  priest 
of  the  oratory  of  Paris,  distinguished  for  hia 
eloquence  :  he  died  in  1717. 

HUBNER,  John,  of  Saxony,  was  professor 
of  geography,  at  Leipsic,  and  rector  of  the 
school  at  Hamburgh,  where  he  died  in  1731. 

HUDDE,  John,  a  burgomaster  of  Amster- 
dam, eminent  as  a  mathematician,  and  knows 
also  as  a  politician  ;  he  died  in  1704. 

HUDSON,  (.'aptain  Henry,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish navigator,  who  flourished  in  high  fame,  in 
the  beginning  of  the  17th  century,  having  disco- 
vered Hudson's  bay  at  the  north  of  Canada, 
and  the  river  in  New- York,  which  has  since 
borne  his  name.  He  is  supposed  to  have  per- 
ished at  sea,  being  set  adrift  in  a  shallop  by 
his  mutinous  crew,  in  1611. 

HUDSON,  Thomas,  a  painter,  born  at  Exe- 
ter, in  1701,  had  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  for  a  scho- 
lar, by  whom  he  was  eclipsed  in  the  art.  H« 
died  in  London,  in  1779. 


HV 


HU 


HUDSON,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  English  cri- 
WC,  and  keeper  of  the  Bodleian  library,  and 
principal  of  dt.  Mary-hall,  Oxford;  he  died  in 
171'J. 

HUDSON,  William,  an  eminent  botanist, 
born  in  Westmoreland,  about  1730.  In  1762  he 
published  ''  Flora  Annlica,"  and  died  in  1793. 

HUET,  Peter  Daniel,  bishop  of  Avrances,  in 
France,  aud  a  celebrated  philosophical,  histori- 
lai,  and  commercial  writer,  burn  at  Caen,  in 
1030,  and  died  in  1721. 

HUFN.'VGEL,  George,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
diHtinguished  as  a  writer  on  natural  history,  and 
of  Latin  poetry  ;  ho  died  in  1600. 

HUGFI  CAPET,  count  of  Paris  and  Orleans, 
was  raided  to  the  throne  of  France  by  liis  me- 
rits and  courage,  in  987,  and  thus  became  the 
head  of  the  tiiird  race  of  the  French  monarchy  ; 
he  died  in  <J9f,. 

HUGHEri,  John,  an  English  poet,  dramatic 
author,  and  essayist,  born  at  Marlborough,  in 
1677,  died  in  l7-i0.  Jlis  last  work  was  "  Th 
Siege  of  Damascus."  a  tragedy,  which  is  still 
occasionally  acted.  Several  papers  m  the  "  Tat- 
tlers," "Spectators,"  and  "  Guardians,"  were 
written  by  him. 

HUOHEti,  .labez,  younger  brother  of  the  pre 
ceding,  distinguished  as  a  scholar,  and  as  a 
translator  from  tlie  Latin  and  Spanish  ;  he  died 
in  1731. 

HUGHES,  Jabez,  of  Cambridge,  known  as  the 
editor  of  Chrysoatom's  treatise  on  the  Priesthood; 
he  died  in  1712. 

HUGO,  of  Cluni,  abbot  of  Cluni,  and  a  saint 
of  the  Romish  calendar,  died  in  1609. 

HUGO,  Herman,  a  learned  je.suil,  who  wrote 
on  metaphysical  subjects,  and  was  also  distin- 
guished in  his  time  as  a  poet,  was  born  at  Brus- 
sels, in  1588,  and  died  of  the  plague,  at  Khim- 
berj;,  in  1629. 

HUGO,  Charles  Lewis,  a  French  and  Latin 
writer,  abbot  of  Etival,  and  titular  bishop  ot'' 
Ptnleniais ;  he  died  in  1735. 

HUGTENBURGH,  John  Van,  an  eminent 
Dutch  painter,  died  in  1733.  His  brother,  James, 
was  a  landscape  painter  of  reputation.  He  died 
in  1696. 

HULDRIC,  John  James,  professor  of  law,  at 
Zurich,  where  he  died  in  1731. 

HULL,  Thomas,  a  respectable  actor  and  dra- 
matic writer,  and  founder  of  the  tlioatricil  fumll 
for  the  relief  of  distressed  actors  and  actrtss 
was  bred  to  the  practice  of  pliysic,  biitquitiedi 
that  profession  for  the  stajje,  of  which  he  died 
ihe  father,  at  the  awe  of  8U,  in  18()d. 

HULME,  Nathaniel,  an  English  physician  of 
reputation,  and  author  of  several  essays  on  me- 
dical subjects  ;  he  died  in  1807. 

HULSEMANN,  John  a  Lutheran  divine, 
professor  of  divinity  at  Leipsic,  and  a  theolo- 
gical writer;  he  died  in  1661. 
'  HUL3IUS,  Anthony,  a  distinguished  oriental 
gchrtlar,  and  professor  of  divinity  at  Leydeii ; 
he  diid  in  16H5. 

HULSlUt?,  Henry,  a  theological  writer,  and 
professor  at  Douisliurgh,  whore  he  died,  in  172:i. 

HULST,Petcr  Van  der,  an  excellent  painter  of 
animals,  a  native  of  Dort;  he  ilied  in  1708. 

UU.ME,  David,  a  celebrated  philosopher  and 
historian,  born  at  Edinburgh,  in  1711,  and  died 
in  1776.  His  "  Essays,"  and  "  History  of  Eng- 
land," are  so  well  known,  as  scarcely  to  need 
mention.  The  latter  has,  undoubtedly,  the  pre- 
ference, in  the  public  mind,  over  every  other 
extant.  The  former  are  very  strongly  tinctured 
w;th  iniideliiy. 


HUMPHREY,  Lawrence,  an  English  writer, 
was  professor  of  divinity,  and  president  of  Mag- 
dalen college,  Oxford,  and  afterwards  dean  of 
Gloucester,  and  of  Winchester  ;  he  died  in  1590. 
HUMPHREYS,  David,  LL.  D.,  a  soldier  of 
the  revolution,  aid-de-camp,  successively,  to 
Putnam,  Greene,  and  Washington  ;  afterwards, 
ambassador  from  the  United  States  to  Ljabon, 
and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Spain  ;  he  died 
at  New-Haven,  in  1818.  He  rend'^red  essential 
service  to  hia  country,  by  hia  poetical  and  pa- 
triotic writings,  which  were  read  and  admired, 
both  here  and  in  Europe  ;  also,  by  the  introduc- 
tion, into  the  United  States,  of  a  valuable  breed 
of  fine-W'^'^led  sheep,  from  Spain. 

HUNNERIC,  king  of  the  African  Vandals, 
known  for  his  severe  persecution  of  the  Chris 
tians,  died  in  484. 

HUNiNIADES,  John  Corvinus,  a  general  of 
the  Hungarian  armies  in  the  13th  century,  and 
was  distinguished  for  his  bravery,  and  bis  great 
success  in  the  wars  with  the  Turks  ;  he  died  iii 
1456,  lamented  by  the  pope,  by  the  Christians, 
and  even  by  the  infidels. 

HUNNIUS,  Giles,  a  distinguished  Lutheran 
divine,  prolessor  of  divinity  at  Marpurg,  and 
afterwards  at  Wittemberg  ;  he  difd  lu  1603. 

HUNT,  Walter,  an  English  carmelite,  known 
for  his  opposition  to  the  union  between  the 
Greek  and  Latin  churches  ;  he  died  in  1470. 

HUNT,  Jeremiah,  D.  D.,  an  English  clergy- 
man and  theological  writer,  died  in  1744. 

HUNTER,  Robert,  author  of  the  celebrated 
"Letter  on  Enthusiasm,"  which  has  been  as- 
cribed to  Swift,  and  still  more  commonly  lo  the 
earl  of  Shaftesbury.  He  wrote  also  a  farce, 
called  "  .\ndroboro9,"  and  died  governor  of  Ja- 
maica, in  1734. 

HUNTER,William,  M.  D.,  a  most  celebrated 
English  physician  and  anatomist,  born  in  ]71'8, 
died  in  1783.  Theniostsplendidof  Dr.  Hunter'd 
medical  publications  is,  "  The  Anatomy  of  the 
Human  Gravid  Uterus."  His  Anatomical  Mu- 
seum was  the  most  complete  of  all  the  privatr 
ones  in  Europe,  and  was  collected  by  him  at  the 
expense  of  upwards  of  20,000/. 

HUNTER,  John,  younger  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  very  eminent  English  surgeon,  and 
anatomical  writer,  born  in  1728,  died  suddenly 
in  1793.  At  the  age  of  20  he  began,  as  assistant 
to  his  brother,  the  career  that  ended  in  his  be- 
coming, both  in  theory  and  practice,  the  first 
surgeon  in  the  world.  Hisanaiomical  researches 
wore  various,  persevering,  and  successful :  with 
the  office,  use,  situation,  or  communication,  of 
the  several  parts  of  the  human  structure,  no 
man  was  better  acquainted  ;  and  his  numerous 
writings  may  be  considered  as  a  basis  on  which 
the  whole  art  of  physic  may  securely  rest.  Mr. 
Hunter's  most  valuable  treatises  may  be  found 
in  the  "Philosophical  Transactions,"  from  the 
C2d  to  the  8-2d  volumes. 

HUNTER,  Anue,  widow  of  Mr.  John  Hunter, 
the  anatomist,  was  distinguished  as  the  author 
of  several  beautiful  poems,  and  as  Ihe  intiniale 
friend  of  the  celebrated  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Carter  ; 
she  died  in  1802. 

HUNTER,  Dr.  Henry,  an  eminent  preshy 
terian  divine,  equally  admired  for  his  pulpit  elo- 
quence, and  beloved  for  his  benevolence,  w;i3 
born  at  f^ulrnss,  in  Perthshire,  in  1741,  and  died 
at  Bristol,  in  1802.  His  works  are  numerous, 
but  the  most  important  are  translations.  Hia 
principal  original  publication  is  a  courso  of  scr 
mone,  in  6  vols.  8vo.,  entitled  "  Sacred  BioL'ra 
p'lV."  Tiie  most  disiiiiguished  of  hU  t^all^li• 
261 


KU 

tioiis  are,  "St.  Pierre's  Stuilifs  ot  Nalure  ;" 
"  Sonniiii'H  TravtU  in  Egypt ;"  "  Saiiriii's  Sei- 
riiutiK ;"  and  the  "  PhyMogiioinital  Esaays  of 
Lava'pr." 


VV 

Itiation,  and  defender  of  WicKlitle,  and  wa,» 
burnt  alive  by  the  council  of  Constance,  in 
1 1415. 

IIUt^SEY,  Giles,   a  most  ingetiious  English 


Hl'iNTlNGDON,  Selina,  countess  dowagfrli portrait  painter,  in  1710,  died  siiddcniy,  while 


of,  dnuchtHr  of  \Va::hingt<)n,  earl  Ferreis,  ivu 
born  in  1707,  married  in  1728,  Tlicopliilus  tail 
Huntingdon,  by  whom  she  hud  issue  four  son 
?-nd  three  daughters,  and  died  in  171H.  He 
Inrjyehip  had  bf^en  a  widow  45  years;  and  her 
great  relifiious  concernH,  as  head  of  a  very  nil 
inerous  sect  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, she  left 
by  will  in  the  hands  of  committees  for  man- 
a^'ing  them  in  botii  kingdoms.  Her  religious 
principles  have  been  long  since  known  ;  and 
hei  unbounded  benevolence  bore  the  Scst  tesli- 
Jjiouy  of  the  purity  of  her  intentions  ;  having, 
in  the  course  of  hi-r  life,  expended  above  100,fl(W;. 
in  public  and  private  acts  of  ciiarity. 

HUNTINGTON,  Henry  of,  an  English  chr( 
tiicler  of  ihe  l-2th  century  ;  he  wrote  a  history 
ol'  England  from  the  earliest  accounts  to  the 
death  of  king  Stephen 

HUNTINGTON,  Robert,  a  learned  English 
Oivine,  and  writer  of  travels,  born  In  163G,  died 
lu  1701. 

HUNTINGTON,  Joseph,  D.  P.,  minister  of 
Co^•entry,  Conn.,  author  ol"  Calvinism  Improv- 
ed," which  was  answered  by  Dr.  Strong,  of 
Ijradford,  (^oiin. ;  he  died  in  1705. 

HUNTrNGlYiN,  Samuel,  an  eminent  lawyer 
of  Connecticut,  was  a  nieinher  of  congress  from 
that  state.  In  177G,  and  a  signer  of  the  declara 
tion  of  Independence;  afterwards  a  judge  and 
fliief  justice  of  the  supreme  court,  and  lieuten 
ant  governor  of  the  state  ;  he  died  in  179C. 

HUNTINGTON,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Con 
iiecticut,  removed  to  OJiio,  in  1801,  and  was- 
afterwards,  chief  justice  of  the  suprenn  court, 
and  governor  of  that  state;  he  died  in  1817. 

HUNTINGTON,  Jedediah,  a  general,  and  a 
distinguished  officer  in  the  American  army, 
duriiiL'  the  revolution,  afterwards  treasurer  of 
the  stnte  of  Connecticut,  and  collector  of  the 
Customs  for  the  port  of  NewTjondon  ;  he  died 
in J8I8. 

HUNTORST.  Gerard,  one  of  the  best  Dutch 
painters  of  the  16th  ceiuurv. 

HURD,  Dr.  Kichard,  bishop  of  Worcester. 
IFis  "  Dialogues  on  Chivalry  and  Romance," 
"  Sermons  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Chapel,"  and  "Life 
and  Works  of  Bishop  Warburlon,"  are  his' 
Iirincipal  literary  productions.  In  1783.  on  the 
riciih  of  archbishop  Cornwallis,  Dr.  Kurd,  who 
]iad  been  preceptor  to  the  prince  of  Wales  and 
tiie  d{ikeof  York,  was  oftered  the  primacy  ;  bui 
requested  of  the  king  permission  to  decline  it. 
i!e  died  in  1808,  in  the  89th  year  of  his  age. 

HURDIS,  Dr.  James,  a  learned  divine,  and  a 
very  pleasing  poet,  born  at  Bishopstone,  Sussex, 
iTi  niS,  died  at  Bucklaiid,  in  BerKsiiire,  in  1801. 
Dr.  Hiirdis  was  poetry  professor  in  the  univer- 
sity Of  O.tford.  His  principal  poems  are,  "The 
Village  Curate,"  "The  Fa\ourite  Village," 
"  Sir  Thomas  More,"  a  tragedy,  and  "  Adria- 
no;  or.  The  First  of  June."  He  also  published 
'  ■  Twelve  Dissertations  on  the  Nature  and  Occa- 
sion of  Psaliii  and  Prophecy." 

liURE,  Charles,  a  French  divine,  was  pro- 
fessor of  languages  in  the  university  of  Paris, 
Htid  afterwards  principal  of  the  college  of  Uen- 
tourt.  He  wroteaDictionary  of  the  Bible,  tc, 
and  died  in  1717. 


working  in  his  garden  at  Bcasrnu,  Ash.burlon, 
Devonshire,  in  17S8.  Professor  Bar.ry,  in  liiB 
noble  painting,  which  adorns  the  large  room  at 
the  Society  of  Arts  in  the  .■\delphi,  has  thought 
Mr.  Hussey  entitled  to  an  einini  nt  place  in  Ilis 
Elysium,  and  has  introduced  him  behind  Phi- 
dias; ob3<.rviiig,thathiBahiliieb  were  calculated 
to  have  raised  liis  country  to  an  immorlnl  repu- 
tation (but  lor  the  professional  envy  and  ran- 
cour of  a  wrelched  cabal},  and  thai  he  aj.fi'  ared 
no  less  amiable  as  a  man,  than  lie  was  adniira- 
ble  as  an  artist. 

HUTCHEtfON,  Dr  Francis,  a  very  fine  writer 
on  moral  philosophy,  and  an  excellent  man, 
horn  in  Ireland,  in  lfi94,  died  in  17-t7.  His 
•'  Bloral  Philosophy"  was  pnblislied  at  Glasgow, 
in  1755. 

HUTCHINS,  John,   author  of  llic  history, 

nnd  antiquities  of  Dorsetshire  ;  he  died  in  1773- 

HUTCHINS,  Thomas,  geographer    geneial 

of  the  I'niled  Stales  ;  he  published  several  uiaps. 

and  died  at  Pittsburgh,  in  1789. 

HUTCHINSON,  Ann,  an  artful  woman  in 
Massachusetts,  whose  religious  opinions  were 
heretical, and  which  were  condemned  by  a  coun- 
cil of  ministers:  she  was  banished  fri  ni  the  co- 
lony, and  was  murdered  by  the  Indians,  west  of 
New- Haven,  in  1G43. 

HUTCHINSON,  Thomas,  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, odious  for  his  arbitrary  contiticl  in 
his  otBce  ;  he  published  a  History  of  the  Colony 
of  Massachusetts,  &c.,  and  died  in  England, 
in  1780. 

HUTCHINSON,  John,  an  English  philoso- 
phical and  critical  author,  celebrated  as  the  op- 
ponent of  Dr.  Woodward  in  natural  history,  and 
ofSir  IsaacNewton  in  philosophy:  hev.as  born 
m  Yorkshire,  in  1674,  and  died  in  1737. 

HUTCHINSON,  John  Hely,  a  celebrated 
Irish  lawyer  and  statesman  ;  not  a  little  remark 
able  for  his  avidity  after  lucrative  offices.  Be- 
ing at  one  and  the  same  time  a  privy  counsellor, 
reversionary  secretary  of  state,  major  of  the  4th 
regiment  of  horse,  provost  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  and  searcher,  packer,  and  ganger  of  the 
port  of  Sirangfoid.  A  lateBrili>h  minister,  lord 
North,  made  the  following  remark  on  him  :  "  If 
England  and  Ireland  were  given  to  this  man,  he 
would  solicit  the  Isle  of  Man  for  a  potato  gar- 
den." Mr.  Hutchinson  was  born  in  1715,  and 
died  in  17H4. 

IIUTTEN,  Ulric  dp,  a.  satirical  wiiter,  of 
Germany,  riistinHuishod  for  his  zeal  in  sii[i)iort 
of  the  rcfomiation,  his  hostility  to  the  church 
of  Rome,  and  the  eccentricity  and  profligity  of 
his  private  life  ;  he  died  on  an  island  in  the  lake 
of  Zurich,  in  l.^iffl 

HUT'J'F.N,  Jacob,  a  native  of  Silesia,  fonndet 
of  an  anabaptist  sect,  called  Ihe  Moravian  hi  ■jth- 
ren  ;  the  time  of  his  death  is  not  known,  altliojgh 
\h  is  said,  he  was  burnt  as  a  heretic. 

IIUTTER,  Elias,  a  proieslant  divine,  distin- 
guished as  a  learned  orientalist ;  lie  died  at  Ku- 
reiiiburg,  in  lf>02. 

HUTTER,  Leonard,  a  learned  German  di' 

vine,  professor  of  theology,  at  Witlemberg,  and 

rector  of  the  university  there  ;  he  died  in  Ifilfi. 

BUTTON.  Matthew,  profpssor  of  divinity  in 


HUS,«!,J(ihn,  a  celebrated  GermSn  ret'ormer  iCnmhriilge,  tiishop  of  Durham,  and  afterwards 
SiiH  martvr,  horn  in  Bolieniia,  in  137().     lie  was  j  archbishop  of  York  ;  he  died  in  IfiO."). 
lilt' first  Jliposer  of  the  doctrine  of  trajjubstan-y     IIUTTON,    William,  the    historian  of  Bir 


HY 


ID 

inj;  nut  oi'  that  chair,  where  Ainmonius,  Hiero- 
les,  aiirl  many  great  and  culcbrated  philoso- 
()h>;rrt  l)u<l  tau^lit;  and  this  at  a  time  too,  when 
men  of  immense  learning  abounded,  both  at 
Alexaudiia,  and  in  many  other  [larta  of  the  Ko- 
;naii  empire.     Slie  was  mnrdertil,  A.  1).  415. 

HYPERIOES,  a  disciple  of  Plato,  who  pro- 
cured the  banishment  of  IJemusthenes  from 
Athens  ;  he  was  put  to  death  by  Antipater,  3^2 
B.  C. 

HYPERIUS,  Andrew  Gerard,  a  divine,  who 
embraced  the  doctrines  of  the  reformation,  and 
was  divinity  professor  at  Mnrpurg,  died  in  Ijlil. 

HYPSICLKS,  a  matheniaticiaii,  of  Alexan- 
dria, under  Marcus  Aurelius. 

H  YRC'ANIJS,  John,  prince  and  high-priest  of 
the  Jews,  after  his  father.  He  restored  his  nation 
to  independence,  from  the  power  of  Antiochus, 
kiny  of  Syria,  and  died  lO'J  B.  C.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son  of  the  same  name,  who  died 
30  B.  C. 

HYWELL,  ap  Owaiu,  a  prince  of  North 
Wale.'j;  he  died  in  1171. 

HYWELL,  ap  Morgan,  a  prince  of  Glamor- 
gan, in  Walts,  died  in  104H,  aged  130. 

HYWELL,  Uda,  or  Good,  a  legislator  of 
Wales,  died  in  948. 

I 

lAMBLICUS,  an  Arabian  king,  was  deprived 
of  his  dominions  by  the  Romans,  but  his  son 
was  restored  i;2  B.  C. 

lAMBLICUS,  a  Greek  author,  in  the  age  of 
Marcus  .Aurelius. 

lARCHI,  Solomon  Ben  Isaac,  an  illustrious 
Jewish  rabbi,  was  born  in  France,  in  1104,  and 
died  in  1180. 

lARCHAS,  a  learned  Indian  philosopher. 

IBARRA,  Joachim,  eminent  as  a  printer  to 
the  king  of  Spain,  died  in  1785. 

IB.^S.  bishop  of  Edessa,  a  Nestorian,  was 
banished  in  449,  and  restored  in  451. 

IBBOT,  Benjamin,  a  learned  English  divine, 
and  chaplain  to  the  king,  died  in  1725. 

IBEK,  Cotheddin,  a  slave,  who  usurped  the 
throne  of  India,  aiter  the  death  of  his  master. 

IBEK  Azz'ddin,  an  officer  in  the  Egyptian 
court,  who  married  the  Sultan's  widow,  and 
ascended  his  tlirone,  but  was  assassinated  A.  D. 
1:^57. 

IHEK,  an  .4irabian  anthi>r,  who  died  in  1348. 

IBRAHI.M  IMAM,  a  Mahomtlan  chief-priest, 
murdered  by  tile  calipli  .Marvan,  in  748. 

IBRAHlSl,  son  of  Mass'iud,  was  the  eighth 
caliph  of  the  race  of  the  Gaznevides ;  he  died 
in  109S. 

IBRAHIM,  brother  of  Ilaroun  Ras'-hid,  was 
made  caliph  of  Bagdad  in  817,  and  died  in  8,'''i. 

IBRAHIM,  a  learned  inussuhnan  doctor,  of 
Shiraz. 

IBRAHIM,  son  of  Acliraet,  sircc-eded  his 
poix;  of  Rome  in  153;  lie  suifered  martyrdom,|lbrot!ier  as  emperor  of  Turkey,  iu  1040,  and  was 
and  was  canonized.  llassas-sinated  in  1649. 


miiigham,  and  author  of  various  other  Wl>;■K^ 
was  born  at  Derby,  in  17'2a,  and  died  at  Bin 
neit'sHill,  near  Birmingham,  in  1815,  ageii  U-!. 

IIUXHAM,  Dr.,  an  Eiighsh  physician,  who 
made  some  improvements  in  medicine,  which 
alill  bear  his  name  ;  he  died  in  1763. 

lUIYGENS,  C'oii«tantine,  secretary  to  the 
prince  of  Oraii,;e,  and  president  of  his  council, 
n-as  the  autlioi  of  14  books  of  Latin  poems,  &.c. 
He  died  in  Uid7. 

H I  /  Y*T  ENS,  Christian,  a  very  celebrated  Dutch 
iiaihenialician  and  astronomer,  born  at  the 
H-dSue  in  lt>29,  and  died  in  1695. 

Hi'YSUM,  Justus  Van,  an  eminent  Dutch 
pairiier.  born  at  .\msterdani,  died  in  1716. 

Hl/VSUM,  John  Van,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  also  distinguished  as  a  painter;  as  were 
his  two  brothers.     He  died  in  1749. 

HVf)E,  Edward,  earl  of  Clarendon,  and  chan- 
cellor of  England,  born  in  Diiilon,  in  Wiltshire, 
in  I'lOB,  and  died  in  1674.  His  iiamo  is  inimor- 
talizod  by  his  "  History  of  the  Rebellion,"  in 
the  time  of  Charles  I.  He  was  afterwards,  how- 
ever, impeached  of  high  treason,  and  fled  to 
France,  where  he  died. 

HYDE,  Henry,  earl  of  Clarendon,  son  to 
the  chancellor,  born  in  1638,  died  in  1709.  HiS| 
"  Stale  Letters,"  during  his  government  of  Ire 
land,  and  his  "Diary,"  for  the  years  1687  to! 
1690,  were  published  m  1763,  from  the  Claren- 
don press,  in  Oxforu.  | 

HYDE,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  eminent  divine,  and 
professor  of  the  oriental  lansuage.s,  horn  in 
lo3t).  He  published,  beside  other  thingj,  "  A] 
catalogue  of  the  books  in  tiie  Bodleian  library  :"| 
"  De  Ludis  orientalibus  Ubro  duo,"  a  work 
which  is  held,  at  present,  in  very  high  esteem  ; 
and  "  Tiie  religion  of  the  ancient  Persians,"  a 
work  of  profound  and  various  erudition,  abound- 
ing with  many  new  lights,  on  the  most  curious 
and  interesting  subjects.     He  died  in  1703. 

HYDE,  Lawrence,  viscount  Hyde,  and  earl  of; 
Eochoster,was  the  second  son  of  the  chancellor, 
and  was  always  employed  about  the  court,  either 
as  a  member  of  the  cabinet,  or  as  an  ambassador 
abroad.  He  died  in  1711,  with  the  reputation  ol^ 
an  able  statesman. 

H  Vl)E,Edward,  wa.s lieutenant  governor,  and 
govarnor  of  the  colony  of  North  Carolina ;  he 
died  in  171-2. 

H  YDER-.VLI  KHAN,  an  Asiatic  prince,  son' 
of  tile  king  of  Mysore,  and  himself  sovereign 
of  Saba  of  Servia,  was  distinguished  for  his 
intrepidity,  and  for  hiB  hostility  to  the  Euro- 
peans, whom  he  considered  as  intruders  in  the 
country,  aad  whom  he  invariably  opposed  ;  he 
died  in  178-2,  aad  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 
Tipsioo  Saib.  j 

K  YGINUS,  Caius  Julius,  the  fieedman  of  Au- 
gustus, was  the  author  of  several  Latin  works,  j 

HYGINUS,  a  philosopher,  of  Athens,  was 


HYLL,  Albayn,  an  English  pbvsiciati  andi 
mu'dical  writer,  died  at  London,  in  1559.  | 

HYPATI.A,  a  most  beautitui,  virtuous,  and! 
learned  lady  of  antiquity,  daughter  of  Theon,! 
who  governed  the  Platonic  school  at  .Alexandria,! 
the  place  of  her  birth  and  education,  in  the  lat- 
ter part  of  the  4th  cenfary.  Socrates  tells  us, 
thai  Hypatia  "  arrived  at  such  a  pitch  of  learii-| 
ing,  as  very  far  to  exceed  all  the  philosophers  of ! 
her  time."    But  our  notions  of  Hypatia  will  b^ 


IBRAHIM,  Effcndi,  a  Pole,  established  a 
printing  press  in  Turkey. 

IBYCUS,  a  Greek  lyric  poet,  flourished  about 
540  B.  C.  He  was  murdered  by  robbers  ;  and 
in  his  dying  moments  he  ob.served  cranes  flying 
over  his  head,  whom  he  implored  to  be  his 
avengers.  His  murderers  walking  in  Rhegima 
some  time  afterwards,  and  seeing  some  cranes 
in  the  air,  one  of  them  said  to  his  companions, 
"  there  come  the  witnesses  of  Ibycus  death." 


pvodijioiislv  heightened,  when  we  consider  her  [They  were  overheard,  tried,  and  executed. 
fciKceedingher  father,  a.s  she  actually  did;  in  the       IDACIUS,  a  Spanish  prelate,  and  an  author 
jovortiuiciit  oi  lh(!  Aleitandrlau  school:  te-ach  H  of  tlic  5th  century. 

oo  253 


IN _ 

IDRI3,  Gawr,  a  Welch  aslronomer,  al'tpr 
whom  one  of  the  highest  niouutaiiis  of  Wale 
is  named. 

IFLAND,  Augustus  William,  a  celebrated 
German  actor  and  dramatic  writer,  di"d  at  Ber- 
lin, in  1814.  He  was  interred  wiih  ^'leat  pomp. 
IGNATIUS,  surnamcd  Theoplirastus,  bithop 
of  Antioch,  born  in  Syria,  and  educated  undirr 
the  apostle  and  evangelist,  St.  John.  He  was 
torn  to  pieces  by  lions,  at  Home,  by  r.ominand 
of  the  emperor  Trajan,  A.  D.  107.  His  epistles 
are  very  interesting  remains  of  ecclesi.istical 
ajitiquity  on  many  accounts;  but  the  most  im- 
portant iise  of  hid' writings  resiiects  the  authen- 
ticity of  the  Holy  Scriptures,  wliich  he  frequent- 
ly alludes  to  in  the  very  eApresaioiis  that  they 
stand  in  at  this  day. 

IGNATIUS,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  in 
847,  died  in  878. 
IGNATIUS.     See  LOYOLA. 
IGOR,  sovereign  prmce  of  Russia,  died   in 
945.  ' 

ILDEFONSE,  St.,  bishop  of  Toledo,  and  au- 
thor of  an  Ecclesiastical  History,  died  in  *5ti7 

ILI\'E,  Jacob,  ail  Enjjiisli  printer  and  niiscel 
laueous  writer,  died  in  1768. 

ILLESCAS,  Gonsalvo,  a  Spanish  ecclesias- 
tic, author  of  the  lives  of  the  popes,  died  in  1580. 
ILLTYDVAUCHOG,  orlLLUTUi^,  asaip.t, 
who  is  said  to  have  taught  the  Welch  an  im- 
proved iiiethnd  of  ploughing.  He  died  in  480. 
ILLYRIUS,  Matthias  Flaccus,  or  Francow- 
itz,  was  a  learned  di\ine,  who  completed  his 
education  under  Luther  and  Alelancthon ;  he 
died  in  1.575. 

IMBERT,  Bartholomews,  a  poet  of  Nismes, 
died  in  1790. 

IMBERT,  John,  an  advocate  of  Rochelle, 
died  in  the  16th  century. 

IMBERT,  Joseph  Gabriel,  a  painter,  of  Mar- 
seilles, who  entered  a  monastic  order,  and  died 
in  1749. 

IMHOFF,  James  William,  a  very  famous  ge 
ncalogist,  born  at  Nuremberg,  in  1631,  died  in 
1708. 

IKPERIALI,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, and  one  of  the  21  nobles  of  Genoa,  died 
in  162.1. 

IMPERIALI,  John,  son  of  the   preceding, 

eminent  as  a  writer  and  physician,  died  in  1653. 

tMPERI.\LI,  Guiseppe  Renato,  a  cardinal, 

known  for  a  ma;,'nilicent  library  which  adorns 

the  city  of  Rome  ;  he  died  in  1737. 

INA,  a  king  of  the  West  Saxons:  he  went| 
to  Rome  in  726,  and  founded  an  English  college. 
INA(!HTjS,  founded  tiie  kingdom  of  Argos, 
ab<-.ut  18.M  B.  C. 

INCHOFER,  Mclchior,  a  German  Jesuit. 
He  wrote  a  satire  against  the  Jesuits,  and  died 
in  UMS. 

IXDULPHUS,  a  Scotch  king,  said  to  be  the 
77tb  since  the  foundation  of  that  monarchy. 

INGSiNHOUZ,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  natu- 
ral philosopher,  who  happily  applied  his  chymi- 
cal  discoveries  to  the  purposes  of  medical  and 
aqricnltural  improvements.  Many  of  his  dis 
qiiisitions  will  be  found  in  the  Philosopiiical 
Transactions  of  London,  vol.  65  to  72.  He  was 
born  at  Breda,  but  was  latterly  resident  in  Eng- 
land, and  died  at  Bnwood  park,  the  seat  of  the 
marquis  of  Lansdowne,  in  1799. 

INGHEN,  William  Van,  a  Dutch  painter, 
who  died  iu  the  I7tli  century. 

INGOLD.SHY,  Richard,  govr-nior  of  the  co- 
lony of  New  York  was  sutce<,'d8d  by  governor 
Beeknian,  in  1700 
254 


IR  ^ 

INgTjULT,  Nicholas  Lewis,  a  native  of  Gi- 
'snrs,  was  elo<}uenl  as  a  preacher  of  the  jeiiuils, 
!and  died  in  1751!. 

I  iNGR A  M,  Robert,  an  English  divine,  and  the 
author  of  various  works,  diid  in  1804. 

I.N'GRASSIA,  John  Philip,  a  celebrated  phy- 
isician,  of  Palermo,  died  in  15hl. 
i     INGUIMBERTI,  Donunic  Jo.-pph  Marie  d', 
!a  learned  divine,  and  bishop  of  Carpeiitras,  wag 
|a  munificent  and  pious  prelate,  and  died  in  1757. 

INGULPHUS,  abbot  of  C'royland,  was  born 
lin  London,  in  1030,  wrote  "  Historia  Monasterii 
ICroylandeiisis,"  and  died  in  1109. 
I     LNNOCENT  1.,  was  elected  pope  in  402,  and 
Idled  in  417. 

I  INNOCENT  II.,  was  elected  pope  after  Hon»- 
rins  II.  ;  he  was  driven  into  France  by  a  rival 
po[)c,but  afterwards  returned,  and  died  at  Rome, 
in  1143. 

INNOCENT  III.,  I-othaire  Conti.  elevated 
to  the  popedom,  in  1198.  He  psiscculed  the 
lAlhigenses,  and  raised  the  papal  authority  to 
its  greatest  heitht.     He  died  in  1216. 

INNOCENT  IV.,  Siuibaid)  de  Fitsque,  car- 
[dinal,  was  elected  pope  in  1243,  aj«d  was  tho 
first  who  invested  the  cardinals  with  a  red  l)at, 
aj  a  mark  of  dignity.    He  died  in  1254. 

INNOCENT  v.,  Peter  de  Tarantaise,  arch 
bishop  of  Lyons,  was  made  pope  in  1276,  and 
died  the  same  year. 

INNOCENT  VI.,  Stephen  Albert,  bishop  of 
Ostia,  waselerfed  nopein  1352,  and  died  in  1362. 

INNOCENT  VII.,  Come  de  .Meliorati,  wag 
elected  pope  in  1404,  and  died  in  1406. 

INNOCENT  VIH.,  Joim  Baptist  Cibo,  a  no- 
ble Genoese,  was  elected  pope  in  1484,  and  died 
in  1492. 

INNOCENT  IX.,  John  .\nthony  Facchinetti, 
an  Italian,  ivas  elected  pope  in  1591,  and  died 
two  mi>nth8  after. 

INNOCENT  X..  John  Baptist  Pamphili,  was 
elected  pope  in  1644.  He  published  abull  against 
the  Jansenists,  and  died  in  1655. 

INNOCENT  XI.,  Benedict  Odcscalchi,  an 
Italian,  was  elected  pope  iu  1076,  and  died  in 
1689. 

INNOCENT  XII.,  Anthony  Pignatelh.  a  Nea 
politan,  elected  pope  in  1691;  he  condemned  Fen 
elon's  Maxims  of  the  Saints,  and  died  in  1700. 

INNOCENT  XIII.,  Michael  Angelo  ContI, 
a  native  of  Rome,  and  the  eighth  pope  of  !li8 
family,  was  elected  in  1721,  and  died  in  1734. 

INSTITOR,  Henry,  a  Dominican,  inquisitor- 
genera!  of  Mayence,  Treves,  and  Cologne,  and 
author  of  some  works. 

INTAPHERNES,  one  of  the  .seven  nobles  of 
Persia,  who  conspired  against  the  usurper, 
Smerdis,  521  B.  C. 

INTERIAN  DK  A YALA,  John,  a  Spaniard, 
author  of  some  poems,  died  in  1770. 

INVEGES,  Augustino,  a  Sicilian  historian, 
and  antiquary,  of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  died 
in  1677. 

IRELAND, Samuel, a  gentleman,bred,we  have 
been  told,  to  trade  ;  but,  endowed  with  a  turn 
to  science  and  literature,  he  soon  distinguished 
himself  as  the  draftsman,  engraver  and  illus- 
trator of  several  elegant  and  esteemed  works ; 
among  which  were,  "  A  Picturesque  Tour 
through  Holland,  Brabant,  and  part  of  Prance, 
in  178J;"  "Picturesque  Views  on  the  River 
Thames,  and  ou  the  Medway  ;"  "  Graphic  Il- 
lustrations of  Hogarth  ;"  "Picturesque  Views 
of  the  Severn  and  Avon;"  and  "Picturesque 
Views,  with  an  Historical  .\ccount,  of  the  IiiBS 
of  Court  in  Loudon  and  Westminster."     He 


dicdJune  II,  1800,  (being  the  very  day  on  whicii  I     ISjIIUS,  a  celebrated  Urcek  orator,  nnd  na- 
tlif  cnucliidine;  sheet  of  his  last  mriuioiiod  woil^ytivo  of  Chalcis,  in  Syria,  the  scholar  of  Lysins, 


w.^nt  to  press,)  of  a  broken  lieart,  as  is  believ- 
ed ;  having  been  most  illiberally  accused  (with- 
out any  proof)  of  being  concerjiwi  in  the  forge- 
ry of  the  pretended  Shakspeare  M.SS.;  froin 
which  his  son,  W.  H.  Ireland  (the  real  fabrica- 
tor of  that  most  ingenious  literary  irupoBition,)! 
in  a  confessional  pamphlet,  publicly  and  solemn 
ly  exculpated  liini. 

IRELAND,  John,  author  of  "Illustrations of 
Hogarth,"  and  "  Life  and  Letters  of  Mr.  John 
Henderson,'  the  actor,  was  born  near  Wcni,  in 
Shmpshire,  and  died  in  the  vicinity  of  Birming- 
ham in  1808. 

IREN.(EUS,  Saint,  bishop  of  Lyons,in  France, 
who  wrote  an  elaborate  work  "  against  Here- 
sies," part  of  which  is  still  e.vtant  under  his 
name.  He  suffered  martyrdom  in  the  5th  per- 
eecutioil  of  the  Christians  under  Severus,  A.  D. 
203. 

IRETON,  Henry,  son-in-law  to  Oliver  Crom- 
well, and  a  brave  general  in. his  army,  died  in 
1651. 

IRE  VISA,  John,  an  Englishman,  who  trans- 
lated tlie  "  I'olychronicon,"  in  1387. 

IR.VERIUS,  called  also  Wernerus,  or  Guar- 
ncrus,  a  German  lawyer  of  the  12tti  century, 
who  was  properly  the  restorer  of  the  Roman 
law.     Ho  died  in  1150. 

IRONSIDE,  Gilbert,  an  Englishman,  who,  at 
the  restoration,  was  made  bishop  of  Bristol ; 
he  died  in  1C71. 

IRVINE,  William,  a   major-general  in  the 


and  preceptor  of  Demosthenes^.  He  flouri.shcd 
3'.m  years  befnre  Christ,  and  was  the  first  who 
applied  eloquence  to  state  aftairs,  in  which  he 
was  followed  by  his  scholar  Dcniosthenes. 

IS.\IAH,  the  greatest  of  the  prophets,  was  of 
the  lineage  of  David.  He  prophesied  from  735 
to  G81  B.C.,  and  is  said  to  have  been  cut  in  two 
with  a  wooden  .«aw,  by  the  cruel  king  Munasseh. 
ISDEGERDES,  king  of  Persia,  was  v-aliaiu, 
but  cruel.  He  persecuted  tlie  Christians,  and 
died  in  420.  ' 

I.SELIN,  James  Christopher,  was  professor 
of  divinity  at  Basil,  where  he  died  in  1737. 

ISIIMAEL,  son  of  Abrah.un,  by  Hngar,  1919 

B.  C.     He  was  the  progenitor  of  the  Arabians. 

ISH.M.\EL  I.,  sop.hy  of  Persia,  was  dislin- 

1,'uished  for  his  valour  and  wisdom,  and  died  in 

1523. 

ISHMAEL  II.,  sophy  of  Persia,  murdered  his 
eitrht  brothers,  and  at  last  was  poisoned  by  his 
own  sister,  in  1579. 

ISIDORE,  of  Alexandria,  placed  over  a  mo- 
nastery, by  Athanasius,  died  in  403. 

ISID(JRE,  St.,  surnamcd  Pelusiota,orDaciate, 
from  Ills  retiring  into  a  solitude  near  the  town 
which  bears  both  these  names,  was  the  un5st 
celebrated  of  the  disciples  of  John  Chrysostom. 
He  died  about  440 ;  and  we  have  remaining 
2012  of  jiis  letters,  in  five  books. 

ISIDORE,  of  Cordova,  was  bishop  of  Cordo- 
va, in  the  age  of  Ilonorius. 
ISIDORE,  of  Seville,  a  bishop  of  that  city, 
American  army  during  the  revolution,  and  af- [j  was  called  the  doctor  of  tlie  age  :  hediedinG36 
terwards  a  member  of  congress,  from  Pennsyl- 
vania ;  he  died  in  1804. 

IRVVIN,  Eyles,  was  born  at  Calcutta,  of  Irish 
parents,  educated  in  England,  and  afterwaads 
employed  in  a  civil  capacity,  in  the  East.  He 
«  as  distinguished  as  a  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  and  died  in  1817. 

IS.VAC,  son  of  Abraham  and  Sarah,  was  the 
father  of  Esau,  the  progenitor  of  the  Edomites, 
and  of  Jacob,  the  ancestor  of  the  Israelites.  He 
died  1710  B.  C. 

ISAAC,  Angelus,  Greek  emperor,  in  1185. 
Me  was  imprisoned  bv  his  brother,  and  died  in 
J  204. 

ISAAC,  Cam,  a  vabbi,of  Spain,  who  retired 
to  Jerusalem,  and  devoted  himself  to  study  and 
solitude  :  he  dittd  in  the  IGth  century. 

ISAAC  CO.MJrENUS,  Greek  emperor,  in 
1057.  After  a  turbulent  reign,  he  retired  to  a 
monastery,  and  died  in  1061. 

ISAACSON,  Henry,  an  Englishman  ;  be  wrote 
a  valuable  chronological  work,  and  died  in  1654. 
ISABELLA,  daughter  of  Philip  the  Fair, 
king  of  France,  was  born  in  J2S2,  and  married 
to  Edward  II.,  of  England.  Her  conduct  was 
licentious,  and  she  died  in  prison. 

ISABELLA,  of  Bavar\a,raarriedCharles  VI., 
of  France,  in  1385,  and  died  little  lamented,  in 
1435. 

ISABELLA,  daughter  of  JolmlL,  of  Castile, 
married  Ferdinand  V.,  king  of  Arragon,  in 
1469.  She  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  Castile 
i[i  1474,  and  thiK  united  the  two  kingdoms. 
Her  reign  is  remarkable  fer  the  discovery  of 
America  by  C  jlumb.is.     She  died  in  1504. 

fS.ARELLA,  daughter  of  Alphon.so,  duke  of 
Calabria,  was  married  to  John  Galeaz/oSforza, 
ia  1489,  and  died  in  1  j'il. 

li?ABELLA,  sister  of  the  kinjj  of  Poland, 
Qi  a  tried  John  Zopolita,  king  of  Hungary,  in 
ISJi),  and  died  in  153S. 


ISIDORUS,  of  Charax,  a  Greek  author,  300 
U.  C. 

ISINGRINIUS,  Michael,  an  eminent  printer, 
of  B.isil,  of  the  16t!i  century. 

ISMENIAS,  a  Theban  general,  who  refused 
to  kneel  before  a  Persian  king. 

ISOCRATES,a  Greek  orator,  born  at  Athens, 
in  the  first  year  of  the  86th  Olympiad,  i.  e.  436 
years  before  Ciirist,  died  at  the  age  of  98.  We 
have  21  orations  of  his  composing. 

ISRAEL,  Manasseh  Ben,  a  learned  rabbi,  of 
the  Low  Countries,  who  offered  Cromwell  two 
liundred  thousand  pounds  for  permission  to  the 
Jews  to  settle  in  England.     He  died  in  1057. 

ITTIGIUS,  Thomas,  a  German  divine,  and 
professor  of  divinity  at  Leipnic,  died  in  1710. 

IVES,  or  YVES,  bishop  of  Chartres,  in  1093, 
led  a  Ufeof  great  piety  ;  he  died  in  1115,  and  was 
canonized. 

IVETEAIJX,  Nicholas  Vauquelin  seigneur 
do,  a  French  poet,  and  preceptor  to  Lev/is  XIII., 
wiicn  dauphin  ;  lie  died  in  UH9,  after  leading  a 
liccnlious  life. 

IWAN  v.,  John  Alexiowitz,  succeeded  fo 
the  throne  of  Russia  in  lt)82.  He  was  a  weak 
prince,  unworthy  of  a  throne,  and  died  in  1696. 

IWAN  VI.,  of  Brunswick  Bevern,  succeeded 
to  the  thrtme  of  Russia  in  1710,  at  the  age  of 
three  months.  He  was  ir.iprisoned,  and  at  last 
pu:  to  death,  in  1746. 

IZ-AACKE,  Richard,  an  Englishman,  wrote 
the  history  of  Oxford,  and  died  in  1724. 


JAAPH.4.N,  Ebn  Tophail,  au  Arabian  phi- 
losopher, coteniporary  with  Averroes,  who 
died  about  1198.  He  composed  a  philosophi- 
cal romance,  wtitled  "  The  Life  or  History  of 
Hai  EbnVokdhan;"  in  which  he  endeavours 
to  dcmoiistiatf.  how  a  rcaa  may,  bv  the  mere-. 
255 


J  A 


liylil  of  nature,  -attain  The  knowledge  of  tilings 
nulural  and  supernatural ;  niDre  parliuularly  the 
knowledge  of  God,  and  tlie  atiairs  of  anoilier 
life. 

JABLONSKI,  Daniel  Ernest,  a  popisli  divine, 
of  Germany.  He  endeavoured  to  reconcile  llie 
Lutherans  and  Calvinisls  ;  wrote  some  dis.«er- 
tations  and  other  works,  and  died  in  1T41. 

J.ABLONSKI,  Theodore,  counsellor  of  the 
court  of  Prussia,  was  a  niau  of  extensive  erudi 
tion,  and  highly  esteemed.  Hid  publications 
were  numerous. 

JABLONSKI,  Paul  Ernest,  professor  of  theo 
loey  at  Frankfort,  the  author  of  several  learned 
works  ;  lie  died  in  )757. 

JABLONSKI,  Charles  Gustavus,  a  German 
author,  he  died  at  Halle,  in  1787. 

JACETIUS,  Francis  de  Cataneis,  professor 
of  Platonic  philosophy,  at  Florence,  died  in 
J  552. 

JAOHAIA,  Ben  Joseph,  a  Portuguese  rabbi, 
wrote  a   paraphrase  on    Daniel>  and  died   in 

JACKSON,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  pre- 
sident of  Corpus  Christ!  college,  Oxford,  and  a 
man  of  learning  and  piety  ;  he  died  in  lf)40. 

JACKSON, John,  an  English  divine,  thtnlogi- 
cal  and  historical  author,  born  in  1G86,  died  in 
1703.  His  last  and  capital  work  was,  "  Chrono- 
logical Antiquities,"  1752. 

J.'VCKSON,  Joseph,  a  lelter-fouiider  of  distin- 
guished eminence,  born  ill  1733.  In  testimony 
of  his  aliiliti&s,  lei  it  suffice  to  mention,  as  mat- 
ters of  difficulty  and  curiosity,  the  facsimile 
types  which  he  formed  for  Dooinsday-Book,  and 
the  Ale.xandrian  New  Testament:  and,  as  a  pat- 
tern of  the  most  perfect  symmetry,  the  types 
with  which  Mr.  P.ensley  printed  the  splendid 
edition  of  the  Bible,  publisiied  by  the  late  Mr. 
Macklin.     Mr.  Jackson  died  in  1792. 

JACKSON,  Arthur,  an  ejected  non-conformist 
divine,  wrote  a  commentary  on  the  Bible,  and 
died  in  lG6fi. 

JACKSON,  Cyril,  D.  D.  an  eminent  divine, 
horn  at  Stamford,  in  1746,  and  educated  at  Ox- 
ford. He  was  sub-preceptor  to  his  present  m.v 
jesty ;  in  consequence,  he  was  made  dean  of 
Christ-Church,  which  lie  resigned  in  1800.  This 
elegant  scholar  declined  the  mitre,  thoiijih  the 
primacy  of  Ireland,  as  well  as  an  English  bishop- 
ric, had  been  offered  him.  He  died  at  Felphani, 
Sussex,  in  1819. 

JACKSON,  Dr.  William,  brother  of  the  pre 
ceding,  was  prebendary  of  York,  regius  pioles- 
sor  of  Greek  at  Oxford,  and  bishop  of  Oiford ; 
he  died  in  1811. 

J.\CKSON,  William,  a  musical  composer  of 
considerable  eminence,  and  author  of  several  in- 
genious liierarv  productions  in  prose  and  verse, 
was  born  at  Exeter,  in  ITM.  His  musical  pro- 
ductions are  too  numerous  to  be  here  detailtd, 
and  too  well  known  to  require  it.  In  178i,  he 
published  "  Thirty  Lettersou  various  Subjects." 
In  1791,  he  publisned  "  Observations  on  the  pre- 
sent State  of  Music  in  London  ;"  and  in  1798, 
he  added  another  volume  to  hn  Letters,  undei 
the  title  of  "  The  Four  Ages  ;  with  Essays  on 
various  Subjects."  Mr.  Jackson  was  organist 
of  the  cathedral  at  Exeter  ;  and,  besides  his  mu- 
sical talents,  was  an  excellent  painter,  chiefly 
in  the  landscape  way.    He  died  in  1803. 

JACOB,  son  of  Isaac  and  Rebecca,  obtained 
bis  brother's  birthright,  and  went  to  Egypt, 
where  he  died  1689  B.  C,  aged  147. 

JACOB,  Ben  Napthali,  a  famous  Jew  rabbi, 
ill  the 5;h  century,  and  inventor  (with  Ben  Aser], 


of  tlie  points  in  Hebrew  to  serve  for  vowels,  and 
of  the  accents,  to  facilitate  the  reading  of  that 


language. 

JA(  OB,  Ben  Haim,  a  rabbi,  of  the  16th  cen- 
turv,  who  rendered  himself  famous  by  the  col- 
lection of  the  Ma-'-'ore,  which  is  properly  a  cri- 
tique upon  the  books  of  the  Bible,  in  order  to 
settle  the  true  reading. 

JACOB,  Henry,  an  Englishman,  wrote  against 
the  Brovvnists,  and  died  in  1021. 

J.ACOB,  Henry,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  an 
able  Orientalist,  and  died  in  1652. 

J.\COB,  a  Hungarian  monk,  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury, preached  a  crusade  against  the  8ara(eiis. 
JACOB,  Giles,  an  English  law  wniler,  biogra- 
jpher,  and  lexicographer,  bom  at  Roinsey,  in 
Hampshire,  in  KWO,  died  in  1744.  Besides  a 
[Law  Diciionarv,  lie  published  twovolumes,  en- 
titled '•  The  Poetical  Register  ;  or,  Lives  and 
Icharacters  of  the  English  poets." 

JACOB  AL  BARDAI,  was  an  able  leader  of 
the  Eutvchians,  and  a  disciple  of  Severus. 

JACOB^EUS,  Oliger,  professor  of  philosophy, 
at  Copenhagen,  and  an  author  ;  hediedin  1701 
JACOBS',  Jurian,  a  Swiss  painter,  died  in 
1664. 

J  ACOMB,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  a  fellow  of  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge,  was  ejected  for  non  con- 
forniitv,  and  died  in  1087. 

JAf'OPONK,  daTodi,  an  Italian  poet,  cotern- 
porarv  wiiJi  Dante,  died  in  1306. 

JACQUELOT,  Isa-dC,  a  French  prolestanl 
minister,  who,  on  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  became  chaplain  to  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia; hediedin  1708. 

JACaUET,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Lyons,  was 
an  admirer  and  imitator  of  Kosseau,  and  died 
in  1793. 

JACQUIER,  Francis,  a  Frenchmaii,  eniinent 
as  a  mathematician  and  divine,  died  in  1788. 

JADDUS,  high-priest  of  Jiidea,  when  Alex- 
ander approached  Jernsalciii  to  destroy  it. 

JADELOT,  Nicholas,  a  Frenchman,  knowni 
as  a  physician  and  an  author,  died  in  1793. 

JAEGER,  John  Wolfgang.,  a  Lutheran  di- 
vine, and  divinity  professor,  at  Tiiliingen  ,  he 
wrote  several  Latin  works,  and  died  in  1720. 

JAGO,  Richard,  an  English  divine  and  pnet, 
born  in  1715.  About  17.'i2  he  was  entered  as  a 
servitor  in  University  college,  Oxford  ;  in  which 
humiliating  situation  he  was  visited  by  his 
schoolfellow,  Shenstone,  then  a  commoner  in 
Pembroke  college,  who  introduced  him  to  his 
fellow-  collegians.  In  1767,  he  published  a  poem 
c-dl!ed  "  Edge  Hill,"  by  which  his  poetical  repu- 
tation was  completely  established  ;  and  he  died 
rector  of  Kilmcote,  Leicestershire,  in  1781.  A 
collection  of  his  poems  was  published  in  1784. 

J.MLLOT,  Alexis  Hubert,  a  French  sculptor, 
and  geographer  to  the  king,  died  in  1780. 

JAMBLICUS,  the  naiiie  of  two  celebrated 
Platonic  philosophers,  in  the  4th  century,  one 
of  whom  was  a  native  of  Chalcis,  and  the  other 
of  Apamea,  in  Syria. 

JAiMES,  St.,  the  Great,  son  of  Zebedee,  one  of 
the  apostles,  was  put  to  death  by  Herod,  A.  D. 
44. 

JAMES,  St.,  the  Less,  brother  of  Simon  and 
Jude,  was  also  one  of  the  apoitles.  He  was 
surnamed  the  Ju.-;t,  and  put  to  death,  A.  D.  62. 
JA.MCS,  St.  a  bishop  of  Nisibis,  distinguisti- 
ed  for  his  patriotism  and  benevolence  ;  ho  died 
about  350. 

JAMES  I.,  king  of  Scotland,  was  taken  by 
the  Engli-sh,  imprisoned  18  years,  and  Uien  libu 
rated.    He  was  assassinatt^d  in  1437 


JA 

JAMES,  II.,  king  of  riCDtland,  succeeded  hib 
lallier,  .lames  I.,  and  was  killed  In  14ti0. 

JAMES  UI.,  succeeded  his  lather,  James  II., 
ot  (Scotland,  was  odious  lor  his  cruelties,  and 
put  to  death  by  his  rebellious  subjects  in  1488. 

JAMErf,  IV.,  succeeded  his  fatltcr,  James  HI. 
Ho  was  an  active  and  patriotic  monarch,  but 
was  slain  at  the  fatal  battle  of  Floddentield, 
in  lol.J. 

J.A.MES  v.,  son  and  successor  of  James  IV. 
He  3up(>orted  the  religious  establiahmiint  of  his 
country,  and  left  his  dominions  loins  only  child, 
Mary  Stuart.     He  died  in  1542. 

JAMES  VI.,  of  Scotland,  and  I.  of  England, 
was  son  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots.  Tnough 
iearned  and  intelligent,  his  favourites  were 
worthless  characters.  He  was  the  author  of 
several  works,  and  died  in  1025. 

J.IAIES  II.,  of  England,  succeeded  his  bro- 
ther Cliarles  II.  His  oppressive  government  and 
popish  principles,  alienated  his  subjects  from 
liiiO,  who  invited  William  III.,  of  Holland,  to 
the  throne.     He  died  at  Paris,  in  1701. 

JAMES  I.,  king  of  Arragon,  surnamed  the 
Warrior,  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  lSil3,  and 
died  in  1-276. 

JAMES  II.,  king  of  Arragon,  succeeded  his 
brother,  Alphonso  HI.,  iu  1291.  He  united  Va- 
lentia  and  Catalonia  to  his  crown,  and  died  in 
1337. 

J.\MES,  of  Voraigne,  provincial  of  the  Do- 
minicans, compiled  the  Gulden  Legend,  and  died 
tu  12y8. 

J.\.\IES,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  was 
a  distinguished  collector  of  curious  MSS.,  and 
died  in  1G32. 

J.^MES,  Richard,  nephew  of  the  preceding, 
educated  at  Oxford,  was  a  learned  scholar  and 
critic  ;  he  died  in  1038. 

JAMES,  Dr.  Robert,  an  EngUsli  physician  of 
great  eminence,  and  particularly  distinguished 
by  the  preparation  of  a  most  e.xcellent  fever 
powder,  born  in  1703,  died  in  1716.  His  princi- 
pal writings  are,  a  "  Medicinal  Dictionary," 
The  Practice  of  Physic,"  and  "  A  Dispensa- 
tory." 

J.\MES,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  an  Englishman, 
educated  at  Cambridge,  was  an  autlior,  and  died 
in  J8(M. 

J  "VMET,  Peter  Charles,  a  French  writer,  born 
in  1701. 

J.VMISON,  George,  a  celebrated  Scottish 
painter,  usually  called  the  Vandyke  of  Scotland, 
born  in  1.580,  died  in  Ediuburgii,  in  1&14. 

JA.MYN,  A^nadis,  a  French  poet,  who  be- 
came secretary  to  Charles  IX.,  and  died  in  1585. 

J.ANE  WA  Y,  James,  educated  at  Oxford,  was 
ejected  for  non-conformity,  and  died  in  1074. 

.1  .\NICON,  Francis  Michael,  a  French  writer, 
born  in  Paris,  was  educated  in  Holland,  and 
di.?d  in  1730. 

JANSENIUS,  Cornelius,  a  divine,  envoy  of 
Philip  II.  of  Spain,  to  the  council  of  Trent,  died 
iu  157ti. 

JANSEN,  Cornelius,  bishop  of  Ypres,  and 
principal  of  the  sect  called  Jansenists,  born  at 
Leerilam,  in  Holland,  in  I5.?5,  died  in  1638. 

JANSOX,  or  JANSON'IUS,  James,  a  native 
of  Amsterdam,  and  professor  of  theology,  at 
Jjouvaiii ;  he  died  in  1625. 

J.Ai\S(3N,  Abraham,  of  Antwerp,  an  excellent 
painter  in  the  Kith  century. 

JAXSSEXS,  an  eminent  Dutch  painter,  died 
ill  1665. 

JANSSRNS,  Victor  Honorins.  a  painter, of 
Brussels,  died  in  173i>;  | 

K   k  22"^ 


JE 

JANS.SENS,  Abraham,  a  celebrated  painter, 
born  at  Antwerp,  in  10.51).  He  once  cliallengi^ 
Rubens,  who  prudently  yielded  to  him  ;  telling 
him,  that  he  should  leav(!  the  public  to  de^ 
termine  the  question  of  their  rc-pective  merits. 
JaiiKsen,  however,  was  a  good  artist,  as  may 
be  seen  by  a  line  picture  of  his  in  the  liusseldorlt 
gallery,  repre.'.-enliiig  the  resurrection  of  Lazarus. 

JANUAIlItJS,  St.,  bishop  of  Kencvento,  was 
beheaded  in  the  persecution  of  Dioclesian. 

J.\PHET,  son  of  Noah,  the  progenitor  of  the 
nations  of  Europe  and  Asia,  was  born  8448 
B.  C. 

JARDINS,  Mary  Catherine  des,  a  French 
lady,  famous  for  her  poetry  and  romances,  died 
in  1083.  She  is  said  to  have  been  the  inventor 
of  novels.  Her  works  were  printed  in  10  vols. 
at  Paris,  in  1702. 

JARDY.^f,  Karel  du,  a  Dutch  painter  of  note, 
died  in  1678. 

JAROSLAW,  grand  duke  of  Russia,  in  tho 
10th  century,  was  a  patron  of  learned  men. 

J.-VRRIGE,  Peter,  a  Jesuit,  who  became  a 
protestant,  and  afterwards  recanted.  He  wrote 
for,  and  against,  the  Jesuits,  and  died  in  1670. 

J.VRRY,  Laurence  Juillarddu,  a  French  poet 
and  divine,  who  excelled  as  a  preacher ;  he 
died  in  1730. 

JARS,  Gabriel,  a  Frenchman,  and  mineralo- 
gist of  some  note,  died  in  1766. 

JAUV/S,  .\braham,  D.  D.,  second  bishop  of 
the  episcopal  church  in  Connecticut,  died  at 
New-Haven,  in  1813. 

JAUCOURT,  Lewis  de,  a  learned  FrencJi- 
man,  and  an  author  ;  he  died  in  i780. 

JAULT,  Augustus  Francis,  professor  of  Sy- 
riac  in  the  Royal  College  at  Paris,  was  cele- 
brated as  a  phy.--ician,  and  died  in  1757. 

JAY,  Guy  Michel,  le,  an  advotate  of  the  par- 
liament of  Pans,  ruined  himself  by  printing  a 
polyglot  Bible,  and  died  in  1075. 

JEACOCKE,  Caleb,  was  a  baker,  and  an  au- 
thor, died  in  1786. 

JEANES,  Henry,  educated  at  Oxford,  was 
the  author  of  several  works  ;  he  died  in  1662. 

JEANNIN,  Peter,  a  Burgundiau,  advocate  in 
the  parliament  of  Dijou,  and  favourite  of  Henry 
IV.  ;  he  died  in  16-22,  after  seeing  seven  succes- 
sive kings  on  the  throne  of  France. 

JEAURAT,  Sebastian,  a  Frenchman,  dis- 
tinguished as  an  able  mathematician ;  he  died 
in  1803. 

JEBB,  Samuel,  an  English  physician  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  born  at  Nottingham,  died 
in  1772. 

JEBB,  Dr.  John,  born  in  London,  in  1736. 
He  was  eminent  both  as  a  non-conformist  divine, 
and  a  physician.  In  the  knowledge  of  the 
Christian  Scriptures  he  was  particularly  con- 
versant, as  bis  theological  lectures  at  Cam- 
bridge gave  incontestable  proofs  ;  his  skill  in  the 
medical  profession  was  great  and  scientilic,  and 
his  practice  uncommonly  successful.  His  ardour 
in  the  cause  of  liberty  also,  was  unabating  and 
incorruptible  :  and  his  publications,  theological, 
medical,  and  political,  gained  great  approbation; 
he  died  in  1786. 

JEBB,  Sir  Richard,  bart.,  M.  D.  F.  R.  and 
A.  S.  S..  son  of  the  preceding,  one  of  the  censors 
of  the  college  of  physicians  in  1781,  and  phy- 
sician extraordinary  to  his  Britannic  Majesty, 
born  in  17-2?),  died  in  1787. 

JECHONI.\S,  king  of  Judah,  was  carried  pri- 
soner to  Babylon  bv  Nebuchadnezzar. 

JEFFSRY,  Thomas,  an  English  dissenting 
clergvnrian,  and  an  author  of  the  I81I1  century. 
257 


JE 

JEFFERY,  John,  a  popular  divine,  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  and  died  in  1720. 

JEFFERY,  of  Monmoutli,  ap  Arthur,  bishop 
of  St.  Asaph,  a  famous  British  historian,  wli< 
flourished  in  the  time  of  Henry  I. 

JEFFREYS,  lord  George,  baron  Wem,  com- 
monly known  by  the  name  of  judge  JclTreys, 
the  infamous  lord  chancellor,  under  James  II., 
died  a  prisoner  in  the  Tower,  in  10«?!t.  He  wa^ 
one  of  the  greatest  advisers  and  promoters  of  all 
Ihe  oppressive  and  arbitrary  measures  of  that 
unhappy  tyrannical  reign ;  and  his  sanguinary 
and  inhuman  proceedings  will  ever  render  his 
name  detested. 

JEFFREYS,  George,  a  writer,  and  fellow  of 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  died  in  1755. 

JEFFRIKS,  Sir  Herbert,  lieutenant  governor 
of  the  colony  of  Virginia,  and  successor  to  Sir 
William  Berkeley,  as  chief  magistrate,  died  in 
1C78. 

JEHU,  the  tenth  king  of  Israel  885  B.C.,  was 
deprived  of  his  kingdom  by  Hazael,  king  of  Sy- 
ria, and  died  656  B-  C. 

JEKYL,  Sir  Joseph,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
statesman,  was  master  of  the  rolls  to  George  1., 
and  died  in  1768. 

JEKYL,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  brother  to  Sir  Jo- 
seph, educated  at  Cambridge,  was  an  author  of 
various  works,  between  1674  and  1682. 

JELLINGER,  Christopher,  a  German,  who 
obtained  a  living  in  England,  from  which  he 
was  ejected  for  non-conformity,  in  1662. 

JENCKES,  Joseph,  lieutenant  governor  and 
governor  of  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island;  he 
died  in  1740. 

JENISCHIUS,  Paul,  a  learned  native  of  Ant 
Werp,  died  in  1647. 

JENKIN,  Robert,  profe.ssor  of  divinity  at 
Cambridge,  and  author  of  valuable  theological 
tracts,  died  in  1727. 

JENKLN,  William,  a  pufitan,  ejected  for 
non-conformity,  in  1662. 

JENKINS,  Henry,  a  native  of  Yorkshire,  re- 
markable for  his  longevity,  being  at  the  time  of 
his  death,  (1670,)  169  years  old.  He  remember- 
ed the  battle  of  Floddenfield.  and  was  exami- 
ned in  court  on  a  circumstance  that  happened 
140  years  before.  He  retained  his  faculties  to 
the  last ;  but,  as  he  waa  born  before  parochial 
registers  were  kept,  no  parish  would  support 
him  ;  so  that  he  subsisted  by  begging. 

JENKINS,  Sir  Leoline,  a  learned  civilian  and 
an  able  statesman,  under  Charles  II.,  boru  in 
Glamorganshire,  in  1623,  died  in  1685. 

JENKINSON,  Charles,  earl  of  Liverpool,  a 
statesman  of  profound  ability,  but  extremely 
unpopular,  was  the  son  of  colonel  Charles  Jen- 
kinson,  and  first  introduced  himself  into  life  as 
a  political  writer,  and  a  critic  in  The  Monthly 
Review.  From  this  source  he  derived  the  pat- 
ronage of  the  late  earl  of  Bute,  and  all  those 
honours  and  rewards  to  which  he  afterwards  at- 
tained. He  was  for  many  years  president  of 
the  board  of  trade.  In  the  year  1782,  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  family  title  of  a  baronet ;  in  17c'6, 
he  was  created  lord  Hawksbury,  and  in  1790, 
earl  of  Liverpool.  He  was  supposed  to  be  high 
in  the  confidence  of  his  majesty ;  and  his  tho- 
rough knowledge  of  the  commercial  interest  of 
his  country,  and  acquaintance  with  subjects  of 
political  economy,  have  been  displayed  in  nu- 
merous tracts  ;  the  greater  part  of  which,  how- 
ever, were  written  on  subjects  creating  a  teni- 
porarry  interest,  rather  than  as  illustrative  of 
general  principles.  From  this  description  of  his 
Ust  valuable  work,  "  On  the  Coins  of  lliel 
258 


JE 


Realm,"  ought,  however,  to  form  an  exception. 
He  died  in  1808,  in  his  80th  year. 

JENKS,  Benjamin,  a  pious  divine,  born  in 
Shropshire,  in  164G,diid  in  1724.  Hisbes.»kjiown 
writings  are  "  Prayers  and  Olfices  of  Devotion 
for  Families,"  arid  "  Meditations  on  variou* 
important  Subjects." 

JENKYNS,  David,  made  a  Welch  judge  by 
Charles  I. ;  he  was  distinguished  for  hia  loyalty, 
and  died  in  1650. 

JENNENH,Charlep,  a  non-conformist  gentle- 
man, of  considerable  fortune,  at  Gopsal,  in  Lei- 
cestershire, who  compiled  the  words  for  some 
of  Handel's  oratorios,  and  began  an  edition  of 
Shakspeare ;  but  died  when  he  had  published 
"  King  Lear,"  "  Hamlet,"  "  Othello,"  "  Julius 
Ca;sar,"  and  "  Macbeth."  His  death  happened 
in  1773. 

JENNINGS,  David,  D.  D.,  a  dissenting  mi- 
nister and  author,  died  in  1762. 

JENSON,  Nicolas,  orJansonius,  an  eminent 
printer  and  letter-founder,  of  Venice,  died  in 
1181. 

JENYNS,  Soame,  born  in  London,  in  1705, 
and  well  known  in  the  literary  world,  as  the 
author  of  "  The  Internal  Evidences  of  the 
Christian  Religion  ;"  an  "  Essay  on  the  Origin 
of  Evil;"  and  various  poetical  pieces.  lie  was 
many  years  M.  P.  for  the  town  of  Cambridge  ; 
he  was  also  a  commissioner  for  trade  and  plan- 
tations, and  died  in  1787. 

JEPHSON,  Robert,  a  successful  poet,  drama- 
tic and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  many  yeari 
master  of  the  horse  to  the  lord  lieutenant  cf 
Ireland,  and  died  in  1803. 

JEPTHAH,  a  judge  of  Israel,  known  in  sa- 
cred history  for  his  remarkably  ra^h  vow. 

JEREMIAH,  second  of  ilie  great  prophets, 
was  born  629  B.  C,  and  died  58<i  B.  C. 

JERNINGHAM,  Edward,  a  poetical,  miscel- 
laneous, and  dramatic  writer,  born  in  Norfolk, 
in  1727.  He  was  descended  from  an  ancient 
Roman  Catholic  family,  and  was  educated  at 
Douay  and  Paruj ;  but  on  his  return  to  England, 
he  joined  in  communion  with  the  established 
church.    He  died  in  1812. 

JEROBOAM  I.,  king  of  Israel,  son  of  Solo- 
mon, died  954  B.  C. 

JEROBOAM  II.,  sonofJoash,  king  of  Israel 
826B.C.,  died  784  B.  C. 

JEROME.    See  HIERONIMUS. 

JEROME,  of  Prague,  so  called  from  the  plac« 
of  his  birth,  in  the  capital  city  of  Bohemia, 
where  he  is  held  to  be  a  protestant  martyr.  He 
was  a  disciple  of  John  Huss,  aud  died  in  liie 
same  cause,  in  141G. 

JEROME,  of  St.  Faith,  or  Joshua  LarcUi,  a 
Spanish  Jew  of  great  influence,  who  became  a 
convert  to  Christianity,  and,  it  is  said,  OOOO  Jews 
followed  his  example.  He  died  in  the  15th  cen- 
tury. 

JERVAS,  Charles,  a  painter,  of  Great  Britain, 
more  likely  to  be  immortalized  by  Mr.  Pope's 
friendship  and  panegyric,  than  by  his  own  pic- 
tures. He  was  a  writer  also,  and  published  a 
translation  of  "  Don  Quiiotte"  v\'ithout  under- 
standing the  Spanish  language,  and  died  about 
1740. 

JESSEY,  Henry,  a  non- conformist  minister, 
ejected  in  1662. 

JESTYN,  ap  G«?rgant,  prince  of  Glamorgan, 
succeeded  his  uncle  as  king,  in  1043. 

JESUA,  Levita,  a  Spanish  rabbi,  of  the  15th 
century. 

JF;SUS,  a  Jew,  who  foretold  the  calamitiea 
of  lud  aaiiou,  before  the  siege  of  Jerub'aleni 


JO  

JKSl'S,  soiiot'Siiacli,  a  native  ol  Jerusalem, 
was  author  of  Kcclesiasticus,  200  B.  C. 

JKSUS  C'HIUST,  the  Blessed  Saviour  of  the 
world,  born  at  Bethlehem,  A.  M.  4001,  and  was 
criiritii'il  by  the  Jews,  Friday,  April  3,  A.  D.  3fi. 

JK'l'HRO,  father-in-law  of  Moses,  was  priest 
and  king  of  the  Midianitcs. 

JKL'NE,  Jean  Ic,  a  Frencli  divine,  of  great 
piety,  and  much  esteemed  by  Massillon;  he 
died  in  IHTi. 

JEVVKL,  John,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  and  a 
groat  polemic  writer  in  defence  of  the  English 
cliurcl)  against  popery ;  he  was  born  in  15)i2 
and  died  in  1571. 

JEZED  I.,  fifth  caliph,  or  successor  of  Maho 
met,  in  two.     He  died  in  683. 

JOAB,  a  general  under  David,  was  put  to 
death  1014  B.  C. 

JOACHIM,  abbot  of  Corazzo,  made  a  pil 
jTiinage  to  the  Holy  liand  ;  he  protended  to  be 
a  prophet,  and  died  in  I'JOi!.  leaving  a  nunierou 
sect  behind  him. 

JOACHIM  George,  mathematical  professor 
at  Wittemberg,  an  able  defender  of  the  Coper 
nican  system  ;  he  died  in  1570. 

JOAN,  Pope,  a  woman,  placed  among  the 
successors  of  Ht.  I'etcr  as  John  Vni.,or  John 
Vll.  This  story  was  believed  for  more  than 
200  years,  but  is  now  generally  discredited. 

JOAN  of  Arc,  commonly  called  the  Maid  of 
Orleai's,  whose  heroic  behaviour  in  re-animating 
the  expiring  valour  of  the  French  nation,  thougl 
by  llie  most  superstitious  means  (pretending  ic 
be  inspired,)  de.'icrved  a  better  fate.  She  was 
burnt  by  the  English  as  a  sorceress,  in  1431,  at 
the  age  of  '24. 

JOAN,  queen  of  Naples,  murdered  her  first 
and  second  husbands,  and  adopted  a  relation  as 
her  successor,  who  put  her  to  death  in  1381. 

JOAN  H., queen  of  Naples,  after  Ladislaus, in 
i414,  disgraced  herself  by  her  debaucheries,  and 
died  in  1434. 

JOASn,  son  of  Ahaziah,  was  proclaimed  king 
of  Israel  at  the  age  of  seven  years,  and  slain  483 
B.C. 

JO.\SFI,  son  of  Jchoali.iz,  king  of  Israel,  de- 
feated the  Syrians,  took  the  king  of  Judali  pri 
soner,  and  died  8'2l)  B.  C. 

JOB,  patriarch  of  Uz,  celebr.ited  in  sacred 
history  for  bis  sullerings  and  patience  ;  he  died 
about  J.500  B.  C. 

JOBERT,  Eewis,  a  learned  French  Jesuit, 
born  at  Parts,  in  ltM7,  died  in  1719.  We  have 
several  tracts  of  piety  of  his  writing,  besides  a 
piece  entitled,  "La  Science  des  Medailes," 
good  esteem. 

JODELLE,  .Stephen,  lord  of  Mmodin,  born 
in  1532,  at  Paris,  and  said  to  be  first  of  all  the 
French  who  wrote  comedies  and  tragedies  in  his 
own  tongue  In  the  ancient  form  ;  he  died  in  1573. 

JO]'"l.,  the  second  of  the  minor  prophets, 
flourished  about  70O  B.  C. 

JOHN,  Baptist,  the  forerunner  of  Christ,  son 
of  Zacharias  and  Elizabeth,  was  beheaded  by 
Herod  A.  D.29. 

JOHN  the  Evangelist,  brother  of  James  the 
Great,  called  to  the  apostleship  at  the  age  of  26,^ 
was  a  favourite  of  his  master,  and  the  writer  of; 
the  Apocalypse;  he  died  atEphesus,  A.  D.  100.' 

JOHN,  surnained  Mark,  was  the  disciple  of; 
the  Apostles.  1 

jr)HN,  a  native  of  Nicomedia,  was  put  to 
death  in  the  persecution  of  Dioclesian,  in  303. 

JOHN,  St.,  a  native  of  Cyprus,  was  raised  to' 

ihe  see  of  Alexandria,  in  610.  I 

JOIfN,  secretary  to  Hotioriiis,  seized  Ihe, 


JO 

throne  of  Constantinople  un  bis  master's  death, 
and  was  beheaded  in  4'J5. 

JOHN  1.,  surnanied  '/imisces,  seized  the 
throne  of  Constantinople,  by  assassinating  Ni- 
cophoras  Pbocas,  in  'M)'.).  He  displayed  great 
valour  against  the  Saracens,  and  was  poisoned 
in  97(5. 

JOHN  II.,  Comnenus,  succeeded  to  the  throne 
of  Constantinople,  in  1)  18.  He  was  successful 
in  his  wars,  was  a  virtuous  prince,  and  died 
in  1113. 

JOHN  III.,  Ducas,  was  emperor  of  Nice.while 
the  Latins  were  masters  of  Constantinople  ;  lie 
died  in  1255. 

JOHN  IV.,  Lascaris,  succeeded  to  the  throne 
of  Constantinople,  in  1259.  His  sceptre  was 
seized  by  Michael  Pala;ologus,  who  put  him  in 
prison,  where  he  died. 

JOHN  v.,  Cantacueenus,  emperor  of  Con- 
stantmojile.    See  CANTACUZENUS. 

JOHN  VI., Palirologus,  succeeded  to  the  throne 
of  Constantinople,  in  1341.  This  weak  and 
unfortunate  monarch  died  in  1390. 

JOHN  VII.,  Palaologns,  succeeded  his  father 
as  emperor,  in  1425,  and  died  in  1448. 

JOHN  I.,  pope,  a  Tuscan,  succeeded  to  the 
popedom,  in  .'>23.  He  was  imprisoned  by  Theo- 
doric,  and  died  in  526. 

JOHN  II.,  a  native  of  Rome,  was  elected  pope 
in  533,  and  died  in  5;!5. 

JOHN  III.,  a  Roman,  was  elected  pope  in 
500,  and  died  in  573. 

JOHN  IV.,  elected  pope  in  C40,  died  in  642. 

JOHN  v.,  a  Syrian,  elected  pope  in  685,  died 
in  687. 

JOHN  VI.,  a  Greek,  elected  pope  in  701,  died 

705. 

JOHN  VII.,  a  Greek,  succeeded  John  VL  He 
was  a  weak  pontiff,  and  died  in  707. 

JOHN  VHl.,  a  Roman,  elected  pope  in  872, 
and  died  in  8S2  ;  300  of  his  letters  are  preserved. 

JOHN  IX.,  a  native  of  Tivoli,  elected  pope  in 
898,  died  in  900. 

JOHN  X.,  archbishop  of  Ravenna,was  elected 
pope  in  914.  More  capable  of  leading  an  army, 
than  guiding  the  church,  he  defeated  the  Sara- 
cens in  battle,  and  was  put  to  death  in  928. 

JOHN  XI.,  son  of  Alberic,  duke  of  Spoletto, 
was  made  pope  in  931,  at  the  early  age  of  25; 
ihe  died  in  9.^0. 

JOHN  XII.,  a  Roman  noble,  elected  pope  in 
1950.  Being  accus(;d  of  various  crimes,  he  was 
deposed  bv  a  general  council,  and  killed  iu  964. 

JOHN  XHI.,  a  Roman,  was  elected  pope  in 
965  by  the  emperor,  against  the  will  of  the  Ro- 
man people  ;  he  died  in  972. 

JOHN  XIV.,  succeeded  to  the  popedom  in 
983.  He  was  imprisoned  by  the  anti-pope  Boni- 
face VIII.,  and  died  in  984. 

JOHN  XV.,  pope  after  John  XIV.,  died  soon 
after  bis  elevation. 

JOHN  XVI.,  a  Roman,  was  made  pope  in 
985.  He  was  the  first  who  rewarded  meritori- 
ous derdtJ  bv  canonization,  and  died  in  996. 

JOHN  XVIL,  a  Roman,  elected  pope  in  1003, 
after  Svlvester  II. 

JOHN  XVI II.,  a  Roman,  elected  pope  after 
John  XVII.  He  died  iu  1009,  after  liaving  re^ 
signed  the  dignity. 

JOHN  XIX.,  succeeded  his  brother  as  pope, 
in  1024.  He  crowned  the  emperor  Conrad  11., 
and  died  in  1033. 

JOHN  XX.,  the  name  given  by  some  to  the 
anti-pope  Philagathus,  or  to  Jolin,  or  to  the 
woman  who  is  said  to  have  filled  the  papal  chair, 
under  ihe  name  of  pope  Joan. 

?59 


JO 

'  JOHN  XXI.,  elected  p<i\,c  in  I'JTU,  died  by  tlie 
fall  oj"  a  building  in  1'277. 

JOHN  XXII.  d'Eiise,  was  elected  pojie  in 
1310,  a«d  died  in  1334. 

JOHN  XXIII.,  lialthasar  Cossa,  a  Neapoli- 
tan, was  elected  pope  in  IHO. and  died  in  1419. 

.lOHiN,  king  of"  England,  was  llic  sou  of  Henry 
IV.  This  monarch,  beiiip  conipellod  by  tlie 
barons, signed  MagnaCliarla,  the  bui^it^oI'Brilisli 
fteedom  ;  he  died  in  12'C. 

JOHN,  king  of  France,  surnaincd  the  Good, 
si.'.fiedcd  to  the  throne  in  l.V.iO.  Hi;  was  dn- 
feii'ft  in  balile  and  taken  prisoner  byEjlward, 
the  bini;k  prince ;  he  died  in  1304. 

JOHN  l!!.,  king  of  Sweden,  son  ofGnstaviis 


JO 

JOHKES,  Thomas,  born  at  Ludlow,  in  Hhrop- 
shii-e,  in  1748,  was  bred  at  Eton  and  Oxford. 
He  was  a  member  of  parliament,  lirst  for  Car- 
digan, and  afterwards  for  the  county  of  Radnor. 
His  estatea  at  Hafod,  in  Cardiganshire,  were 
conducted  on  the  most  liberal  scale,  and  were  a 
.strong  attraction  to  all  visiters  of  ihai  part  of 
Wales.  But  in  1807,  the  elegant  maii.siou,  a 
mof^t  valuable  library,  and  a  priming  esiablisli 
men!,  from  wliich  had  issued  many  el'.:^aiit  pro- 
duclions,  were  destroyed  by  an  acrid>;nial  urc, 
while  Mr.  Jolmca  was  attending  hii  duty  in 
parliament.  In  1811  he  lost  a  favourite  daugh- 
ter, from  the  effects  of  which  shock  he  never 
recovered.     He  died  in  1816.    Mr.  Johnes  rc- 


Va9a,aaceiided  the  throne  in  ISTiS.  He  attempted  H  printed,  with  great  care  and  attention,  generally 
to  restore  the  popish  religion,  but  was  unsuc- 
cessful, and  died  in  15'.i'2.  | 

.lOHN  11.,  King  of  Castile;  he  was  a  brave i 
warrior,  and  died  in  14,i4.  | 

JOHN  II.,  king  of  Navarre,  succeeded  to  ihej 
throne  of  Arragon,  in  14.'i8,  and  died  in  1479 


with  notes  and  illustrations,  at  his  private  press, 
above  alluded  to,  the  valuable  work.s  of  "  Frois- 
sart,"  "  dc  Joinville,"  and  "  Monstrelet." 

JOHNSON,  Martin,  an  excellent  iiainter  of 
landscapes,  ditd  in  the  reign  of  James  II. 

JOHNSON,  Samuel,  an  English  divine,  of 


JOHN,  son  of  the  emperor  Henry  Vlf.,  was  Iremarkahle  learning,  and  steadiness  in  suflering 


sleeted  to  the  kingdoin  of  Bohemia,  in  1309,  and 
.-ifrer  conquering  Silesin,  declared  himself  king  of 
Poland.  He  was  a  prince  of  great  valour,  and  was 
inortallv  wounded  in  ttio  battle  of  Crecy,  in  1346. 
JOHN  I.,  king  of  Portugal,  v.  as  raised  to  the 
throne  in  1384.  Under  hi>i  reign  the  Portuguese 
began  tlieir  famous  discoveries  ;  he  died  in  1433. 
JOHN  II.,  king  of  Portugal,  s\irnamed  the 
Great,  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  1481.  He 
earned  liis  arms  into  Africa,  and  died  in  1495. 

JOHN  lI!.,kingof  Portugal,  succeeded  to  the 
throne  in  1521,  and  died  in  1.5.')7. 

JOHN  IV.,  surnamed  the  Fortunate,  was  son 
of  the  duke  of  Braganza.  By  the  assistance  of 
his  brave  countrymen  he  shook  off  the  Spanish 
yoke,  and  was  proclaimed  king  in  1630  ;  he  died 
in  1636. 

JOHN  v.,  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  Portugal , 
in  1707.  He  devoted  himself  to  the  interests  of 
liis  country,  and  died  in  17.50. 

JOHN,ofGauntor  Ghent,  duke  of  Lancaster, 
and  son  of  Edward  HI.,  was  a  prince  of  dis- 
tinguished valour  and  prudence,  and  a  patron 
of  the  poet  C'lia\iccr;  he  died  in  13!fl. 

JOHN  SOBIESKI,  king  of  Poland.  See  SO- 
BIESKI. 

JOHN,  of  Austria,  Don,  was  the  natural  son 
of  the  cmpen/r  Charles  V.,  and  a  celebrated 
warrior  ;  he  died  by  poison,  in  1578. 

JOHN,  Fearless,  Duke  of  Burgundy,  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  N  icopolis  against  Bajazet; 
lie  was  assassinated  in  141'.). 

JOHN,  of  France,  duke  of  Berry,  was  son  of 
king  John,  and  distinguished  at  tiie  battle  of 
Poictiers;  he  died  in  1416. 

JOHN  v.,  duke  of  Brittany,  surnamed  the 
Conqueror,  died  in  1399. 

JOHN  VI.,  duke  of  Brittany,  a  prince  of 
great  valour  and  benevolence,  died  in  1446. 

JOHN  v.,  count  of  Armagiiac,  was  son  of 
John  IV.,  of  Navarre.  For  his  misconduct,  he 
was  banished  from  France,  and  hilled  in  1743. 
JOHN,  of  Leyden.  SecBOCCOLO. 
JOHN,  of  Saiislmry,  an  Englishman,  bishop 
of  Cliartres,  and  one  of  the  most  learned  per- 
sons in  the  12th  century.  The  only  things  re- 
nj;iining  of  his,  arc  his  "  Life  of  St.  Thomas 
of  Canterbury  ;"  "A  Collection  of  Letters  ;" 
and  his  "  Polycration." 

JOHN,  of  Paris,  a  celebrated  Dominicin,  and 
theological  professor  at  Paris,  di*!d  in  1304. 

JOHN,  of  Udino,  a  celebrated  painter,  at 
Rome,  died  in  l.')64. 
260 


for  the  principles  of  the  revolution,  in  1088 
He  was  born  in  1649,  and  died  in  1703. 

JOHNSON,  John,  a  non  juror  divine,  wlio, 
though  promoted  in  the  established  church,  e.x- 
pre£.sed  a  niean  opinion  of  her  articles  and  litur- 
gy ;  he  died  in  17^5. 

JOHNSON,  or  JANSEN,  Cornelius,  an  ex- 
cellent painter,  a  native  of  Amsterdam.  In  the 
reign  of  James  I.,  he  drew  several  fine  portraits 
of  that  monarch,  and  most  ofhis  court,  and  died 
in  1665. 

JOHNSON,  Charles,  a  dramatic  writer  of 
merit,  died  in  1748.  The  dramatic  pieces  which 
this  author  produced  are  enumerated  in  the 
"  Biographia  Dramctica." 

JOHNSON,  Maurice,  an  excellent  English 
antiquarv,  died  in  1755. 

JOHNSON,  Dr.  Samuel,  born  at  Litchfield, 
in  1709,  where  his  father  was  a  reputable  book- 
seller. He  was  entered  of  Pembroke  college, 
Oxford,  in  1723,  but  left  the  university  without 
taking  any  degree.  In  March,  1737,  he  went  to 
London,  where  lie  appears  to  have  met  with 
disappointments  which  disgusted  him  with  the 
town  ;  for,  in  August,  we  find  him  desirous  of 
returning  again  iiito  his  native  countrj',  to  take 
upon  himself  the  office  of  master  of  a  charily 
school,  in  Shropshire,  then  vacant,  the  salary 
of  which  was  G(W.  a  ye.tr.  But  ihe  statntes  of 
the  school  requiring  the  person  who  should  be 
elected  to  be  a  master  of  the  arts,  this  attempt 
seems  to  have  been  frustrated.  In  1740,  he  be- 
gan to  write  the  "Debates  in  tiie  Senate  of  Lil- 
iiput,"  printed  in  the  Gonthman's  Magazine; 
and,  after  prodm-ing  sonie  poems,  translations, 
and  biographirdl  works,  which  met  with  a  good 
reception,  (jiarticularly  "  London,"  the  "  Va- 
nitvof  Human  Vt'ishes,"  and  "The  Life  of 
Savage,'")  he  brought  forth  "  Irene,"  a  tragedy, 
in  1749.  This  not  meeting  with  the  success  tliat 
he  expected,  he  set  about  his  "  Dictionary." 
The  execution  of  this  cost  him  the  l.ibour  of 
many  years ;  but  he  was  amply  repaid  by  the 
fame  which  he  acquired.  During  the  recesses 
of  this  stupendoiis  labour,  he  published  hi* 
"  Ramblers."  The  reputation  of  these  works 
cained  him  the  honorary  degree  of  doctor  of 
laws,  in  the  university  of  Dublin,  which  was 
soon  after  followed  by  the  same  degree  from 
O.-tford.  To  this  succeeded  his  "  Idlers."  His 
next  publication  was"  Kasselas,  Prince  of  Abys- 
sinia," a  b'autiful  little  novel,  in  the  Eastern 
.srvle,  ah Munding  with  Uie  most  useful  and  rao 


-^ 


JO 

ral  nia.vinis,  suited  to  Itie  several  conUiiioiis  of 
lite.  Ol'  liis  political  works,  which  followuci  at 
distant  intervals,  the  public  are  inuri;  dividi'd 
about  the  merits :  it  is,  however,  but  lair  to  pre- 
sume that  they  were  his  candid  opinions  u)ion 
the  subjects,  and,  as  such,  deserving  of  no  cen- 
sure from  the  judgment  of  impartiality.  His 
Jast  undertaking,  "  The  Lives  of  the  British  Po- 
ets," would  alone  liave  been  sufficient  to  ini- 
mortali/.e  his  name,  as  it  by  far  excels  any  thing 
executed  upon  a  similar  plan,  by  others;  and, 
thougli  the  critical  remarks,  in  a  few  instances, 
incorporate  a  little  too  much  with  political  opi- 
nions, their  general  excellence  must  always  give 
them  de:<erved  celebrity.  It  is  said,  that  he  was 
sxecuiing  a  s<!Cond  part  of  "  Tiie  Prince  of 
Abysi^iiiia,"  and  was  in  hopes  to  have  finislied 
it  before  his  death,  which  event  liappened  Dec. 
13,  1784.  The  editor  of  the  "  Biographia  Dra- 
matica,"  after  bestowing  many  just  encomiums 
on  the  genius  of  Dr.  J.,  says,  it  would  be  the 
hi?hest  injustice,  were  I  not  to  observe,  that  no- 
tiiiug  but  that  genius  can  possibly  exceed  the 
extent  of  his  erudition;  and  it  would  be  adding 
a  greater  injury  to  his  still  more  valuable  quah- 
ties.  were  we  to  stop  here  ;  since,  together  with 
the  ablest  Iiead,  he  seen^  to  have  been  possess- 
ed of  the  very  best  heart  at  present  existing. 
Every  line,  every  sentiment,  that  issues  from  his 
pen,  tends  to  the  great  centre  of  all  his  views, 
the  promotion  of  virtue,  religion,  and  humani- 
ty; nor  are  his  actions  less  potiiled  toward  the 
same  great  end.  Benevolence,  charity,  and 
piety,  are  the  most  striking  features  of  his  cha- 
racter ;  and  while  his  writings  point  out  to  us 
what  a  good  man  ouglit  to  he,  his  own  conduct 
eets  us  an  example  of  wliat  he  is."  A  statue  to 
Dr.  Johson's  memory  has  been  erected  in  St. 
Paul's  cathedral.  In  an  East  India  newspaper 
v/e meet  with  the  following  poetical  picture  of 
this  celebrated  character: 

"  Herculean  strength  and  a  stentorian  voice, 
Of  wit  a  fund,  of  words  a  countless  choice  ; 
In  learning,  rather  various  than  profound. 
In  truth  intrepid,  in  religion  sound  : 
A  trembling  frame  and  a  distorted  siglit. 
But  firm  in  jiuigment  and  in  genius  bright ; 
In  controversy  rarely  kno\vn  to  spare. 
But  humble  as  the  publican  in  pray'r  ; 
To  more  than  merited  his  kindness,  kind, 
And,  tho'  in  manners  harsh,  of  friendly  min(5 ; 
Deep  tinged  with  melancholy's  blackest  shade, 
.»  nd,  tho'  prepared  to  die,  of  death  afraid. — 
Such  .Johnson  was — of  liim  with  justice  vain. 
When  will  this  nation  see  his  like  again. 

JOHNSON,  Thomas,  a  London  apothecary, 
and  the  best  herbalist  of  his  time,  died  in  IG44. 

JOHNSON,  Samuel,  LL.  D,,  a  member  of 
congre.-Js,  and  senator  from  North  Carolina,  af- 
terwards a  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  and  go- 
vernor of  tiiat  slate ;  he  died  in  1816. 

JOHNSON,  Sir  Nathaniel,  governor  of  the 
colony  of  South  Carolina,  in  1706.  He  display- 
ed gteat  ability  and  judgment  in  defending  the 
colony  from  tlie  French  and  Indians ;  lie  died 
in  1713. 

JOH.NSON,  Edward,  an  inhabitant  of  Mas- 
sachusetls,  author  of  a  work,  entitled  "  'J'be 
Wonder  Workina  Providence  of  Sion's  Saviour, 
in  New-Enirland,  from  l(i2:?  to  1652." 

JOHNSON,  Robert,  the  last  proprietary  go- 
vernor of  South  Carolina,  in  1719,  afterwards 
appointed  to  the  same  office  by  the  crown  ;  he 
died  in  Xl^r>. 

JOK.VSON,  Sii-  William,  sur-evintendent  of 


JO 

Indian  alfairs,  in  the  colony  of  New-Yorfc 
known  for  the  treat  influence  and  authoriiy  he 
ac()uired  over  tliat  people  ;  lie  died  in  1774 

JOHNSON,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  Con- 
necticut, distinguished  as  the  first  convert  to 
episcopacy  in  the  colony,  and  afterwards  as 
president  of  King's  college.  New- York;  lie  died 
in  1772. 

JOHNSON,  William  Samuel,  LL.  D.,  P.  R.  .S 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  an  eminent  lawyer, 
and  for  several  years,  agent  of  the  colony  of 
New- York,  in  England.  He  was  afterwards  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Connecticut,  a 
delegate  to  congre.sSj  and  to  the  conveutinii 
which  formed  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States,  and  first  senator  ol'  the  U.  S.,  from  Con- 
necticut. He  was  also  president  of  Columbia 
college,  New-York,  for  several  years.  He  died 
at  Stratford,  in  1819,  aged  93. 

JOHNSON,  Thomas,  an  eminent  lawyer,  and 
a  tirm  patriot,  of  Maryland,  governor  of  that 
state  after  the  revolution,  and  afterwards  an  as- 
sociate judge  of  the  sujireme  court  of  the  Uni- 
ted States:  he  died  in  1819. 

JOHNSTON,  Dr.  Arthur,  a  physician,  but 
more  celehr.itod  as  a  Latin  [loet,  was  born  at 
Aberdeen,  in  1587,  of  which  university  he  af- 
terwards became  principal  ;  lie  died  at  Ox- 
ford, in  Kill.  His  "  Epigrams,"  and  version 
of  the  "  Psalms,"  are  excellent. 

JOHNSTON,  Charles,  born  in  Ireland,  was 
Dred  to  the  bar  ;  but,  being  exceedingly  deaf,  he 
relinquished  that  profession.  In  1760,  he  pub- 
lished "  Chrj'sal,  or  the  Adventures  of  a  Gui- 
nea;" a  political  Romance,  in  which  all  thP 
scenes  and  characters  were  sketched  from  real 
life.  This  was  followed  by  "  The  Reverie  ;  or, 
a  Flight  to  the  Paradise  of  Fools  ;"  the  "  Histo- 
ry of  John  Juniper,  Esq.,  alias  Juniper  Jack," 
&c.  &c.  In  1782,  Mr.  Johnston  went  to  India, 
where  he  died  about  1800. 

JOHNSTON,  Gabriel,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  North  Carolina,  died  in  1762.  His  adminis- 
tration contributed  to  tlie  increase  and  prosperi- 
ty of  the  colony,  and  to  the  advancement  of 
learning  there. 

JOHNSTONE,  James,  a  Srotcli  pliy.sici.in, 
distinguished  for  his  treatment  of  a  malignant 
fever,  at  Kidderminster,  died  in  1802. 

JOJfNSTONE,  George,  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners sent  to  treat  with  America,  during  the 
war:  he  died  in  1787. 

JOINVILLE,  Jolm  Sieur  de,  an  eminent 
French  statesman,  and  author  of  "  The  History 
of  St.  Loui.';,"  a  very  curious  and  interesting 
piece,  died  in  1318,  aged  90. 

JOLOGOEH,  a  Welch  bard,  who.  from  1370 
to  1420,  was  in  the  court  of  Owen  filendowr. 

JOLY,  Guy,  known  by  his  long  and  faithful 
attachment  to  the  famous  cardinal  dc  Rlietz. 
whom  he  attended  both  in  his  prosperity  and 
adversity.  He  wrote"  Memoirs  of  hisTiiues."' 
from  1C48  to  ltjG5 :  which,  as  Voltaire  expresses 
it,  "  are  to  those  of  the  cardinal,  what  the  ser- 
vant is  to  the  master," 

JOLY,  Claude,  a  Fiencli  ecclesiastic,  wlio 
died  in  1700. 

JON.VH,  the  fifth  of  thc'miuor  phophets,  was 
sent  to  denounce  judgments  on  Nineveh.  He 
died  about  761  B.  C. 

JONAS,  Anagrimus,  a  learned  Icelander, 
who  acquired  a  great  repiit.ition  for  astronomy 
and  the  sciences,  died  in  1640,  at  the  age  of  95. 

JONAS,  Justus,  a  famous  protestant  divine 
and  polemical  writer,  in  Germany,  born  inThu- 
riiigia,  in  1493,  died  in  J553. 


JO 


JO 


JONATHAN,  son  of  Saul,  and  tin- faitlifulf  writings,  to  propagate  the  doctriiicsol'iHJidelity 


friend  of  David,  was  slain  in  battle  by  the  I'lii 
liatines,  1055  B.  C. 

JONATHAN,  a  general  of  the  Jews,  and  bro- 
ther of  Judas  Maccahr.'iis,  was  a  valiant  man, 
and  eruKlly  put  to  death,  Ui  K.  C. 

JONE.S,  William,  an  English  divine,  of  learn 
ing  and  piety,  whose  works  arc  highly  esteem- 
ed ;  he  died  in  1801. 

JONES,  Jeremiah,  a  dissenting  divine-,  and 
author,  died  in  1724. 

JONES,  John,  a  Benedictine  monk,  educated 
at  Oxford,  was  made  vicar-general  of  liis  or- 
der, and  died  in  lii^jti. 

JONES,  David,  a  native  of  Wales,  wrote 
some  poetical  pieces,  and  died  in  1780. 

JON  EH,  John,  a  Welch  antiquary,  who  was 
employed  40  years,  from  1590  to  1030  in  collect-l 
ing  Welch  MSS. 

JONEs?,  Rice,  a  Welch  poet,  died  in  1801. 

JONES,  John,  a  dramatic  writer,  in  the  reign| 
of  Charles  I. 

JONES,  Inigo,  a  celebrated  English  architect, 
born  in  London,  in  157-2,  died  in  1H.')-2.  His  abi- 
lities in  all  human  sciences  surpassed  most  of 
his  age.  His  designs  and  buildings  were  many 
and  imporiaiu ;  but  for  an  account  of  these  we 
must  refer  the  reader  to  Campbell's"  Vitruvius 
Britannicus." 

JONES,  John,  a  medical  writer,  born  in 
Wales,  died  in  1580. 

JONF2S,  Sir  William,  judge  of  the  king' 
bench,  in  the  reign  of  Janics  I.,  and  Charles  I. 

JONES,  Sir  Thomas,  a  judge  of  the  king's| 
bench,  under  Charles  II.  and  James  H. 

JONES,  William,  one  of  the  last  of  those 
genuine  mathematicians,  admirers,  and  coteni- 
poraries  of  Newton,  who  cultivated  and  im- 
proved the  sciences  in  the  present  century,  fa- 
ther to  Sir  William  Jones, was  born  in  Anglesey, 
in  the  year  1680,  and  died  in  1749. 

JONES,  Henry,  a  native  of  Drogheda,  in  Ire- 
land, and  no  mean  dramatic  poet,  though  ori 
ginally  a  journeyman  bricklayer,  died  very  poor, 
ill  1770.  His  principal  performance,  "  The! 
Earl  of  Es.'cx,"  a  tragedy,  appeared  in  17.53. 

JONES,  Gridith,  born  in  London,  in  17Q1,  died 
in  \'?ti.  This  gentleman  wa-^  many  years  edi- 
tor of  the  Liind'on  Chronicle,  of  the  Daily  .Ad- 
vertiser, and,  we  believe,  of  the  Public  Ledger, 
111  the  "  Literary  Magazine,"  with  Johnson, 
and  ill  the  "  British  Magazine,"  with  Smollet 
and  Goldsmith,  his  anonymous  labours  were  of- 
ten associated.  His  modest  mind  shrunk  from 
public  a;tention;  and  his  labours  were  most 
frequently  directed  to  the  improvement  of  the 
younger  and  more  untutored  classes  of  man- 
kind. His  translations  from  the  French  arc' 
verv  iiuineriiiis,  but  cannot  now  be  traced.         I 

J'O.VKS,  Sir  William,  one  of  the  judges  ofl 
the  supreme  court  of  judicature,  in  Bengal,  andj 
an  e.xcellent  poet,  to  whose  translations  we  are 
indebted  for  many  beautiful  etTu^ions  of  the] 
Persian  tnuse,  was  born  in  London,  in  174ti,  atid 
died  in  1794,  at  the  premature  age  of  48.  En-I 
dowed  by  nature  with  a  mind  of  extraordinary! 
vieour.  Sir  William,  by  unwearied  industry,; 
aided  by  superior  genius,  successfully  eiplorcdi 
the  hidden  sources  of  Oriental  science  and  lite-| 
rature;  and  his  altainmcnts  in  this  interesting' 
branch  of  learning  were  such  as  to  make  hiur 
far  beyond  all  cornpetiiion,  the  most  eminent! 
Oriental  srliolar,  in  this,  or  perhaps  any  other, 
age.  Unlike  many  other  eminent  literary  cha-| 
racters  of  the  age.  Sir  William  was  a  sincere: 
and  pious  Christian;  instead  of  labouring  by  his; 
262 


as  has  been  a  favourite  practice  with  some  mo- 
dern philosophers  of  reputation,  he  was  desir- 
ous to  lend  the  Scriptures  his  utmost  support ; 
and,  ill  one  of  his  laiest  annual  discourses  to 
the  Asiatic  Society,  he  has  done  more  to  give 
validity  to  the  Mosaic  history  of  the  creation 
than  has  been  done  by  the  researches  of  any  co- 
temporary  writer.  The  following  epitaph,  wri» 
ten  by  and  for  himself,  is  equally  admired  f» 
its  truth  and  its  elegance. 

"  Here  was  deposited 

the  mortal  part  of  a  man 

who  feared  GOD,  but  not  death  ; 

and  maintained  independence, 

but  sought  not  riches ; 

who  thought  iioni*  below  liim, 

but  the  base  and  unjust ; 

none  above  him  but  the  wise  and  virtuous; 

who  loved  his  parents,  kindred,  friends, 

and  country  : 

and  having  devoted  his  life  to  their  service, 

and  the  improvement  of  his  mind, 

resigned  it  calmly, 

giving  glory  to  his  Creator, 

wishing  peace  on  earth, 

and  good  will  to  all  his  creatures, 

on  the day  of 

in  the  year  of  out  blessed  Redeemer. . . ." 

JONES,  Richard,  a  Welchman,  and  an  in 
genious  author,  died  in  the  17th  century. 

JONES,  David,  speaker  of  the  colonial  as- 
sembly of  New- York,  and  a  judge  of  the  su 
preme  court  of  that  state,  died  in  1775. 

JONES,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  eminent 
as  an  instnicter  of  mathematics,  at  Cambridge, 
died  ill  1807. 

JO.N'ES,  John  Paul,  a  native  of  Scotland,who, 
after  being  engaged  in  the  merchant  service  of 
Great  Britain,  came  to  America,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution,  and  received  a 
lieutenants  commission  in  the  navy  of  the  L'lii- 
ted  States.  He  was  soon  after  promoted,  and, 
as  captain  of  the  Ranger,  and  afterwards  of  the 
Bonne  Homme  Richard,  fought  battles  and  gain 
ed  victories, which  gave  him  reputation  through- 
out Europe,  and  which,  for  their  desperation, 
have  seldom  been  equalled.  He  also  annoyed 
the  enemy's  merchant  vessels  in  every  sea. 
After  the  peace,  he  was,  for  a  time,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Russia.     He  died  at  Paris,  in  1792. 

JONES,  John,  M.  D.,  an  eminent  physician, 
of  New- York,  afterwards  professor  of  surgery 
n  King's  college ;  he  died  in  1791. 

JONES,  Wifliam,  speaker  of  the  house  of 
assembly,  and  governor  of  the  state  of  Rhode- 
Island,  died  in  18i>2. 

JONG,  Ludolph  de,  a  Dutch  painter  of  emi- 
nence, died  in  1097. 

JONGHE,  Baldwin,  or  Junius,  a  Franciscan 
monk,  and  the  author  of  several  works,  died  in 
lG:^t. 

JONIN,  Gilbert,  a  Jesuit,  known  as  an  emi- 
nent poet,  died  at  Tournon,  in  103?. 

JONSIUS,  John,  a  native  of  Holstein,  andaa 
elegant  writer,  died  in  1659. 

JONSON,  Benjamin,  a  celebrated  English 
poet,  born  in  Westminster,  in  1574.  He  was 
hred  a  bricklayer,  but  went  afterwards  to  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridce ;  where,  however, 
his  continuance  was  short  in  proportion  to  bis 
finance',  which  would  not  supply  the  decent 
conveniences  of  a  learned  ease.  In  this  cii- 
geuce  he  turned  hia  thoughts  upon  the  pl&y 


JO 

liousi's :  liis  iucluiation  and  gi'iiius  lay  to  com- 
positions for  tlic  stage  ;  and  liu  had  the  example 
of  iStiakspcare,  wlio  liad  taken  the  same  course, 
in  llie  Ukc  difficulties,  with  success.  The  first 
play  Jonson  printed  was  the  comedy  entitled 
"  Every  man  in  his  humour  ;"  after  which  he 
produced  a  play  regularly  every  year,  for  some 
years  successively.  In  1019,  on  the  death  of 
Daniel,  he  succeeded  to  the  vacant  laurel ;  and 
this  office  obliged  him  to  provide  the  Clirislnias 
diversion  of  a  masque :  accordint'ly,  in  his 
works,  we  have  a  series  of  these  and  other  en- 
tertainments of  a  like  kind,  niostof  which  were 
presented  at  court  from  1615  to  KiCo.  He  died 
in  1637,  and  was  interred  i  n  Westminster  A  hbey . 
Over  his  grave  is  a  common  pavement  stone, 
and  on  it  are  engraven  these  words, 

"  O  R.\RE  BEN  JONSON." 

JOHNSTON,  John,  a  polish  naturalist,  tra 
veiled  over  Europe,  and  died  in  1075. 

JOKAM,  king  of  Israel,  896  B.  C. ;  he  was 
slain  8H4  }i.  C. 

JORAM,  kingof  Judah889B.  C.  ;  he  died  in 
885  K.  C. 

JORDAENS,  James,  an  eminent  painter  of 
the  Flemish  school,  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1503, 
died  in  1078.  He  improved  under  Rubens,  for 
whom  he  worked,  and  from  wiiom  ho  drew  his 
best  principles. 

JORDAN,  Sir  Joseph,  an  Englisli  admiral,  by 
whose  extraordinary  valour,  the  Dutch  were 
defeated  at  the  battle  of  Solebay,  in  1072. 

JORDAN, Charles  Stephen,  a  Prussian  writer, 
highly  esteemed  by  Frederick  the  Great,  who 
erected  a  monument  to  him,  with  this  inscrip- 
tion, "  Here  lies  Jordan,  the  friend  of  tiie  mu- 
ses and  of  the  king."    He  died  in  1746. 

JORD.^N,  John  Christopher,  privy  coun- 
sellor to  the  king  of  Bohemia,  was  an  eminent 
antiquary,  and  died  iri  1740. 

JORD.\N,  Dorothea,  an  eminent  English  ac 
Uess,  was  the  daughter  of  Capt.  Bland,  of  a 
most  respectable  family  in  Ireland.  Her  mother 
eloped  with  her  father;  they  both  took  to  the 
stage :  and  our  heroine  was  born  among  the 
"Fhespian  corp.s.  As  an  actress,  she  commenced 
her  career  in  Dublin  ;  but  soon  quitted  that  for 
Tate  VVilkenson's  York  company  ;  where  she 
soon  distinguished  herself  so  much  as  speedily 
to  attract  the  notice  of  the  London  managcis. 
She  died  at  St.  Cloud,  in  France,  in  1816;  and 
was  indebted,  we  believe,  to  the  kindness  of  a 
casual  English  traveller  for  a  decent  interment. 
The  ob.scurity  of  her  retreat,  and  the  penury  in 
which  she  ended  a  life  that  had  led  to  mucli 
higher  e:?pectations,  very  much  interested  and 
astonished  the  public. 

JORD.\N,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer,  in  tlie 
reign  of  Charles  I.  Langbaine  speaks  of  him  as 
having  been  an  actor  also. 

JORDANO,Luca,  an  eminent  Italian  painter, 
was  born  at  Naples,  in  10;i2,  died  in  1705, 

JOBDEN,  Edward, an  English  physician,  and 
an  author,  died  in  IC.3'2. 

JORNANDES,  a  Goth,  author  in  the  time  of 
Justinian. 

JORTIN,  Dr.  John,  a  learned  English  divine 
and  ecclesiastical  historian,  born  in  London,  in 
1698,  died  in  1770.  His  chief  works  are,  "Dis- 
courses concerning  the  Truth  of  the  Christian 
Religion  ;"  "Miscellaneous  Observations  upon 
Authors,  ancient  and  modern  ;"  "  Remarks 
upon  Ecclesiastical  History,"  "Life  of  ICras- 
iiius ;"  and  "  Kciuarks  upon  (he  works  ef  Eras- 
urns  " 


JO 

JOSEl'H,  son  of  Jacob  and  Kachel,  was  the 
favourite  of  his  father.  In  Egvpl  he  rose  to  be 
the  governor  of  the  country,  anil  died  1030  B.  C. 

JOSEl'H,  husband  of  Mary,  the  mother  of 
Jesus  Christ,  was  of  the  tribc'of  Juduh,  and  of 
the  lineage  of  David. 

JOSEPH,  of  Arimathea,  a  counsellor,  and 
disciiileof  our  Saviour. 

JOSEPH  1.,  I5tli  emperor  of  the  liouse  of 
Austria,  w  as  crowned  king  of  Hungary,  in  lf)87, 
elected  king  of  the  Romans,  in  lO'JO,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  empire  of  Germany,  in  1'05;  he 
died  in  1711. 

JOSEPH  ir.,cmperorofGermany,  was  elected 
king  of  the  Romans,  in  1704,  and  crowned  em- 
peror the  following  year ;  he  was  a  benevolent 
monarch,  but  too  fond  of  innovation;  he  died 
in  17!I0. 

JtJSEPH,  king  of  Portugal,  of  the  Biaganza  fa- 
mily, ascended  the  throne  i  n  1750,and  di-'d  in  1777. 
His  reien  \\  as  turbulent  and  unfortunate. 

JOSEPH  MEIR,  a  learned  rabbi,  was  born 
in  France,  in  1496,  and  died  in  1554. 

JOSEPH,  Ben  Gorioii,  a  Jewish  historian, 
who  flourished  in  the  10th  century. 

JOSEPH,  of  Paris,  acapucliin,  and  confidant 
of  Richelieu,  died  in  1G38. 

JOSEPH,  Father,  an  apostate  monk,  who 
raised  6000  banditti  in  1678,  to  eilirpate  the  ca- 
tholic religiiin  in  Hungary. 

JOSEPHUS,  Flavius,  the  ancient  historian 
of  the  Jews,  born  at  Jerusalem,  A.D.  37,  died 
in  93.  His  "  History  of  the  Jewish  War  and 
the  Destruction  of  Jerusalem,"  hi  7  books,  was 
composed  at  the  command  of  Vespasian,  and 
is  singularly  interesting  and  aflecting,  as  the 
historian  was  an  eye-witness  of  all  that  he  re- 
lates. St.  Jerome  calls  him  "  the  Livy  of  the 
Greeks."  His  "Jewish  Antiquities,"  in  20 
books,  written  in  Greek,  are  a  very  noble  work : 
we  liave  also  a  discourse  "  ujion  tile  Martyrdom 
of  the  Maccabees  ;"  which  is  a  master- piece  of 
eloquence,  for  he  was  certainly  a  great  orator,  as 
well  as  a  great  historian. 

JOSHUA,  the  son  of  Nun,  and  successor  of 
Moses,  in  conducting  the  Israelites  to  Canaan, 
he  died  14'24B.C. 

JOSIAH,  king  of  Judah,  641  B.  C,  died  610 
B.  C. 

JOSSELYN,  John,  a  native  of  GieatBritain, 
who  came  to  America  in  1003,  and  wrote  an 
account  of  New-England,  &c.  As  a  historian 
he  is  not  esteemed  worthy  of  great  credit. 

JOUBERT,  Francis,  a  priest  of  Montpclier, 
ooMlined  in  the  Hastile,  for  his  attachment  to  the 
■Tausenists  ;  he  died  in  1703. 

JOIiIiEUT,  Laurence,  a  French  physician 
and  ineilical  writer,  born  at  Valence,  in  1520, 
died  in  1582. 

JOUBERT, Bartholomew  Catharine, a  French 
eneral  of  great  celebrity,  second  in  command 
under  Buonaparte  in  the  conquest  of  Italy,  was 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Novi,  in  1799. 

JOERDAIN,  Aniable  Brechillet,  an  oriental 
Bcliolar.  distinguished  for  his  attainments  in  the 
study  of  the  eastern  languages,  died  in  1818. 

JOUSSE,  Daniel,  a  French  la wyer,wlio  wrote 
some  vaUiaiile  works,  died  in  1781. 

JOUVENCY,  Joseph,  a  French  Jesuit,  pro- 
fessor of  belles-letters  at  Caen,  and  a  writer, 
died  in  1719. 

JOUVENET,  John,  a  French  painter,  whose 
pieceri  are  esteemed,  died  in  1717. 

JOVI.ANUS,  Flavius  Claud,  aRoman  em;  e- 
ror,  elected  by  the  army  after  the  death  o;"  Julian 
the  Appelate,  in363.  He  at  first  rel'usiii,  saying, 
26S 


JU 


JU 


tiiat  he  would  not  command  idolatrous  soldiers  ;j|Tiheriu3.      Slie  was  banisiied  by  the  latter  for 

but,  upon  an  assurance  that  they  would  einliraceijher  debaucheries. 

Christianity,  iie  accepted  tlie  throne,  imnii'diair- 1     J (JLIA,  the  daughter  of  Titus  ■    her  cbdrac- 

lyshulupallt!iepagantenjplcs,andforbude  their  Iter  was  infamous. 

sacrifices;  but  he  did  not  long  enjoy  the  dii»iiity  toll    JULIA    DuMNA.  the  wife  of  the  cinparty 

which  his  merit  !iad  raised  liini ;  being  sutrocatedjjSeverus,  was  well  skilled  in  philosophy  and  the 

ia  his  bed  by  the  fumes  of  a  fire  which  liad  beenljscieiices. 

nijide  to  dry  thechamber,  in  3'V4,  in  ihea^d  year  I     JUI.iI.\N,   the  Roman    emperor,  commonly 


of  his  aje,  ami  dth  month  of  his  rei^n. 

JOVINIAN,  a  monk  of  Milan,  who  became 
the  head  of  a  sect,  aTid  died  in  consequence  of 
his  debauchery,  A.  1).  40(5. 

JOVIU.S,  Benedictus,  brother  of  the  historian, 
Iniowii  aa  a  poet  and  historical  writer. 

JOVIUS,  I'aul,  ail  Italian  Giovio,  well  known 
by  his  histories,  was  born  at  Como,  in  Italy,  in 
1483,  and  died  in  1j5'2. 

JOVEIJSE,  Anne  de,  a  duke  and  admiral  of 
France,  and  a  favourite  of  Henry  III. ;  he  died 
in  1587. 

JOYEUSE,  Francis  de,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  an  abb  minister  of  Henry  III.  andi 
IV.,  and  Lewis  XIll. ;  he  died  in  i6\f>. 

JOYNER,Williaui,orLyde,anEni;!i.sli  writer,  I 
who  HUibraced  popery,  and  died  in  ITUt!. 

JU.'VN,  George,  a  Spaniard,  kiiiyht  of  Malta, 
known  as  an  able  mathematician  ;  lie  died  at 
Madrid,  in  1773. 

JUil.4,  king  of  Mauritania,  was  driven  from 
lii";  kingdom  by  Ctesar,  and  destroyed  himself 
42  B.  C. 

JUB.\,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  carried 
prisoner  to  Rome  by  (JiEsar,  but  under  Augustus, 
i;e  iscovered  his  dominions. 

JUD.\,  Hakkadish.or  the  Saint,  a  rabbi,  cele 
brated  for  his  learninf;  and  riches,  who  lived  in 
the  time  of  the  emperor  Antoninus,  and  was 
the  friend  and  preceptor  of  that  prince.  lie 
collected,  about  20  years  after  the  destruction  of 
the  Temple,  in  a  book  which  he  called  the 
"  Misna,"  the  constitutions  and  traditions  of 
the  Jewish  magistrates  and  doctors  who  pre 
<  cded  him. 

JLDA,  Leo,  son  of  a  priest  of  Alsace,  was 
well  skilled  in  Hebrew,  and  died  minister  of 
'Zurich,  in  1542. 

JUDA-CHING,  a  rabbi,  of  Fez,  of  tlie  11th 
century,  author  of  an  Arabic  dictionary  and 
other  works. 

JUDAH,  the  fourth  son  of  Jacob  and  Leah, 
was  the  head  of  a  tribe,  and  died  in  l(53fi  B.  C. 
JUDAS  ISC.VRIOT,  so  called,  from  the  place 
of  his  birth,  betrayed  his  Lord  and  Master  Je- 
sus Christ  for  30  pieces  of  silver,  and  immedi- 
ately hanfred  himself. 

JUDE,  St.,  an  apostle,  and  the  author  of  an 
epistle,  was  brother  of  James  the  Less,  and  suf- 
fered martyrdom,  A.  D.  80. 

JUDEX,  Matthew,  a  learned  German,  divini- 
ty professor  at  Jena,  died  in  1564. 
'  JUGL.\RI.S,  AloysiuB,  an  Italian  Jesuit.     He 
wrote  100  panegyrics  on  Jesus  Christ  and  40  on 
Lewis  Xfll.,  and  died  in  3G53. 

JUGURTHA,  a  brave  Numidian  prince,  who 
sustained  a  war  of  five  years  against  the  power' 
of  Rome:  he  was  at  last  betrayed,  thrown  into 
a  dunseon,  and  died  of  hunger. 

JUISNE  BROISSINIERE,  D.  Seigneur  de| 

Moliere, wrote  a  Theological  and  Historical  Dic-i 

tionary,  published  in  1644.  I 

JULIA,  a  virgin  and  martyrof  Carthage,  440.| 

JULIA,  daughter  of  Ciesar  and  Cornelia,  a 

Tvomaii  lady  of  great  virtue,  and  the  wife  ofi 

Pompey;  she  died  53  B.  C.  | 

JULIA,  daughter  of  Augustus,  was  the  wife 

of  Metellus.  afterwards  of  Agrijipa,  aud  then  of 

2G4 


styled  the  Apostate,  because  he  profes-ied  Chris- 
tianity before  he  ascended  the  throne ;  after 
which  he  openly  embraced  paganism  and  perse- 
cuted the  Christians.  He  was  killed  in  battle 
363. 

JULIAN,  St.  archbishopof  Toledo,  author  of 
a  work  against  the  Jews,  died  in  690. 

JULIANA,  a  singular  charaeter  of  Norwich, 
who  in  her  zeal  lor  mortification,  confined  her- 
self between  four  walls  ;  she  lived  iu  the  time  of 
Edward  HI. 

JULIEN,  Peter,  one  of  the  best  statuariet 
that  France  ever  possessed.  His  last  work  was 
a  marble  statue  of  Poussin.  His  batliingnymph, 
in  white  marble,  and  the  statue  of  La  Fontaine, 
are  considered  as  his  chefs  d'ceuvres.  He  diet 
at  Paris,  in  1805,  at  an  advanced  age. 

JULIO,  Romano,  an  Italian  painter,  the 
disciple  of  Raphael,  with  whom  he  was  a  par- 
ticular favourite,  died  in  1546,  leaving  immortal 
proofs  of  his  great  abilities. 

JULIUS  I.,  pope  and  saint,  wasi  elected 
pope  in  337,  and  died  in  352  ;  he  was  a  man  of 
learning  and  piety, 

JULIUS  II.,  pope,  called  before  Julian  de  la 
Revere,  equally  distinguished  for  his  warlikecx- 
ploits  and  political  negotiations,  was  born  at 
Arbizala,  in  1440,  and  died  in  1513.  He  built  the 
famous  church  of  St.  Peter  at  Rome,  and  was  a 
generous  patron  of  the  polite  arts. 

JULIUS  HI.,  John  Marie  du  Mont,  a  native 
of  Arezzo,  was  elected  pope  in  1550.  He  dis- 
solved the  council  of  Trent,  where  he  presided 
in  the  name  of  Paul  IU.,  and  died  in  15.56. 

JUNCKER,  Christian,  an  able  medahst,  wa« 
born  at  Dresden,  and  died  in  1714. 

JUNCTIN,or  GUINTINO,  Francis.an  Italian, 
and  a  Carmelite,  wlio  quitted  the  catholic  for 
the  protcstant  religion,  and  settled  in  France, 
where  he  died  in  1580. 

JUNGERMAN,  Godfrey,  professor  of  law  at 
Leipsic,  died  in  1010. 

JUNGERM.-VN,  Lewis,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, distinguished  for  works  on  botany  and 
natural  history,  died  in  1653. 

JUNOIUS,  Joachim,  professor  of  mathcma 
tics  at  Glossen,  died  in  1657. 

JUNILIUS,  a  bishop  of  Austria  in  the  6tb 
century. 

JUNIUS,  Adrian,  a  learned  Dutchman,  and 
author  of  numerous  worka;  he  diediu  1575. 
JUNIUS.  Sec  BOYD,  Hugh. 
JUNIUS,  or  DU  JOHN,  Francis,  professor 
of  divinity  at  Leyden.  His  best  known  work 
is  a  Latin  version  of  the  Hebrew  Bible,  lie  died 
iu  1G02. 

JUNIUS,  Francis,  or  Francois  du  John,  born 
at  Heidelberg,  in  1589,  died  in  1677.  He  wa» 
highly  distinguished  for  his  skill  and  researches 
in  the  Anglo  Saxon  and  Gothic  languages. 

JUNT.V,  Thomas,  a  physician  of  Venice,  and 
an  author,  died  in  the  10th  century. 

JUNT.^S.  There  were  two  of  the  name,  prin- 
ters of  celebrity,  who  had  establishments  at  Ve- 
nice, Florence,  and  Geneva.  One  of  them  died 
in  1519  ;  the  time  of  the  death  of  the  other  ii 
not  known. 
JURET,  Francis  a  native  of  Dijon,  wLom 


JIJ    

poetical  pieces  are  iri  liijjii  eblceui  ;  lio  Uieii  in 

1626. 
JURIEU,  Peter,  a  French  yroteslaiit  divine, 

Bometimes  culled  the  Goliah  of  tlie  proteslants, 

born  in  1(537,  dic^d  in  17 1;).     His  theological  and 

polemical  writings  are  licJd  in   much  esteem  : 

particularly  his  "Treatise  of  Devotion,'    and 

iiis  "  Preservative  against  Popery." 
JflKlN,  Dr.  Jamts,  a  distinguished  person, 

wlio  cultivated  medicine  and  matliema'.ics  with 

equal  success.     He  was  secretary  of  the  Royal 

S(]clety  in  London,  as  well  as  president  of  the 

College  of  Physicians  there,  and  died  in  1750. 
JUStflElI,  Anthony  de,  a  celebrated  French 

physician,  hotanist,and  traveller,  born  at  Lyons, 

in  if^ii,  died  in  1758. 
JUSSIEU,  Bernard  de,  a  Frenchman,  enii- 

tieiu  as  a  botanist  and  physiciaiv,  he  died  in 

1779. 

JUSTEL,  Chri.stopher,  counsellor  and  secre- 
tary to  the  French  king,  was  the  author  of  se- 

Teral  works,  and  died  in  1649. 

JUSTEL,  Hi  nry,  son  and  successor  of  Chris- 
topher.     On   the   revocation  of  tlie   (tdict  of 

Nantes,  he  went  to   L(jndon,  and  was  made 

keeper  of  the  king's  library  ;  he  died  in  109:5. 

JUSTl,  N.  de,  a  celebrated  German  mineral- 
ogist, and   professor  of  natural  history  at  Got- 

tingen,  was  born  in  1720. 

JUSTIN,  an  ancient  Latin  historian,  who 
abridged  the  large  work  of  Trogus  Poinpeius,  in 

44  booKs,  comprising  a  history  of  the  world 
from  Ninus  to  Augustus  Ca?sar,  which  is  written 
with  cnat  purity  and  elegance.  He  flourisiied 
about  A.  D.  250. 

JUSTIJV,  surnamed  the  Martyr,  one  of  tlie 
earliest  writers  of  the  Christian  church,  was 
born  at  Neapolis,  the  ancient  Sichem  of  Pales- 
tine, in  the  province  of  Samaria,  and  beheaded 
for  the  Christian  religion  under  Marcus  Aure- 
lius,  A.  D.  167. 

JUSTIN  I.,  from  a  soldier,  rose  to  the  rank 
of  general,  and  was  proclaimed  emperor  of  the 
east  by  his  army,  on  the  death  of  Anastasius, 
in  518,  he  died  A.  D.  5-27. 

JUSTIN  IL,  successor  of  Justinian,  in  563. 
He  was  a  weak  prince,  but  his  wife  governed 
liini  and  his  empire  with  ability  ;  he  died  in 
578. 

JUSTINIAN,  the  first  Roman  emperor  of  his 
name,  celebrated  for  having  collected  the  im- 
mense variety  and  number  of  the  Roman  laws 
into  one  body,  called  "The  Code;"'  to  which 
the  emperor  gnve  his  own  name ;  he  also  had 
the  decisions  of  judges  and  other  magistrates, 
l9^ther  with  the  authoritative  opinions  of  the; 
most  eminent  lawyers,  collected  ;  and  the  iiamej 
of  "  Digests"  or  "Pandects"  given  to  them.  Be- 
sides these,  for  the  uaechiefly  of  young  students 
in  the  law,  Justinian  ordered  4  books  of  "In- 
stitutes" to  be  drawn  up,  containing  an  abstract 
or  abridgment  of  the  text  of  all  the  laws  :  and 
lastly,  the  laws  of  modern  date,  posterior  to 
that  of  the  former,  were  thrown  into  one  vol. 
in  the  y(^ar  541,  and  called  the  "  Novellffi,"  or 
"  New  Oide."  This  most  important  transac  | 
tioii  in  the  state  has  rendered  Justinian's  namej 
lmn\ortal. 

JUSTINIAN  II.,  succeeded  to  the  throne  in 
685.     lie  was  sncce«;sful  against  the  Saracens, ll place,  died  in  1800! 


^ KA 

JL'!:t'l'ij\'IANl,  Bernard,  nephew  to  the  pre- 
ceding, went  ambassador  from  Venice  to  Lew- 
is XI.  of  Fiance  ;  he  wrote  several  historical 
works,  and  died  in  14H9. 

JUSTINIANI,  Augusiin,  bishop  of  Nebo,  In 
Corsica,  was  a  learned  man,  and  proteesor  of 
Hebrew  at  Paris      He  was  lost  at  sea  in  1330. 

Jl'STlNIANI,  Fabio,  bishop  of  Ajaccio,  was 
an  author,  and  died  in  1627. 

JUVARA,  Philip,  a  Sicilian  architect,  who 
erected  beautiful  edifices  at  Turin  ;  he  died  ia 
17:j5. 

JUVENAL, Decius  Junius,  a  Roman  poet  and 
satirist,  was  born  about  the  beginning  of  the 
emperor  (laudius'  reign,  and  died  in  his  HOth 
year.  Juvenal,  as  a  poet,  improved  on  Horacet 
ajnl  Persius,  being  elegant  and  witty  with  the 
former,  und  meat  and  sublime  with  the  latter. 

JUVENAL,  de  Carleneas  Felix,  a  French 
writer,  highly  respected,  died  in  1760. 

JUVENCL'S,  Cassius  Vectius  Aquilinus,  a 
Spaniard,  of  noble  birth,  in  the  4tti  century,  ajid 
author  of  a  poem. 

JUXON,  William,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
was  imprisoned  by  the  parliament;  he  was  re- 
instated in  utiice  at  the  rebioraiion,  and  died  in 
1003 

K 

KABBETE,  John,  an  excellent  Dutch  pain- 
ter, died  in  llitiO. 

KAHTER,  John,  a  professor  of  Theology,  at 
Rinletz,  and  an  autiior,  died  in  1049. 

KAIN,  Henry  l.,ewis  le,  a  celebrated  French 
actor,  died  at  Paris,  in  1778. 

KALB,  baron  de,  a  native  of  Germany,  and 
a  brigadier-geueial  of  the  French  army.  At 
the  coininencementof  the  American  revolution, 
lie  volunteered  his  services  in  the  cause  of  free- 
dom, was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major-gene- 
ral, and  was  for  a  tinn;  commander  of  the  south- 
ern army.  He  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Canr- 
den,  in  1781,  and  a  monument  was  ordered  by 
congress  to  be  erected  to  his  memory. 

KALE,  William,  a  Dutch  painter,  died  in 
1093. 

KALGREEN,  N.,  a  dramatic  writer,  of  Swe- 
den, died  in  1798. 

KALRAAT,  Barent  Van,  a  native  of  Dordt, 
eminent  as  a  painter,  died  in  1721. 

KALUBKO,  Vincent,  a  Polish  historian, 
elected  bisliop  of  Cracow,  died  in  1223. 

KAM  HI,  emperor  of  China  iu  1661,  was  a 
liberal  patron  of  the  literature  and  arts  of  Eu- 
rope, and  of  Christian  missions ;  he  died  in 
1722. 

KAMPEN,  Jacob  Van,  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter,  in  the  17th  centtrry. 

KANDLER,  John  Joachim,  an  ingenious  ar- 
tist, of  Saxony,  died  in  1776. 

KANOLD,  John,  a  German  physician,  and 
an  author,  died  in  1729. 

KANT,  Immaiiuel,  an  eminent  metaphysi- 
cian, born  at  Kouingsberg,  in  1724,  and  died  in 
1804. 

KASTNER,  Abraham  Gothelf,  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Goitingen,  secretary  of  the  roy- 
al society,  and  keeper  of  tlie  observatory  at  that 


but  was  of  an  infamous  character,  and  was 
assassinated  in  711. 

JUSTINIANI,  St.  Lawrence,  a  noble  of  Ve- 
nice, was  made  the  first  patriarch  of  Venice,  in 
1451 ;  he  died  in  1455,  aud  was  canonized  by 
pope  Alexander  VUl 


L  1 


KATEB,  a  Persian  poet  at  the  court  of  the 
Samanidps. 

KATTERFELTO,  Dr.,  an  eccentric  Bort  of 
quack  philosopher,  who  for  several  years  gulled 
the  good  people  of  England  with  the  exhibition 
of  experiiiients  in  electricity,  &.C.,  whicli  he 


23 


265 


KE 

CAlled  "  Wonderful  Wonder;"  insinuating  that 
hia  practices  were  magical,  and  perfornied  un- 
der the  supernatural  agency  of  the  Black  Cat, 
liis  constant  companion  on  those  occasions.  He 
is  supposed  to  have  been  a  Prussian  by  birth, 
and  died  in  Yorkshire,  in  1799. 

KAUFFMAN,  Mary  Angelica,  an  eminent 
paintreas,  and  royal  academician,  in  London, 
was  born  in  1740,  died  ai  Rome,  in  1807.  The 
Germans  styled  her  "  The  Paintress  of  the 
Soul;"  and  her  mental  acquirements  and  moral  I 
conduct  were  no  less  (listin;,'uished  than  her  ta- 
lents as  an  artist.  Slie  was  at  one  time  of  iier 
life  the  dupe  of  a  villainous  artifice,  by  which 
she  was  drawn  into  an  unfortunate  matrimonial 
connexion 

KAUiNirZ,  RITBERG  prince,  a  celebrated 
statesman,  and  for  40  years  prime  minister  of 
Austria  ;  he  died  in  1794 

K.-VY,  William,  a  native  of  Breda,  distin- 
guished as  a  historual  painter,  died  in  1508. 

KEACH,  Benjamin,  a  baptist  teacher,  and  au- 
tlior  of  works  of  great  merit,  died  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  18th  century. 

KEATE,  George,  a  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  born  at  Trowbridge,  in  1729,  died  1797. 
Wliat  will  chiefly  distinj^uish  him  as  a  writer 
is,  "  An  .\ccount  of  the  Pelew  Islands  "  which 
he  compiled  from  the  papers  of  captain  Wilson. 

KE.-vriNG,  Jeffry,  an  Irish  clergyman  and 
an  author,  died  in  1!)50. 

KEIIOE,  Jo.wpli,  an  eminent  English  law- 
yer, born  in  W32,  died  ir  1710.  He  was  a  man 
of  i'xredible  industry,  having  published  several 
books  in  his  lifetime;  beside  which,  he  left 
above  100  large  folios,  and  more  than  50  thick 
quartos,  in  manuscript.  His  principal  works 
are,  "  An  Assistance  to  Justices  of  the  Peace, 
for  the  easier  Performance  of  their  Duty,"  and 
"  Reports,"  taken  at  the  king's  bench  at  West- 
minster, from  the  12ih  to  the  30th  year  of  the 
reign  of  Charles  II. 

KECKER.MAN,  Bartholomew,  professor  of 
Hebrew  at  Heidelberg,  fell  a  sai-.ritice  to  his  in- 
tense application  lo  study,  in  l(i09. 

KEEiVE,  Edmund,  an  English  bishop,  and 
vice-chancellor  of  St.  Peter's  college,Cambridge, 
died  in  1781. 

KEILL,  John,  an  eminent  mathematician 
and  philosopher,  born  at  Edinburgh,  in  1671, 
died  in  1721.  His  works  are  numerous,  and  in 
high  repute. 

KEILL,  James,  an  eminent  physician  and 
anatomist,  younger  brother  of  the  preceding 
born  in  1673,  died  in  1719. 

KEITH,  James,  a  brave  and  experienced 
field-marshal,  in  the  king  of  Prussia's  service, 
born  in  Scotland,  in  J 696,  distinguished  himself 
in  the  memorable  wars  of  that  illustrious  mo- 
narch, and  was  killed  in  the  unfortunate  affair 
of  Hohkerchen,  in  1758. 

KEITH,  Sir  William,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Pennsylvania,  from  1717  to  1726,  and  author 
of  a  history  of  Virginia ;  he  died  in  1749. 

KELLER,  James,  a  learned  jesui.,  of  Sekin 
gen,  the  friend  of  the  emperor  Maximilian,  died 
at  iVTunich,  in  1631. 

KELLEY,  Edward,  a  famous  English  necro- 
mancer, was  born  in  1555.  Behaving  indis- 
creetly in  Germany,  he  was  imprisoned  by  the 
emperor  Rodolphus  II.,  by  whom  he  had  been 
knighted  ;  and,  endeavouring  to  make  his  es- 
cape out  of  the  window,  so  Inirt  himself  by  a 
fall,  that  Ue  died  soon  after,  in  1595.  His  chief 
works  arc,  "A  Poem  of  Chymistry ;"  "A  Poem 
of  the  Philosopher's  Stone  ;"  and  "  A  true  and 
266 


KE 

faithful  Relation  of  what  passed  for  many  years 
between  Dr.  John  Dee  and  some  Spirits,  &c., 
London,  1659." 

KELLY,  Hugh,  born  in  Ireland,  in  1739,  was 
bound  apprentice  to  a  stay-maker.  At  the  ex- 
piration of  his  indentures  he  set  out  for  London, 
to  procure  a  livelihood  by  his  biisiiieris.  This 
liappened  in  1760  ;  and  he  encountered  all  the 
ditiicnlties  which  a  person  poor  and  without 
friends  could  be  !<ubject  toon  his  first  arrival  in 
tuvvn.  He  soon  after,  about  1762,  commenced 
author,  a  id  was  intrusted  with  the  management 
of  "  The  Public  Ledger,"  and  other  periodical 
publications,  in  which  he  wrote  many  original 
essays  and  pieces  of  poetry.  For  several  years 
after  this  period,  he  continued  writing  upon  a 
variety  of  subjects,  as  the  accidents  of  the  times 
chanced  to  call  for  the  assistance  of  his  pen.  la 
1767,  the  *'  Babler"  appeared  in  2  pocket  vols., 
which  had  at  first  been  inserted  in  "  Owen's 
Weekly  Chronicle,"  in  single  papers;  as  did 
the  "  Memoir,s  of  a  Magdalen,"  under  the  tltla 
of  "  Louisa  Mildmay."  He  died  in  1777,  leav- 
ing six  dramatic  pieces. 

KELLY,  John,  LL.  D.  a  Scotch  divine,  who 
translated  the  Bible  into  the  Manks  tongue,  and 
published  a  grammar  of  that  language;  hedied 
in  1809. 

KEMP,  John,  LL.  D.,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
came  to  America  soon  after  the  revolution.  He 
was  appointed  professor  of  mathematics,  and 
afterwards  of  geography,  history,  and  experi- 
inental  pliilosophv.  in  Columbia  college,  New- 
York.     Hedied  in' 1812. 

KEMPIS,  Thomas,  famous  for  his  transcend- 
ant  piety  and  devotion,  was  born  at  Kempen,  in 
the  diocess  of  Cologne,  about  1380,  and  died  iu 
1471.  His  well-known  book,  "  De  Imitatione 
Christi,"  of  the  Imitation  of  Jesus  Christ,  has 
been  translated  into  almost  all  the  languages  ia 
the  world. 

KEN,  Thomas,  an  English  prelate,  chaplain 
to  the  king.  He  devoted  his  hfe  to  pious  aud 
literary  pursuits,  and  died  in  1710. 

KENDAL,  G«orge,  lost  all  his  preferments  in 
the  church  for  non-conformity,  in  1662.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  works. 

KENNEDY,  John,  an  English  clergyman, 
author  of  Scripture  Chronology,  17.53. 

KENNEDY,  James,  regent  of  Scotland  dur- 
ing the  minority  of  James  II.  He  was  made 
archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  and  died  in  1472. 

KENNEDY,  John,  a  Scotch  physician  aud 
antiquary,  died  in  1760. 

KENNET,  Basil,  D.  D.,  born  at  Postling,  in 
Kent,  in  1674,  died  in  1714.  He  was  author  of 
the  "  Antiquities  of  Rome ;  "  The  Lives  and 
("laractersof  the  ancient  Grecian  Poets ;"  "An 
Exposition  of  the  Apostles'  Creed,"  &.c. 

KENNET,  White,  an  English  prelate.  He 
was  an  eloquent  and  popular  preacher,  and  had 
a  valuable  manusdript  collection.  He  died  in 
1723. 

KENNETH  II.,  the  69th  king  of  Scotland, 
ascended  the  throne  in  823.  Ho  brought  to 
Scone  the  famous  stone  chair  in  which  the 
kings  of  Scotland  were  crowned,  and  died  in 
854. 

KENNETH  HI.,  son  of  Malcolm,  defeated 
the  Danes,  and  also  the  English  ;  he  was  assassi- 
nated in  994. 

KENNICOTT,  Dr.  Benjamin,  well  known 
in  the  learned  world  for  his  elaborate  edition  of 
the  Hebrew  Bible,  and  other  very  valuable  pub- 
lications, was  canon  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
keeper  of  the  RadclilTe  Library,  and  vicar  of 


KK 


KEKKUFKDF.RK,  John  Gerard,  liistorlo- 
graplipr  to  tlm  t-iii|.eror  Judcpli  I.  died  in  1738. 

KEKSAINT,  Armainl  Guy  Simon,  count  of, 
a  J'rencli  naval  officer  of  merit.  He  belonged 
to  the  party  01  Girondists  in  the  convention,  anJ 
was  condemned  to  die  in  1701). 

KERSF.y,  John,  a  matlitinatician,  born  In 
161G,  died  about  1700.  He  published  "  Element* 
of  Algebra,"  and  "  Dictionariiim  Anglo  Bri- 
tannicum  ;  or  a  General  Knglisli  Dictionary." 

KERVlLLAUS,Johii  Marin  dc,  a  jesnit,  who 
tran.'lated  Ovid  into  French  ;  lie  died  in  1765. 

KESSEL,  John  Van,  a  Dutch  painter  of  em- 
inence in  the  17th  century. 

KETIX,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  who  resided  sonjctime  in  Eng- 
land, and  being  introduced  to  queen  Elizabeth, 
painted  hei  a  picture.  After  his  return  to  Hol- 
land, he  laid  aside  his  pencil,  and  painted  witli 
hie  finu'crs.     He  died  1002. 

KETT,  William,  a  tanner,  of  Norfolk,  who 
headed  an  insiii  rection  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
JII.  ;  he  was  defeated  and  executed  in  15-19. 

KETTJ^EWELL,  John,  an  eminently  learn- 
ed and  pious  Englisli  divine,  born  hi  IG5'J,  and 
died  in  U)l'5.  His  most  celebrated  work,  entitled 
"  Measiiri  e  of  Christian  Obedience,"  has  gain- 
ed him  a  Isi-ting  reputation. 

KEULEN,  Janssen  Van,  a  Dutcli  portrait 
painter,  and  favourite  of  Charles  I.,  died  in  lfi65. 
KEYSLER,  John  George, a  learned  antiquary, 
of  Germany,  born  in  lfJ80,  died  in  Mi^.  Hewas 
author  of  'se\eral  learned  works  ;  hut  is  most 
generally  known  by  a  "  Dissertation  on  llie  con- 
secrated Mistletoe  of  the  Druids  ;  and  by  "  Tro- 
vel.s  through  Germany,  Bohemia,  Hungary, 
Switzerland,  Iialy,  and  Lorraine,"  illustrated 
with  copperplates  engraven  from  drawings  ta- 
ken on  the  spot. 

KHERASKOF, Michael,  a  Russian  poet  of  tha 
18th  centurv,  and  counseilo;  of  state. 

KHI [.HOP,  Prince,  a  Russian  nobleman,  am- 
bassador to  Charles  XII.,  of  Sv,  •  den  ;  he  vva« 
imprisoned  by  that  monarch,  and  died  in  1798. 

KICK,  Cornelius,  a  painter,  of  Amsterdam,  of 
great  merit,  died  in  ll't(5. 

KIDDER,  Dr.  Richard,  bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells,  autiiov  of  "  A  Coininentary  on  the  five 
books  of  Moses  ;  with  a  dissertation  concerning 
'he  writer  of  the  said  books  ;  and  a  general  ar- 
gument to  each  of  ihem."  Hewas  a  very  clear, 
elcgait,  learned  writ,  r,  and  one  of  the  be.'-t  di- 
vines of  his  time  ;  aiid  was  unfortunately  killed 
in  his  bed,  together  vi  ith  his  wile,  by  the  fall  of 
a  stack  of  cliinineys,  in  1703. 

KIEN-LONG,  emperor  of  China,  died  in  th« 
latter  part  of  the  18ih  century,  after  reigning  60 
years.  He  was  a  popular  and  benevolent  mon- 
arch. 

KIERINGS,  Alexander,  a  Dutch  painter  of 
eminence,  died  in  lt"46. 

KILDUKN,  Richard,  an  English  author  of 
the  17th  century. 

KILBYE,  Richard,  Hebrew  professor  at  Ox- 
ford, and  one  of  the  translators  of  the  bible,  died 
in  lti'20. 

t  KII  RYE,  Richard,  a  minister  of  England, 
!who  wrote  "  ffiiider  of  a  loaded  Conscience," 
died  in  1017. 

I     KILIAICCorndius,  a  native  of  Brabant,  for 

burgh  in  1093.  SOyears  con-ectorof  the  preeg;  he  died  inl607 

KERGUELINDETREMARA,  Yvcs.Tosepb,  !     KIM.EN.  William,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 

a  distinguished  Freucb  naval  commaiide.r,  died  iDelaware,  chief  Justice  of  the  supreme  court, 

jn  1797.  jand  chancellor  of  that  state;  he  died  in  1805. 

KERI,  Francis  Borgia,  a  learned  Jesuit,  of  |     KILLICREW.  Cailieriue,   an   English  lady 
Hungaiv,  and  an  aurtior,  died  in  1709.  :had  a  great,  knowlfdgi  of  the  learned    Ian 

267 


Culham  in  Oxfordshire.    He  was  born  in  1718, 
and  died  in  1783.  ,  . 

KENliICK,  Dr.  William,  was  tlio  son  of  a 
stay-maker,  at  or  near  Watford,  Herts,  and 
brought  up  lo  the  business  of  a  rule  maker. 
However,  he  seems  early  lo  have  abandoned 
it,  and  to  have  devoted  his  talents  to  tne  culli- 
valion  of  letters.  His  tmr  production  as  a  poet 
was  a  volume  of  "Epistles  riiilosophical  and 
Moral,"  in  1759,  addref?sed  to  Lo'cn/.o;  an 
avowed  defence  of  Infidelity.  He  was  for  a 
considerable  lime  a  writer  in  "  The  Monthly 
Review."  In  the  year  176 '■  he  produced  his 
pleasant  comedy  of  "  Falstaff's  Wedding."  It 
was  at  first  intended  to  have  been  given  to  the 
public  as  an  original  play  of  Shakspeare  re 
trieved  from  obscurity  ;  and  it  musi  be  acknow- 
ledged a  most  happy  imitation  of  our  great  dra- 
matic bard.  Dr.  Kenrick  also  translated  Ilie 
Emilius"  and  "  Eloisa"  of  Rousseau,  and  the 
"  Elements  of  the  History  of  England,"  by 
Milot;  produced  several  dramatic  performances; 
B  volume  of  "Pi»enis,  ludicrous,  satirical,  and 
mora!,"  and  an  inliuite  variety  of  other  publica- 
tions both  original  and  translated,  and  died  in 
1779. 

KENT,  William,  an  English  painter,  but 
much  more  eminent  as  an  "architect, born  in 
1685,  died  in  1748.  Mr.  Walpole  considers  him 
as  the  inventor  of  modern  gardening. 

KENTIGERN,  or  St.  Mungo,  a  Scotchman 
and  bishop  of  Glasgow,  in  the  Glh  century. 

KENYON,  D'oydjloid,  an  English  judge, 
born  in  17;^3.  In  1782,  he  was  made  attorney- 
general  ;  in  1084,  muster  of  the  rolls  ;  and  in 
1788,  lord  chief  justice  of  the.  king's  bench, 
which  office  he  filled  with  distitignistied  integri- 
ty. Hislordsliipi:i->s3L'Ss(.(la:i  iiiicomiiio!.  strtng'li 
of  mind,  and  an  iniuiiiveness  of  pcrcuptioe. 
■which  enabl'jd  him  at  once  to  discerii  the  direct 
path  of  justice,  however  attempted  to  be  con- 
cealed by  legal  chicanery,  and  subtleties  of 
prac'.ice  To  Ins  exertions,  England  is  indebted 
fhr  iiiiich  of  that  reform  which  has  been  intro- 
duced into  the  practice  of  the  law,  and  particu- 
larly with  regard  to  attorneys,  whose  misconduct 
never  failed  to  meet  his  just  resentment  and  in 
dignation.  His  endeavours  on  the  Bench,  were 
uniformly  directed  to  the  promotion  of  every 
moral  and  religious  duty,  to  the  discouragement 
of  vice,  and  to  the  e.vposure  of  those  lalse  prin- 
ciples of  honour,  the  baneful  effects  of  which 
we  have  too  often  reason  to  contemplate.  He 
died  at  Bath,  in  ISO-l 

KEPLER,  John,  a  celebrated  German  astro- 
nomer, and  author  of  many  valuable  discoveries 
in  that  science,  born  in  1571,  died  in  10:10. 

KEPPEL,  Rt.  Hon.  Augustus  viscount,  son  of 
William,  earl  of  Albemarle,  ureatly  distinguish- 
ed himself  in  the  naval  service  of  his  country. 
He  was  created  a  peer  of  Great  Britain,  by  the 
title  of  viscount  KeppSe,  and  was,  at  two  differ- 
ent periods,  first  lord  of  the  admiralty.  Re- 
specting his  s«  rvices  during  the  American  war, 
while  he  couinianded  the  channel  fleet,  we  must 
refer  to  history  for  the  detail.     He  died  in  1786, 

KERCKCHOEE,  Joseph  Van  der,  a  painter 
of  Brussels,  of  some  note,  died  in  1724. 

KERCKRlNtJ,  Thomas,  a  physician,  obtain 
ed  celebrity  in  his  profession,  and  died  at  Hain- 


KI 


KI 


giinges,  and  w.ote  elegant  Latin    poens;  sii. 
dieU  in  IbOO. 

KILLIGREW,  Sir  William,  anEiigliBhdiaiiia- 
tic poet,  horn  at  Hamvorth,  in  16()5,  liii-d  in  lt)!»3 

KILLIGKEW, Thomas,  br oilier olllie  Ibrnicr, 
born  in  !611,  and  disiinguislitd  by  unconimon 
natural  parts,  was  pa{!c  of  hononr  to  Charles  I., 
and  groom  of  the  btdclianiber  to  Charles  II., 
with  whom  he  had  suli'erod  many  j'ears'  e.vile 
During  his  absence  from  his  country,  he  applied 
his  leisure  hours  to  poetry,  and  wrote  11  plays. 
He  died  in  HiH-2,  and  n  as  buried  in  VVeslniiiisler 
Abbey.  Killiprew  was  a  man  of  very  droll  liu 
mour,  with  which  he  used  to  divert  the  merry 
Bionarch,  Charles  11.,  who  on  thai  account,was 
fonder  o;'  him  diaa  of  his  best  ministers,  and 
would  sive  him  access  to  his  presence  when  h 
denied  it  to  them. 

KII,LIGKEW,  Dr.  Henry,  brother  of  the 
former,  born  in  1(112  His  writings  were  on  op 
|iosite  themes  of  theology  and  the  drama ;  th^t 
JS,  sermons  and  plays. 

KILLIGRF-W,  Anne,  "  a  grace  for  beauty, 
and  a  muse  for  wit,"  was  the  daughter  of  Hen- 
ry Killigrew,  and  born  in  London,  a  little  before 
the  Restoration.  She  became  eminent  in  the 
arts  of  poetry  and  painting,  and  died  in  1C85, 

KI1,L1GREVV,  Margaret,  wife  of  tlie  duke 
of  i^pwcastle,  and  author  of  13  folio  volumes  ; 
Ehe  died  in  1673. 

KILWARDEN,  Arthur  Wolfe,  lord,  an  Irish 
judge,  of  great  virtue  and  impartiality  in  public 
life,  was  killed  by  a  mob  in  the  streets  of  Dublin, 
in  1803. 

KIMBER,  I?aac,  a  learned  protestant  dissent 
ing  minister,  born  in  1692,  died  in  London,  in 
1755.  This  gentleman  was  the  author  of  many 
literary  productions,  highly  esteemed  for  purity 
of  style  and  impartiality ;  among  which  were 
"The  Life  of  Oliver  Cromwell,"  "The  Life 
of  Bishop  Beveridae;"  a  "  History  of  England," 
in  which  he  was  concerned  with  Messrs.  Bai 
ly,  Hodges,  and  Kidpath  "  The  Reign  of  George 
n."  "History  of  England,"  esteemed  one  of 
tbe  best  abridgments  of  the  English  history 
extant.  In  1731,  he  was  engaged  as  editor  of 
"The  London  Magazine,"  which  he  conducted 
with  credit  to  himself,  and  advantage  to  the 
proprietors,  to  the  time  of  his  death,  which  was 
occasioned  by  a  fit  of  apoplexy. 

KIMBER,  Edward,  son  of  the  preceding,  bom 
in  1719,  died  in  1769.  He  served  an  apprentice- 
ship to  Mr.  John  Noon,  bookseller,  in  Cheap.Mde ; 
but  his  active  genius  led  him  early  in  lite  to 
prefer  a  military  occupation  under  the  late  gen- 
eral Oglethorpe,  from  whom  he  receii-ed  an 
ensigncy,  was  with  him  at  settling  the  then 
infant  colony  of  Georgia,  and  sisnalizcd  him- 
self in  an  espeditionto  the gatesof!<t. Augustine, 
in  Florida;  "  A  Relation  or  Journal,"  of  which, 
printed  in  1744,  was  the  first  production  of  his 
pen.  Upon  quitting  the  army  be  succeeded  his 
father  as  editor  of  "The  London  Magazine," 
which  flourished  to  the  time  of  his  death,  and 
then  gradually  declined  till  it  was  entirely 
dropped,  in  1785.  In  1750,  he  published  "  A 
Letter  from  a  Citizen  of  London  to  his  Fellow- 
citizens,  &c.,  occasioned  by  the.  late  Earth- 
qn.-ikes;"  and  soon  after,  "  Th?Life  and  Ad- 
ventures of  Joe  Thompson,"  2  vols.,  and  several 
tlher  novels,  of  considerable  meritltHe  also 
Compiled,  "The  Peeragtsof  England,  Scotland, 
and  Ireland,"  contrived  for  the  pocket,  and  a 
"  History  of  England,"   iu  10  vols,  with  plates. 

KIMCHI.  David,  a  Jewish  rabbi  and  coni- 
tne.itnuu  in  (he  13t>,  century.     In  i'i3J.  be  was 


appointed  to  arbitrate  the  diflerences  between 
the  French  and  Spanish  synagogues  concerning 
the  books  of  Maimonides.  His  '-'Hebrew  Gram- 
mar" was  printed  at  Venice,  in  1545;  and  hit 
•'  Talmudical  Dictionary"  in  1506.  His  "  Com- 
nienlaries  on  the  Psalms,  Prophets,  and  other 
hooks  of  Scripture,"  are  very  valuable. 

KINASTON,  Francis,  an  Englishman,  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  and  an  authoi,  died  iu  1642. 

KING,  John,  bishop  ol  London,  born  in  1559, 
died  in  1621.  James  I.  used  to  style  him  "  the 
king  of  preachers  ;"  and  loid  chief  justice  (oke 
often  declared  that  "he  was  the  best  speaker 
of  the  star-ciiamber  in  his  linje." 

KING,  Henry,  bishop  of  Chichester,  son  of 
the  preceding,  and  an  elegant  poet.  He  turned 
the  Psalms  into  verse,  and  published  "Poems, 
Elegies,  Paradoxes,  and  Sonnets."  He  waa 
horn  in  1591,  ai:d  died  in  1669. 

KING,  John,  second  son  olthe  bishop  of  Lon- 
don, and  an  author,  died  in  1639. 

KING,  Edward,  fellow  of  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  in  1633.  He  was  unfortunately 
drowned  in  1637,  in  his  passage  fronj  Chester, 
in  the  Irish  sea ;  a  circumstance  which  gave 
birth  to  the  admirable  "Lycidas"  of  Alilton, 
xvho  says  of  him,  that 

" He  knew 

Himself  to  sing,  and  build  the  lofty  rhyme." 

KING,  Dr.  William,  an  ingenious  and  hu 
mourons  English  wriier,  born  in  London,  ia 
1663,  died  in  1712.  His  poetical  and  political 
works  are  numerous  ;  but  his  most  useful  book 
is  "  A  Historical  Account  of  the  Heathen  Gods 
and  Heroes,  necessary  for  the  understanding  of 
tlie  ancient  Poets." 

KING,  Dr.  William,  archbishop  of  Dublin, 
born  ill  1050,  wrote  a  celebrated  treatise,  "  De 
Origine  Mali,"  on  the  Origin  of  Evil ;  wherein 
he  undertook  to  show  how  all  the  several  kinds 
of  evil  with  which  the  world  abounds  arc  con- 
sistent with  the  goodness  of  God,  and  may  be 
accounted  for  without  the  supposition  of  an  evik 
priircipal.    He  died  in  1729. 

KING,  Peter,  chancellor  of  England,  and  fa- 
mous for  his  ecclesiastical  learning,  a.s  well  al 
his  knowledge  in  the  law,  was  born  in  1669,  and 
died  in  1734. 

KING,  Dr.  William,  principal  of  St.  Mary 
Hall,  Oxford,  and  an  ingenious  theological  and 
political  writer,  born  in  1685,  died  in  1763. 

KING,  Sir  Edmund,  a  surgeon  and  chyniist, 
esteemed  hy  Charles  II.,  whom  he  attended  in 
his  last  illnefs. 

KING.  John  G'on,  D.  D.,  F.  R.  and  A.  S.S., 
author  of  "The  Rites  at;d  Ceremonies  of  the 
Grctk  Church  in  Russia,"  &c.,  died  in  1767. 

KING.  Edward,  F.  R.  and  A.  S.  S.,  an  emi- 
nent English  antiquary,  poet,  and  biblical  critic, 
author  of  "  Morsels  of  Criticism,"  and  other 
works,  born  in  1735,  died  in  London,  in  1807. 

KING,  Thomas,  a  very  eminent  comedian, 
who  continued  42  years  an  ornament  of  the 
English  stage,  was  born  in  London,  in  17.30,  and 
first  appeared  at  Drury-lane  Theatre,  in  1743. 
His  first  essaysheing  passed  over  without.noticp, 
he  repaired  to  Bath,  and  afterwards  to  Ireland, 
where  he  rapidly  accomplished  himself  in  bii 
profession.  He  was  recalled  to  Drury-lane  stage 
in  tbe  year  1740,  when  he  was  received  as  one 
of  the  first  comic  performers  of  the  daj'.  Foi 
forty  years,  he  was  constatilly  before  the  public ; 
and  those  who  recollect  his  Lord  Ogleby,  Sir 
Peter  Teazle,  Tom,  Prass,  and  Li.ssardo,  must 
be  ruiiier  fastidious  yu  tljeir  reception  of  an/ 


Kl 


KL 


ucc('Ssor  in  those  pans,  finally  (luiucd  the  stage ,  lord  Buto,  lie  became  clerk  of  the  works  atKew  ; 

and  iu  1701  published,  at  the  king's  expense, 
"  The  Perspective  of  Architecture."  Mr.  Kirby 
was  a  member  of  the  Royal  and  Antiquarian 
Societies,  and  died  in  1774. 

KIRBY,  Ephraim,  a  native  of  Connecticut, 
was  the  tirst  reporter  of  law  cases  and  decisions, 
in  the  United  States.  He  was  afterwards  a 
judge  of  the  district  court  of  the  U.  S.  at  New- 
Orleans,  and  died  in  1804. 

KIKUH,  Mary  Margaret,  a  native  of  Leipsic. 
She  was  much  attached  to  astnniomica!  studies, 
and  in  1702,  discovered  a  comet,  on  which  slm 
pubhslied  observations  ;  she  died  in  173U. 

KIKCHER,  Atiianasius,  a  famous  German 
philosopher,  and  mathematician,  born  in  liiOl, 
died  in  T660,  after  having  piibli.'^hed  22  vols,  in 
folio,  11  in  4to.,  and  3  in  8vo.  His  works  are 
rarlior  curious  than  useful,  savouring  much  of 
vision  and  fancv. 

KIRCHER,  Conrad,  of  AuRshnrg,  known  for 
his  Greek  concordance  of  the  Old  Testament, 
in  11)02. 

KIRCHMAN,  alearned  German, died  at  Lu- 
beck,  in  IMS. 

KIRCHMAN,  N.,  an  eminent  professor  of 
philosophy  at  Petersburg,  was  unfortunately 
killed  while  making  experiments  on  electricity, 
in  1758. 

KIRCHMAYER,  John  Gasper,  professor  of 
logic,  at  Wittemberg.  He  was  a  learned  man, 
published  valuable  commentaries,  and  died  Ih 
1700. 

KIRK,  Colonel,  an  English  offioer  in  the 
service  of  James  II.,  who  distitiguislied  himself 
by  his  cruelty. 

KIRKLAND,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  writer  on  surgery,  born  in  1721,  died 
in  1798. 

KIRKLAND,  Samuel,  a  missionan,- amon^ 
the  Seneca  Indians  for  40  years ;  he  died  at 
Paris,  New- York,  in  1B08. 

KIRSTRNIUS,  Peter,  a  German  physician, 
author  of  an  "  Arabic  Grammar,,"  and  of  se- 
veral other  works  in  Arabic,  born  in  1.577,  died 
in  1640.  It  is  observed  in  his  epitaph,  that  he 
understood  2fi  languages. 

KIRSTENIUS,  George,  a  native  of  Stettin, 
eminent  as  a  botanist,  died  in  1()60. 

KIRVVAN,  William,  dean  of  Killala,  a  dis- 
tinguished ornament  of  the  church,  was  origi- 
nally a  Romish  priest ;  but  became  a  zealous 
adliertnt  and  powerful  s'lpporter  of  the  pro- 
testant  faith.  He  was  certainly  one  of  the  most 
popular  orators  that  ever  appeared  in  the  pulpit, 
and  no  man  ever  made  a  more  powerful  impres- 
sion on  his  audience.  He  was  at  all  times  ready 
to  evert  his  great  powers  in  forwarding  the  ob- 
ject's of  benevolence  ;  many  of  them  owe  ex- 
istence and  prosperity  to  his  unparalleled  exer- 
tions. He  was  born  about  1754,  and  died  near 
Dublin,  in  1805. 

KLVPROTH,  Martin  Heniy  Von,  professor 
of  chymistry  at  Bi;rliii,  and  an  eminent  writer 
on  that  si'ience,  died  in  1817. 

KLEBER,  I.  B.,  a  famous  general  in  the 
French  revolutionary  army,  was  born  at  Stras 
burg,  in  1750.  He  accompanied  Buonaparte 
to  Egypt,  and  was  bv  liini  left  to  command 
there  on  his  deparlure.  Kleber  afterwards 
captured  Cairo,  and  formed  an  alliance  with 
Miirat  Bey.  In  1800 lie  was  assassinated  by  an 
Arab. 

KI/EIST,  Ewald  Chri>;tian  de,  di,=tin2i:ishp(l 
as  an  orticer  in  the  Prussian  service,  and  as  a 
noet.    He  was  killed  in  bartle,  ill   I7.")0. 

Of,C) 


in  1801.  In  private  life,  lie  was  full  of  whim 
anecdote,  and  pleasantry  ;  and  liis  general  con- 
duct bore,  even  on  the  mosi  trying  occasions, 
thestampof  the  strictest  integrity.  His  acting 
was  characterised  by  a  union  of  cliasteness  with 
vigour,  which  always  produced  the  most  ad- 
mirable efl'ect.     Mr.  King  died  in  1805. 

KING,  Edward,  an  eminent  and  learned  Eng- 
lish antiquarian,  and  fellow  of  the  Royal  Soci- 
ety. &c.  ;  he  died  in  1807. 

KiNSBY,  James,  LL.  D.,  a  member  of  Con- 
gress I'roin  New-Jersey,  in  1774,  and  afterwards 
cliiPt  justice  of  that  state  ;  he  died  in  1802. 

KIPI'INGIDS,  Henry,  a  sub-rector  of  Bremen 
University,  and  an  author,  died  in  1078. 

KIPPIS,  Dr.  Andrew,  a  very  celebrated  Eng- 
lish bioijrapher,  being  the  principal  author  and 
conductor  of  tiie  second  ediiion  of  the  "  Bio- 
grapliia  Briiannica,"  was  born  in  1725.  His 
father,  a  respectable  tradesman,  dying  in  the 
year  17;f0,  he  went  to  reside  with  his  grand- 
failier,  Audrew  Kippis,  of  Seaford,  in  Lincoln- 
sliire,  and  received  his  classical  education  at 
the  grammar  school  in  that  town.  In  1741,  he 
removed  to  Northampton,  and  commenced  his 
academical  studies  under  Dr.  Doddridge.  After 
a  residence  of  five  years  at  the  academy,  he  was 
invited  by  several  congregations  to  become  their 
minister,  but  gave  the  preference  to  an  invita- 
tion from  Boston  and  Lincolnshire,  where  he 
went  to  reside  in  September,  174G.  Here  he 
continued  four  years:  and  in  November,  1750, 
accepted  the  pastoral  charge  of  a  congregation 
at  Dorking,  in  Surrey.  The  congregation  meet- 
ing in  Princes  street,  Westminster,  having  been 
without  a  minisler  about  two  years,  he  was 
chosen,  in  June,  1753,  to  succeed  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Obadiah  Hughes.  In  September  following,  he 
married,  at  Boston,  Miss  Elizabeth  Bott ;  and 
in  the  month  of  October  fi.ved  his  residence  in 
Westminster.  In  June,  1767,  he  received  the 
degree  of  D.  D.  from  the  uuiver:iity  of  Edin- 
burgh, on  the  unsolicited  reconimendaiiou  of  the 
late  learned  professor  Robertson.  The  interests 
of  literature,  science,  and  religion,  have  re- 
ceivMd  from  the  exertion  of  his  talents  as  a 
writer  the  most  essential  advantages.  His  first 
efforts  in  literature  were  made  in  the  "  Gentle- 
man's Magazine  ;"  a  periodical  publication  cal- 
led the"  Library;"  and  the"  Monthly  Review:" 
to  each  of  which  he  contributed  many  impor- 
tant articles,  especially  in  the  historical  and 
pliilolo^ical  departments  of  the  last.  His  im- 
proved edition  of  l)r  Doddridiie's  Lectures  is  a 
work  of  great  value;  and  "The  History  of 
Knovvledge,  Learning,  and  Taste,  in  Great  Bri- 
tain," prefixed  to  the  New  Annual  Register, 
merits,  and  has  received,  the  approbation  of  the 
public,  fle  published,  at  different  times,  several 
single  sermons  entitled  to  very  high  praiae.  The 
greater  part  of  these  he  republished,  with  other 
practical  discourses,  in  the  year  1794 ;  but  the 
work  which,  next  to  the  studies  immediately 
connected  with  his  office  as  a  Christian  minister, 
engaged  his  principal  attention,  and  by  which 
lie  will  ever  be  distincuished,  is  the  "  Biogra- 
pliia  Britannica."  This  great  national  pnbli 
cation  has  aiven  him  a  high  rank  among  the 
literati  of  his  country,  and  will  carry  down  his 
name  with  distinguished  reputation  to  posterity. 
This  creat  and  good  man  d<ed  in  1705. 

KIRBY,  John  Joshua,  an  artist,  born  in  1716, 
was  oritrinally  a  house  painter  at  Ipswich.  In 
1754  he  published  Dr.  Brook  Taylor's  "  Method 
•f  Ptrsuei'tive  n?idp  ei-sy."     Ry  the  fa"ou''  of 

23 


KN 

KLINGSTADT,  a  painter,  born  at  Rifja, 
wliose  pieces  were  exquisitflv  fitiislicd  ;  lie  di<,<J 
i«  1724. 

KIjOCKER,  David,  apaiiitcr,  lil)erally  patro- 
nised bv  the  king  of  Sweden,  died  in  lli'J8. 

KliOPSTOCK,  Frederick  Tlifophilus.  a  very 
celebrated  German  poet,borii  in  1724, died  in  1803. 
His  "  Mesaiaii,"  by  wliicli  bis  name  is  chiefly 
iiuniortalized,  was  published  at  Halle,  in  1751. 
He  was  likewise  author  of  three  tragedies, 
called  "The  Death  of  Adam;"  "Solomon;" 
and  "  David."  Hia  funeral  was  conducted  with 
e.ttraordinary  pomp;  being  attended  by  the  sen- 
ate of  Hamburgh,  the  diplomatic  body,  the  cler- 
gy, men  of  letters,  and  merchants,  in  a  proces- 
sion of  70  coaches;  al  Altona,  it  was  Joined  by 
50  more  carriaaes  to  the  village  of  Ottensen, 
where  he  was  buried  willi  all  the  most  liouour- 
ablc  ceremonies  that  could  be  devised. 

KN.AI'TON,  George,  a  portrait  painter,  and 
keeper  of  the  king's  pictures,  died  in  1778. 

KNRLLEK,  Sir  Godfrey,  an  einineiit  paintes, 
horn  at  Lubec, about  1648.  His  great  patron  in 
England  was  Charles  H. ;  but  after  the  death  o 


KO 

like  Lnther,  one  of  those  extraordinary  persons, 
Of  whom  few,  if  any,  are  observed  tospeak  witb 
Isufticientteiiipev;  all  is  either  extravagant  en- 
jconiium  or  senseless  invective.  After  his  death, 
i-ame  out  a  "  History  of  the  Reformation  with- 
in the  realm  of  Scotland,"  &.C.,  to  which  are  sub- 
joined all  his  other  works. 

KNOX,  John,  many  years  a  bookeeller  of 
eminence  in  London,  who  devoted  the  for- 
tune he  acquired  in  this  business  to  the  im- 
provement of  his  country,  in  the  planning  a 
iierring  fishery,  and  the  settlement  of  new 
towns  on  die  north  east  of  Scotland.  He  visit- 
ed and  e.xplored  that  kingdom  10  times  in  23 
years,  beginning  in  J7C4  ;  and,  in  two  volumes, 
Igavc  a  systematic  view  of  Scotland  in  general ; 
he  died  "in  1700. 

KNOX,  Vicesimiis,  D.  D.,  a  learned  divine 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  born  in  1752.  Al  the 
death  of  his  father,  he  was  elected,  in  liis  room, 
master  of  Tunbridge  school,  where  he  presided 
'Xi  years;  retiring  from  it  in  1812,  and  being 
liimself  succeeded  by  liis  son,  the  present  mas-, 
ter.     The  duties  of  a  parish  priest  he  discharg- 


tliat  monurcli.  he  was  well  received  by  kiiigned  for  nearly  lorty  years,  with  a  zeal  and  abili- 
janios  and  his  queen,  and  constantly  eniployed'jty  perhaps  never  surpassed;  scarcely,  during 
I)V  tbem  until  the  Revolution.  It  is  very  re- l|tliat  long  period,  requiring  any  assistance  in  tha 
iiiarkble  of  this  painter  that  lie  had  the  l)6noiir|iperformance  of  the  cjiurcli  service.  He  died  at 
to  draw  10  crowned  heads;  4  kings  of  England  jlhis  son's,  in  1821.  His  principal  works  are, 
and  three  queens;  the  czar  of  Muscovy  ;  Charles  !|"  Kssays,  Moral  and  Literary  ;"  "  Liberal  Edu- 
n.,  king  of  Spain,  afterwards  emperor,  wlien  he::cation  ;''  "  Winter  Evenings  ;"  "  Personal  No- 
was  in  England  ;  and  the  French  ki'ig,  Lewis  bility  ;"  "  Christian  Philosophy ;""  Sermons ;" 


XIV.  ;  besides  several  electors  and  princes.  He 
was  gentleman  of  the  privy  chamber  to  kins 
William,  to  queen  .Anne,  and  lo  George  I. ;  and 


"Elegant    Extracts;"     "Elegant      Epistles," 
"  Domestic  Divinity,"  &c. 
KNOX,  Hugh,  d!  D.,  an  eminenl  congrega- 


was,  in  several  reigns,  n  deputy-lieutenant  ofjltior.al  clergyman  at  the  island  of  St.  Croix, 
the  countv  of  Middlesex,  and  in  the  commission  jlvvhere  he  died  after  a  long  and  useful  life,  at 
of  the  peace  for  that  and  other  counties.    He  'a  very  advanced  age. 

died  in  1723.  I    KXOX,  Henry,  a  distinguished  officer  of  the 

ivNfGHT,  Dr.  Samuel,  archdeacon  of  Berks,  ilrevohition,  was  commander  of  the  artillery  nn- 


and  author  of  "  Lives  of  Erasmus  and  Dean 
Colef,"  died  in  1716. 

KNOLLES,  Sir  Robert,  a  very  eminent  gene- 
ral, who  rose  by  degrees  from  the  rank  of  a  pri- 
vate, and  with  30,0«0  men  in  the  wars  of  Ed- 
ward 111.,  inarched  to  the  gates  of  Paris.  Re- 
turning home,  laden  with  wealth  and  honours, 
]ie  ftmnded  Rochester  bridge. 

KNOLLES,  Richard,  author  of  "  The  Gene- 
ral ni>;tory  of  the  Turks,  from  the  beginning  of 
that  Nation  to  the  rising  of  tlie  Ottoman  fami- 
ly," &c.,  which  has  immortalized  his  name.  He 
died  in  1610,  leaving  behind  him  the  character  of 
a  judicious,  learned,  and  worthy  man. 

KNOLLIS,  Francis,  an  English  states.man, 
distinguished  for  his  zeal  in  the  cause  of  refor- 
mation. He  was  one  of  the  commissioners  at 
the  trial  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  and  died  in 
1596. 

KNOR.R  "VON  R03R.VR0T,  Christian,  a 
teamed  German,  died  in  1689. 

KNOTT,  Edward,  an  English  Jesuit,  was  pro- 
fessor in  the  English  college  at  Rome  ;  he  died 
in  16.1.1  6. 

KNOvVLER,  William,  an  Enelish  divine 
and  translator  of  Chryaosiom's  Comment,  died 
in  1767. 

KNOWLES,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  an 
able  divine,  and  an  author,  died  in  lrt02. 

KNOWLTON,  Thomas,  an  English  bota- 
nist, died  in  1782. 

KXOX,  John,  an  eminent  Scottish  minister. 
a  chief  instrument  and  promoter  of  the  reforma- 
tion in  that  country,  and  a  steady  and  undaunt- 
ed tatrint  in  the  wcust  of  times,  born  in  l.'iOo. 
and  died  in  1572.  As  to  his  character,  he  was, 
270 


til  the  capture  of  Cornwallia,  after  wliich  iie 
was  made  a  major  general  in  the  army.  He  was 
afterwariLs  secretary  at  war,  under  Washing- 
ton, and  died  in  1810. 

KNUPPEK,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Leipsic, 
eminent  as  a  painter,  died  in  1660. 

KNU'/E.X,  Matthias,  a  celebrated  atheist, 
born  in  Holstein,  about  16,50.  He  was  the  only 
person  on  record  who  openly  taught  atheism; 
and  he  undertook  long  journeys  ou  pnrfiose  to 
make  proselytes.  His  followers,  were  called 
c.onscienciaries,because  they  asserted  that  there 
was  no  other  god,  no  other  religion,  no  other 
lawful  maeistracv,  than  conscience. 

KNU7.EN,  Martin,  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Koninirsberg,  died  in  1751. 

KNYGMTON,  Henry,  author  of  a  chronicle 
of  the  Rnclisli  history,  and  of  the  deposition  of 
Richard  HI. 

KOEKEGER,  Winceslaus,  a  native  of  Ant 
vvprp,  and  eminent  as  a  painter,  died  in  1604. 

KOEMPFLR,  Encelbert,  an  eminent  German, 
botanical  v.Titer,  and  author  of  a  "  History 
of  Japrtn,"  born  in  1651,  died  in  1716. 

KOr:NlG,  Daniel,  a  Swiss,  who  translated 
iiiio  Latin,  Arbutimot's  Tables  of  Ancient 
Coi'is.  published  in  1750. 

K(_)EN[(;,  Samuel,  professor  of  philosophy 
anil  natural  law  at  Franeker,  and  librarian 
to  the  stadibolder,  and  the  ])rincess  of  Orange. 
He  was  author  of  several  works ;  3ud  died 
in  17.57,  with  the  character  of  being  one  of  the 
best  mathematicians  of  tlie  age. 

KOE.MG,  Georae  Mailhiaf,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, born  in  1616,  died  in  16;W.  He  was  weU 
versed  in  the  belles  lettres,  in  divhiity,  and  in 


KO 


KV 


the  oriental  lauguages,  and  gave  several  public 
epecimeiid  of  Ilia  learnln),';  but  13  priiicipaily 
known  by  a  work  entitled  "  Bibliotlieca  vetus 
et  uova,"  4to.  This  is  a  biograpliical  diction- 
ary, wbich  has  been  veiy  useful  to  other  biogra- 
phers. 

KOERTOX,  Joanna,  a  native  of  Amsterdam, 
celebrated  for  ingenuity  and  taste  in  cnibr.'iilory, 
drawing,  and  water  colours  ;  she  died  in  1715. 

KOETS,  Roclof,  a  Oernian  painter,  ft  is 
said  liis  portraits  amounted  to  5000,  and  all  of 
them  superior.     He  died  in  IrZo. 

KOLLOCK,  Henry,  U.  D.,  an  eminent  pres- 
byterian  clergyman,  professor  of  theoiogy  in 
Princeton  college,  New-Jersey,  afterwards  pas- 
tor of  a  church  in  Savannah,  Georgia,  died  in 
J819. 

KONIG,  George  Matthias,  a  learned  Gorman, 
professor  of  poetry  and  of  Greek,  at  .\Udorf. 
He  was  an  able  scholar,  and  died  in  l:>99 

KONIG,  Emanuel,  a  physician,  of  Basil,  pub- 
lished various  works,  and  died  in  1731. 

KORN.MANN,  Henry,  a  German  lawyer  and 
author,  in  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century. 

KORTHOLT,  Christian,  professor  of  divini- 
ty at  Keil,  (lied  in  1694. 

KORTHOLT,  Christian,  grandson  of  the 
preceding,  and  professor  of  theology  at  Gottin- 
gen,  published  Leibnitz's  Latin  letters,  and  died 
in  1751. 

KO.SCIUSKO,  Thaddeug,  a  famous  Polish 
general,  was  bred  at  Warsaw,  and  served  in 
the  American  war  as  aid  de-camp  to  general 
Washington.  He  afterwards  headed  the  Poles 
in  tlieir  resistance  to  Russian  oppression,  but  in 
vain  ;  he  was  severely  wounded  and  made  pri- 
gfiner  by  the  Russians,  vvho,  however,  treated 
him  with  great  respect,  and  the  emperor  Paul 
gave  him  aa  estate.  He  died  in  Switzerland, 
in  1817. 

KOTTER,  Christopher,  a  fanatic,  who  lived 
at  Sprottow  ;  he  died  in  lfv47. 

KOTTERUS,  Christopher,  a  tanner,  of  Sile- 
sia, and  one  of  the  three  fanatics  wliose  visions 
were  published  at  Amsterdam  in  1657,  with  the 
following  title,  "  Lux  in  Tenebris."  He  died 
in  1647. 

KOTZEBUE,  Augustus  Von,  born  at  Wei- 
mar, in  1761.  He  was  intended  for  the  profes- 
sion of  the  law ;  but  the  drama  had  more  at- 
tractions for  him,  and  he  wrote  numerous  plays, 
the  beet  of  which  have  been  translated.  His 
•'Stranger,"  "Lover's  Vows,'*  and  "  Pizarro,' 
have  had  great  success.  Kotzebue  was  assas- 
sinated, in  1819,  by  a  fanatical  student  of  Jena, 
named  Sandt,  who  then  stabbed  himself,  but 
recovered  from  his  wounds,  and  suffered  de- 
capitation for  the  murder. 

KOUCK,  Peter,  a  Dutchman,  and  principal 
painter  to  Charles  V.,  died  In  155!). 

KGITLI  KHAN,  Tharaas,  alias  NADIR 
SCHAH,  born  in  1687,  In  the  province  of  Che- 
rasan,  in  Persia.  He  was  the  son  of  tlie  gover- 
nor of  a  Persian  fortress :  and  engaging  in  th'> 
service  of  the  Schah  Thamas,  whoso  throne 
Eschref.  a  usurper,  possessed,  and  had  lorded 
ft  over  the  Persians  for  five  years  with  the  ut- 
most barbarity,  the  sophi  gave  him  at  length 
the  command  of  his  army.  The  new  general 
entirely  defeated  Eschref,  conducted  Schah 
Thamas  in  triumph  to  Ispahan,  and  established 
him  upon  the  throne  of  his  ancestors.  Es- 
chref, havine  got  togethc  his  treasures  and  his 
women,  fled  toward  Candahar  with  10,0(X)  men. 
Kouli  Khan,  at  the  head  of  15,000  men,  nenl 
in  ntirsuit  of  bim.  and  recommended  it  to  the 


king  to  go  against  the  'J'n'ks  with  the  rest  of 
his  army ;  assuring  Inni  tha:,  as  soon  as  he 
had  secured  Kschref,  he  wouid  fly  to  his  assist- 
ance. Kouli  Knan  at  last  tame  up  with  the 
usurper,  and  prepared  for  an  engagement  wliich 
was  very  soon  decisive.  The  Agliwans,  Bur 
rounded,  were  either  cut  to  pieces  or  taken  ; 
Eschref  was  among  the  prisoner:-,  and  all  his 
treasures  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  victor. 
Kouli  Khan  ordered  both  his  eyes  10  be  put  out, 
and  BO[ne  days  alter  had  him  beneaded.  He 
then  hastened  back  to  succourthe  sophi,  whom 
he  supposed  to  be  engaged  with  the  Turks ;  but 
was  surprised  to  tind,  when  he  came  near  Ispa- 
han, that  he  had  concluded  a  peace  with  the 
Porte,  disbanded  his  army,  and  sent  him  orders 
to  do  the  same.  These  orders  he  received  with 
indignation,  exclaiming  against  the  ignoniiuious 
peace  and  his  efteminate  prince.  Instead  of 
disbanding  his  army,  which  now  consisted  of 
70,0tX)  men,  he  marched  with  it  to  l.spahan, 
seized  the  Schah  Thamas,  imprisoned  him  in  a 
strong  fortress,  and  in  an  assembly  of  the  chief 
men  of  Persia  got  him  deposed,  a:id  his  son,  an 
infant  six  months  old,  proclaimed  Schah,  by  the 
name  of  Schali  Abbas  HI.  In  his  name,  Kouli 
Khun  assumed  to  himself  the  sovereign  power, 
and  presently  issued  a  manifesto  disclaiming 
the  iate  peace  with  the  Turks.  After  having 
recovered  all  that  had  been  taken  from  Persia, 
he  concluded  a  peace  with  the  Ottoman  Porte  in 
1736.  The  following  year,  the  young  SchaU 
Abbai?  died,  and  Kouli  Khan  procured  himself 
to  be  proclaimed  his  successor.  As  he  thought 
war  would  be  a  better  prop  to  his  throne  than 
peace,  he  immediately  carried  his  victorious 
arms  against  the  Mogul,  and  in  one  single  bat- 
tle conquered  almost  all  tiiat  empire.  In  this 
expedition  he  killed  COO.OOO  people  ;  and  brought 
away  a  treasure  worth  about  145  millions,  in 
which  was  the  imperial  throne,  set  with  dia- 
jmondsof  an  immense  value.  Taking  from  the 
Mogul  all  the  country  that  lay  between  the  for- 
mer limits  of  Persia  and  the  Indus,  and  subdu- 
ing the  whole  country  of  the  Usheck,  he  vast- 
ly enlarged  the  bounds  of  his  empire ;  but  he 
now  fell  into  a  state  which  seemed  to  border 
upon  distraction :  he  attempted  10  change  the 
religion  of  Persia  to  that  of  Omar  ;  hanged  up 
the  chief  priests;  put  his  own  son  to  deatli ; 
and  was  guilty  of  such  cruelty,  that  he  was  as- 
sassinated in  1747,  in  his  60th  year;  having 
reigned  above  20  years  over  one  of  the  most 
powerful  empires  on  the  globe. 

KRACHENINNIKGW,  Stephen,  a  Russian 
naturalist,  professor  of  botany  and  natural  his- 
tory, at  Petershuri,  died  in  HSJ. 

KR.\NTZ,  Albert,  a  famous  historian  and 
divine,  professor  of  divinity,  at  Rostock,  and 
author  of  several  learned  works,  died  in  1574. 

KR/MTSE,  Francis,  a  Gorman,  eminent  as  a 
historical  painter,  died  in  17.54 

KRESA,  Father,  confessor  to  the  king  of  Bo- 
hemia, died  in  1715. 

KRUGF.R,  John  Christian,  author  of  poems 
and  comedies,  died  at  Hamburgh,  in  1750. 

KUHLMAN,  (iuirinus,  a  famous  fanatic, 
born  at  Breslaw.  He  was  at  la.>^t  burnt  at  Mos- 
cow, in  1689,  for  some  seditious  prophecies. 

KUHNIUS,  Jachim,  a  learned  native  of 
Pomerania,  and  principal  of  the  college  of  Oc- 
iingen  ;  he  acqui.ed  great  celebrity  by  his  pub- 
licatioii.i,  and  died  in  1697. 

KUICK,  John  Van,  a  painter,  of  Dordt,  ac- 
cused of  heresy,  was  cruelly  burnt  by  the  Jesuits 
in  157-3 

271 


LA 


LiE 


KUNCKKT,  John,  an  able  cliyinist  and  iir!,Fiiiiiiaiiiis,  an  eminent  latlier  of  llie  Christian 
geniousphilosnjiher,  was  boiu  al  Sieswic,  and  clniii:ii.  He  in  liie  most  eloquent  of  all  the  pc- 
ditd  in  170-2.  ijciesiastical  Latin  authors,  and  wrote  in  such  a 

KUNZK,  John  Christopher,  D.  D.,  a  distin-   pnie,  smooth,  and  natural  stvie,  and  so  niiirHi 
cuished  clerg}  nian  of  the  Lutheran  church  in!;in  the  tasto  and  tnanner  of  the  Roman  orator, 
Philadelphia,  afterwards  pastor  of  a  Lutheran   thai  he  is  generally  distinguished  by  the  title  of 
church  in  New- York,  and  jirofessoi  of  orientalii"  The  Clirislian  Cicero." 
languages  in  Columbia  colli  ge;  he  died  in  1-07.!!     LACY,  John,  an  actor  and  dramatic  writer 

Kl)PIKt?KI,John,  a  painter,  of  Bohemia,  born[|0f  some  cmmtnce,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  11. 
:n  1W7,  was  patroni.scd  by  the  emperor  Cliarlesil     LACYDAS,  a  Greek  pliilosopher,  of  Cyrene, 
lU.,  and  other  priticcs.  )|  who  was  tenderly  attached  to  a  favourite  "goose, 

KUSTEK,  Ludolf,  a  learned  German  criticjidifcd  212  B.  C. 
born  in  1670.    He  published  editioir^  of  Suid,is,i      LADISLAUS  L  succeeded  to  the  Hungarian 
Aristophanes,  and  several  works  of  a  aniallerl! throne  in  1077.     He  was  an  able  politician,  a 
kinri,  and  dkd  in  1716  !]  brave  general,  and  a  pious  niau  ;  he  was  canon 

KL  YP,  Jacob,  an  eminent  landscape  painter,  !|ized  in  IJ'J8. 
at  Dord!,  flourished  about  1643.  (i     LAIilSLAUS  HI.,  king  of  Hungary,  a  licen 

KUYP,  orCUYP,   Albert,    a   very  eminent  hious  mnnarch,  who  was  assajiiinaitd  in  ]•.".«, 


landscape  painter,  was  born  at  Dordt,  iu  IbOti 
The  lime  of  hjs  deaili  is  uncertain. 

KVD,  Thomas,  an  Enylisii  dramatic  writer  in 
the  reign  of  queen  Eiizabtth. 

KYDERMINSTER,  Riciiard,  abbot  and  his- 
torian, of  the  Benedictine  convent  of  Win- 
chonibe,  died  in  1531 


LADISLAUS  IV.,  grand  duke  <>{  Lithuania, 
and  lungof  Poland,  was  made  king  of  Hungary, 
in  1440.  He  was  defeated  and  slain  in  battle 
with  the  Turks,  in  1444. 

LADISLAi:S  v.,  succeeded  Ladislans  TV. 
It  is  said  he  was  poisoned  by  the  Hussites, 
whose  sect  he  persecuted. 


KY.MOSTON,  John,  an  English  divine,  who||     LADISLAi::;?  VI.,  son  of  the  king  of  Poland, 


gained  great  reputation  by  a  Latin  oration, 
which  he  pronounced  :  he  died  in  17H3. 

KYNWELMARriH, Francis,  an  Englishman, 
who  wrote  some  poetry  in  the  16lh  centuiT. 

KYRLE,  John,  the  ci.'lebrated  Man  of  Ross. 


raised  to  the  throne  of  Hungary,  in  1490,  had  a 
turbulent  reien.  and  died  in  151)0. 

LADISLALS,  orLAUNCELOT,  the  Libe- 
ral and  Victorious,  count  of  Provence,  succeed- 
.  led  his  father,  as  king  of  Naples,  in  1386.     His 

as  Pope  calls  him  in  his  poem  "On  the  Use  otiifight  to  the  throne  was  disputed,  and  he  died 

Riches."     He  possessed  asmall  estate  of  500/.  a||in  1414,  after  a  turbulent  reign. 

year  at  Ross,  and  literally  became,  as  the  poet 

sings,  a  blessing  to  the  whole  community.    He 

died  in  1724,  at  the  age  of  90. 


LABADIE,  John,  a  celebrated  French  enthu- 
siast, born  in  It^lO,  died  in  1674. 

LABAT,  John  Baptist,  a  celebrated  traveller 
and  niissionarv,  of  the  order  of  St.  Dominic, 
born  at  Paris  in  ltit)3,died  in  1738.  His  "  Voy- 
ages and  Travels"  into  ditferent  kingdoms,  are 
works  of  much  amusement,  and  of  good  repu- 
tation. 

LABBE,  Philip,  a  je«uit,  of  Boiirgee,  of  great 
learning,  memory,  and  indefatigable  applica- 
tion ;  he  died  in  1667. 

LABBE,  Louisa,  a  poetess,  called  the  fair 
rope-rnaker,  because  she  married  a  rich  rope- 
raaker,  of  Lyons.  Her  works  were  published  at 
Lyons,  in  1555  and  1762 :  she  died  in  1506. 

L.'\BEO,  Quintus  Fabias,  a  Roman  consul,  of 
literary  talents. 

LABEO,  Antistius,a  Roman  lawyer  who  op- 
posed the  government  of  Augustus. 

LABERIU3,  an  ancient  Roman  knight  in  the 
time  of  Julius  Casar,  who  excelled  in  writing': French  critic,  grammarian,  geogranher,  and  his- 
mimes,  or   little  satirical    productions  for  the;;  lorian,  author  of  "  Dictionnaire  Geosraphique 
siHge.  jiPortaiif:"  "  Dictionnaire  Historique  Portatif ;" 

LABOI'REUR,  John  le,  a  Frenchman,  wholjand  a  "  Hebrew  Grammar."     He  died  in  17C5. 
from  a  gentleman's  servant  rose  to  become  al-i|     L'ADVO<:aT,  Louis  Francis,  author  of  a 
moner  to  the  king.  He  wrote  several  works, and  treati.^e  on  morals,  died  at  Paris,  in  1735. 
died  in  1075.  i,     L.iELirs,  Caius,  a  Roman  consul  and  comic 

L.\CARRY,  Giles,  a  French  Jesuit,  and  profes-i  poet,  died  12GB.  C. 


eigii 

LADIISLAUS  I.,  king  of  Poland,  succeeded 
to  the  ihrone  in  lOPl.  He  was  fond  of  peace, 
but  brave  in  war :  he  died  in  1102. 

LADISLAUS  II.,  king  of  Poland,  succeeded 
his  father,  Bolislaus,  in  1139;  he  made  war 
against  his  brothers,  aid  was  at  last  banished 
from  the  throne,  and  died  in  1159. 

LADISLAUS  ni.,  kine  of  Poland,  in  1296, 
oppressed  his  people  so  that  they  revolted,  and 
placed  VVenceslaus  on  the  throne,  after  whose 
death  Ladislans  was  replaced  on  the  throne, 
and  governed  with  justice  and  moderation.  He 
died  in  1333. 

LADlSL.\lTf5  v.,  snrnamcd  Jagellon.  grand 
duke  of  Lithuania, obtained  the  crown  of  Poland 
in  1366,  by  marriage.  His  reign  was  mild  bul 
vigorous,  and  he  died  in  1434,  hichlv  respected. 

LADISLAUS  VI.,  king  of  Poland,  son  of 
Ladislaus  V.,  was  duke  of  Lithuania,  and  king 
of  Hungary. 

LADISLAUS,  Sigismund,VIL,  king  of  Po- 
land and  Sweden,  after  the  d(  atb  of  his  father, 
in  1632.  He  defeated  the  Turks  in  various  bat- 
tles, and  died  in  1648. 

L'ADVOCAT,  John  Baptist  I'Abbe,  a  learned 


sor  of  theology,  wrote  some  useful  works,  and 
died  in  1684. 


LAER,  Peter,  a  Dutch  painter,  some  of  whose 
pieces  are  elegant,  died  in  1675. 
L.^  COLONIE,  John  Martin  de,  served  in  the      LAET,  John  de,  a  native  of  Antwerp,  and 


Austrian  army,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  marshal 
he  died  in  17.V9. 

LACO.MBE,  James,  a  French  historian,  born 
in  17^. 

LACOMBE  DE  PREZEL,  Honore,  brother 
of  the  prpci  ding,  author  of  several  oiciionaries. 

LACTAWTIUS,  Firmian,  or  Lucius  CslIius 


author  of  some  useful  works,  died  in  1640. 

Li^^VINUS,  Torrentinns,  commonly  called 
Vander  Bekin,  was  a  native  of  Ghent.  He 
wen!  as  ambassador  to  Philip  II.,  of  Spain, 
founded  the  Jesuit's  college  at  Louvaine,  and 
died  in  LVLi, 
L.ii:VIL';j,  a  Roman  poet. 


LAFITAU,  Josepli  Francis,  a  French  jt-suit'iserveJ,  Uiat  "  uii  uiidevoutastroiinmer  is  mad  ;" 
and  missionary  to  Nortli  America,  <1i<.'d  in  1*55,  i  and  iln-  fcceniricitien  of  Lalandc  might  justify 
leaving  behind  him  a  curioim  cornpariscin  he- Ijthe  conclusion  tliat  Young  would   liave  drawa 


tween  the  manners  of  the  ancients  and  those  of 
the  American  savages 

LAFITAU,  Peter  Francis,  distinguished  as  a 
preacher,  was  the  favourite  of  Clement  IX., 
and  died  in  1764. 

LAGALLA,  Julius  Cisar,  a  Neapolitan,  phy 
sician  to  the  pope  ;  he  was  a  learned  man,  and 
died  in  1623. 

LAGF.RLOOF,  Peter,  professor  of  eloquence 
at  Upsal,  author  of  the  ancient  and  modern  his 
lories  of  Northern  Europe  ;  he  died  in  1599. 

L.AGNY,  Thomas  Fantet  sieur  de,  a  French- 
man, member  of  the  academy  of  sciences  at 
Paris,  and  author  of  several  works  ;  he  died  in 
1734. 

LAGRANGE,  Joseph  Lewis,  an  eminent  ma- 
thematician, of  Turin,  aftcrwardft  professor  of 
the  Norman  and  Polytechnic  schools  at  Paris  ; 
he  died  in  1813. 

LAGUNA,  Andrew,  a  Spanish  physician,  and 
favourite  of  Charles  V.,  died  in  1560 

LAHARPE  DES  UTINS,  N.,  a  native  of 
Vaux,  dislinsuislved  himself  in  the  Freneh  army 
of  Ilaly,  under  Buonaparte,  and  was  killed  in 
J  796. 

LAHAYE,  William  Nicholas  de,  a  French 
engraver  of  great  merit,  born  in  1725. 

LAIDLIE,  Archibald,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, pastor  of  a  church  at  Flushing,  Zealand, 
and  afterwards  of  a  Dutch  reformed  church  in 
the  oity  of  New-York,  eminent  as  a  theologian 
and  preacher:  he  died  in  li/S. 

LAINEZ,  Alexander,  a  French  poet,  whose 
pieces  possess  great  elegance,  died  in  1700. 

LAINEZ,  James,  a  Spaniard, the  successor  of 
Loyola,  as  general  of  the  Jesuits  ;  he  was  at  the 
council  of  Trent,  and  died  in  1565. 

LAING,  Malcom,  a  Scottish  historian,  born 
in  Orkney,  in  1762.  He  published  a  "  History  of 
Scotland,"  chiefly  distinguished  by  its  partiali- 
ty, and  its  hostility  to  the  character  of  the  un- 
fortunate queen  Mary.  His  last  literary  under- 
takinff  was  an  edition  of  Ossian's  poems,  the  au- 
thenticity of  which,  he  demolislied  by  a  pre- 
liminary dissertation.     Mr.  Laiiig  iied  in  1819. 

LAIRE,  Francis  Xavier,  a  learned  French 
author,  died  at  Sens,  in  1800. 

L.MRESSE,  Gerard,  an  eminent  Flemish 
painter  and  engraver,  born  at  Liege,  in  1640. 
The  Hollanders  esteem  him  the  best  history 
painter  of  their  country,  and  commonly  call  him 
their  second  Raphael;  Hemskirk  is  their  Arst. 
He  died  in  1711. 

LAIS,  a  courtezan,  of  such  renown  in  anti- 
quity, that,  like  Homer,  several  cities  claimed 
the  glory  of  her  birth  ;  but  that  honour  is  most 
generally  given  to  Hyccara,  a  city  of  Sicily. 
Retiring  to  Thessaly,  she  fell  a  sacrifice  to  the 
envy  and  jealously  excited  by  her  beauty ;  for 
her  rivals,  seeing  themselves  eclipsed,  became 
desperate,  and,  having  conducted  her  into  the] 
temple  of  Venus,  there  stoned  her  to  death, 
340  B.  C.  I 

LAKE,  Arthur,  an  English  prelate,  respected: 
as  an  amiable  man,  died  in  1626.  I 

LALANDE,  Blichael  Richard  de,  a  cele-l 
brated  French  musician  and  composer,  died  in  I 
1726.  I 

LALANDE,  Joseph  Jerome  Francis,  a  most! 
celebrated  astroLOincr  of  France,  born  in  1732. ' 
His  principal  works  arc,  "  Connoissance  du. 
Temps,"  '-Tour  in  Italy,"  and  a  valuable! 
•  Treatise  of  Astronomy."    Dr.  Young  has  ob-; 

M   III 


ifrom  tlie  uihi'istica!  principles  he  openly  pro- 
'foB-fed.  He  went  so  far  as  lO  read  public  lec- 
tures on  those  baneful  arid  hope- blasting  doc- 
irinea,  in  tlie  Lycc-e  of  Paris,  a  society  'ormed 
of  pretended  philosophers  of  the  same  descrip- 
tion ;  he  died  in  1807. 

LALLI,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian  poet,  was 
employed  by  the  pope  in  civil  affairs,  and  died 
in  1637. 

LALLY,  Thomas  Arthur,  count,  a  gallant 
genera!  in  the  service  of  France,  though  a  na- 
tive of  Ireland  ;  but  being  compelled  to  surien- 
der  Pondicherry  to  the  English,  he  incurred  the 
suspicion  of  treachery,  and  was  executed  in 
1766. 

LAMBALLE,  Marie  Therese  Louise,  of  Sa- 
voy Carignan,  princess  of,  wife  of  the  duke  of 
Bourbon  Penthievre,  ardently  attached  to  the 
French  queen,  for  which  she  was  inhumanly 
murdered,  in  1792,  by  the  tyrants  of  the  French 
revolution. 

LAiMBECIUS,  Petei,  a  learned  German,  and 
rector  of  the  university  of  Hamburgh.  He  re- 
nounced protestantism  for  popery,  and  died  in 
1680. 

LAMBERT,  John,  a  general  in  Cromwell's 
army,  memorable  for  baring  opposed  Oliver'a 
acceptance  of  the  crown,  died  about  1670. 

LAMBERT,  Anne  Therese,  marquise  de,  a 
most  ingenious  French  lady,  born  at  Paris,  in 
1647,  died  in  1733,  having  been  the  author  of 
some  very  pleasing  moral  productions,  which 
have  been  collected  and  printed  in  2  volumes. 

LAMBERT,  Claude  Francis,  a  French  ec- 
clesiastic, and  an  author,  died  in  1763. 

LAMBERT,  Daniel,  remarkable  for  having 
greatly  exceeded  the  ordinary  dimensions  of 
mankind, was  born  at  Leicester,  in  1770,  and  died 
at  Stamford,  in  1809-  He  had  exhibited  himself 
in  Picadilly  two  or  three  years  before  his  death ; 
not  long  before  which  event,  on  being  weighed, 
he  was  found  to  be  52  .»lone  11  lbs.  in  weight 
(14  lbs.  to  the  stone,)  which  is  10  stone  11  lbs. 
more  than  the  great  Mr.  Bright,  of  Essex,  ever 
weighed.  His  coffin  was  6  feet  4  inches  long, 
4  feet  4  inches  wide,  and  2  feet  4  inches  deep, 
and  consisted  of  112  superficial  feet  of  elm 
timber. 

LAMBERT,  George,  an  English  landscape 
painter,  died  in  1765. 

LAMBERT,  George  Henry,  an  able  mathe- 
matician, of  Alsace,  and  an  author,  died  in 
1728. 

LAMBERT,  of  Schawemburg,  a  German  Be- 
nedictine, published  a  dry  chronicle,  from  Adam 
to  A.  D.  1077  ;  he  died  in  1069. 

LAMBIN,  Denys,  professor  of  belles-lettres, 
at  Paris.  He  was  esteemed  as  a  critic  and  a 
scholar,  and  died  in  1672. 

L.'VMBRUN,  Margaret,  was  a  Scotch  wo- 
man, and  one  of  the  retinue  of  Mary  queen  of 
Scots,  as  was  also  her  husband,  who  dying  ot 
grief  for  the  tragical  end  of  that  princess,  hia 
wife  took  up  a  resolution  of  revenging  the  death 
of  both  upon  queen  Elizabeth.  For  that  pur- 
pose she  put  on  a  man's  habit;  and,  assuming 
the  name  of  Anthony  Sparke,  repaired  to  tte 
court  of  the  queen  of  England,  always  carry- 
in?  with  her  a  brace  of  pistols,  one  to  kill  Eli:ia- 
beth,  and  the  other  to  shoot  herself,  in  order  to 
avoid  the  hands  of  justice;  but  her  design  hap- 
pened to  miscarry  by  an  accident  which  saved 
the  queen's  life.  One  day,  as  she  was  pushing 
?73 


LA 

through  the  crowd  to  come  up  to  her  inajcnty, 
who  was  ihen  walking  in  her  garden,  slie  chan- 
ced to  drop  one  of  tliu  pistols.  This  being  seen 
by  tile  guards,  she  was  seized,  in  order  to  be 
sent  immediately  to  prison,  but  the  queen  not 
Buspocting  her  to  be  one  of  her  own  sex,  had  a 
niiad  first  to  examine  her.  Accordingly,  de- 
manding lier  name,  country,  and  ipiallty,  Mar- 
garet replied  with  an  unmoved  steudiiiess,  "  Ma- 
dam, though  1  appear  in  this  habit,  I  am  a  wo- 
man ;  my  name  is  Margaret  Lambrun ;  I  was 
several  years  in  the  service  of  queen  Mary,  my 
mistress,  wliom  you  have  so  unjustly  put  to 
death  ;  and  by  her  death  you  have  also  caused 
that  of  my  hunband,  who  «!ied  of  grief  to  seesoj 
innocent  a  queen  pi,'rish  so  I'liquilously.  Now, 
as  I  had  the  greatest  love  and  affection  for  both 
those  personages,  I  resolved,  at  the  peril  of  my 
life,  to  revenge  their  death  by  killing  you,  who 
are  the  cause  of  both."  The  queen  pardoned 
her,  and  granted  her  a  safe  conduct  till  she 
ehouid  be  set  upon  the  coast  of  France. 

LAMI,  Bernard,  a  philosopher  of  a  noble 
family  of  Mons  ,  he  was  a  warm  admirer  of 
the  principles  of  Descartes,  and  died  in  1715. 

LAMI,  Dom.  Francis,  a  French  writer,  who 
distinguished  himself  against  Spinosa  ;  he  died 
in  171L 

LAMI,  John,  ecclesiastical  professor  at  Flo 
rence,  was  a  facetious  and  agreeable  man,  and 
died  in  1774. 

LAMIA,  a   celebrated    Grecian  courtezan, 
some  time  mistress  to  Ptolemy  I.,  king  of  Egypt. 
LAMOIGNON,  Christian  Francis  de,  advo- 
cate-general and  president  of  the  parliament,  of 
Paris,  died  in  1677. 

LAMPE,  Frederic  Adolphus,  rector  of  Bre- 
men university,  and  an  author,  died  in  1729. 

LAMPLUGH,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  and 
archbishop  of  York.  He  crowned  king  Wil- 
liam, after  exhorting  the  people  to  adhere  to 
James  II.,  he  died  in  1691. 

LAMPRIDIUS,  ^lius,  a  Latin  historian,  who 
flourished  under  the  emperors  Dioclesian  and 
Constantine,  in  the  4th  century.  We  liave  of 
his  writing  the  lives  of  four  emperors,  viz. 
Coramodus,  Antoninus,  Diadumenus,  and  He- 
liogabalus. 

LAMPRIDIUS,  Benedict,  a  Latin  poet,  of 
Cremona,  died  in  1540. 

LANA,  Francis  de,  a  Jesuit,  of  Brescia,  born 

in  1637.     From  his  works,  it  appears  that  he 

had  an  idea  of  aerostation  prior  to  Montgolfier. 

LANCASTER,  James,  a  celebrated  English 

navigator,  died  in  1620. 

LANCASTER,  Nathaniel,  D.  D.,  an  English 
divine  and  an  author,  died  in  1775. 

LANCELOT,  Claude,  a  native  of  Paris,  and 
tutor  to  the  prince  of  Conti,  was  a  Benedictine 
monk,  and  the  author  of  several  works ;  he 
died  in  1659. 

LANCELOTTI,  Joiin  Paul,  an  Italian,  cm- 
ployed  by  pope  Paul  IV.,  to  compile  the  canon 
law  ;  he  died  in  1591. 

LANCJEAN,  Romi,  the  most  eminent  of 
Vandyck's  pupils,  died  in  1G71. 

LANCI3I,  John  Maria,  an  eminent  Italian 
physician  and  anatomist,  horn  at  Rome,  in  1654, 
died  in  1720. 

L.\NCRET,  Nicholas,  a  famous  French 
paititer,  born  at  Paris,  in  1690,  died  in  1743. 
There  are  a  great  many  prints  after  his  paint- 
ings. 

LANCRINCK,  Prosper  Henricus,  an  e.xcel- 

lent  landscape  painter  in  the  English  school, 

born  aJ  Antwerp,  in  1628,  died  in  1692.    His 

274 


LA 

stylo  WHS  agreeable,  and  imitative  of  Titian  and 
Salvator  Rosa. 

L.\Nt)A,  Catherine,  a  learned  lady,  author 
of  an  elegant  Laiin  letter  to  Peter  Bembo,  died 
in  1526. 

LANDEX,  John,  hnrn  in  Northamptonshire, 
in  1719,  died  in  1790,  having  written  largely  on 
uiathemaiics,  and  advanced  that  science  con- 
siderably by  his  studies  and  e.vperimeiUs. 

LANDINI,  Christopher,  a  learned  Venetiao 
of  the  15ih  century. 

LAN  no,  Ilortensio,  an  Italian  physician,  of 
the  IGth  century,  who  wrote  several  works. 

LANDO,  Biissiano,  a  physician,  of  Padua,au- 
thor  of  some  medical  works,  was  assassinated 
in  15G2. 

Lz^NDRI,  bishop  of  Paris,  and  founder  of 
the  hospital  called  Hotel  de  Uieu,  died  about 
660. 

liANE,  Jane,  a  female  of  extraordinary  sa- 
gacity and  spirit,  who  assisted  in  the  escape  and 
preservation  of  Charles  II.,  after  the  battle  of 
VVorcester,  and  was  amply  rewarded  at  the 
restoration.  Charles  (disguised  in  her  father's 
livery)  rode  before  her  on  horseback  from  Bent- 
ley  Hall  to  Staffordshire,  to  Mr.  Norton's  near 
Bristol. 

LANFRANC,  John,  an  Italian  painter ;  he 
excelled  chiefly  in  fresco,  and  died  1(»47. 

LANFRANC,  a  physician,  of  Milan;  he 
restored  surgery  to  a  regular  and  respectable 
system,  and  died  in  1300. 

LANFRANC,  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
in  the  reign  of  William  I.,  died  in  1089.  He  re- 
built the  cathedral  of  Canterbury,  and  has  tlie 
character  of  a  great  statesman,  as  well  as  a 
learned  prelate. 

LANFRANCO,  Giovanni,  an  eminent  Ital- 
ian painter,  disciple  of  the  Carracci,  born  in 
1581,  died  in  1647. 

LANG,  John  Michael,  professor  of  di\inity 
at  Altorf,  died  in  1731. 

LANGALIERE,  Philip  de  Gentils,  marquis 
de,  distinguished  himself  in  the  service  of 
France  during  20  years.  He  was  afterwards 
in  the  service  of  the  emperor,  and  king  of  Po- 
land, and  died  in  1717. 

LANGBAINE,  Gerard,  an  English  writer, 
who  acquired  literary  celebrity  by  his  edition  of 
Longinus  ;  he  died  in  1657. 

LANGBAINE,  Gerard,  born  in  1656,  was  au- 
thor of  "  An  account  of  the  English  Dramatic 
Poets,"  which  has  been  of  great  use  to  later  bio- 
graphers ;  he  died  in  1692. 

LANGDALE,  Marmaduke,  an  Englishman 
of  great  courage,  who  espoused  the  royal  cause 
in  the  rebellion  ;  he  died  in  1G81. 

LANGDON,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  minister  of  a 
church  in  Portsmouth,  New- Hampshire,  and 
afterwards  i)resident  of  Harvard  college;  he 
died  in  1797. 

LANGDON,  John,  LL.  D.,  an  active  and 
powerful  advocate  of  the  revolution,  was  a 
member  of  (Congress  in  1775,  and  afterwards  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  formed  the 
federal  constitution,  a  senator  in  Congress,  and 
governor  of  the  stale  of  New-Hainpsliire  ;  he 
died  at  Portsmouth,  in  1819. 

LANG?',  Joseph,  Greek  professor  at  Friburg, 
in  ICOO  ;  he  turned  catholic  in  the  latter  part  of 
his  life. 

L.\NGE,  Charles  Nicholas,  a  Swiss  naturalist, 
about  1720. 

LAiN'GE,  Rodolphus,  canon  of  Munster,  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  poet ;  he  died  in  1519. 

LANGELANDE,Robeit,  author  of  "The  Vi 


LA  _______ 

sioiis  of  Pierco  Plovviiiaii,"  ;uid  one  of  the  most 
aiiciei\t  English  poets,  flourished  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  J4th  century. 

LANG  HAM,  Simon,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury; lie  was  made  treasurer  of  England  by 
JEdward  HI.,  and  died  in  1370. 

LANGHORNE,  Dr.  John,  rector  of  Blagden, 
in  Somersetshire,  and  author  of  several  literary 
productions  ;  among  which  the  best  known  are, 
"Poems,"  in  2  vols.,  "Sermons,"  in  2  vols., 
"  TheodosiusaudConstantia,"  "  Frederick  and 
Pharamond,  or  the  Consolations  of  Human 
Life  ;"  and  a  translation  of  "  Plutarch's  Lives." 
He  was  born  in  1735,  and  died  in  1779. 

LANGIUS,  John,  of  Lawenburg,  practised 
physic  at  Heidelberg  ;  he  was  physician  to  four 
Buccessive  electors  palatine,  and  died  in  1505. 

LANGLAND,  John,  principal  of  Masidalen 
Hall,  Oxi'ordj  and  bisiiop  of  Lincoln,  was  a 
popular  proScher  and  a  benevolent  man ;  he 
died  in  1547. 

L.\NGLE,  John  Maximilian,  minister  of  the 
reformed  church  at  Rouen  ;  he  wrote  a  defence 
of  Charles  I.,  and  died  in  1674. 

L.\NGLE,  Samuel  de,  son  of  the  preceding ; 
on  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  he 
went  to  England,  was  made  D.  D.  at  Oxford, 
and  died  in  lt}99- 

LANGLEV,  Batty,  an  English  architect,  au- 
thor of  some  useful  books,  died  in  1751. 

Li.\NGTON,  John,  au  English  Carmelite 
monk,  was  at  the  council  of  Basil. 

LANGTON,  Steplien,  made  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  by  the  pope,  in  the  reign  of  king 
John,  died  in  1223.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
illustrious  men  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived, 
for  his  learning  and  his  writings. 

LANGUET,  Hubert,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
minister  of  state  to  the  elector  of  Saxony,  and 
afterwards  in  the  service  of  the  prince  of  Orange ; 
lie  died  in  1.581. 

LANGUET,  John  Baptist  Joseph,  doctor  of 
the  Sorbonne,  the  celebrated  vicar  ofSt.  Sulpice 
at  Paris,  and  one  of  those  extraordinary  men 
whom  Providence  raises  up  for  the  relief  of  the 
indigent  and  wretched,  for  the  good  of  society, 
and  the  glory  of  nations,  was  born  at  Dijou, 
June  6,  1657,  and  died  in  1750. 

L.ANGUET,  John  Joseph,  archbishop  of  Sens, 
a  polemical  divine,  esteemed  for  his  benevolence 
and  piety  :  he  died  in  1753. 

LANIER,  a  painter,  employed  by  Charles  I. 

LANNOY,  or  LAUNOV,  Charles  de,  an  able 
general  in  theservice  of  the  emperor  Charles  V., 
who  took  Francis  I.  prisoner  at  the  battle  of 
Pavia  ;  he  died  in  1527. 

LANSBERGHE,  Philip,  a  learned  mathe- 
matician, of  Glient,  and  the  author  of  several 
works  ;  he  died  in  1R32. 

LANSDOWNE.     See  GRANVILLE. 

LANZANO,  Andrea,  an  Italian  painter 
who  excelled  in  his  art, died  in  1712. 

LANZI,  Lewis, an  Italian  Jesuit,  distinguished 
as  an  antiquary.  On  the  suppression  of  his  or- 
der, he  was  made  sub-director  of  the  gallery  at 
Florence.  He  was  author  of  an  essay  on  thf 
Tuscan  language,  and  other  works,  and  died 
in  1810. 

LANZONI,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Ferrara,  em- 
inent as  a  physician,  and  an  antiquary ;  he  died 
In  1730. 

L.\PARELLI,  Francis,  an  Italian,  eminent 
ts  an  architect,  mechanic,  and  engineer.  He 
assisted  Michael  Angelo  in  his  designs  for  St. 
Peter's  church,  at  Rome,  and  died  in  1590. 

LAPIDB,  Cornelius,  a  Freiicli  Jesuit,  author 


LA 

of  10  vols,  folio,  of  commentaiios  on  the  Scrip- 
tures, died  in  Hi37. 

LAPO,  Arnulphus  di,  a  native  of  Florence, 
known  as  an  able  architect,  died  in  1300. 

LARCH ER,  Peter  Henry,  a  French  writer, 
author  of  a  translation  of  lleroduius,  of  Xeno- 
phon,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1812. 

LARDNER,  Dr.  Nathaniel,  a  very  eminent 
dissenting  divine,  author  of  "  The  Credibility 
of  the  Gospel  History  ;"  of  "  The  'I'eslimonies 
of  the  Ancient  Jews  and  Pagans  in  favour  of 
Christianity ;"  "  The  History  of  Heretics,"  dec.  ; 
he  was  born  in  lf)h'4,  and  died  in  1768. 

LARGILLIERE,  Nicholas  de,  a  French 
painter  of  grcar,  merit.  He  painted  portraits  of 
James  II.,  of  England,  and  his  queen,  and  died 
in  1705. 

L.^ROO.N,  Marcellus,  a  painter,  born  at  the 
Hague,  was  celebrated  for  his  astonishing  cor- 
rectness as  a  copyist ;  he  died  in  1705. 

L.ARREY,  Isaac  do,  a  French  (;ulvinist,who, 
on  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  fled  to 
Holland,  and  was  made  historiographer  to  the 
Slates;  he  died  in  1719. 

LARROUIJE,  Matthew  de,  a  French  prote.'!- 
tant  minister,  of  deserved  popularity  ;  he  died 
in  1084. 

LARROaUE,  Daniel  de,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, and  author  of  several  works,  died  in  1731. 

L.\SCAR1S,  Cunstanline,  one  of  those  learn- 
ed Greeks  who  quitted  Constaiiliiioplu  upon 
its  being  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1453,  and  took 
refuge  in  Italy.  He  was  author  of  a  "  Greek 
Grammar,"  and  other  small  works  of  a  similar 
kind. 

LASCARIS,  John,  surnamed  Rhyndacenus, 
was  of  the  imperial  family.  He  was  an  adiiii 
rahle  scholar,  and  died  in  1535. 

LASCI  or  L.\SKO,  John  de,  a  learned  Pole, 
made  bishop  of  Vesprim.  Ho  declared  in  fa- 
vour of  the  reformation,  and  was  dismissed  from 
his  bishopric  ;  he  died  in  1500. 

LASENA,  or  LASCENA,  Peter,  a  learned 
Italian,  and  an  author,  died  in  1036. 

LASSELS,  Richard,  an  Englishman,  who 
embraced  the  catholic  religion ;  he  published 
"  travels  in  Italy,"  and  died  in  1768. 

LATi.MER,  Hugh,  bishop  of  Worcester,  one 
of  the  first  reformers  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land, born  in  1470.  It  is  a  remarkable  circum- 
stance, though  not  altogether  without  parallel, 
that,  from  being  a  papist  he  became  a  zealous 
protestant,  active  in  supporting  the  reformed 
doctrine,  and  assiduous  to  make  converts.  For 
his  zeal,  however,  in  the  protestant  faith,  he 
was,  with  Ridley,  bishop  of  London,  burnt  at 
Oxford,  in  1555. 

LAUD,  William,  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  was  born  in  1573, 
and  beheaded  in  1G45  for  high  treason ;  he  fell 
a  sncritice  to  party  violence,  and  liigh  church 
sentiments. 

LAUDER,  William,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
memorable  for  an  attempt  to  ruin  the  reputation 
of  Milton;  an  attempt  which  ended  in  the  de- 
struction of  his  own.  He  be;;an  first  to  retail 
part  of  his  design  in  the  Geiillemau's  Magazine, 
1747 ;  and  finding  that  his  forgeries  we're  not 
detected,  was  encouraged,  in  1751,  to  collect 
them,  with  additions,  into  a  volume,  entitled 
"  .\n  Essay  on  Milton's  Use  and  Imitation  of 
the  Moderns  in  his  Par.adise  Lost."  The  fideli- 
ty of  his  quotations  had  been  doubted  by  seve- 
ral people  ;  and  the  falsehood  of  them  was.soon 
after  demonstrated  by  bishop  Douglas,  in  a 
pamphlut  onlitled,  "fttilton  vindioalcil  frouitlie 


LA 


LA 


i''liarg»!  ot"  Plagiarism,  brouglil  against  him  by 
-jauder;  and  Lauder  liinigell  convictKcl  ot  scvt- 
•al  F(>rii;eries  and  gro:-s  Iiii[iositioiiS  on  the  Yuh- 
Hr."  Thf  ap|>earance  ol  this  detcctidii  over 
whelmed  Lauder  with  confusion.  Hesubscnhed 
a  coiifeifeion  dictated  by  Dr.  Johnson  ;  and,  lind- 
ing  that  his  character  was  not  to  be  retrieved, 
quitted  the  kingdom,  and  passed  the  remainder 
of  his  lite  in  universal  contempt.  He  died  at 
Barbadoes,  in  17T0.    SecHOWLE. 

LAl'DOILN,  or  LOUUON,  Gideon  Ernest, 
field  marshal,  and  commander  in  chief  of  the 
Austrian  forces,  horn  in  ITHi,  died  in  1790.  Sn 
liigh  was  his  reputation,  ihai Frederic  the  Great, 
of  Prussia,  used  to  say,  he  feared  nobody  so 
much  as  Lnudohn. 

LAUGILK,  Mark  Antony,  a  French  Jesuit, 
the  aulhor  of  several  works,  died  in  17611. 

LAUNAY,  Francis  de,  a  French  advocate  of 
eminence,  and  an  author  of  law  publications, 
died  in  WJ'.i. 

L.AUNUI,  John  de,  a  learned  French  writer, 
known  for  his  delence  of  the  rights  of  the  Gal- 
ilean church,  died  in  lt)78. 

LAUNOY,  Charles  de,  a  French  general. 
SeeLANiNOY. 

LAURA  UB  NOVES,  the  mistress  of  Pe- 
trarch, who  wrote  in  her  praise  318  sonnets  and 
8ft  songs,  most  of  which  breathe  the  warmest 
spirit  of  poetry.  She  was  born  at  Avignon, 
ju  1310.  and  died  in  1348. 

LAUPvATI,  Peter,  a  celebrated  Italian  pain- 
ter, who  flourished  in  the  15th  century. 

LAUREXS,  or  LAURENTIUS,  Andrew, 
jjrofessor  of  medicine,  at  Montpelier,  and  phy- 
fician  to  Henry  IV.,  died  in  1009. 

LAURENS,  Honoms,  brother  of  Andrew, 
an  advocate  in  tlie  parliament  of  Paris,  and  af- 
terwards archbisliop  of  Embrnn  ;  he  died  in  lUVi. 

L,\URENS,  Henry,  a  member  of  Congress 
rem  South  Carolina,  and  president  of  that 
rody  in  1777.  He  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
British,  while  on  his  way  to  Holland,  as  anibas- 
Bador  from  the  United  States,  and  confined  in 
She  tower,  and  treated  with  great  riuour  until 
1781.  On  his  liberation,  he  went  to  France, 
and  afterwards,  joined  the  American  niinisiurs 
In  signing  the  treaty  with  Great  Brituin.  He 
died  in  Carolina,  in  1792. 

LAURENS,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
a  distinguished  otiicer  of  the  American  army, 
during  the  war  of  the  revolution,  and  rendered 
essential  services  to  his  country.  He  was  mor- 
tallv  wounded  in  an  action  with  a  small  party 
of  the  enemy  in  Carolina,  and  died  in  1782. 

LAURENT,  Peter  Joseph,  a  native  of  Flan- 
ders, celebrated  for  his  astonishing  mechanical 
powers  ;  he  died  in  1775. 

LAURENTlO,  Nicholas,  a  remarkable  cha- 
racter in  the  history  of  modern  Rome,  who,  al- 
tliough  the  son  of  a  vintner,  rose  to  the  supreme 
power,  but  was  murdered  by  the  populace. 

LAURI,  Filippo,  an  eminent  Italian  painter, 
born  at  Rome  in  lfi'23.  died  in  1(504. 

LAVATER,  Lewis,  an  eccfcsiastic,  known  for 
his  abilities  as  a  protestant  controversialist,  died 
in  i.wr,. 

LAVATER,  John  Caspar  Christian,  a  Swiss 
divine,  of  warm  fancy,  and  natural  acute- 
nets,  by  which  he  was  led  to  turn  his  attention 
lo  the  expression  of  human  sentiment  and  cha 
racter.  He  perceived  that  not  only  transient 
Jiassion,  but  even  the  more  permanent  qualities 
Of  character,  arc  often  very  distinctly  expressed  ; 
l>iit  carried  his  observations  in  this  way  much 
farther  than  any  other  pernen  had  before  ad- 
276 


vanced.  Success  inflamed  his  imagination,  and 
he  became  an  enthusiast  in  the  study  of  physi- 
ognomy. The  opinions  relative  to  it,  which  h« 
propagated,  were  a  medley  of  acute  observa-  ■ 
tion,  intenious  cunjtctiire,  and  wild  reverie. 
His  books,  published  in  the  German  laniruage, 
were  multiplied  by  many  editions,  and  transla- 
tions. This  amiable  clergyman  (i'or  such  h« 
was,)  was  born  at  Zurich,  in  1741,  and  diei 
llierc  in  1801,  in  consequence  of  a  wnund  whicit 
he  received  from  a  French  soldier  a  twelve 
month  before. 

LAVINGTON,  George,  bishop  of  Exeter 
born  in  1683,  and  died  at  Exeter,  in  17ti2.  Ije 
sides  sermons,  he  published,  "  The  Enthusiasn 
of  the  Methodi.sts  and  Papists  compared." 

LAVIUOTTE,  Lewis  Anne,  a  French  physi 
cian  ot  eminence,  died  in  1759. 

LAVOISIER,  Anloine  Laurent,  a  celebrated 
French  medical  and  chymical  writer,  born  at 
Paris,  in  1743,  was  murdered  by  the  guillotine  tin- 
der the  execrable  tyranny  of  Robespierre,  with 
27  other  farmers-general,  in  1794. 

LAW,  John,  of  Edinburgh,  a  famous  pro- 
jector, who  raised  himself  to  the  dignity  of  comp- 
troller-general of  tlie  finances  of  France,  upon 
the  .strength  of  a  scheme  for  establishing  a  bank, 
an  East-lmiia,  and  a  Mississippi  company,  witt 
the  profits  of  which  the  national  debt  of  France 
was  to  be  paid  off;  but  this  great  fabric  of  false 
credit  fell  to  the  ground,  and  almost  overthrew 
tlie  French  government,  ruining  some  thousandi 
of  families  ;  and  it  is  remarkable,  that  the  same 
desperate  game  was  played  by  the  South  Sea 
directors  in  England  in  the  same  fatal  year, 
1720.  Law,  being  e.\iled  as  soon  as  the  credit 
of  his  projects  began  to  fail,  retired  to  Venice, 
where  he  died  in  poverty,  in  1729. 

LAW,  Edmund,  bishop  of  Carlisle,  an  emi 
nent  theological  writer,  born  in  1702,  died  in  1787. 

LAW,  William,  an  able  English  dis.senting 
divine,  and  autlior  of  the  "  Serious  Call  ;"  he 
died  in  1761. 

LAW,  Jonathan,  a  native  of  Connecticut, 
was  successively  a  judge  and  chief  justice  of 
the  superior  court,  lieutenant-governor,  and  af 
terwards  governor,  of  that  state  ;  he  died  in 
1750. 

LAW,  Richard,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  lawyer 
of  Connecticut,  was  for  several  j'ears,  a  judge 
and  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  that 
state,  and  afterwards  judge  of  the  United  States 
districi  court.     He  died  in  1806. 

L.AWES,  William,  an  eminent  English  mu- 
sician and  composer,  was  kiHed  at  the  siege 
of  Che.^ler,  in  the  army  of  Charles  I. 

LA  WES,  Henry,  his  brother,  and  also  a  great 
musician,  in  wliich  art  he  is  by  some  thought  to 
have  excelled  William,  was  bom  at  Salisbury 
in  1600,  and  died  in  1662. 

LAWRENCE,  Stringer,  a  distingtiislied  gene- 
ral on  the  East-India  Company's  establishment, 
born  in  1697,  died  in  1775.  In  gratitude  for  his  emi- 
nent services  in  the  command  of  their  forces  on 
the  coast  of  Coromandel,  during  a  period  of  20 
years,  the  Company  erected  a  noble  monument 
to  his  memorvin  Westminster  Abbey. 

LAWRENCE,  James,  a  captain  in  the  nav» 
of  the  United  States,  distinguished  for  his  bra 
very  and  skill,  was  wounded  in  an  action  will 
the  British  frigate  Shannon,  in  1813,  and  died 
four  days  afterwards. 

L.WVSON,  Sir  John,  captain  of  a  ship  in  the 
na\-v  of  the  parliament,  and  afterwards  rear 
adm'iral  under  the  duke  of  York  ;  he  was  kiU 
cd  in 16C5. 


LE 

LAVVSON,  John,  surveyor  gpneral  of  North 
Carolina,  and  author  of  a  work,  coiitaiiiiiig  a 
natural  history  of  that  country  to  about  the 
year  1700. 

LAY,  Benjamin,  an  eccentric,  but  benevolent 
quiiker,  who  diatinguisiied  himself  by  his  deci- 
ded opposition  to  slavery,  and  to  the  use  of  arti- 
cles of  luxury,  ile  was  a  native  of  England, 
but  removed  to  the  West  Indies,  and  afterwards 
to  Pliiladelpliia,  where  he  died. 

LAYAllD,  Charles  Peter,  an  English  divine, 
and  dean  of  Bristol ;  he  died  in  18UX 

LAZARELLI,  John  Francis,  a  native  of  Ga- 
beo,  and  a  poet,  died  in  1694. 

LEAKE,  Richard,  master  gunner  of  England, 
was  distinguished  for  bravery  in  several  naval 
actions ;  he  was  born  at  Harwich,  in  1629,  and 
died  in  IGQG. 

LEAKE,  Sir  John,  a  brave  and  successful 
Englii^h  admiral,  born  in  163ij,  was  distinguished 
by  many  great  actions  ;  but  chiefly  by  his  relief 
and  preservation  of  Gibraltar  from  the  French 
and  Spaniards,  in  1705.    He  died  in  1720. 

LEAKE,  Stephen  Martin,  an  ingenious  wri- 
ter on  coins,  and  on  heraldry,  born  in  1702,  died 
in  1773. 

LEAKE,  Dr.  John,  physician  to  the  West- 
minster Lying-in-Hospital,  of  which  he  was  the 
founder,  died  in  1792.  His  writings  on  mid  wife 
ry,  and  on  female  diseases,  are  in  very  high  es- 
teem. 

LEAPOR,  Mary,  an  ingenious  English  lady, 
and  author  of  some  poems,  died  in  17J5. 

LEAMING,  Jeremiah,  an  episcopal  clergy 
man,  of  New-England,  and  a  theological  wri 
ter  ;  he  died  in  lfc04. 

LEBID,  an  Arabian  poet,  employed  by  Ma 
honict  to  answer  satirical  works  against  him. 

LE  BLANC,  Marcel,  one  of  the  fourteen  je 
suits  whom  Lewis  XIV.  sent  to  Siam,  died  in 
1093. 

LECLAIR,  John,  a  native  of  Lyons,  an  emi 
nent  musical  composer,  was  assassinated  in 
17C4. 

LECTIU8,  James,  a  native  of  Geneva,  a  po- 
et and  critic,  died  in  1611. 

LEOESMA,  Alphonsus,  a  Spanish  poet,  died 
in  l()2;i. 

LEDYARD,  John,  a  distinguished  American 
traveller,  a  native  of  Connecticut.  He  ac- 
companied captain  Cook  in  his  last  voyage,  and 
witnessed  his  death.  After  suffering  incredible 
hardships  in  his  different  journeys,  he  died  at. 
Cairo,  in  1789,  while  preparing  to  penetrate  the 
interior  of  Africa. 

LEE,  Samuel,  an  Englishman,  ejected  from 
his  living  for  nonconformity  in  168G,  and  em- 
barked for  North  America. 

LEE,  Nalhaniel,  an  eminent  English  drama- 
tic poet.  He  is  the  author  of  eleven  plays,  all 
acted  with  applause.  His  thoughts  are  wonder- 
fully s\iited  to  tragedy ;  but  frequently  lost  in 
such  a  cloud  of  words,  that  it  is  difficult  to  see 
the  beauty  of  them.     He  died  in  1691. 

LEE,  Thomas,  president  of  the  council  of 
Virginia,  in  1749.  The  administration  of  the 
affairs  of  the  colony  devolved  on  him  until  his 
d'ath,  which  occurred  in  1750. 

LEE,  Charles,  a  native  of  Wales.  After 
Eorving  in  the  English  army  under  generals 
Aberriombie  and  Burgoyne,  came  to  Virginia, 
in  177.'<,  and  at  the  commencement  of  the  revo- 
lutionary war,  was  appointed  a  major-general  in 
ihi!  army,  and  afterwards  to  the  command  of  the 
iK/ops  in  the  southern  stales.  He  rendered  great] 
and  impnriaiit  services  Ki  thel'nited  States,  but 


LE 

being  censured  and  suspended  for  disobedience 
of  orders,  he  retired  to  private  life,  and  died 
from  chagrin  and  nionificalion,  on  account  of 
his  disgrace,  about  17fS. 

LEE,  Richard  Henry,  an  eminent  citizen,  and 
distinguished  patriot  of  the  revolution,  was  a 
member  of  congress  from  Virginia,  in  1776,  and 
liret  proposed  to  that  body  the  declaration  of  In- 
dependence, which  he  afterwards  signed.  lie 
was  subsequently  president  of  congress,  and  a 
senator  of  the  United  States,  under  the  federal 
constitution.  He  died  in  1794,  and  his  name 
will  be  remembered  with  gratitude,  as  one  of  the 
most  conspicuous  actors  of  the  revolution,  so 
long  as  Americans  enjoy  the  benefits  resulting 
from  that  event. 

LEE,  Arthur,  LL.  D.,  brother  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  also  an  ardent  friend  to  the  rights  of 
the  colonies,  and  rendered  lluni  essential  servi- 
ces, while  agent  of  Virginia,  at  London.  He 
was  afterwards  minister  to  France,  from  the 
United  States,with  Dr.  Franklin  and  Mr.  Deane ; 
he  died  in  1792. 

LEE,  Francis  Lightfoot,  a  member  of  can- 
gress,  from  Virginia,  in  1775,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence  ;  he 
died  at  Richmond,  in  1797. 

LEE,  Thomas  Sim,  a  member  of  coiigre.>s, 
and  of  the  convention  which  formed  the  federal 
constitution,  afterwards  governor  of  Maryland  , 
he  died  in  1819. 

LEE,  Charles,  attorney-general  of  the  United 
States,  died  in  1815. 

LEE,  Ezra,  a  revolutionai^y  officer,  wlio  was 
engaged  in  several  of  the  principal  contests  of 
the  war.  He  enjoyed  the  confidence  of  his  su- 
perior officers,  and  was  selected  to  take  cliarge 
of  the  marine  "  Turtle,"  in  an  attempt  to  blow 
up  the  British  ship  Asia,  in  tlie  harbour  of  New- 
York.    He  died  in  1821. 

LEE,  Samuel,  a  learned  and  distinguished 
English  divine,  afterwards  liri5t  minister  at  Bris- 
tol, Rhode  Island  ;  he  died  in  1691,  on  his  ieturr> 
to  England. 

LEECHMAN,  Dr.  William,  piincipal  of  the 
college  of  Glasgow,  born  in  1706,  died  in  1785. 
His  publications  were  few,  but  they  are  gene- 
rally known  and  admired,  and  will  remain  last- 
ing monuments  of  a  devout  and  benevolent 
heart  as  well  as  of  an  enlarged  and  highly  cul- 
tivated understanding. 

LEEPE,  John  Anthony  Van  der,  a  Dutch 
painter,  celebrated  for  his  sea  views,  died  in 
1720. 

LEE9E,  Anna,  a  native  of  England,  of  ob- 
scure origin,  and  of  doubtful  character,  was  the 
founder  of  the  society  of  shakers.  She  can'e 
to  America,  and  settled  near  Albany,  where  she 
died  in  1784. 

LEETE,  William,  a  native  of  England,  came 
to  America  to  enjoy  his  storn  republican  prin- 
ciples, and  settled  at  Guilford.  He  was  chosen 
governor  of  New- Haven,  and  on  the  union  of 
the  colonies,  lieutenint-governor  and  governor 
of  Connecticut.     He  dittl  in  1G83. 

LEEURO,  Gabriel  Van  der,  a  native  of  Dordt, 
who  excelled  in  painting  animals ;  he  died  in 
1688. 

LEGGE,  George,  lord  Dartmouth, an  eminent 
English  admiral,  who  commanded  the  force  pphs 
to  demolish  Tangier,  in  1683.  In  1688,  he  was 
made  admiral  of  the  lieet;  but,  after  the  revo- 
lution was  cllected,  he  was  committed  to  the 
Tower,  on  suspicion  of  correspQiidlng  with  the 
abdicated  king;  and  he  died  in  that  prison,  in 
1691, 

.^4  277 


I,E 


LEGlIANO.Stefano  Maria,  a  historical  pain- 
ter, the  pupil  of  Caiio  Maralti  Hia  pieces  arc 
uiastorly,  particularly  in  the  diirusion  of  liijiit 
and  shade ;  lie  died  in  Italy,  in  1715. 

LKIliNITZ,  Godfrey  VVilliam  de,  baron  of 
Lripsic,  an  tnninent  statesman,  poet,  and  law- 
yer, but  more  eininiMU  as  a  writer  on  philoso- 
phy, born  ip  lt)46,  died  in  1716.  His  philoso- 
phical writings  are  very  numerous,  and  have 
rendered  his  name  immortal. 

LfUGH,  Sir  Edward,  an  English  critic  and 
Hebrew  le.\icographer,  died  in  1671. 

LEIGH,  Charles,  F.  R.  S.,  an  able  naturalist, 
of  England.  He  wrote  a  natural  history  of 
Lancashire,  Cheshire,  &c.,  and  a  history  of 
Virfjiiiia.  lie  died  in  the  beginning  of  the  18th 
century. 

LEIGHTON,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Edin- 
burgh, author  of  "  Zion's  Plea,"  and  "  Looking 
Glass  of  the  Holy  War,"  both  directed  against 
the  government.  He  was  inconsequence  punish- 
ed by  having  his  nose  slit,  his  ears  cut,  and  run- 
niiiir  tlie  gauntlet.    He  died  in  1644. 

L"EIGHT0N,  Robert,  an  eminent  Scotch  pre- 
laXe  and  theoloijical  writer,  died  in  1684. 

LfilSLER,  Jacob,  known  as  the  leader  of  a 
rebellion,  in  the  colony  of  New- York,  for  which, 
he  was  accused  of  treason,  condemned,  and  e.x- 
ecuted,  about  1691. 

LEISM.\N,  John  Anthony,  a  German  pain- 
ter, some  of  whose  pictures  are  very  much  ad- 
mired ;  he  died  in  1698. 

LEE.\ND,  John,  the  first  and  last  antiquary- 
royal  in  Euiiiand,  was  born  in  London,  and  died 
ill  1552.  He  has  been  styled  the  father  of  Eng- 
lish antiquaries. 

LELAND,  Dr.  John,  a  celebrated  English 
dissenting  divine,  settled  in  Dublin,  who  distin- 
guished himself  by  some  very  estimable  and  la- 
borious publications,  particularly  "  A  View  of 
the  Deistical  Writers  of  England,"  and  "  The 
Advantage  and  Necessity  of  the  Christian  Re- 
velation." He  was  born  in  1691,  and  died  in 
1766. 

LEL.\ND,  Dr.  Thomas,  author  of  a  "  Histo- 
ry of  Ireland,"  a"  Life  of  Philip  of  Macedon," 
and  translator  of  Demosthenes,  was  boru  in 
17M,  and  died  in  1785. 

LE  LONG,  James,  author  of  "  Historical  Li- 
brary of  France."     He  died  at  Paris,  in  1721. 

LELY,  Sir  Peter,  an  excellent  portrait  and 
historical  painter,  born  in  1617,  at  Westphalia, 
but  afterwards  settled  in  England,  under  the  pa 
tronage  of  Charles  11-,  died  in  1680. 

LEMENS,  Balthasar  Van,  a  native  of  Ant 
werp,  eminent  as  a  historical  painter,  died  in 
Loudon,  in  1704. 

LE  MERCIER,  Andrew,  a  minister  of  Bos- 
ton, for  many  years  pastor  of  a  French  protest- 
ant  church  in  that  place ;  he  died  in  1762. 

LEMERY,  Nicolas,  a  celebrated  French 
chymical  writer,  born  at  Rouen,  in  1645,  died  in 
1715. 

LEMERY,  Lewis,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Paris,  and  became  physician  to  the  king. 
He  vvas  the  author  of  several  useful  books,  and 
died  in  1743. 

LE.MNIUS,  Lsevinius,  born  at  Zealand, 
where  he  became  a  physician,  and  afterwards 
took  orders.  He  wrote  on  astrology,  plants,  &c., 
and  died  in  15l)S. 

LE.MOINE,  Francis,  a  French  painter,  who, 
without  genius,  became,  by  application,  an  emi- 
nent artist ;  he  died  in  1737. 

LE.MO.V,  George  William,  an  Eiujlish  divine, 
who  dibtinguislied  himself  by  the  publication 
278 


of  a  large  volume  on  "  English  Etymology,' 
being  a  derivative  dictionary,  in  which  hu  ha<j 
not  only  investigated  the  radical  meaning  of, 
many  obscure  and  almost  unintelligible  words, 
but  e.xploded  many  vulgar  errors,  and  illustra- 
ted many  passages  in  ancient  English  writers. 
He  was  horn  in  1720,  and  died  in  1797. 

LE  MONNIER,  Peter  Charles,  a  celebrated 
French  astronomer,  and  one  of  those  who  made 
the  journey  to  the  north  in  1785,  for  the  admea- 
surement of  the  globe,  died  at  Paris,  in  1799. 

LE  MONNIER,  Lewis  William,  brother  of 
the  preceding,  was  a  distinguished  pnysician  and 
an  able  philosopher.  He  wrote  several  valuable 
articles  for  the  French  Encyclopedia,and  died  in 
1799. 

L'ENCLOS,  Ninon  de,  a  very  distinguished 
French  courtezan,  who,  with  a  tine  understand- 
ing and  philosophic  spirit,  would  reason  lika 
Socrates,  though  she  acted  like  Lais ;  while, 
therefore,  the  great  Coiide,  the  Villarcnaux,  the 
Sevignes,  the  Rochelbucaults,  enjoyed  her  as  a 
mistress,  the  learned  consulted  her  as  a  philo- 
sopher and  a  critic.  This  bewitching  woman 
died  in  1706.  aged  90,  retaining  her  personal 
charms  to  the  last.  She  left  some  children,  and 
one  of  her  sons  died  before  her,  a  very  tragicaJ 
death  indeed.  Not  knowing  her  to  be  his  mo- 
ther (for  all  her  operations  were  conducted  with 
secrecy  and  mystery,)  he  actually  fell  in  love 
with  her ;  and  when,  to  get  rid  of  his  passion, 
she  discovered  herself  to  him,  through  shame 
and  despair  he  poignarded  himself  iu  her  pre- 
sence. 

L'ENFANT,  James,  an  eminent  French  pro- 
testaut  minister,  born  in  1691,  died  in  1728.  He 
was  author  of  three  capital  works,  viz.  Histo- 
ries of  the  Council  of  Constance,  Basil,  and 
Pisa.  Besides  these,  he  published  the  New 
Testament,  translated  into  French  from  the  ori- 
ginal Greek,  with  notes,  in  conjunction  with 
Beausobre  ;  which  version  was  much  esteemed 
by  the  protestants. 

L'ENGLET,  Nicholas  du  Fresnoy,  a  very  vo- 
luminous French  writer,  born  in  1674,  died  in 
1755  His  "  Methode  pour  etudier  I'Histoire," 
&c.  seems  to  have  been  thought  his  best  produc- 
His  end  was  very  tragical :  for,  falling 
asleep  as  he  was  reading  by  the  lire,  he  fell  into 
it,  and  his  head  was  nearly  burnt  off  before  tha 
accident  was  perceived. 

LENN.A.RD,  Sampson,  a  friend  of  Sir  Philip 
Sidney,  with  whom  he  distinguished  himself  at 
the  battle  of  Zutphen.  He  was  also  an  eminent 
translator  from  "Latin  and  French  ;  he  died  in 
1630. 

LENNOX,  Charlotte,  a  writer  of  novels  and 
plays,  the  daughter  of  colonel  Ramsay,  lieuten- 
ant-governor of  New-York,  was  born  in  1720, 
and  died  in  1804.  Her  best  known  novel  ia 
"The  Female  aaixotte."  The  latter  part  of 
her  life  was  clouded  by  sickness  and  penury; 
her  chief  support  being  derived  from  "  The 
Literary  Fund." 

LENS,  Bernard,  painter  and  enameller  to 
George  II.,  died  in  1741. 

LENTHAL,  William,  speaker  of  the  long 
parliament,  a  dubious  character  during  the  civil 
wars,  who  sought  his  own  fortunes  by  secretly 
siding  with  the  republicans;  he  died  under  con- 
trition, in  1663. 

LENTIILUS,  Cneius,  a  Roman  consul,  his- 
torian, and  poet,  he  was  put  to  death  by  Tibc- 

|;riU3. 

I    LEO  I.,  or  Ancient,  succeeded  Marcian.  on 
jihe  throne  of  Constantinople,  in.  137.    He  was 


praiKed  by  some  historians,  but  greatly  censured 
by  others,  and  died  in  474. 

LEO  II.,  or  Younger.  He  ruined  Ins  consti- 
tution by  his  debaucheries,  and  died,  aged  16, 
soon  after  his  accession. 
L.EO  III  was  the  son  of  a  cobbler,  who  served 
in  the  army  with  such  success  that  he  became 
a  general,  and  in  711,  seated  himself  on  the  im- 
perial throne  of  Con.stantinople.  He  w.is  de- 
tested as  a  tyrant,  and  excommunicated  by  the 
popes  of  Rome,    he  died  in  741. 

LEO  IV.  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  775.  He 
warred  against  the  Saracens  with  success,  and 
died  in  780. 

LEO  v.,  the  Armenian,  becam«  a  general 
by  his  valour  in  the  Roman  armies,  and  so  great 
was  his  popularity,  that  he  prevailed  on  his 
soldiers  to  proclaim  him  emperor,  in  813.  He 
was  assassinated  in  820. 

LEO  V[.,  orthe  Pliilosopher,  also  called  the 
Wise,  succeeded  to  the  tnrone  in  88G.  He  rnaoe  IIEmnerora  in  1308. 
war  a"ainst  the  Bulgarians,  Hungarians,  ana  n  LEO,  Peter  Cieca  de,  a  Spaniard,  who  tra- 
Earacens  ;  deposed  the  patriarchs,  Photius  and  veiled  in  America,  and  published  an  interesting 
Nicolas.  'He  protected  men  of  letters,  and  died  llaccountiof  Peru,  in  1550,  a  work  of  groat  merit. 
j„  911,  |]    LE()iVE,Arto,orConaria,ahistorical painter, 

LEO  I.,  pope,  suriiamed  the  Great.    During  who  died  in  1564. 
his  rei-'n,  Genseric  ferociously  entered  Rome.  |l    LEONI,  Giacomo,  a  Venetian  architect,  who 

id  haviiig  taken  possession  of  the  city,  gave  ulisetUed  Vn  England,  and  published  a  line  edition 


LE 

LKO,  an  archbishop  of  Theflsalonica,  in  the 
9th  century,  distinguished  as  u  mathematician, 
one  of  the  great  revivers  of  Gncian  literature. 

LEO,  Pilalus,  Greek  professor,  at  Florence, 
about  13fK) ;  first  gave  lectures  on  Homer,  and 
other  Greek  authors. 

LEO,  of  Modena,  a  celebrated  rabbi,  author 
of  an  Italian  history  of  the  rites  and  customs  of 
the  Jews,  and  other  works.  lie  lived  in  the 
17th  century. 

LEO,  the  grammarian,  compiled  in  the  12tti 
century  a  chronicle  of  Constantuiojilu. 

LEO,  John,  a  native  of  Grenada,  eminent 
as  a  geographer,  and  author  of  the  lives  of 
Arabian  philosophers,  and  a  description  of 
\frica,  in  Arabic.     He  died  in  1526. 

LEO,  of  Byzantium,  a  pupil  of  Plato,  put  to 
death  by  the  treachery  of  Philip. 

LEO,  of  Orviette,  a  Dominican,  who  wrote 
an  account  of  the  Popes,  and  another  ofihe 


up  to  pillage  for  14  days.  Leo  was  a  learned 
and  useful  pope,  and  died  in  461. 

LEO  11.,  pope,  was  an  anie  and  resolute  pon- 
titr.  He  tirst  established  the  kiss  of  peace,  at 
the  mass,  and  the  use  of  holy  water ;  he  died  in 
68:5. 

LEO  IIL,  pope.  His  nephew  attempted  his 
destruction,  hut  he  escaped  to  Charlemagne, 
who  espoused  his  cause  and  seated  him  again  in 
the  pontitical  chair.  He  was  an  eloquent  and 
popular  pontiff,  and  died  in  816. 

LEO  IV.,  pope.  He  was  a  wise  and  courage- 
ous pontiff,  and  boldly  met  the  Saracens,  wno 
came  to  pillage  his  city,  defeating,  and  taking  a 
vast  number  prisoners,  who  were  kept  to  fortify 
and  adorn  the  citv  ;  he  died  in  855. 

LEO  v.,  pope  after  Benedict  IV.,  In  903.  He 
was  soon  after  exiled,  and  died  of  grief. 

LEO  VI.,  pope  after  John  X.,  in  928.  He  died 
about  7  months  after. 

LEO  VII.,  a  Roman,  elected  pope  after  John 


XI.    He  possessed  many  virtues,  and  diet,  in  v)39. 1.1485. 


of  Palladio ;  he  died  in  1746. 

LRONICENUS,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, of  Italy,  to  whom  we  owe  the  lirst  trans- 
lation of  any  of  Galen's  works,  and  the  "  Apho- 
risms of  Hippocrates,"  born  in  1423,  died  in 
1524. 

LEONICUS  THOM^U3,  Nicholas,  a  learn- 
ed Venetian,  who  read  Lectures  at  Padua,  with 
great  reputation.  He  translated  some  Greek 
works,  and  died  in  1524. 

LEONIDAS  I.,  king  of  Sparta,  a  celebrated 
warrior,  who  died  gloriously  in  defending  the 
p;\3s  of  Thermopylce  against  Xerxes,  480  years 
B.C. 

LEONTIUM,an  ancient  courtezan  at  Athens; 
famous  first  for  her  lasciviousness,  and  after- 
wards for  her  application  to  the  study  of  phi- 
losophy under  Epicurus. 

LEOPOLD,  St.,  marquis  of  Austria,  in  1096. 
By  his  virtues,  he  deserved  the  surname  of 
Pious  •  he  was  canonized  by  Innocent  VIII,,  ia 


LEO  VIII.,  elected  by  authority  of  the  em- 
peror Otho,  on  the  deposition  of  John  XII.,  in 
963.  He  was  a  pontifl'  of  great  merit  and  re- 
spectability ;  he  died  in  965. 

LEO  IX.,  Bruno,  bishop  of  Toul,  was  elected 
pope  in  1048,  and  deserved  the  name  of  saint, 
given  him  in  the  Roman  calendar.  His  se.nnons 
and  other  viforks  are  still  extant ;  he  died  in  1054. 

LEO  X.,  pope  of  Rome,  ever  to  be  remem- 
bered by  protestants  as  having  been  the  cause 
of  the  Reformation  begun  by  Luther,  was  born 
at  Florence,  in  1475,  and  died  in  1521.  He  was 
a  lover  and  patroniser  of  learning  a?d  learned 
men,  and  equally  favoured  arts  and  sciences, 
being  himself  a  man  of  taste.  For  this  he  has 
been  often  celebrated,  and  by  Pope  in  particular : 

"  But  see !  each  Muse  in  Leo's  golden  days 
Starts  from  her  trance,  and  trims  her  wither'd 

bays ; 
Rome's  ancient  genius,  o'er  its  ruins  spread, 
Shanes otfthe  dust,  and  rears  his  rev'rend  head. 
Then  Sculpture  and  her  sister  arts  revive  ; 
Stones  leap  to  form,  and  rocks  begin  to  live  ; 
With  sweeter  notes  each  rising  temple  rung ; 
A  Raphael  painted  and  a  Vidasuiig." 


LEOPOIjD  I.,  was  made  king  of  Hungary, 
lin  16,5,5,  and  of  Bohemia,  in  16,56,  and  was  elected 
[eniperor  in  1658.  He  engaged  in  a  war  with  the 
rCurks,  and  also  with  Lewis  XIV,  who  pillaged 
and  destroyed  his  frontier  towns  ;  he  died  in  1605. 
I  LEOPOLD  II.,  Peter  Joseph,  for  25  years 
prana  nuke  of  Tuscany  elected  eaiperor  of 
Germany  in  1790 :  and  in  this  high  dignity,  he 
evinced  great  abilities.  He  was  preparing  to 
declare  war  against  France,  wheu  he  died  in 
1792. 

LEOPOLD,  duke  of  Lorraine,  was  celebrated 
for  his  military  talents,  and  after  having  settled 
a  peace,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  prosperity 
and  happiness  of  his  domains,  with  great  suc- 
cess. He  died  at  Luneville,  in  1729,  universally 
lamented. 

LEi:)POLD,  William,  archduke  of  Austria,  bi- 
shopof  Passau,  &c.,  was  at  the  head  of  the  impe 
rial  armies  in  the  30  years  war  against  the  French 
and  S  wede.<,  and  was  greatly  distinguished,  both 
in  the  field  and  cabinet ;  he  died  in  1662. 

LEOTAUD,  Vincent,  a  French  Jesuit,  and 
mathematician,  author  of  a  work  in  which  he 
proves  the  impossibility  of  squaring  the  circle  | 
he  died  in  1672. 

279 


LE 

LKOWI(Ja,or  LEOVITIUS,  Cyprian,  a  no- 
ble Bohemian,  authiir  of  a  collection  of  asiro- 
Pi'^ical  productions,  and  incoherent  reveries. 
Hfi  j)'oplic:-ie(J  that  the  worW  would  unj  in  1584 ; 
ho  died  in  1074. 

LEPAUTE,  John  Anrirovv,  a  French  clock 
maker,  who  made  some  valuable  iniprovemenls 
in  the  art,  and  died  in  1802. 

LRPICIER,  Bernard,  a  French  enjrraver,  se- 
cretary and  historian  to  the  royal  academy  of 
painting,  at  Paris;  he  published  a  caialoi;ue  ol 
tJie  kiii'T's  pictures,  in  ivs.  4to.,  and  died  in  1755. 

LEPIDUS,  Marcu.s  .^.niiliu.'",  one  ol"  the  Ro 
man  triumvirs  with  .Augu.-tus  and  Antony. 

LEPKINCE,  John,  a  French  musician  and 
painter  of  great  skill.  Being  taken  by  a  priva- 
teer and  robbed  of  every  thing  except  his  violin, 
he  seized  the  instrument  and  played  with  such 
effect,  that  the  sailors  restored  his  property  ;  he 
died  in  1781. 

LFi  QUJEN,  Michael,  a  learned  Dominican, 
who  wrote  against  Courayer,  on  the  validity  oi 
the  ordination  of  the  English  bishops  ;  he  died 
in  1703. 

LERNUTIUS,  John,  a  Latin  poet,  born  at 
Bruges,  died  in  1619. 

LKSBONAX,  a  philosopher,  of  Mitylene,  in 
the  1st  century.  Some  of  his  grammatical 
works  still  remain. 

LESCAILLK,  Catherine,  a  native  of  Hol- 
land, called;  for  the  svveetnessof  her  poetry,  the 
Dutch  Sappho,  and  the  tenth  muse  ;  she  died 
in  1711. 

LESLEY,  John,  a  celebrated  bishop  of  Ross, 
in  Scotland,  born  in  1527,  died  in  1596.  His  ex- 
ertions to  save  the  life  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots, 
bis  mistress,  has  endeared  his  name  to  posteri- 
ty :  indeed,  all  parties  agree  in  speaking  of  liim 
as  a  man  of  incoinparable  learning,  an  able 
statesman,  a  zealous  churchman ;  and  of  his 
fidelity  to  his  queen  as  admirable  and  exempla 
ry.  He  is  author  of  a  history  of  Scotland  to 
1501. 

LESLIE,  Dr.  John,  bishop  of  Clogher,  in  Ire- 
land, memorable  for  his  exertions  in  defence  of 
the  royal  cause,  and  for  having  endured  a  siege 
in  tiis  castle  of  Raphou,  before  he  would  sur- 
render it  to  Oliver  Cromwell,  being  the  last 
which  held  out  in  that  country.  He  was  born 
in  Scotland,  and  died  in  1671,  aged  about  100 
years,  liavins  been  above  50  years  a  bishop. 

LESLIE,  Charles,  second  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, studied  law,  which  he  afterwards  forsook 
for  divinity,  and  became  a  famous  theological 
disputant.  His  tracts  on  religion  and  politics 
amount  to  50.  He  left  also  2  folio  volumes  of 
theological  works,  and  was  a  man  of  great  ta- 
lents ;  he  died  in  17'2'2. 

LESSING,  Gotthold  Ephraim,  a  Gennan 
poet,  in  the  time  of  Voltaire,  published  various 
things,  but  without  judgment. 


LE 

"LETnTEL'LLlER,  Smart,  Esq.  an  English 
gentleman,  born  of  a  French  family,  who  made 
a  most  valuable  collection  of  medals,  book!!| 
MSS.,  and  natural  curiosities ;  he  died  in  i7fi0. 

LETI,  Gregorio,  an  Italian  miscellaneous 
writer  and  historian,  born  at  Milan,  in  1030, 
died  in  1701.  His  "  History  of  Geneva"  is  the 
best  of  his  works. 

LETTSOM.  John  Coakley,  M.  D.,  long  distin- 
guished for  public  and  private  benevolence,  ami 
for  every  species  of  uueful  exertion,  both  in  Uie 
medical  profession,  and  as  a  member  of  society 
at  large,  wan  born  in  1744,  and  died  in  Londim, 
in  1815.  His  writings  are  very  numerous,  as 
well  moral  as  medical ;  and  all  of  them  discov- 
|«r  the  philanthro|jist  and  the  pliysician. 

LEUCH'PI'S,  a  celebrated  Greek  philosopher 
and  mathematician,  flourished  about  42fc'  B.  <\ 

LEUNCLAVIUS,  John,  a  German  histori- 
an of  the  Ottoman  empire,  born  in  Westphalia, 
in  15.33,  died  in  15^3. 

LEUSDEN,  John,  professor  of  Hebrew  at 
Utrecht,  and  eminent  for  his  learning  and  ta- 
lents as  a  writer  ;  he  died  in  1699. 

LEUWENHOEK,  Anthony  de,  a  very  cele- 
brated Dutch  physician,  born  at  Delft,  in  16r'.2, 
died  in  17-23.  He  became  famous  all  over  Eu- 
rope by  his  e.xperiments  and  discoveries  with 
microscopes. 

LEVER,  Sir  Ashton,  collector  of  a  valuable 
museum  of  natural  history  ;  the  expense  of 
which  having  impaired  his  fortune,  he  was 
permitted  to  sell  it  by  lottery,  but  lost  consider- 
ably, not  a  suliicient  Bumbsr  of  tickets  having 
been  sold. 

LEVERETT,  John,  a  native  of  England, 
was,  after  his  arrival  in  America,  intrusted 
with  several  important  offices,  among  which 
were  those  of  major  general  and  governor  of 
Massachusetts  ;  lie  died  in  1G70. 

LEVERETT,  John,  F  R.  S.,  a  grandson  of 
the  preceding,  was  a  member  and  speaker  of 
the  house  of  assembly,  and  a  judge  of  the  su- 
perior court  of  Massachusetts.  He  was  chosen 
president  of  Harvard  college,  in  1708,  and  con- 
tinued in  that  office  until  his  death,  wliicb  hap- 
pened in  1724. 

LEVESaUE  DE  FONILLI,  Lewis,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  inscriptions  of  France, 
and  governor  of  Rheims.  He  wrote  "Theory 
of  agreeable  Sensations,"  &c.,  and  died  in 
1746. 

LEVESQUE,  Peter  Charles,  a  distinguished 
French  writer,  died  at  Paris,  in  1812. 
I     LEVI,  third  son  of  Jacob,  by  Leah,  died  1612 

:b.  c. 

1  LEVI,  David,  a  Jew,  bom  in  London,  in 
il740,  was  first  a  shoemaker,  and  afterwards  a 
:  hatter;  but  became,  in  the  result,  a  valuable 
(acquisition  to  the  literary  circle.  He  died  in 
jl  1799,  leaving  behind  him  the  following,  among 


LCSSIUS, Leonard,  a  Jesuit,  professor  of  di-;jother,   works:  "Rites  and  Ceremonies  of  the 
vinity  at  Louvaine.     He  wrote  many  learnedji.Tews;"    "Lingua  Sacra,  or,   a   Hebrew  and 


works,  and  died  in  1623. 

L'ESTRANGE,  Sir  Roger,  an  English  gen- 
tleman, born  in  1616,  was  concerned  in  raising 
forces  and  in  some  unsuccessful  enterprises  in 
favour  of  Charles  I.,  during  the  civil  wars,  for 
which  he  was  obliged  to  leave  the  kingdom. 
Upon  the  restoration  he  returned,  and  printed 
the  first  English  newspaper,  under  the  title  of 
the  Public  Intelligencer,  in  1663;  which  lie  laid 
down  upon  the  publication  of  the  first  London 
Gazette.  He  was  author  of  many  political 
tracts,  translated  several  things  from  the  Greek, 
Latin,  and  Spanish,  and  died  in  17U3.  i 

280 


English  Dictionary  ;"  "  The  Pentateuch  in  He- 
brew and  English;"  a  translation  of  the  "He- 
brew Liturgy,"  and  "  Dissertations  on  the 
Prophecies." 

LEVINGSTON,  James,  a  brave  Scotchman, 
who  served  in  the  wars  of  Bohemia,  Hol- 
land, Sweden,  and  Germany,  and  afterwards 
gentleman  of  the  bed-chamber  to  Charles  I.; 
he  died  in  1672. 

LEWIS,  John,  a  native  of  Bristol,  educated 
at  O.xford.  He  became  master  of  Easlbridge 
hospital,  Canterbury,  and  was  a  man  of  great 
industry  and  learning-    He  published  the  life 


n 

cf  Wickliire,  the  lite  of  Caxton,  various  histo- 
ries, &.C.,  anil  (lied  in  1740. 

LEWIS,  Matthew  Clregory,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, in  1773.  He  vvasediicaied  at  Westiiiiaster 
school,  and  afterwards  obiaiiit-d  a  scat  in  parlia- 
ment. He  went  to  visit  some  estates  that  his 
father  had  left  him  in  Jamaica,  and  died  on  his 
passaije  home  in  1818.  His  dramas  are  enume- 
rated in  tbe  "  Biographia  Uramatica;"  but  the 
bi>nk  tliat  conferred  an  infamous  celehrity  upon 
him,  was  a  most  licentious  novel  called  "The 
Mi/nk."  It  gave  him  also  the  nick-name  of 
M'lnk  Lewis. 
Ll^Wirf,  kings  of  France.  See  LOULS. 
LEvVIS,  Meriwether,  a  native  of  Virginia, 
was  private  secretary  to  Mr.  Jetferson,  and  was 
a(>pi)inted  by  him  governor  of  the  territory  of 
Louisiana.  By  order  of  government,  he  with 
Capt.  Clark,  explored  the  Missouri  and  country 
West,  to  the  Paciiic  ;  an  accoun;.  of  the  expedi- 
lioii  was  published  in  ISOii.     He  died  in  1309. 

LKWIS,  Francis,  of  New- York,  was  one  of 
the  signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence. 
LEV,  Sir  James,  chief  justice  of  Ireland,  and 
afterwards  of  England,  was  finally  created  ba- 
ron of  Ley,  and  earl  of  Marlborough,  and  lord 
higli  treasurer,  by  James  I. 

LEYBOURN,  William,  originally  a  painter, 
and  afterwards  an  eminent  mathematician,  died 
about  Ui'K). 

LEYDECKER,  Melcbior,  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Utreclit,  and  author  of  a  curious  trea- 
lise  on  the  republic  of  the  Hebrews;  he  died 
in  1721. 

LEYDEN,  Lucas  Van,  a  Dutch  painter  and 
engraver.  He  acquired  great  celebrity  by  his 
painting  the  history  of  St.  Hubert,  which  he 
finished  before  the  sige  of  15 ;  ho  died  in  1533. 

LEYDEN,  John,  a  distinguished  physician 
and  poet,  of  Scotland,  was  appointed  professor 
of  the  Hindoostanee  language,  at  the  college  of 
Calcutta,  and  a  judge  at  that  place.  He  died 
in  1811. 

LEYSSENS,  N.,  a  native  of  Antwerp,  who 
studied  painting,  and  was  very  successful  in  his 
prol'ession  ;  he  died  in  17C!0. 

L'HERITIER,  a  most  indefatigable  French 
botanist,  confessedly  the  greatest  (next  to  Buf- 
fon)  that  France  ever  produced,  was  born  near 
Paris,  in  1752,  and  assassinated  in  the  street  at 
Berne,  Aug.  15,  1800;  being  mistaken,  as  it  was 
supposed,  for  some  other  person. 

LHUYD,  Edward,  keeper  of  the  Ashmolean 
mnsenm  at  Oxford,  and  a  celebrated  antiquary 
and  liuiTuist,  died  in  1709. 

LHWYD,  or  LHUYD,  Humpliiey,  an  ami 
qiiarian,  born  at  Denbigh.  He  studied  physic 
at  Oxford,  practised  in  his  native  town,  and 
(lied  in  1570,  leaving  behind  him  the  character 
1 4'  an  excellent  rhetorician,  and  sound  philo- 
-Mphec 

LIBANITTS,  a  famous  sophist  of  antiquity, 
born  at  Antioch,  in  314.  His  epistles  and  ora- 
tions are  in  high  esteem. 

LIB.VVHIS,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Saxony,  an 
able  physician,  \  ho  wrote  against  Paracelsus  ; 
he  died  in  1610. 

LIBERl,  Peter,  a  native  of  Padua,  eminent 
as  ;i  painter.  His  best  piece  is  Moses  striking 
the  rock  ;  he  died  in  lti77.  i 

LIBRRIUS,  pope  after  Julius  L,  in  35-2.  He 
subscribed  very  rcluctantlv  for  the  condemna- 
tion of  AthanasiuB.  He  died  in  36G.  i 
LICE'PU^,  a  ce!?hra'ed  physician,  of  Italy, 
bom  in  fit^noa,  in  1577,  died  in  1653.  His  work 
"  De  Monsuis"  has  great  merit. 

^    n  "^ 


LI 

LICllTE.VIiElt.t;,U,;urge  Christopher,  proles- 
Kor  of  philosophy  in  the  university  of  Gottingen, 
and  one  of  the  most  ingenious  writer*  of  Oer- 
inany,  died  in  1799. 

LICINIUS,  Tegula,  a  Laiin  poet,  200  B.C. 
-VoUiing  but  fragments  remain  of  bis  comic 
compositions. 

LtCINILTS,  C.  Flavius  Valerianus,  son  of  a 
Dalmatian  peasant,  rose  to  the  rank  of  general 
in  the  Roman  armies,  and  married  the  sister  of 
Consia.iiine.    He  was  killed  in  baltle,  A.  D.  324. 

LK/INIUS,  Caius,  a  Roman  tribune,  author 
of  the  law  to  forbid  any  man  the  possession  of 
more  than  500  acres  of  land. 

LIDDEL,  Duncan,  a  native  of  Aberdeen,  3 
physician,  and  professor  of  mathematics  a> 
Helmstadt.  He  returned  to  hie  native  town, 
where  he  estahiislied  six  scholarships  at  the 
university,  and  di(,'d  in  1013. 

IiIEUiWUD,  Joseph,  physician  to  Lewia 
XVI.,  and  member  of  the  academy  of  sciences, 
of  Paris.  He  wrote  Eleinents  of  Physiology 
Svnopsis  of  the  Practice  of  Medicine,  &c.,  an(i 
lied  in  1780. 

LI  EVENS,  John,  a  native  of  Leyden,  emi- 
nent as  a  historical  and  portrait  painter,  invited 
by  Charles  I.  to  England,  to  paint  the  persons 
of  the  court. 

LIGARIU3,  dnintus,  a  proconsul  of  Africa, 
was  one  of  the  murderers  of  Coesar. 

LIGER,  Lewis,  author  of  the  Paris  Guide, 
and  some  useful  works  on  gardening  ,  he  died 
in  1717. 

LIGHTFOOT,  ,Tohn,  a  most  eminent  divine, 
born  in  Start' mlshire.  He  was  one  of  the  mogt 
learned  rabinical  scholars  that  England  evei 
produced.  His  works  are  published  in  2  vols, 
folio  ;  he  {"led  in  1075. 

LIGN.\(,\  Joseph  .Adrain  de,  anativeof  Poic- 
tiers,  a  priest  and  author  of  Letters  to  an  Ame- 
rican, on  ButTon's  Natural  History,  he  died  ill 
1762. 

LIGONIER,  John,  earl  of,  a  very  distinguish- 
ed field  marshal  in  the  English  army.  He  serv- 
ed with  honour  in  all  the  wars  of  qiteen  Anne, 
under  the  duke  of  Manborough,  and  in  every 
succeeding  war,  and  died  in  1770,  aged  92. 

LIGORIO,  Peter,  a  Neapolitan,  distinguishea 
as  a  painter  and  architect.  His  designs  compos© 
30  vols.:  he  died  in  15.80. 

LILBURNE,  John,  a  famous  English  enthu- 
iast,  born  in  1618,  died  in  1657.  He  was  the 
chief  riniileader  of  the  levellers,  a  modeller  ol 
state,  and  publisher  of  several  seditious  pam- 
phlets; and  of  so  quarrelsome  a  disposition,  as 
to  have  it  appositely  said  of  him,  that  if  tliere 
were  none  livinjbut  him,  John  wmld  beagaias< 
Lilburne,  and  Liiburne  against  John. 

LILIE.NTAL,  Michael,  a  Prussian,  profesaoi 
at  Koningsberg.  He  published  various  works. 
which  are  preserved  in  the  memoirs  of  the  Ber- 
lin academy  ;  he  died  in  1750. 

LILLO,  George,  an  excellent  dramatic  wri- 
ter, born  in  London,  in  1693.  Tlioiiih  strongly 
attached  to  the  ,nuses,  he  seemed  10  liavc^  laic 
it  down  as  a  maxi;n,  that  the  devotion  paid  to 
them  ought  always  to  tend  to  the  promotion  of 
virtue,  morality  and  religion.  In  pursuance  of 
this  aim,  Lillo  was  happy  in  the  choice  of  his 
ibjpcts,  and  showed  creat  power  in  affecting 
the  heart,  by  working  up  the  passions  to  such  a 
lieisht  as  to  render  the  distresses  of  common 
and  donK'stic  life  ^•qually  interesting  to  the  au- 
diences as  that  of  kinsrs  and  heroes;  and  'lie 
ruin  brought  011  private  families  by  an  indnl 
gence  of  avarice,lu8t,  &c.,  as  ihehavnck  made 
?81 


u u 

iii.'«'uies  and  empires  by  ambition,  cruelty,  oristaie,  and  liemenantgovernor  ol  bis  native 
tj'rantiy.  His  "George  Uariiwcll,"  "  Fatal  istate  ;  he  was  appoiiiteJ  to,  but  did  not  accept, 
Curiosity,"  and  "  Ardeii  of  Fevorsham,"  arejitlie  office  oi'  jtuifjc  of  tbe  supreme  court  of  the 


all  planned  on  common  and  well-known  stories 
yet  they  have  much  more  frequently  drawn 
tears  from  an  audience  tlian  tbe  more  pompous 
tra^redies  of  "  Alexander  the  Great,"  "  All  for 
Love,"  &c.     He  died  in  1739. 

LILLY,  William,  a  famous  English  astrolo- 
ger, born  in  lt)(K!,  died  in  168L  In  liirn  we  have 
a. I  instance  of  thogeneral  superstition  andigno 
raucc  tiiat  prevailed  in  tbe  lime  of  the  civil  war 
between  Obarica  I.  and  his  parliament ;  for  the 
king  consulted  this  astrologer  to  know  in  what 
quarter  he  should  conceal  himself  if  he  could 
escape  from  Hampton  court;  and  general  Fair- 
ft«,  on  the  other  side,  sent  for  him  to  his  army, 
to  ask  him  if  he  could  tell  by  his  art  whether 
God  was  with  them  and  their  cause.  Lilly,  who 
made  his  fortune  by  favourable  predictions  to 


United  Siateu.    He  died  in  litiO. 

LIND,  L)r.  James,  a  celebrated  medical  wri- 
ter, (lied  ill  1794. 

LliN'DAJMJS,  William,  a  Dutchman,  made 
first  bishop  of  Ruremonde,  by  Philip  11.,  of 
Spain.  He  wrote  some  Latin  books  in  defence 
of  the  catholic  religion,  and  died  in  1588. 

LINDENBRUCH,  Frederic,  a  Fleming,  the 
laborious  and  learned  editor  of  Virgil,  Terence, 
and  other  classics.    He  died  in  1638. 

LINDSAY,  John,  a  learned  divine,  for  many 
years  minister  of  the  dissenting  congregation  in 
Aldersgate- street,  London.  He  wrote  several 
books,  and  died  in  1768. 

LINDSAY,  Sir  David,  of  the  Mount,  Lyon 
King  at  Anns,  an  ancient  Scotch  writer  and  dra- 
iniatic  poet,  born  in  1496,  died  in  1557.  His  chief 
j writings  were,  -'Satires  on  the  Vices  of  the 
His  poetical  works  were  published  in 


both  parties,  assured  the  general  that  God  would 
be  with  him  and  his  army.    His  almanacs  were   Clergy." 
Jn  repute  upwards  of  36  years,  and  to  be  found  i|1806. 
in  almost  evpry  family  in  F.rigland.  I     LIN  DS-W,  David,  after  studying  in  foreign 

LILY,  William,  an  English  grammarian,  Ijuniversities,  returned  to  support  the  reformed 
born  at  Oldham,  in  Hampshire,  in  14C(i.  He  ;ireligion  against  queen  Mary.  He  wrote  a  his- 
was  appointed  first  master  of  St.  PauTs  school,  iltory  of  Scotland,  and  died  in  1593. 
by  the  founder,  Dean  Colet;  in  1510,  and  died  !|  LINDSEY,  Theophilus,  bom  in  1723,  took  his 
of  the  plague  at  London,  in  1522.  He  is  highly  i.degrees  in  arts  at  Cambridge,  and  obtained,  af- 
praised  by  Erasmus,  who  revised  the  synta.v  in  jiter  other  preferments,  the  valuable  living  of 
his  "  Grammar,"  for  his  uncommon  knowledge  jjCatterick,  in  Yorkshire;  which,  however,  he 
in  the  languages,  and  admirable  skill  in  the  resigned,  in  1773,  having  embraced  the  Socinian 
instruction  of  youth.  jsystem.    He  then  settled  in  London,  where  he 

LILY,  George,  eldest  son  of  the  grammarian,  lopened  a  chapel,  in  Essex-street,  Strand,  in 
patronised  at  Rome,  by  cardinal  Pole.  He  wrote  which  he  officiated  till  1793,  when  he  retir«d 
some  historical  books,  and  was  the  first  who    from  the  ministry.    He  died  in  1603. 


published  a  correct  map  of  England  ;  he  died  in 
1559. 

LILY,  Peter,  second  son  of  the  grammarian, 
was  a  dignitary  of  the  church  of  Canterbury. 
He  had  a  son  named  Peter,  who  was  D.  D.,  pre- 
bendary of  St.  Paul's,  and  archdeacon  of  Taun- 
ton ;  he  died  in  1614. 

LIMBORCH,  Philip,  a  celebrated  professor 
of  divinity,  in  Holland,  born  in  1033,  died  iu 
1712.  His  best  work  is  a  "  History  of  the  In- 
qnisition." 

LLMN/EUS,  John,  a  German  lawyer,  of  Je- 
na, known  as  the  author  of  various  learned 
works  ;  he  died  in  1663. 

LINACRE,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  very  learned  Eng- 
lish physician,  born  in  1460,  died  in  1524.  He 
projected  the  foundation  of  tiie  college  of  phy- 
sicians, was  the  first  president  after  its  erection, 
and  held  that  oifice  for  the  seven  years  that  he 
lived  afterwards. 

LINANT,  Michael,  a  French  poet,  the  inti- 
mate friend  of  Voltaire,  who  three  limes  obtain- 
ed the  prize  of  the  French  academy ;  be  died 
in  1749. 

LINCOLN,  Benjamin,  a  distinguished  officer 
and  a  major-general  in  the  American  army,  dur- 
ing the  revolution.  His  services  were  conspi- 
cuous through  the  war.  He  was  second  in  com- 
mand at  the  capture  of  Burgoyne,  commander 
of  the  forces  in  the  southern  slates,  was  taken 
prif!oner  at  Charleston,  and  exchanged,  and  af- 
terwards shared  in  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  and 
superintended  the  capitulation  of  Cornwallis. 
After  the  war,  he  was  repeatedly  in  public  life, 
was  lieutenant-governor  of  Massachusetts,  and 
collrxtorof  the  port  of  Boston  until  1809.  He 
died  in  1810. 

LINCOLN,  Levi,  a  member  of  congress  from 
Mas.iacliuseits,  was  attorney-general  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  and  for  a  tirae,  acting  secretary  of , 
S82 


LINDWOOD,  William,  divinity  professor,  at 
Oxford,  ambassador  to  Spain,  and  afterwards 
bishop  of  St.  David's.  He  wrote  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  archbishops  of  Canterbury,  and 
died  in  1446. 

LINGELBACK,  John,  a  celebrated  German 
landscape-painter,  of  the  17th  century. 

LINGUET,  Simon  Nicolas  Henry,  a  French 
writer,  born  at  Rheims.  He  was  educated  a 
lawyer,  and  rose  to  the  highest  eminence  as  an 
advocate.  He  wrote  "Theory  of  Laws,  Me- 
moirs of  theBastile,  Political  Anna:s,"  and  many 
other  works.  He  fell  under  the  guillotine,  in 
1794. 

LINIERE,  Francis,  a  French  poet  of  great 
literary  merit,  but  of  dissipated  character,  and 
an  obstinate  atheist,  died  in  1704. 

LINING,  John,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
was  a  distinguished  physician  of  South  Caroli- 
na. He  published  an'  account  of  the  yellow 
fever  in  1753,  the  time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

LINLEY,  Thomas,  a  very  eminent  English 
composer  of  music,  and  one  of  the  proprietors 
of  Drury-lane  theatre,  died  in  1795. 

LINN,  William,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  presbyle- 
rian  clergyman,  of  New-Jersey,  allerwards  set- 
tled at  New- York  ;  he  died  in  1808. 

LINN,  John  Blair,  D.  D.,  minister  of  a  pres- 
byterian  church  in  Philadelphia,  known  as  A 
poet ;  he  died  in  1804. 

LINNVEUfl,  Charles  Von,  the  father  of  mo- 
dern botany,  was  born  at  Smaland,  in  Sweden, 
1707.  He  made  the  tour  of  Lapland,  in  1732, 
and  traversed  what  is  called  the  Lapland  De- 
sert, enduring  great  hardships,  merely  from  an 
ardent  love  of  science  ;  and,  after  six  months 
thus  employed,  returned  to  Upsal;  in  the  uni- 
versity of  which,  at  the  age  of  34,  he  was  made 
professor  of  physic  and  botany.  He  died  in 
1778;  Iwiving,  among  other  works,  1.  Sysiema 


NaiuraL",  sistcns  regna  tria  Natura;;  2.  Biblio- 
theca  llutaiuca  ;  3.  Oritica  Botaiiica  ;  4.  Geiieia 
Plantariim  ernnique  Clw-racteres  Naturalis;  o. 
Amotiitates  ^cadeinicie;  6.  Slateria  Mcilica,  &c. 
LINT,  I'eter  Van,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
known  an  an  eminent  liiatorical  and  portrait 
painter  of  tlie  17th  century. 

LtNTRUSI,  Heverinus,  professor  of  divnuty 
and  eloquence,  at  Copenlmgen,  and  author  of 
some  theological  works  in  Latin ;  he  died  in 
1732. 

LINUS,  St ,  successor  of  St.  Peter,  at  Rome, 
he  is  ranked  among  the  martyra  of  tliat  city. 

LIOTARD,  John  Stephen,  a  crayon  painter, 
of  great  fame,  born  at  Geneva,  in  1702. 

/ilOTARO,  Peter,  a  French  botanist,  who  be- 
gan the  study  after  he  was  iO  years  old,  and 
pursued  it  with  so  much  zeal,  that  lie  was  made 
director  of  the  public  garden,  at  Grenoble  ;  be 
died  in  1791!. 

LIPPI,  Philip,  who  from  a  Carmelite,  became 
a  painter.  He  was  a  native  of  Florence,  and 
died  ill  1438. 

LIPPt,  Lawrence,  a  painter,  of  Florence,  who 
escellod  in  historical  pieces  and  in  portraits. 
He  also  possessed  merit  as  a  poet ;  he  died  in 
1C64. 

LIPSrUS,  Justus,  a  most  acute  and  learned 
Flemish  critic  and  commentator  on  ancient  au- 
thors, born  near  Brussels,  in  1547,  died  in  IfiOfi. 

LIRON,  John,  a  Benedictine  of  St.  Maur,  au- 
thor of  several  French  works  of  great  merit, 
died  in  1749. 

LIS,  John  Van  der,'a  painter,  born  at  Olden- 
burgh.  His  pieces  on  Scriptural  subjects  and 
moral  sports,  possess  great  merit ;  he  died  in 
1629. 

LiSLE,  Claude  de,  a  native  of  Lorraine,  ex- 
celled as  a  teacher  of  geography.  He  wrote 
"Historical  Relation  of  Siam,"  "Abridgment 
of  Universal  History,"  &c. ;  he  died  at  Paris, 
in  1720. 

LISLE,  William  de,  an  eminent  French  geo- 
grapher, born  at  Paris,  in  1675,  died  in  1720. 

LISLE,  Joseph  Nicholas  de,  an  able  astrono- 
mer, brother  to  VV.lliain.  He  had  the  friend- 
»hip  of  Newton  and  Halley,  and  was  invited  to 
Russia,  where  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
observatory;  he  died  in  1768. 

LtSLE,  Sir  George,  learnt  the  art  of  war  in 
Flanders,  and  distinguished  himself  iu  the  civil 
wars  of  Great  Britain.  He  was  knighted  on 
the  field  of  battle,  at  Newbury,  by  Charles  I., 
for  \w  bravery  :  he  died  in  1648. 

LISOL.A,  Francis  de,  was  4  years  ambassa- 
dor to  England  from  the  emparor  Ferdinand  HI. 
He  wrote  on  the  ambitious  views  of  Lewis 
XIV.,  which  highly  offended  the  French;  he 
died  in  1677. 

LISTER,  Matthew,  president  of  the  college 
of  phvsicians,  and  physician  to  queen  .\iine,  and 
Charles  I.,  who  knighted  him;  he  died  in  1657. 

LISTER,  Martin,  nephew  to  sir  Matthew, 
studied  physic  abroad,  and  on  his  return,  settled 
at  York,  where  he  acquired  great  reputation. 
He  afterwards  removed  to  London,  and  attend- 
ed the  duke  of  Portland  on  his  journey  to  Paris  ; 
he  died  in  1711. 

LITHGOW,  William,  a  Scotchman,  famous 
for  his  travels  on  foot  over  Europe,  Asia,  and 
Africa,  and  his  sulferings  by  imprisonment  and 
torture  at  Malaga.  He  was  born  the  latter  end 
of  the  15th,  and  died  about  the  middle  of  the 
]6th  century. 

LITTLE,  Wilham,  an  English  historian, 
who  v/fote  Uie  hiotory  Of  liis  country  from  the 


LI 

jinvasion  of  William'the  Conqueror,  to  1197,  in 
(ive  hooks. 

LITTLEBURY,  Isaac,  an  English  divine 
who  puhlisiied  a  translation  of  Herodotus. 

LITTLETON,  or  LYTTLETON,  Thomas, 
judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  IV.,  and  author  of  a  c«l8- 
brated  treatise  on  tenures  or  titles,  by  which  all 
estates  were  anciently  held  iu  England ;  he 
died  in  1481. 

LITTLETON,  Adam,  an  excellent  English 
philologist  and  grammarian ;  an  indefatigable 
restorer  of  the  Latin  tongue,  as  appears  from  ins 
"  Latin  Dictionary,"  and  an  excellent  critic  in 
tlie  Greek,  born  in  1627,  died  in  1694. 

LITTLETON,  Edward,  an  English  divina 
and  poet,  in  17;i4. 

LITTLETON,  Edward,  a  distinguished  mem- 
ber of  parliament,  chief  justice  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas,  lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal, 
and  afterwards  made  a  peer,  by  the  title  of  lord 
Littleton ;  he  died  in  1645. 

LITTLETON,  John,  an  active  member  of 
parliament.  His  attachment  to  Essex  was  the 
cause  of  his  being  condemned  as  a  conspirator, 
though  he  was  saved  from  execution  by  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh  ;  he  died  in  prison  in  1600. 

LIVIA,  wife  of  Tyberius  Claudius  Nero,  af- 
terwards married  to  Augustus,  died  A.  D.  29. 

LIVINGSTON,  John,  a  Scotch  presbyter, 
banished  because  he  refused  to  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance,  on  account  of  his  religious  opinions. 
He  went  to  Holland,  where  he  continued  to 
preach.  He  was  author  of  some  letters,  and 
died  in  1672. 

LIVINGSTON,  William,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  of  New- York,  and  a  zealous  advocate 
of  the  rights  of  the  colonies,  removed  to  Ne'.v- 
Jersey,  and  was  chosen  a  member  of  Congress, 
and  afterwards  governor  of  that  state;  he  died 
in  1790. 

LIVINGSTON,  John,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  di- 
vine, of  New- York,  born  in  1746.  He  was  pastor 
of  the  Dutch  reformed  church  in  the  city  of  New- 
York,  and,  at  thesametirae,  professor  of  theolo- 
gy in  the  theological  seminary  of  that  church  ; 
and  on  its  removal  to  Ciueen's  college,  N.  J.,  he 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  institution;  he 
died  at  New-Brunswick,  in  January,  1825. 

LIVINGSTON,  Brockholst,  an  eminent  law- 
yer, of  Now- York,  was  engaged  in  the  army 
during  a  part  of  the  revolution,  and  was  at  tli« 
capture  of  Burgoyne.     He   vvent  to  Spain,  in 

1779,  as  private  secretary  to  Mr.  Jay,  and  on  hia 
return,  soon  rose  to  professional  eminence  ia 
his  native  city.  He  was  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  New-York,  and  afterwards  of  the 
United  States,  until  his  death  in  1823. 

LIVINOSTOi'^J,  PhiUp,  a  member  of  Con- 
gress, in  1776,  and  one  of  the  signers  of  the  de- 
claration of  Independence ;  he  died  in  1778. 

LIVINGSTON,  Robert  R.,  a  distinguished 
member  of  congress  from  New- York,  was  one 
of  the  committee  which  drew  up  the  declaration 
of  Independence,  and  after  its  adoption,  was,  in 

1780,  appointed  secretary  for  foreign  atlairs. 
He  was  afterwards  chancellor  of  the  state  of 
New- York,  and  minister  from  the  United  States 
to  Prance.     He  materially  assisted  Fulton,  by 

upplying  him  with  funds,  both  in  France  and 
at  home,  to  enable  him  to  pursue  his  experi- 
ments, and  to  carry  his  discoveries  into  effect. 
He  died  in  1813. 

LIVINIUS,  or  LlVINEUS,John,  Latin  trans- 
lator of  some  of  the  works  of  Gregory  and 
Chrysosloni,  was  a  student  at  Cologne,  where 
283 


i,o 


1,0 


he  was  distinguished  as  a  Grecian  scholar;  lieTiiioiik,  einin<-iuly  known  by  Ins  worlis  :  ''I't'e 
died  in  IS/i'J.  Illistory  of  Brilany,^'  2  vols,  folio,  "llie  Coii- 

LIVIUS,  Andronicus,  a  Roman  comic  poet, 


wboHe  plavs  are  lost.     Ke  lived  '^40  K.  C 

LIVIUS,  Tifiis,  the  host  of  the  Roman  histo- 
rians, born  at  Padua,  5'J  B.  (J.  Tlie  history  of 
Livy,  like  other  great  works  of  aniiquiiy,  is 
trananiilted  down  to  us  exceedingly  nnilil.ited 
an<i  imperfect.  Its  books  were  originally  14-i, 
of  which  oulv  :i5  are  extant.  It  cornnienced 
with  the  fou'ririarion  of  Rome,  and  concluded 
about  13  B.  C.  The  encomiums  bestowed  u|Hin 
I.iivy,  by  both  ancients  and  moderns,  are  great 
Bnd"numerous;  but  probity,  candour,  and  im- 
partiality, are  what  have  mo^t  particularly 
distinguished  him  above  all  historians.  He 
died  A.  D.  17. 

Lf-OYD,  William,  an  English  prelate,  suc- 
Ctfs.sively,  king's  chaplain,  prebend  of  ^^alisbury, 
vicar  of  St.  Marv's,  dean  ot  Bangor,  prebend  of 
St.  Paul's,  and  bishop  of  St.  Asaph.  He  was 
a  /.i'alous  promoter  of  the  revolution.  His  pdb- 
ticaiions  were  numerous  :  he  died  in  1717. 

LLOYD,  Xicholas,  an  English  divine,  author 
of  '  A  Historical.  Geographical,  and  Political 
Dittiona-y,"  in  1670.  He  was  rector  cf  New- 
ington,  and  died  in  IGHO. 

LLOVIi,  Robert,  an  English  poet  and  mis 
cellaneous  writer,  ho.n  in  17:!H,  was  a  cornpa-  ] 
nion  of  Wilkes,  Churchill,  Colinan,  &c.,  and 
di--d  in  the  fleet  prison,  in  17r4.  He  wrote  a 
poem  called  "The  Actor;'  "The  Capricious 
Lovers,"  an  opera,  and  other  dramatic  pieces. 
LLOYD,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Wales,  joined 
the  societv  of  qnakers,  and  came  to  America 
with  William  Penn.  He  was  lieutenant  go- 
vernor of  Pennsylvania,  and  president  of  the 
colonial  council.     He  died  in  1694. 

LLWELYN  AB  GRUFYDD,  a  Welch  prince 
who  heroically  resisted  the  invasion  of  Edward 
1.  of  England ;  but  he  fell,  and  the  liberty  of 
his  country  perished  with  him  in  Via-2. 

LLYWAUCH  AP  LLYWELYN,  a  Welch 
bard  of  merit ;  who  flourished  fmm  1 170  to  l?3'J, 
LLYWARCH  HEX,  a  Welch  poet,  distiu- 
guifhed  also  as  an  able  defender  of  his  country 
against  the  Saxon  invasion,  in  which  he  is  said 
to  liavelo3t21  sons.  He  flourished  about  630, 
and  died  aged  150. 

LLYWELYX  AP  JORWEBTH,  king  of 
North  Whales.  He  was  a  wise,  active,  and  war- 
,ike  pr:nce  :  he  died  in  1240. 

LLYWELYN  AP  SIT3YLT,  a  Welch  king 
3f  South  Wales.  He  was  killed  in  battle,  in 
1091. 

LLYWELYN  VARDD,  a  Welch  poet,some 
of  whose  pieces  have  been  preserved.  He 
nourished  between  1130  and  11R0 

LLYWELYN  O  LANfJEWYDD,  or 
LLYWELYN  SION.  a  Welch  bard,  of  Gla- 
norean,  who  died  in  1616.  He  oi'ten  presided  at 
.he  meetings  of  tiie  bards. 

LLYWELYN,  Thomas,  author  of  a  history 
if  the  different  editions  of  the  Welch  Bible,  in 
»hich  he  evinced  great  learning;  be  died  in 
1796. 

LOBB,  Theophilus,  a  native  of  London,  an 
eminent  phyf^ician.      He  wrote  some  theologi- 
jal.  and  some  medical  tracts,  and  died  in  \7r>^. 
LOBEL,  Matthias,  a  native  of  Lisle,  who  de- 
Voted   himself  to  the   study  of  botany      After 
travelling  in  most   part>  of  the  continent,  he 
Went  to  England,  where    he   was   nominated 
physician  and  botanist  to  James  I.  ;  he  died 
J()!6. 
LOBINF  Al  ■ .  GuyAIesis,  a  FreuchBeiicdiaine 
284 


luest  of  sjpain,"  "  History  of  Paris,"    5  vols, 
folio,  Sec. ;  he  died  in  1727. 

LOBKOWITZ,  Boleslaus  de  Hassenstein; 
baron  de,  a  Bohemian  nobleman,  who,  after 
visiting  several  countries,  and  making  himself 
t'amous  as  a  negotiator  and  warriur,  entered 
the  clerical  proft;ssion  ;  he  died  in  iolO. 

LOBO,  Jerome,  a  Jesuit,  of  Lisbon,  who  was 
sent  on  a  mission  to  the  Indies,  and  penetrated 
to  Abyssinia,  of  which  he  published  a  very 
accurate  account,  and  died  in  1678. 

LOBO,  Rodriguez  Francis,  a  celebraied  Por- 
tuguese poet,  whoee  works  were  published  in 
1721. 

LOCK,  Matthew,  an  excellent  musician,  of 
Exeter,  published  some  musical  pieces,  in  1657; 
and  after  the  restoration,  was  employed  as  a 
composer  of  operas.  His  vocal  music  is  stifl 
greatly  esteemed  ;  he  died  in  1677. 

LOCK  ART,  Alexander,  autliorof  "  Memoirs 
of  Scotland,"  was  born,  near  Edinburgh,  in 
1673,  and  killed  in  a  duel,  in  1732. 

LOCKE,  John,  the  most  celebrated  philoso- 
pher of  the  age  he  lived  in,  and  one  of  the 
brightest  ornaments  of  English  literature,  was 
born  in  1632.  By  the  patronage  of  lord  Shafts- 
bury,  he  held  a  respectable  sitnalion  under  go- 
vernment, and  wrote  some  able  political  tracts. 
His  lordship,  however,  being  at  length  compel- 
led to  fly  to  Holland,  to  avoid  being  prosecnlpd 
for  hiaii  treason,  Mr.  Locke  followed  him.  In 
1685,  the  English  demanded  him  of  the  St.ites 
General,  on  suspicion  of  his  being  concern- 
ed in  Monmouth's  rebellion.  On  this,  he  kept 
himself  private  for  several  months,  and  em- 
Iployed  the  time  in  preparing  for  the  press  that 
'work  which  has  immortalized  his  name  and 
Ifame,  "The  Essay  on  the  Human  [Tnderstand- 
iing."  It  .vas  not  published,  however,  till  alter 
|the  revolution,  an  event  which  restored  him  to 
his  nntive  country.  The  latter  years  of  his  life, 
he  devoted  chiefly  to  religious  retirement,  and  to 
the  writing  of  works  on  theology,  and  died  a 
the  seat  of  lad  v  Masliam,  in  1704. 

LOCKE,  Samuel.  D.  D.,  a  native  and  distin. 
_uished  minister  of  Massachusetts,  was,  for 
several  years,  president  of  Harvard  college  ;  he 
died  after  1773. 

LOCKER.  John,  an  English  gentleman,  de- 
voted to  literary  pursuits,  and  an  aulliorof  some 
works;  he  died  in  1760. 

LOCKM.\N,  John,  author  of"  Rosahnda,"  a 
musical  drama,  "  David's  Lamentations,"  and 
other  works  ;  he  died  in  1771. 

LOCKWOOD,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  an  American 
clergyman,  settled  in  Andover,  Connecticut, 
died  in  1791. 

LOCKYER,  Nicholas,  Cromwell's  chaplain, 
and  author  of  some  theological  tracts  ;  he  died 
in  1684. 

LODBROG,  Regner,  a  celebrated  king  of 
Denmark,  at  the  beginning  of  the  9th  century. 
He  was  a  warrior  and  poet,  full  of  fanaticism 
and  religious  frenzy. 

LODGE,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  English  phy.oician 
and  dramatic  writer,  died  in  1625.  We  find  him 
characterized,  by  many  of  his  cotemporary 
poets,  as  a  man  of  very  considerable  genius. 

LOEWENDAL,  UlVic  Frederic  Woldeinar, 
count  de,  a  native  of  Hamburgh,  dislingiiished 
as  an  officer  in  the  service  of  Poland,  and  at'ier- 
wards  of  Denmark,  against  Sweden.  He  w.-ig 
finally  a  field-marslial  of  FraiKe,  and  died  in 
1755. 


Eo 

LOGAN,  Frederic,  baron  de,  a  German  poet, 
of  considerable  merit,  whose  r.|)ii;rarnH,  &c 
have  been  edited  by  I-essins; ;  he  died  in  11)55. 

LO(5  AN,  John,  a  Scotcli  divine  and  poet,  bom 
about  ITtfl,  died  in  London,  in  1788.  His  poems 
were  publislied  in  1781  ;  and  in  1790,  two  vo 
liiines  of  his  sermons  were  printed  ;  lor  lie  had 
obtained  much  distinction  as  an  eloquent  and 
alfiicting  preacher. 

LOGAN,  Ja.nes,  a  native  of  Ireland,  distin 
pui.-ihed  for  his  talents  and  learning;,  came  to 
Pennsylvania  witli  the  proprietor,  in  lt)99,  and 
Ijeld  tlieolficesof  chief  justice  of  the  colony  and 
president  of  the  council.  On  the  death  of  llie 
governor,  in  1736,  the  administration  devolved 
on  him  for  two  years. 

LOG.AN,  an  American  Indian  chief,  knowi 
for  his  friendsliip  to  the  white  people,  until  hi; 
familv  were  wantonly  murdered  by  them,  ii 
1774, "and  afterwards,  for  the  hostility  with 
which  he  avenged  his  loss. 

LOGES,  iMary  Bruneau,  a  French  lady,  mucli 
admired  for  her  wit  and  jjenius,  particularly  by 
the  kin^  of  Sweden,  and  the  duke  of  Orleans 
and  called  the  tentli  muse.  She  has  left  none 
of  her  poetrv  behind  her. 

LOMRNSTEIN,  Daniel  Gaspard  de,  a  learn- 
ed German,  who  wrote  some  dramatic  pieces, 
and  other  works  ;  lie  died  in  ltJ83. 

LfilR,  Nicholas,  a  painter,  born  at  Paris,  the 
diriciple  of  Le  Brun.  He  died  professor  of  the 
academy  of  painting. 

LOKMAN,  surnamed  the  Wise,  sometimes 
called  Abre  Anain,  or  father  of  Anam,  a  philo- 
sopher and  fabulist  of  great  account  among  the 
Easterns.  Being  once  asked  how  he  had  attain- 
ed so  exalted  a  pitch  of  wisdom  and  virtue, 
L)kman  replied,  "It  was  by  always  speaking 
the  truth,  by  keeping  my  word  inviolably,  and 
by  never  intermeddling  in  aflfairs  that  did  not 
concern  me." 

LOLLARD,  Walter,  founder  of  the  religious 
sect  called  Lollards,  who  denied  the  power  and 
influence  of  the  virgin  Mary  over  Christ ;  taught 
that  the  mass,  baptism,  and  extreme  unction, 
were  of  no  use  or  avail ;  rejected  the  form  of 
the  penitential,  and  renounced  all  obedience 
both  to  the  ecclesiastical  and  civil  magistrates. 
He  was  burnt  for  heresy  at  Cologne,  in  13->2. 

LOL.MR,  .Tolin  Lewis  de,  LL.  D.,  a  native  of 
Geneva,  in  which  country  he  practised  as  an 
advocate  till  he  went  to  England,  where  he  pub- 
lished, in  1775,  a  celebrated  treatise,  "  On  the 
Constitution  of  Kngland ;"  a  work  well  known 
and  justly  esteemed.  Junius  recommended  it 
to  the  public,  as  deep,  solid,  and  ingenious  ;  and 
in  the  British  senate  it  was  honoured  with  the 
applause  of  a  Camden  and  a  Chatham.  He 
publislied,  beside.?,  a  "History  of  the  Flagel- 
lants, or  Memorials  of  Human  Superstition,  im- 
itated from  the  .Abbe  Boileau."  Dr.  De  Lolme, 
died  in  Switzerland,  in  1807. 

LOM,  Jassu  Van,  a  physician,  who  practised 
at  Ton  may  and  Bruges.  His  works  on  medical 
subjects,  written  in  elegant  Latin,  were  publish- 
ed in  '.i  vols.  .Amsterdam,  1745. 

LOMAZZO,  John  Paul,  a  native  of  Milan, 
known  as  a  landscape,  and  portrait  painter.  I 
He  wrote  a  treatise  on  painting,  in  Italian,  and 
died  in  1.598.  1 

LOMBARD,  Peter,  well  known  by  the  title' 
of  master  of  the  sentences,  from  a  work  of  his,! 
which  is  looked  on  as  the  source  and  origin  of! 
the  scholastic  theology  in  the  Latin  church.  He 
was  born  at  Novara,  in  Lombardv,  and  died  iii: 
1161.  ' 


LU 

LOMBARD,  John  L.wi-^.  [i,.)ies-.,r  ol  artil- 
lery, at  Meniz.  He  wrote  on  the  niovemenl  of 
projectiles,  principles  of  gunnery,  «tc. ;  he  died 
in  1794. 

LOMB.ART,  Lambert,  an  architect  and  pain- 
ter, a  native  of  Liege,  died  iii  15li5. 

LOMENIE,  Henry  Augustus,  count  de  Brit-ii- 
ne,  for  some  time  ambassador  to  England,  ;c:id 
secretary  of  state  in  the  reign  of  Lewis  XI  \'., 
of  France  ;  he  died  in  IStiti. 

LOMENIE,  Henry  Lewis,  count  de  Brienne, 
son  of  the  preceding,  and  also  his  succc'ssor 
in  his  liigu  oitices.  But  the  loss  of  his  wife, 
wlioru  he  tenderly  loved,  alrected  his  niulcr- 
sianding,  and  he  was  dismissed;  lie  died  in 
1()98. 

LOMENIE  DE  BRIENNE,  Stephen  Charles 
de,  of  the  same  family,  was  made  archbishop 
of  Toulouse,  and  afterwards  cardinal,  and 
prime-minister  of  Lewis  XVI. ;  but  his  alii  iiics 
were  below  his  higti  station,  which  he  quit'ed, 
after  having  disgraced  Caloiine ;  Ue  died  ia 
1798. 

LOMONOZOF,  a  celebrated  Uussian  poet, and 
great  refiner  of  his  naiive  tongue,  born  in  1711, 
died  in  1764.  The  odes  of  Loinonozof  are  great- 
ly admired  for  originality  of  invention,  subli- 
mity of  sentiment,  and  energy  of  language. 
He  is  in  fact  the  Pindar  of  Russia.  Lomonozof 
made  also  no  inconsiderable  figure  in  history, 
having  published  two  warks  relative  to  that  of 
his  own  country. 

LONDE,  Francis  Richard  de  la,  a  French 
poet,  of  considerable  merit,  w'Jio  also  wrote  on 
iiistory,  morals,  and  antiquities ;  he  died  in 
1765. 

LONDON,  Jolin  Campbell,  earl  and  baron  of. 
was  commander-in-chief  of  the  British  forces 
in  America,  and  governor  of  the  colony  of  Vir- 
ginia. 

LONG,  Edward,  a  judge  of  the  vice-admi- 
ralty court,  in  the  West  Indies,  and  aulhor  of  a 
History  of  Jamaica,  &.C. ;  be  died  in  England, 
ill  181.3. 

LONG,  James  le,  p  priest  of  the  oratory,  born 
at  Paris.  He  was  professor  at  several  univer- 
ities,  and  was  well  skilled  in  ancient  and  mo- 
dern languages,  and  in  mathematics  and  pliilo- 
sopliy:  he  died  in  1721. 

LONG,  Thomas,  an  able  divine,  born  at  E.ve- 
ter.  He  was  author  of  the  hi.story  of  the  Dona- 
tists,  Examination  of  Hales'  Treatise  on  Schism, 
&c. ;  he  died  in  1700. 

LONG,  Dr.  Roger,  a  very  eminent  astrono 
mer,  and  author  of  an  excellent  treatise  on  that 
scieiic:e.  He  erected  in  one  of  the  rooms  of 
Pembroke  college,  of  which  lie  was  master,  a 
sphere  of  eighteen  feet  diameter,  elevated  to 
the  latitude  of  Cambridge,  wherein  thirty  per- 
sons misht  sit  conveniently  :  it  ia  turned  with 
great  ease  by  a  small  winch,  though  the  whole 
weight  is  above  1000  lbs.  He  was  bora  in  Nor- 
folk, in  1679,  and  died  in  1770. 

LONGBEARD,  William,  a  facetious  priest, 
notorious  for  raising  seditious  in  London,  in  the 
reign  of  Richard  I.  He  was  torn  to  pieces  by 
horses,  and  then  hung  upon  a  gallows. 

LONGEPIERE,  Hilary  Bernard  de,  a  learned 
Frenchman,  born  at  Dijon.  He  translated  into 
verse,  Anacreon,  Theocritus,  Sappho,  itc,  and 
was  the  author  of  some  tragedies.  He  died  in 
1727. 

LONGLNIJS,  Dionysius,  a  Grecian  philoso- 
pher and  orator,  author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  the 
Sublime."  which  raised  his  leputation  to  sn(!h 
a  height  as  no  critic,  either  before  or  since,  ccjnid 
235 


LP 

ever  leacti.  His  cotcmporarids  had  so  great]' 
an  opiuiDM  of  liis  judKineiit  and  taste,  that  tliuyK 
api>oiiittd  him  sovereign  judge  of  all  authors  in 
and  every  ihiiiK  was  received  or  rejected  by  the] 
public  according  to  the  decision  of  Loiiginus-jj 
He  was  put  to  dcalli  by  Aiirelian,  in  273. 

LONGLAiND,  or  LANGKLAND,  Robert,  an 
Enslish  poet,  born  in  Shropshire.  His  "  Vision 
of  Pirrce  I'lowinan,"  abounds  willi  severe  re- 
flections on  the  Roniish  clergy,  and  cihibiisacu- 
riouH  picture  of  the  times.  It  was  linislied  in 
1363. 

LONGLAND,  John,  an  Englishnnan,  made 
dean  of  Salisbury,  in  LOM,  and  seven  years  af- 
ter bishop  of  Lincoln  :  his  works  appeared  in 
folio,  in  153-2.    He  died  in  1547. 

LONGOMON'TANUS,  Christian,  an  eminent 
astronomer,  born  in  Denniarli,  in  ljt)-2,  died  in 
l&n.  He  was  author  of  several  works,  which 
show  great  capacity  in  mathematics  and  astro- 
nomy ;  but  his  "  Astrononiia  Danica"  is  the 
most"  distin^ruished. 

LO.N'GUEIL,  Gilbert  de,  a  learned  physician, 
of  Utrecht,  author  of  Remarks  on  Plautus,  Ovid, 
Nepos,  a  Dialogue  on  Birds,  with  their  Greek, 
Latin,  and  German  names,  and  a  Greek  and 
Latin  Lexicon  ;  he  died  in  1543. 

LONGUEIL,  Christopher  de,  an  able  French 
scliolar,  highly  favoured  by  Lewis  XII.,  and  by 
pope  Leo  X.,  who  enjtaged  him  to  write  against 
Luther;  he  died  in  1522. 

LONGUERUE,  Louis  Dufour  de,  a  French 
critic  and  theologj-al  writer,  born  in  1652,  died 
in  173-2. 

LONGUEVAL,  James,  a  French  Jesuit,  whoj 
wrote  a  Historytof  the  French  Church,  in  10  vols. 
Disaertatinn  on  Miracles,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1735. 

LONGUS,  a  Greek  sophist,  author  of  four 
pastorals,  and  the  Lovea  of  Daphnis  and  Chloe, 
edited  in  ISfiO,  4to.  i 

LONt,  Alexander,  of  Florence,  eniinent  as  a 
painter,  died  in  170-2. 

LONICERUS,  John,  a  learned  German,  pro- 
fessor of  languages  at  Marpurg.  He  compiled 
a  Greek  and  Latin  Lexicon,  and  published 
Dioscorides  ;  he  died  in  15fi9. 

LONICENU-S,  Adam,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  sagacious  physician,  who  died  at  Frank- 
fort, in  1586.  He  was  the  atuhor  of  many 
works,  chiefly  on  natural  history. 

LOON,  Theodore  Van,  of  Brussela,  whose 
excellent  paintings  adorn  the  public  edifices  of 
Rome  and  Venice,  was  born  in  1030. 

LORD,  Benjamin,  D.  D.,  an  American  di 
vine,  settled  at  Norwich,  Connecticut ;  he  died 
In  1784,  aged  90.  \\ 

LOREDANO,  John  Francis,  a  learned  andj 
ingi'iiluus  senator,  of  Venice,  autlwr  of  a  life 
of  Adam,  History  of  the  Kings  of  Cyprus,  &c.,| 
was  born  in  1006.  i 

LORENZETTI,  Ambro^io,  a  painter,  of  Si-|I 
enna,  and  the  first  who  painted  with  success,  t 
storms,  rain,  and  the  elTcct  of  winds;  he  diedj 
in  1350.  ji 

LORENZINI,  Lawrence,  a  native  of  Flo-^| 
rence.  eminent  as  a  mathematician.  He  wasjl 
imprisoned  twenty  years,  during  which  time  he,] 
Wrote  1'2  books  on  conical  and  cylindrical  sec-' 
tions,  in  La'.in  ;  he  died  in  17-21. 

LORENZIN'r,  or  L.\URENTIN[,  Francis 
Maria,  an  Italian  poet,  who  wrote  "  Sacred 
Dramas:"  he  was  born  at  Rome,  in  1680,  and 
died  in  1743. 

LORIMER,  Dr.  John,  an  F.milish  physician, 
nnrl  antlior  of  an  F.ssay  on  Magnetism,  born  in' 
1733.  dird  .Inly,  1795.  1' 


LO 


LORING,  Israel,  born  in  1682,  was  settled  as 
minister  of  Budbury,  Matfeathusetts,  and  died 
in  177a. 

LORIT,  Henry,  or  Glareanus,  from  Claris,  in 
Switzerland,  where  he  was  born.  He  studied 
at  Basil,  Cologne,  and  Paris,  waa  the  friend  of 
Erasmus.  He  wrote  much  on  classical  sub- 
jects, and  died  in  1563. 

LORME,  Philibert  de,  an  eminent  French 
architect  and  anticjuary,  born  at  Lyons,  died  in 
1557,  leaving  behind  several  books  of  arcbitec 
ture  greatly  esteemed. 

LORME,  John  de,  a  French  physician,  who 
attended  the  wile  of  Henry  HI.,  Slary  de  Medi- 
cis,  and  other  branches  of  the  royal  family. 
He  was  universally  esteemed,  and  died  in  1034. 

LORME,  Charles  de,  son  of  the  preceding, 
physician  to  Lewis  XIH.  He  acquired  great 
fame  and  opulence,  and  died  in  1678. 

LORRAINE,  Robert  le,  a  celebrated  French 
sculptor,  born  at  Paris,  in  lOtiO,  died  in  1743. 

LORRAINE,  Charles  of,  cardinal,  and  arch- 
bishop of  Rheims,  son  of  the  duke  of  Guise. 
His  influence  at  one  time  was  nearly  unlimited 
in  France  ;  he  died  in  1574. 

LOER13,  William  de,  a  poet  of  considerable 
merit,  author  of  the  "  Romance  of  the  Rose." 
in  imitation  of  Ovid's  Art  of  Love,  died  about 
UV20. 

LORRY,  Anne  Charles,  a  French  physician. 
well  known  for  his  Latin  treatises  on  melancho- 
ly and  its  affections ;  also  a  treatise  on  cuta 
neous  diseases;  he  died  in  1783. 

LOSA,  Isabella,  a  native  of  Cordova,  so  il- 
lustrious for  her  knowledge  of  Latin,  Greek, 
and  Hebrew,  that  she  was  honoured  with  the 
degree  of  D.  D.     She  died  in  1.546. 

LOT,  son  of  Haran,  and  nephew  of  Abra- 
liam.  When  Sodom  was  about  to  be  destroyed, 
God,  out  of  mercy  to  Abraham,  spared  Lot. 

LOTEN.  John,  a  good  landscape  painter,  of 
the  English  school,  though  a  native  of  Holland, 
died  in  IGcl. 

LOTHAIREI.,sonof  LewiatheDebonoaire, 
was  partner  on  the  throne  of  Germany  with 
his  father,  in  817,  and  made  king  of  Lonibardy 
three  years  after.  He  revolted  against  his  fa- 
ther, seized  liim,  and  shut  him  in  prison.  This 
conduct  brought  on  a  war  in  which  an  immense 
number  of  lives  were  sacrificed.  Lothaire  died 
in  8S5. 

LOTHAIRE  II.,  duke  of  Saxony,  afterwards 
king,  and  then  emperor  of  Germany  ;  be  died 
in  1157. 

LOTHAIRE,  king  of  France,  son  of  Lewig 
IV.  His  wife,  Emma,  gave  him  poison,  of 
which  he  died  in  986. 

LOTHAIRE,  king  of  Lorraine,  abandoned 
his  wife  to  marry  his  mi.-^lress,  but  pope  Nicho- 
las 1.  had  the  spirit  to  intertere,  and  to  compel 
his  majesty  to  asain  take  his  lawful  wife.  He 
died  in  869. 

LOUIS  I.,  snrnamed  the  Debonnaire,  or  the 
Feeble,  son  of  Cliarlemagne,  was  proclaimed 
king  of  France,  and  emperor  of  the  West,  in 
814.  Ue  was  in  a  perpetual  quarrel  either  with 
his  brothers  or  sons,  until  his  death,  which  hap- 
pened in  y.W. 

LOUIS  II.,  the  Young,  elde.itson  of  Lothaire 
t.,  wa-;  made  king  of  Italy  in  844.  and  succeeded 
to  tlie  imperial  throne  in  855.  He  was  a  brave 
and  \  iriuous  monarch,  and  anxious  to  preserve 
th-  diiinitvof  thethrone;  he  died  in  875. 

LOUiSlII.,  siimamed  the  Blind,  succeeded 
lo  the  thrnn."  in  8P0,  and  was  crowned  by  Bene- 
dict IV.  He  was  soon  after,  surprised  and  taken 


LO 


LO 


iy  his  rival,  Berunger,  who  put  out  liia  eyes; 
he  died  in  HM. 

LOUIS  IV.,  called  the  Child,  succei-ded  his 
fath(T,  the  emperor  Arnold,  when  he  was  only 
»evcii  years  old.  His  reign  was  a  scene  ol" 
civil  war  and  desolation ;  he  died  in  911. 

LOdlS  v.,  was  elected  emperor  of  Germany, 
in  I'Mi ;  and  after  much  civil  discord,  was  killed 
by  a  fall  from  his  horse  in  1^7. 

LOtJIS  I.,  king  of  France.  Sec  LOUIS  I., 
the  Debonnairc. 

LOUIS  II.,  the  Stammerer,  vifas  the  son  of 
Charles  the  Bald,  and  succeeded  his  father  as 
king  of  France,  in  877.  He  was  a  weak  prince 
and  died  in  8T9. 

LOUIS  III.,  son  of  Louis  IL,  shared  the  king- 
dom with  his  brother  Carloman,  with  whom  he 
livsd  in  perfect  union ;  Louis  died  in  882,  and 
Carloman  became  sole  king  of  France. 

LOUIS  IV.,surnanied  Transmarine,  because 
he  resided  13  years  in  England,  succeeded  to 
the  throne  of  France  in  936.  He  was  killed  by 
a  fall  from  his  liorse  while  hunting  in  954. 

LOUIS  v.,  surnamed  the  Lazy,  succeeded  his 
father  Lothaire  in  986.  He  was  vigorously 
preparing  to  march  a;;ainst  the  Saracens,  when 
he  was  poisoned  by  his  queen  Blanche,  in  987. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Hugh  Capet. 

LOUIS  VI.,  called  the  Big,  succeeded  to  the 
throne  in  1108.  He  was  disturbed  by  e.xternal 
quarrels,  and  internal  factions;  but  he  was  a 
wise  and  popular  nxonarch,  benevolent  as  a 
man,  impartial  as  a  judge;  he  died  in  1137. 

LOUIS  VII.,  the  Young,  son  and  successor  of 
the  preceding,  was  early  engaged  in  a  quarrel 
with  the  pope,  and  was  excouimunicated  by 
him.  He  made  a  crusade  with  an  army  con- 
sisting of  80,000  men,  to  Palestine,  but  was  de- 
feated by  the  Saracens ;  he  died  at  Paris,  in  1180. 
LOUIS  VI 11.,  surnamed  the  Lion,  succeeded 
his  father,  Philip  Augustus,  in  1223.  He  waged 
successful  war  against  the  English,  and  took 
large  possessions  from  them  ;  he  died  in  l^'iS. 

LOUIS  IX.,  called  Saint,  son  of  the  preceding. 
He  made  two  crusades,  during  tlie  last  of  which 
he  died  at  Tunis,  in  1270,  and  was  canonized 
by  Boneface  VIII. 

LOUIS  X.,  called  Hutin,  succeeded  bis  father, 
Philip  the  Fair,  in  1314,  and  died  in  1316. 

LOUIS  XI.,  ascended  the  throne  in  1461,  an 
ungrateful  wretch,  who  rebelled  against  his 
father,  and  afterwards  poisoned  his  brother. 
During  his  reijn,  rebellion  and  carnage  were 
common  occurrences  ;  and  he  has  been  deserved 
ly  called  tlie  Tiberius  of  France.  lie  died  in 
1483. 

LOUIS  XII.,  surnamed  the  Just,  ascended 
the  throne  in  1498.  He  engaged  in  war  with 
nearly  all  the  neighbouring  states,  but  was  an 
amiable  monarch,  and  greatly  beloved  by  his 
subjects ;  he  died  in  1515. 

LOUIS  XIII.,  surnamed  the  Just,  ascended 
the  throne  in  1610.  He  was  guided  in  his  con- 
duct by  the  celebrated  cardinal  Richelieu,  who 
from  motives  of  ambition  kept  him  at  war  dur- 
ing most  of  his  reign  ;  lie  died  in  1G42. 

LOUIS  XIV.,  surnamed  the  Great,  was  born 
in  1638.  His  reign  is  celebrated,  as  an  era  of 
magnificence,  learning  and  licentiousness,  in 
France  ;  he  died  in  1715,  leaving  behind  him 
monuments  of  unprecedented  splendour  and  e.x- 
pense,  in  palaces,  gardens.  Sec. 

LOUIS  XV.,  ascended  the  throne  in  1715. 
During  his  reign,  France  was  almost  constantly 
at  war.  The  contest  with  England,  concerning 
the  possession  of  Canada,  ended  with  grcal  loss 


of  territory  to  France.    Louis  died  of  a  stcond 
attack  of  the  small  pox,  in  1774. 

LOUIS  XVI.,  ascended  tlie  throne  in  1774, 
having  married  thecelebrated  Maria  Anlomette 
of  Austria,  in  1770.  He  was  a  benevolent,  vir- 
tuous, and  amiable  man,  much  attached  to  re- 
ligion, and  anxious  to  make  bis  subjects  happy. 
By  his  subjects  he  was  treated  in  the  vilest 
manner,  called  a  tyrant  and  traitor,  and  finally 
beheaded  by  a  perjured  tribunal,  in  1793. 

LOUIS  XVIII.,  brother  to  Louis  XVI.,  dur- 
ing the  reign  of  Terror,  and  that  of  Buonaparte, 
being  obliged  to  leave  his  country,  he  wandered 
I'rom  place  to  place,  as  his  safety  required.  He 
finally  went  to  England,  where  he  remained  till 
1814,  when  the  allied  powers  placed  him  on  the 
throne  of  France.  On  the  approach  of  Napoleon 
from  his  retirement,  he  was  obliged  again  to 
fly,  but  was  again  placed  on  his  throne  by  the 
allies.  He  was  a  mild  and  amiable  prince,  con- 
sulting the  wishes  and  happiness  of  his  people ; 
he  died  in  1825. 

LOUIS  I.,  called  the  Pious,  king  of  Germany, 
was  a  powerful  monarch,  and  rendered  hiiuself 
formidable  to  his  neighbours ;  he  died  in  876. 

LOUIS  11.,  Bon  and  successor  of  the  preced- 
ing, defeated  his  uncle  Charles  the  Bald ;  he 
died  in  882. 

LOUIS  III.,  king  of  Germany.  See  LOUIS 
III.,  emperor. 

LOTTIS  I.,  of  Anjou,  king  of  Hungary  and 
Poland,  succeeded  Charles  II.,  in  1342,  and  died 
in  1382. 

LOUIS  II.,  was  king  of  Hungary,  after  his 
father  Ladislaus,  and  was  drowned  in  a  marsh, 
as  he  fled  from  a  fleJd  of  battle,  in  1526. 

LOUIS,  prince  of  Tarentum,  married  Jane, 
queen  of  Naples,  and  was  crowned  king  of 
Naples,  in  1352. 

LOUIS  I.,  duke  of  Anjou,  second  son  of  John, 
king  of  France.  The  kingdom  of  Naples  was' 
left  him  by  the  will  of  queen  Jane,  but  failing 
to  obtain  it,  he  died  of  a  broken  heart,  in  1384. 
LOUIS,  Antony,  secretary  to  the  academy  of 
surgeons,  at  Paris,  was  one  of  tlie  best  anato- 
mists in  Europe.  He  wrote  many  professional 
works,  and  died  in  1792. 

LOUPTIERE,  John  Charles  de  Relongue  de 
la,  of  the  Arcadian  academy,  at  Rome,  wrote  a 
collection  of  poems,  in  2  vols. ;  he  died  in  1784. 
LOUVET,  Peter,  was  master  of  requests  to 
queen  Margaret,  he  wrote  some  learned  works, 
and  died  in  1646. 

LOUVET  DE  COUVR.W,  John  Baptist, 
during  the  revolution,  he  was  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  French  convention,  and  although 
proscribed,  escaped  the  scaffold.  He  was  au- 
thorof  some  licentious  works,  and  died  in  1797. 
LOUVILLE,  Eugene  d'Allonville,  chevalier 
de,  a  nobleman,  who  served  as  a  colonel  under 
Philip  v.,  king  of  Spain.  He  afterwards  devo- 
ted himself  to  mathematics  and  astronomy,  and 
died  in  1752. 

LOVE,  James,  an  Ensriisih  actor  and  dramatic 
writer,  died  in  1774.  Taoagii  (his  person  passed 
by  the  name  of  Love,  his  real  family  name  was 
Dance. 

LOVE,  Christopher,  an  English  clergyman 
and  divinity  writer  of  great  reputation,  was 
beheaded  in  1651  by  the  republicans,  on  a  charge 
of  high  treason  in  holding  correspondence  with 
king  Charles  I. 

LOVSL.VCE,  Richard,  an  English  poet  and 
dramatic  writer,  born  in  1618,  died  in  1653.  He 
wiote  two  plays,  neither  of  which  have  been 
printed:  "  The  Scholar,"  a  comedy  ;  and  "Tne 


LO 

Soldier,"  a  tragedy.  His  pnems',  which  arr 
exlriuncly  scarce,  were  primed  under  the  tiilc 
of  Lucasta ;  the  first  part  in  11)49,  tlie  second  in 
1659. 

LOVELACE,  Francis,  povernor  of  the  colo 
ny  of  New- York,  from  lfi67,  until  lis  surrender 
to  the  Dutch,  in  167.'J. 

LOVELACE,  John,  lord  baron  of  Hurley, 
came  to  America  as  governor  o{  the  colony  of! 
New  Vork,  in  1708,  and  died  the  eiisuine  year. 

LOVEIONl),  Edward,  a  poet  of  considi-rable| 
talents,  died  in  1775.  His  brother  collected  audi 
published  his  poems  in  1785. 

LOWE,  Peter,  a  Scotch  surgeon,  who  for  22 
years  was  in  the  arnresof  Flaiuiei-sand  France, 
finally  settled  at  (ila-sgow.  He  left  some  books 
on  Ilia  profession. 

LOWE,  Mauritius,  an  English  painter  of 
considerable  eminence,  died  in  extreme  poverty, 
the  eiTect  of  indolence,  in  179.3.  • 

LOWELL,  John,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
of  Massachusetts,  was  a  member  of  concretes. j 
from  that  state,  a  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals,^ 
from  the  admiralty  courts  of  the  states,  and  ai 
judie  of  the  circuit  court  of  tlie  U.  ri.,  he  died* 
in  1.^02.  I 

LOWEN,  John  Frederick, wrote  some  poems,] 
printed  at  Hamburgh,  and  a  romance  ;  he  diedi 
ill  177:^. 

LOWER,  Sir  William,  a  famous  cavalier 
in  the  troubles  of  Charles  I.,  and  a  dramatic 
w.-iter,  (lied  in  lfi62. 

LOWER,  Dr.  Richard,  a  celebrated  English 
physicia'i.  died  in  Jii91.  He  was  author  of  an  ex- 
ceilenl  book,  "  De  Corde  ;"'  and  of  another,  "  De' 
Molu  et  Colore  San'^uinis  et  Chyli  in  eum  traii-i 
situ;"  and  practised  the  transt'usioit  of  bloodi 
from  one  animal  into  another ;  but  whether  he; 
wa.-i  the  inventor  of  this  operation  we  know! 
not. 

LOWM.\N,  Moses,  40  years  dissenting  mi-j 
nrster  at  Surrey,  was  well  skilled  in  Jewish  an 
tiquiiie-s.and  history.  He  wrote  a  work  on  Re 
velaiions,  and  died  in  1752. 

LOWNDES,  William,  LL.  D.,  a  member  of 
congress  iVom  South  Carolina,  distinguished  foi 
his  talent.s,  eloquence,  and  application  to  thel 
busine'Js  of-  his  ofSee  ;  he  died  in  1622. 

LOWIH,  William,  a  di.-tinguished  English] 
tlieoliisica!  writer  and  commentator,  born  in 
London,  in  Ifitil,  died  in  17:!2. 

LOWTH,  Dr.  Robert,  son  of  the  preceding 
faisiiop  of  London,  &c  ,  horn  in  1710,  died  in 
1787.  His  literary  character  is  well  known  by 
his  learned  "  Pralections"  on  Hebrew  poetry, 
which  were  translated  into  English  by  Mr.  Gre- 
gory, in  1787.  But  perhaps  the  most  useful  of 
his  achievements  are  what  refer  to  his  own 
language ;  which  owes  to  him,  what  nothing 
said  in  it  can  ever  pay,  the  "First  Institutes 
of  Grammar ;"  and,  in  his  "Translation  of 
Isaiah,"  the  subliraest  poetry  in  the  world. 

LOYER,  Peter  le,  a  native  of  .'\njou,  and  an 
thor  of  a  curious  history  of  spectres,  aud  other 
works  ;  he  died  in  1634. 

LOYOL.V,  Ignatius,  of,  the  founder  of  the 
Jesuits,  born  in  1491,  at  the  castle  of  Loyola,  in 
Spain,  was  first  page  to  Ferdinand  V.  king  of 
Spain,  and  then  an  officer  in  his  army;  in  which 
lie  signalized  himself  by  his  valour,  and  was 
wounded  in  both  legs  at  the  siege  of  Painpeluna, 
in  1?£.  To  this  circumstance  the  Jesuits  owe 
their  origin ;  for  while  he  was  under  cure  of 
his  wounds,  a  Life  of  the  Saints  was  put  into 
his  hands,  which  determined  him  to  forsake  th 
niilitarv  for  the  ecclesiastical  profession.  His 
28« 


LU 

first  devout  e.tercise  was  to  dedicate  himself  to 
the  blessed  virgin  as  Ijer  knight,  he  then  went 
a  pilgriinage  to  the  Holy  Land;  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  Europe  he  contiiiueil  his  theological  stu- 
dies in  the  universities  of  Spain,  though  he  was 
then  33  years  of  age.  After  this  he  went  to 
Paris,  anil  in  Prance  laid  the  four.dation  of  thia 
new  order,  tlie  institutes  of  which  he  present- 
ed to  pope  Paul  HI.,  who  made  many  objectioiig 
to  them  ;  but  Ignatius  a<lding  to  the  three  vows 
if  chastity,  poverty,  and  obediciict ,  a  fourth 
mplicit  submission  to  the  holy  see,  ihe  in.ititu- 
tinn  was  contirmed  in  1540.  The  pious  Ibunder 
lied  in  1555. 

LUBIENETSKI,  Theodore,  a  native  oi"  Cra- 
cow, eniinent  as  a  painter ;  he  died  in  1710. 

LUBIENETSKl,  Stanislaus,  a  gentleman  of 
Poland,  and  ci  lebrated  Socinian  minister,  born 
t  Cracow,  in  lli23,  died  by  poison,  in  1675.  lis 
wrote  several  books ;  the  chief  of  which  is  a 
"  Ili.^lory  of  the  Rei'ormation  oi'  Poland."  The 
Socinians  look  upon  him  as  a  saint,  if  not  a 
martyr. 

LUBIN,  Eilhard,  a  learned  protestant,  bom 
in  Oldenburgh,  and  professor  of  poetry,  at  Ros- 
tock :  he  died  in  1G2I. 

LUBIN.  .■\ugustin,  geographer  of  the  French 
kins,  was  the  author  of  several  works,  and  died 
in  l(i!)5. 

LUC,  Jean  Andre  de,  born  at  Geneva,  in 
1726.  As  a  chymist  and  geologist  he  was  pre- 
eminent; and  his  labours  were  all  rendered 
subservient  to  the  best  interests  of  mankind,  in 
iilustrating  the  evidences  of  natural  and  re- 
vealed religion.  His  principal  work  ;s,  "  Geo- 
logical Travels  in  the  North  of  Europe,  Eng- 
land, France,  Switzerland,  and  Germany."  Wr 
De  Luc,  died  at  Wirwisor,  in  1817. 

LUCA,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Verona, 
quitted  the  law  for  the  church,  and  became  a 
cardinal.  He  wrote  a  work  on  civil  law,  and 
died  in  1G83. 

liUC.\N,  Marcus  .Anna-us,  aLatin  poet.  Lorn 
at  Cordova,  in  Spain,  A.  D.  39.  He  was  con 
demned  by  Nero  to  be  bled  to  death  in  a  batii, 
A.  D.  05.  Hi?  chief  work  is  his  "  Pharsalia  :" 
which  indeed  is  rather  a  history  of  the  civil 
wars  than  a  true  poem,  none  of  the  rules  of 
poetry  being  observed  in  it. 

LUCAS,  Tudensis,  a  bishop,  author  of  a 
History  of  Spain,  from  Adam  to  123G  ;  he  died 
in  the  13th  century. 

LUCAS,  Van  Leyden,  a  verj-  eminent  painter 
and  engraver,  of  Holland,  died  in  15.33. 

LUCAS,  Richard,  a  learned  divine,  vicar  of 
St.  Stephens.  He  published  5  vols,  of  sermons, 
and  other  works,  and  died  in  1715. 

LUC.\S,  Dr.  Charles,  a  celebrated  Irish  pa- 
triot, and  writer  on  medicine,  born  in  1713,  died 
in  1771.  So  high  was  his  parliamentary  cha- 
racter, thai  the  corporation  of  Dublin,  many  of 
the  peers,  the  speaker,  and  numerous  members 
of  the  house  of  commons,  with  the  several 
guilds,  to  the  amount  of  2000  persons,  attended 
his  funeral ;  and  the  corporation  settled  a  pen- 
sion on  his  widow. 

LUCAS,  Paul,  a  great  French  traveller,  bom 
in  1004,  died  in  1737.  His  travels  consist  of 
several  volumes,  are  passably  written,  and  amu- 
sing enough;  but  not  of  the  best  authority. 

LUC.VS,  Francis,  born  at  Bruces.  He  was 
dean  of  St.  Omer,  and  published  Notes  and 
(Commentaries  on  the  Old  and  New  Testament. 
He  died  in  1619. 

^.'-'CCHESINT,  John  Vincent,  a  lii^itorian, 
and  secretary  to  the  pope,  was  born  ai  Lucca 


LU 


Hi',  composed  some  works  of  great  merit,  and 
died  ill  1744. 

I.UCI  AN,  a  celebrated  Greek  critic  and  satir- 
iat,  born  at  Somosata,  A.  D.  90,  died  in  180.  He 
was  not  only  one  of  the  finest  wits  of  his  own 
Ifnic,  but  of  all  antiquity,  being  a  perfect  master 
in  the  great  art  of  mixing  the  useful  with  the 
entertaining. 

LUCIFER,  bishop  of  Cagliari,  in  Sardinia, 
author  of  a  now  scliisnv,  called  Luciferians ;  he 
died  in  3T0. 

LUCILIUS,  an  ancient  Latin  poet,  who  wrote 
30  books  ol'  "  l^atires."  It  is  said  iliat  he  was 
the  first  inventor  of  that  kind  of  puem.  He 
died  103  B.C. 

LUCIUS  I.,  pope  and  saint,  was  elected  in 
2.53,  and  the  next  year  suffered  niaityidom. 

LUCIUS  II., Gerard  de  Caccianeinici,  a  native 
of  Bologna,  elected  pope,  in  1144,  and  died  soon 
after. 

LUCIUS  HI.,  Humbaldo  AIIineigoli,a  native 
of  Lucca,  elected  pope  in  1181.  The  inquisition 
originated  under  this  pontiff. 

LUCRETIA,  the  famous  Roman  matron, 
wife  of  Collatinus,  and  the  cause  of  the  revolu- 
tion of  Rome  from  a  monarchy  to  a  republic. 
This  lady,  being  violated  by  Sextus,  the  eldest 
son  of  Tarquin,  king  of  Rome,  stabbed  herself, 
500  B.  C.    The  bloody  poniard,  with  her  dead 


LUISINO,  or  LUISIM,  Francis,  an  eminen. 
V  eueiian  scholar,  professor  of  Latin  and  Cretk. 
at  Rejcgio  ;  he  died  in  15«8. 

LUISINUy,  Akiysius,  a  Venetian  physicifiii 
who  published  "de  Morbo  Gallico  "  &c.,  1.5r)6. 

LUriTRAND,  a  king  of  Lon.hardv,  known 
ibr  his  conquests,  in  Italy  ;  he  died  in  744 

LUITPRANOUS,  a  Lombard  historian,  who 
wrote  the  history  of  his  own  limes  in  six  books 
he  died  in  1000. 

LUKE,  St.  the  evangelist,  was  a  physician, 
at  Antioch,  convened  to  Christianity  by  the 
preaching  of  St.  Taul. 

LULLE,  Raymond,  styled  The  Enlightened 
Doctor,  was  born  in  Majorca,  in  12.36.  Medicine 
and  chyniistry  were  his  chief  professiors  ;  but 
at  last,  he  undertook  the  propagation  of  the  gos- 
pel in  Africa,  and  was  stoned  to  death  in  Mau- 

.ania,  in  1315. 

LULLI,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent  musical 
composer,  and  superintendent  of  music  to  Lnuia 
XIV.,  born  at  Florence,  in  3634.  In  108H,  the  king 
was  seized  with  an  indisposition  which  threat- 
ened his  life ;  but  recovering  from  it,  Lulli  was 
required  to  compose  a  Te  Deuni  upon  the  occa- 
sion. He  did  compose  one,  not  more  remark- 
able for  its  excellence,  than  for  the  unhappy  ac- 
cident which  attended  the  performance  of  it. 
He  had  neglected  nothing  in  the  composition  of 


body,  exposed  to  the  senate,  was  the  signal  of  the  music,  or  the  preparations  for  the  execution 
Roman  liberty.  Theexpulsionof  theTarquins,  of  it ;  and,  the  better  to  demonstrate  Ins  zeal, 
and  the  abolition  of  the  regal  dignity,  was  in- h he  himself  Icn?  the  time;  but,  with  the  cane 
stantly  resolved  on,  and  carried  into  execution. ||lie  \<-*ed  for  tu;^  purpose,  he  gave  hiiiisell',  In  the 


LUCRETIUS,  Titus  Cams,  an  ancient  Ro- 
man philosopher  and  poet,  much  esteemed  for 
his  learning  and  eloquence,  wrote  6  books  "  De 
Natura  Rerura,"  was  born  about  96  B.  C,  nnd 
died  54  B.  C.  His  poem  has  been  translated 
into  English  by  Mr.  Creech,  and  his  version  is 
generally  esteemed. 

LUCULLUS,  a  renowned  Roman  general 
and  consul,  died  60  B.  C. 

LUDLOW,  Edmund,  a  chief  of  the  republi- 
can party  in  the  civil  wars  of  England  in  the 
J7th  century,  born  in  1620,  died  in  1693,  leaving 
"  Memoirs  of  his  own  Times." 

LUDLOW,  Roger,  a  native  of  England,  who 
came  to  America,  in  1630.  He  was  elected 
governor  of  Massachusetts,  and,  removing  to 
Connecticut,  he  held  the  offices  of  magistrate 
and  governor  of  that  colony.  The  tirst  code  of 
laws  of  Connecticut,  was  compiled  by  him. 

LUDOLPH,  Job,  a  very  learned  and  good 
man,  born  at  Erfurt,  and  author  of  a  grammar 
of  the  Ethiopic  language,  and  a  history  of  Ethi 
opia,  besides  some  other  works ;  he  died  in  1704, 

LUDOLPH,  Henry  William,  son  of  the  pre 
ceding,  a  learned  and  pious  man,  of  great  re 
spectability.  He  was  presented  to  the  Czar  of 
Russia,  who  treated  him  with  great  kindness, 
for  which  he  wrote  a  Russian  grammar ;  he 
died  in  1710. 

LUDWELL,  Philip,  governor  of  North  and 
South  Carolina,  in  1602,  was  succeeded  by  Har 
vey  soon  after  that  time. 

LUDWIG,  John  Peter,  professor  of  law,  at 
Magdeburg,  a  privy  counsellor  to  the  kingofPrus- 
iia;  he  died  in  1743. 

LUGO,  John,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  born  at  Mad 
rid,  a  professor  of  theology,  at  Rome.  He  was 
made  cardinal  by  pope  tjrban,  introduced  je 
Buit's  bark  into  France,  wrote  7  vols,  folio,  and 
died  in  1660 

LUGO.  Francis,  brother  of  John,  a  learned 
man,  re'^forof  two  colleges,  went  mis.sinnary  to 
India,  wrote  2  folio  vols.,  and  died  in  1659, 


Oo 


!heai  of  action,  a  blow  upon  the  end  of  nis  foot ; 
and  this,  ending  in  a  gangrene  which  baliled  all 
the  skill  of  his  surgeons,  put  an  end  to  his  life, 
in  1687. 

LUMLEY,  Joanna  lady,  translated  into  La- 
tin, from  the  Greek,  three  of  Isocrates'  orations, 
which  are  still  preserved  at  Westminster ;  she 
died  in  1620 

LUNEAU  DE  BOISJERMAIN,  Peter  Joseph 
Francis,  a  voluminous  French  writer,  who  pub- 
lished works  on  Geography,  Reading,  Ortho- 
graphy, History,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1802. 

LUSIGNAN,  Guy,  a  celebrated  French  war- 
rior during  the  crusades,  who  became  king  of 
Jerusalem  ;  he  died  in  1194. 

LUSSAN,  Margaret  de,  a  voluminous  fe- 
male writer,  in  England,  who  supported  herself 
with  her  pen.  She  wrote  Romances,  History, 
Anecdotes,  &c. ;  and  died  in  1758. 

LUTHER,  Martin,  an  illustrious  German  di- 
vine, and  reformer  of  the  church,  born  at  Isle- 
ben,  in  Saxony,  in  1483.  He  studied  at  Frfurth, 
being  designed  for  a  civilian  ;  but  an  awful  ca- 
tastrophe made  such  an  impression  upon  his 
mind,  that  lie  resolved  to  retire  from  the  world. 
As  he  was  walking  in  the  fields  with  a  fellow- 
student,  they  were  struck  by  lightning,  Luther 
to  the  ground,  and  his  companion  dead  by  his 
side.  He  entered  into  the  order  of  Augustine 
hermits  alErfurth  ;  from  this  place  he  removed 
to  Wittembergh,  being  appointed  by  the  elec- 
tor of  Saxony,  profes.sor  of  theology  and  philo- 
sophy in  the  university  just  founded  there  by 
that  prince.  In  1512,  he  was  sent  to  Rome,  to 
plead  the  cause  of  some  convents  of  his  order 
who  had  quarrelled  with  their  vicar-general  i 
this  gave  him  an  opportunity  of  observing  the 
corruption  of  the  pontifical  court,  and  the  de- 
bauched lives  of  the  dignitaries  of  the  church, 
and  prnbablv  pave  him  the  first  disgust  to  the 
Romish  ecclesiastical  government,  especially  as 
he  had  engaged  in  the  monastic  life  from  mo- 
lives  of  genuine  X)ietv.  Upon  his  retiiri-  £>•> 
?.0  2C.0 


LY 

Wittenibergli,  it  was  remarked  that  he  grew| 
unusually  pensive,  and  more  austere  in  his  lifci 
and  conversation;  he  likewise  read  and  ex-' 
pounded  the  sacred  writings  in  lectures  and  ser-l 
mons.  and  threw  new  liglils  on  obscure  passa- 
ges: the  minds  of  his  auditors  being  thus  pre-i 
pared,  a  favourable  occasion  soon  ofl'ered  for' 
cariying  into  execution  his  grand  plan  of  re- 
formation, lu  1517,  pope  Leo  X.  published  his 
indulgencies.  Albert,  archbishop  of  Mcntzand 
Magdeburgh,  was  connnissioner  for  Germany, 
and  was  to  have  half  the  sum  raised  in  that 
country  ;  Tecelms,  a  Dominican  friar,  was  de 
putcd  10  collect,  witti  others  of  his  order,  for 
Saxony  ,  and  he  carried  his  zeal  so  far,  aa  to 
declaiV'his  connnission  to  be  so  extensive,  that 
no  crime  could  be  too  great  to  be  pardoned  ;  by 
purchasing  indulgencies,  not  only  past  sins,  but 
those  intended,  were  to  be  forgiven.  Against 
these  vile  practices  Luther  openly  preached 
with  wonderful  success,  and  thus  began  the 
Reformaiion  in  Germany.     Luther  died  in  1546. 

LUTTI,  Benedetto,  an  eminent  Italian  pain- 
ter, born  at  Florence,  in  16(56,  died  in  1724. 

LUXEMBOURG,  Francis  Henry  de  Montmo- 
rency, duke  of,  a  famous  general,  and  marshal 
of  Prance,  died  in  1694. 

LUYKEN,  John,  a  Dutch  engraver,  born  at 
Amsterdam  ;  he  died  in  1712. 

LUYTS,  Jolin,  a  native  of  Holland,  profes- 
•or  of  mathematics  and  philosophy,  at  Utrecht. 
He  wrote  several  works,  and  died  in  1712. 

LYCOPHRON,  son  of  Periaiider,of  Corinth, 
628  B.  C.  murdered  by  the  Corcyreans. 

LYCOPHRON,  a  Greek  tragic  poet  and 
grammarian,  flourished  about  304  years  before 
Christ,  and  wrote  a  poem  entitled  "  Alexan- 
dria," containing  a  long  course  of  predictions, 
which  he  supposes  to  be  made  by  Cassandra, 
daughter  of  Priam,  king  of  Troy.  This  poem 
has  created  a  great  deal  of  trouble  to  the  learn- 
ed, on  account  of  its  obscurity.  Suidas  has 
preserved  the  titles  of  20  tragedies  of  his  com- 
posing. 

LYOURGUS,  a  celebrated  Spartan  legislator, 
flourished  870  B.  C. 

LYCURGUS,  an  Athenian  orator,  408  B.  C. 
He  studied  under  Plato  and  Isociates. 

LYDE.    SeeJOmER. 

LYDGATE,  John,  an  Augustine  monk  of  St. 
Edinundsbury,  and  a  poet,  flourished  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VI.  He  was  a  disciple  and  ad- 
mirer of  Chaucer  ;  and,  according  to  some  cri- 
tics, excelled  hia  master  in  the  art  of  versifica- 
tion.   He  died  in  1440. 

LYDIAT,  Thomas,  an  eminent  English  chro- 
nologer  and  astronomer,  boru  in  1372,  died  in 
lC-16. 

LYE,  Edward,  a  learned  divine  and  anti- 
quary, born  in  1704.  He  published,  among  other 
works,  an  edition  of  the  "  Etymologicon  Angll- 
canum,"  by  Junius,  with  many  additions,  and 
to  which  he  prefixed  an  Anglo-Saxon  Gram- 
mar; "  The  Gothic  Gospels,"  with  a  Grammar 
of  that  language ;  and  after  his  death,  which 
happened,  in  1707,  came  out  his  "  Anglo  Saxon 
and  Gothic  Dictionary." 

LYLY,  or  LILLY,  John,  born  in  1553.  He 
took  his  masters'  degree  at  Magdalen-college, 
Oxford,  in  1575  ;  and  afterwards  went  to  court, 
whore  he  was  taken  much  notice  of  by  queen 
EHzabeth,  and  had  expectations  of  being  pre- 
ferred to  the  post  of  master  of  revels;  but  was, 
after  many  years'  attendance,  disappointed.  He 
is  considered  as  the  first  who  attempted  to  re 
form  and  purify  the  EngUsb  language.  For  this 
290 


LY 

purpose  he  wrote  a  book  entitled,  "  Euphuea 
and  his  England,"  in  1582,  which  met  with  a 
degree  of  success  unusual  with  the  first  at- 
teiiipters  of  reformation ;  bei;ig  almost  immedi- 
ately and  universally  followed.  He  also  wrots 
9  plays,  and  died  in  distressed  circumstances 
about  IGOO. 

LYNCH,  Thomas,  jun.,  a  native  of  South 
Carolina,  born  in  1749.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Congress  of  1776,  and  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  Independence.  He  waa  lost 
at  sea  afier  1779. 

LYNUE,  Sir  Humphrey,  an  English  author, 
who  wrote  against  popery  ;  he  died  in  IK'S. 

LYNDE,  Benjamin,  a  judge,  and  afterward, 
chief  justice  of  the  superior  court  of  Massa 
chusetts,  died  in  1745. 

LYNDE,  Benjamin,  son  of  the  preceding 
also  held  the  office  of  chief  justice  of  Massa 
chusetts,  which  he  resigned,  in  1772. 

LYNDON,  Josias,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
Rhode  Island,  died  in  1778. 

LYONNET,  Peter,  secretary  to  the  states  ot 
Holland,  a  man  highly  eminent  for  his  great  an* 
various  learning:  viz.  he  knew  9  languages, 
was  skilled  in  music,  painting,  engraving,  sculp- 
ture, divinity,  law,  natural  history,  &c. ;  lie 
died  in  1789. 

LYONS,  Israel,  a  celebrated  English  mathe- 
matician, born  at  Cambridge,  in  1739,  died  in 
1775. 

LYSANDER,  a  famous  Spartan  general,  who 
defeated  the  Athetiian  fleet,  and  ended  the  27 
years  war.    He  fell  in  battle,  396  B.  C. 

LYSERUS,  Polycarp,  an  able  German  theo- 
logian, author  of  several  learned  commenta- 
ries on  the  Scriptures  ;  he  died  in  1601. 

LYSERUS,  John,  aprotestant  divine,  of  tho 
same  family  as  the  above,  a  man  of  great  learn- 
ing, and  famous  for  a  work  in  defence  of  poly- 
gamy ;  he  died  in  1684. 

LYSIAS,  an  ancient  Athenian  orator.  Plu- 
tarch and  Photius  relate,  that  425  orations  were 
formerly  exhibiled  under  the  name  of  Lysias; 
of  which  34  only  are  now  extant.  He  died  378 
B.  C. 

LYSIMACHUS,  one  of  Alexander's  generals, 
was  killed  in  battle,  286  B.  C. 

LYSIPPUS,  a  celebrated  Greek  statuary, 
who  flourished  in  the  time  of  Alexander  the 
Great,  and  chiefly  excelled  in  the  hair  of  the 
heads,  and  the  proportion  of  his  figures.  ' 

LYSIS,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher,  master 
of  Epaminondas,  died  388  B.  C. 

LYSONS,  Daniel,  an  English  physician,  au- 
thor of  many  Essays,  particularly  on  Camphor 
and  Calomel  in  Fevers,  on  Intermittent  Fe- 
vers, Dropsies,  &c.  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1800. 

LYSONS,  Samuel,  an  antiquary,  born  in 
1763.  He  studied  at  the  Middle  Temple,  and 
waa  there  called  to  the  bar.  On  the  death  of 
Mr.  Astle,  he  was  appointed  keeper  of  the  re- 
cords in  the  Tower.  His  chief  works  are,  "  An- 
tiquities of  Gloucestershire  ;"  "  Collection  of 
Roman  Remains ;"  and  "  Magna  Britannia,"  in 
conjunction  with  his  brother.     He  died  in  1819. 

LYTE,  Henry,  a  native  of  Somersetshire, 
where  he  establislied  tlie  best  botanical  garden 
in  England  ;  he  died  in  1607. 

LYTTELTON,  Edward,  lord  keeper  of  the 
great  se.il  of  England,  hi  the  reign  of  Charles 
I,  and  an  eminent  law-reporter,  born  in  1589, 
died  in  1645. 

LYTTELTON,  George  lord,  an  elegant  hi.<- 
torian.  poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  born  in 
1709,  died  in  1773.    His  principal  writings  arc. 


MA 

'  TU".  Progress  of  I.ovc;"  "  Persian  liCltcrs  ;" 
"  Ohservations  onUie  Conversion  and  Apostle- 
thip  of  Si.  Paul,"  and  "  The  History  of  Henry 
the  Second." 

LYTTELTON,  Tliomaslord,  son  of  llie  pre- 
ceding, a  young  nobleman  of  very  considerable 
parliamentary  talents,  but  of  a  gay  and  distii- 
patedmind:  be  was  cutoft'from  a  race  of  luxury 
and  sensuality,  if  not  of  infidelity,  under  cir- 
cumstances peculiarly  impressive  ;  having  been 
warned  in  a  vision  three  days  before  his  death, 
which  happened  accordingly  without  any  pre- 
vious iliiiess.  His  lordship  was  born  in  1744, 
and  died  in  1779. 

LYTTELTON,  Dr.  Charles,  bishop  of  Car- 
lisle, and  an  eminent  antiquary,  died  in  1768. 

M 

MAAS,  Dirk,  a  Dutch  painter,  whose  repre- 
Bentations  of  battles  and  landscapes,  were  much 
admired,  was  born  in  lt)56. 

M.'VAS,  Arnold,  a  Dutch  painter,  eminent  for 
representin;;  people  in  conversation. 

MAAS,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  Dutch  portrait 
painter,  died  in  1093. 

MABlLLON,.lohn,  a  very  learned  theological 
and  historical  writer,  of  France,  born  in  1032, 
died  in  1707. 

MABLY,  Gabriel  Bonnot  de,  better  known 
by  the  name  of  Abbe  de  Mabiy,  born  in  1709, 
died  in  1785.  He  was  a  man  of  great  talents, 
and  wrote  several  valuable  works;  but  his 
"Treatise  sur  la  Maniere  d'ecriere  I'Histoire," 
is  that  by  which  he  is  best  known  in  England. 

MABOUL,  James,  bisl]op  of  Aeth,  in  France, 
admired  for  his  eloquence  as  a  preacher ;  he  died 
in  J723. 

MABUSE,  John,  a  Hungarian  painter.  His 
best  picture  is  the  decapitation  of  St.  John;  he 
died  in  1562. 

MAC  ARDELL,  James,  an  English  mezzo- 
tinto  engraver,  died  in  1765. 

MACARIUS,  St.,  a  celebrated  hermit,  said  to 
have  been  a  disciple  of  St.  Anthony,  born  at 
Ale.iandria,  in  301.  Fifty  homilies  in  Greek, 
attributed  to  him,  are  e.vtant. 

MACARIUS,  St.,  born  at  Alexandria,  where 
he  presided  over  5000  monks  ;  he  died  in  394. 

MACARTNEY,  George,  earl,  a  celebrated 
Irish  statesman,  who,  after  having  been  sent  on 
several  important  embassies,  and  being  knighted 
by  the  king  of  Poland,  and  by  the  king  of  Eng- 
land, was  selected  as  ambassador  extraordinary 
from  Great  Britain  to  China.  On  his  return,  he 
was  mads  an  Irish  baron.  He  married  lord 
Bute's  daughter,  and  died  in  1806. 

MACAULAY.    See  GRAHAM. 

MACBETH,  usurper  of  the  Scottish  crown, 
slain  in  1054. 

M.4CBRIDE,  David,  an  Irish  physician, 
who  acquired  great  celebrity  as  a  practitioner, 
in  Dublin.  He  was  tlie  author  of  "  Theory  and 
Practice  of  Medicine,"  a  work  formerly  in  great 
request;  he  died  in  1788. 

MACCABEES,  seven  brothers,  Jews,  who, 
with  their  mother  were  put  to  death,  at  Antioch, 
during  the  persecution  of  Antiochus  Epiphanes, 
168  B.  C. 

MACCLINTOCH,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  an  Ame- 
rican clergyman,  settled  at  Greenland,  New- 
Hampshire  ;  he  died  in  1804. 

MACDIARMin,  John,  an  English  writer,  au- 
thor of  "  An  Inquiry  in  the  System  of  Military 
Defence,"  and  other  works  ;  he  died  in  1808. 

MACE,  Francis,  a  writer  of  the  Sorbonne, 


BIA 

who  published  "  C'hronological  Abridgment  of 
the  Old  and  New  Testament,"  -'A  Moral  Histo- 
ry," &c.  ;  he  died  at  Paris,  in  1721. 

MACE,  'J'iiomas,  a  practitioner  on  the  lute, 
distinguished  among  musical  men,  was  born  in 
1613,  and  died  in  1679. 

MACEDO,  Francis,  a  Jesuit,  of  Portugal,  who 
was  promoted  to  offices  of  trust,  by  pope  Alex- 
ander VII.  He  published  109  different  works, 
and  wrote,  or~ pronounced  1.50,000  verses  extem- 
poraneously ;  he  died  in  1681. 

MACEbONlUS,  Arian,  bishop  of  Consian- 
tiiiople,  in  341.  He  was  deposed  by  a  council, 
and  caused  great  commotion  and  trouble  in  his 
diocess. 

RIACER,  .^imelius,  a  Latin  poet,  of  Verona, 
in  tile  a^e  of  Augustus. 

M.*\C£R,  Lucius  Claudius,  declared  himself 
emperor  on  Nero's  death ;  he  Was  put  to  death 
by  Galba,  in  68. 

MACFARLANE,  Henry.aScotch  writer,  au- 
hor  of  a  history  of  the  reign  of  George  III.,  in 
4  vols. 

MACFARLANE,  Robert,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  born  in  Scotland,  in  1734.  He  was  for 
some  years  a  reporter  of  speeches  in  parliament. 
He  afterwards  kept  a  boarding  school  of  great 
reputation.  Mr.  Macfarlane  published  "  The 
History  of  George  IH,"  and  translated  the  po- 
ems of  Ossian  into  Latin-  He  died  in  1804  of 
bruises  received  at  a  Brentford  election. 

MACGREGORE,  James,  an  Irish  clergyman 
who  came  to  America,  to  avoid  religious  perse- 
cution, and  was  settled  in  Londonderry,  New- 
Hampshire  ;  he  died  in  1729. 

MACHAM,  Robert,  an  Englishman,  who,  iu 
the  reign  of  Edward  Hi.,  eloped  with  his  mis- 
tress, and  with  her  was  shipwrecked  on  the 
Island  of  Madeira,  which  was  before  unknown 
The  crew  escaped  with  the  news,  and  a  ship 
being  sent  to  the  newly  discovered  island,  found 
the  two  lovers  buried  under  a  tree. 

MACHAULT,  John  de,  a  French  Jesuit, 
rector  of  Clermont  college  at  Paris.  He  wrote 
Latin  notes  on  the  History  of  Thuanus,  said  to 
be  seditious,  and  which  were  burned  by  the 
hangman  ;  he  died  in  1619.  Two  other  Jesuits 
of  the  same  name  were  able  writers. 

MACHET,  Gerard,  principal  of  the  college 
of  Navarre,  confessor  to  Charles  VII.  of  France, 
and  bishop  of  Castres,  died  in  1448. 

M.^CHIAVEL,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Flo- 
ence,  born  in  1409,  was  secretary,  and  after 
wards  historiographer,  to  the  republic  of  Flo 
rence,  and  wrote  a  historyof  that  commonwealth 
from  1215  to  1494,of  all  his  writings,  that  by  which 
he  has  been  chiefly  distinguished  is  a  treatise 
of  politics,  entitled  "ThePrince;"  the  purpose 
of  which  is,  to  describe  the  arts  of  government, 
as  they  are  usually  exercised  by  wicked  princes 
and  tyrants ;  and  which  is  considered  as  a  mas- 
terpiece in  its  kind.    He  died  in  1530. 

M'KEAN,  Thomas,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguished 
actor  in  the  American  revolution,  was  a  member 
of  congress  from  Delaware,  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  declaration  of  Independence,  president 
of  congress,  and  governor  of  Delaware  ;  he 
died  in  1817. 

M'KEAN,  Joseph,  D.  D.  LL  D.,  professor  of 
rhetoric  and  oratory  in  Harvard  college,  died  at 
Havana,  where  he  had  gone  for  his  health,  in 
1818. 

M'KEEN,  Joseph,  D.  D.,  a  disthiguished  cler 
gy  man,  of  New-Hampshire,afterwards  president 
of  Bowdoin  college,  Maine;  he  died  in  1807. 

MACKENZIE,  Sir  George,  an  ingenious  wri 
291 


WA 


ter,  bom  at  Dundee,  iii  1036.  He  was  bred  to 
the  bar,  made  king's  advocate,  and  kniyhted. 
He  wrote  numerous  and  valuable  works  upon 
Ibe  laws  and  antiquities  of  Scotland,  and  died 
in  England,  in  IG'Jl. 

MACKEV,  John,  an  Englishman,  who  fol- 
lowed ilio  fortunes  ot  James  II.  in  his  exile ;  but 
traitorously  betravod  his  master's  secrets  to 
VVilliatnlll  He  "wrote  some  curious  ami  in- 
tereslinj;  Wf>'<is,  and  died  in  172(). 

MACKL/iiNK,  Arcliibakl,  a  pious  divine, 
born  in  Ireland,  in  172-2,  but  educated  at  Glas- 
gow. He  was  pastor  of  ihe  Englisli  coiigre- 
gatioii  at  the  Hague  from  17^5  till  1794,  when 
the  Trench  invasion  induced  han  to  leave  IIol 
land,  and  he  settled  at  Bath,  where  hr  died  in 
1804.  His  best  known  work  is  a  translation  of 
Mosheim's  "  Ecclesiastical  History." 

M  ACLAVRIN,  Colin,  an  eminent  Scotch  ma- 
thematician and  philosopher,  born  in  Scotland, 
In  lii'.tP,  died  in  1746.  Hi.-*  writings  are  very  nu- 
merous, and  hiiihly  valuable  for  the  purposes 
of  ircofiraphv  and  navigation. 

MACLEAN,  John,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, came  to  America,  in  1791,  and  was  soon 
after  appointed  professor  of  chyniii>try  and  na 
tura!  history,  and  afterwards  of  niathematics 
snd  natural  philosophy,  at  Princeton  college, 
New-Jersey.  He  was  subsequently  professor 
of  natural  philosophy  and  chymistry,  in  the 
college  of  William  and  Rlary,  Viiijinia,  which 
he  resigned  on  account  of  his  health,  and  died 
at  Princeton,  in  1814. 

MACKLIN,  Robert,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
remarkable  for  his  longevity.  He  died  in  New- 
Hampshire,  in  1787,  at  the  age  of  one  hundred 
and  lifteen. 

MACKLIN,  Charles,  an  actor  and  dramatic 
writer,  remarkable  for  his  longevity,  having 
been  born  in  the  north  of  Ireland  about  the 
mouth  of  May,  1G90,  and  lived  till  July  U,  1797. 
His  real  name  was  M'Laughlin,  which,  to  ren 
der  more  pleasing  to  the  English  ear,  he  changed 
to  Macklin.  He  became  an  actor  in  the  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields  company,  in  171G.  His  last  stage 
performance  was  his  ever  memorable  character 
of  Shylock,  at  Covent-Garden  the.itre,  in  1790, 
when  his  memory  wholly  failed  him,  and  he 
took  leave  of  the  audience  for  ever. 

MACKLIN,  Thomas,  a  print  seller  in  Fleet- 
stro<i,  London,  to  whose  spirited  and  enterpris 
ing  exertions  the  professors  of  historical  pairil- 
ing  and  engraving  were  indehied  for  nrany  bril- 
liant opportunities  of  displaying  and  improving 
their  talents  in  the  exhibition  of  "The  Poets' 
Gallery."  Mr.  Macklin's  edition  of  the  Bible 
will  ever  remain  an  unrivalled  monument  of 
the  taste  and  energy  of  the  individual  who 
planned  and  carried  into  execution  so  very 
magnificent  an  undertaking.  He  was  born  at 
Dublin,  in  H.Sl,  and  died  in  1800. 

M'KNIGHT,  Charles,  an  eminent  physician 
and  surgeon,  of  the  revolutionary  army,  after- 
v/ards  settled  at  New  York  ;  he  died  in  1791. 

M  \CKN1GHT,  Dr.  James,  an  eminent  cler- 
gyman of  the  church  of  Scotland,  distinguished 
by  his  learned  and  useful  labours  in  illustration 
and  defence  of  the  New  Testament,  was  born 
in  1721,  and  died  at  Edinburgh,  in  ISOO.  Of 
his  various  works,  the  most  distinguished  is, 
"The  Harmony  of  the  Four  Gospels." 

MACNEIL,  Hector,  a  Scotch  poet  and  no- 
velist of  much  celebrity,  died  in  1818. 

MACON,  Anthony  le,  a  native  of  Dauphiny, 
who  translated  Decameron,  to  please  the  queen 
of  Naples,  to  wliora  he  wag  private  secretary. 
og2 


MA 

MACPIIERSON,  i)avid,  sub-coDiinissJonet 
of  the  public  records,  died  in  1816  ;  having  pub- 
lished "  Geographical  Illustrations  of  Scottish 
History,"  "Annals  of  Commerce,"  and  "His- 
tory of  the  European  Commerce  with  India," 

MACPHERSON,Jame,s,  a  Scotch  gentleman, 
distinguished  in  the  literary  world  by  the  publi- 
cation of  what  he  called  a  Translation  of  the 
poems  of  Ossian,  the  son  of  Fingal,  wliich  ap- 
peared in  the  year  1762,  and  excited  a  long  and 
acrimonious  controversy  respecting! heir  aulheri- 
ticity.  Mr.  Macpherson  ako  publislied  a  trans- 
lation of  the  "Iliad,"  in  heroic  prose;"  "A 
History  of  Great  Britain  from  the  Restoration, 
in  IfiGO  to  the  Accession  of  the  House  of  Hano- 
ver," and  "Original  Stale  Papers  from  the 
Stuart  and  Hanover  Collections."  He  was 
born  in  17:^8,  and  died  in  1796. 

MATPHERSON,  sir  John,  governor  general 
of  India,  died  in  England,  in  1821. 

MACQ.UART,  James  Henry,  a  native  of 
Rheims,  eminent  as  a  phy.»ician,  author  of  a 
translation  of  Haller's  works  5  vols. ;  he  died 
in  1768. 

MACQUER,  Philip,  a  French  lawyer,  but 
chiefly  celebrated  for  his  chronological  abridg 
meiit  in  the  manner  of  Henault,  was  born  ill 
1720,  and  died  in  1770. 

MACUUER,  Peter  Joseph,  a  French  physi- 
cian and  chymist of  great  reputation;  he  died 
in  1784. 

MACRET,  Charles  Francis  Adrian,  an  emi- 
nent engraver,  born  at  Abbeville,  in  1783. 

M  ACRIANUS,  Titus  Fulvius  Julius,  an  Egyp- 
tian, who,  from  a  private  soldier,  became  a  ge- 
neral, and  then  emperor,  A.  D.  258. 

MACRINUS,  Marcus  Opilius  Severns,  an 
African,  who,  from  the  most  obscure  situation, 
rose  to  the  dignity  of  emperor,  on  the  death  of 
Caracalla ;  lie  was  put  to  death  A.  D.  218. 

MACRINUS,  John,  a  Latin  poet,  of  France, 
culled  the  French  Horace  ;  he  died  in  1557. 

MACROBIUS,  Ambrosius  Aurelius  Theodo- 
sius,  an  ancient  Latin  critic  and  antiquary,  who 
flourished  toward  the  latter  part  of  the  4th  cen- 
tury. 

WACWHORTER,  Alexander,  D.  D.,  an  emi- 
nent presliyterian  clergyman,  of  NewJersey, 
died  in  1S07. 

MADAN,  Martin,  an  English  divine,  author 
of  "  Thouirhts  on  Polygamy,"  of  a  literal  trans- 
lation of  Juvenal  and  Pcrsius,  and  of  several 
other  publications,  was  born  in  1726,  and  died 
in  1700. 

MADDEN,  Dr.  Samuel,  an  Irish  divine,  pat 
riot,  and  dramatic  poet.  In  1731,  he  projected  a 
scheme  for  promoting  learning  in  the  college  at 
Dublin,  by  premiums.  In  1740  we  find  him  set- 
ting apart  the  .innual  sum  of  lOOZ.  to  be  distribu- 
ted by  way  of  premiums,  to  the  inhabitants  of 
Ireland  only,  viz:  50/.  to  the  author  of  the  bes: 
invention  for  improving  any  useful  art  or  manu 
facture  ;  251.  to  the  person  who  should  execute 
the  best  statue  or  piece  of  sculpture  ;  and  25/ 
to  the  person  who  should  finish  the  best  piece 
of  painting,  either  in  history  or  landscape;  the 
premiums  to  be  decided  by  the  Dublin  Society, 
of  which  Dr.  Madden  was  the  institutor.  The 
good  eflects  of  these  well  applied  benefactions 
have  not  only  been  felt  in  the  kingdom  where 
they  were  given,  but  have  even  extended  theii 
iufluence  to  its  sister  country ;  having  given  rise 
to  the  society  for  the  encouragement  of  arts  and 
sciences,  in  London.     He  died  in  1765. 

MADDERSTEG,  Michael,  an  emiJient  pain 
ter,  of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1709. 


MA 

MADISON,  James,  D.  D.,  bishop  of  ttie  cpis 
topal  clmrcii  in  Virginia,  and  a  professor  and 
president  in  tlie  college  of  William  and  Mary, 
111  tliai  .-^tate ;  lie  died  in  1812. 

MAUlciON,  George,  son  of  the  preceding 
was  (jovornor  of  the  state  of  Kentucky.  He 
died  in  1816. 

M.-iUOG,  a  Welch  prince,  said  to  have  sailed 
with  10ship3and:i00  men  about  U70,  and  never 
to  have  returned;  some  suppose  he  came  to 
America. 

M«\DOX,  Isaac,  bishop  of  Worcester,  born 
in  London,  in  ltJ97,  died  in  1759.  lie  published 
"  A  Vindication  of  the  (xovernment,  Doctrine, 
and  Worship  of  the  Church  of  England  esta- 
blished in  the  Keign  of  Unecn  Elizabeth,"  was 
a  great  benefactor  to  the  London  hospitals,  and 
the  first  promoter  of  the  Worcester  intirmary, 
ill  1745.  His  lordship  rose  to  preferment  from 
a  very  low  station  in  life. 

MADOX,  Thomas,  a  learned  antiquary,  and 
historiographer-royal,  who,  with  indefatigable 
industry,  collected  and  e.^plained,  at  dill'erenl 
times,  a  number  of  records  relating  to  the  an 
cient  laws  and  constitution  of  England,  died  in 
J727.  His  chief  works  are,  "  The  History  and 
Aiuiquities  of  the  Exchequer;"  and  "  Firnia 
Kiiigi,  or  A  Historical  Essay  concerning  the 
Cities,  Towns,  and  Boroughs  of  England."  Mr. 
Madox's  large  and  valuable  collection  of  trans- 
crijits,  in  94  vols,  folio  and  quarto,  were  pre 
sented  by  liis  widow  to  the  British  Museum, 
where  they  are  now  preserved. 

MAECENAS,  Gains  Clinius,  the  great  friend 
and  counsellor  of  Augustus  CiEsar,  and  himself 
a  very  polite  scholar,  but  chiefly  memorable  for 
having  been  the  patron  and  protector  of  men  of 
letters,  died  8  B.  C.  All  the  protectors  and  pat- 
rons of  learning  since  his  death  have  usually 
been  called  Majcenases. 

MAES,  Godfrey,  of  Antwerp,  an  eminent 
historical  painter,  died  in  1660. 

McESTLINlTS,  Michael,  a  German  astrono- 
mer, of  great  learning,  master  of  Kepler,  died 
ill  1590. 

M.A.FPEI,  Francis  Scipio,  of  Verona,  a  cele- 
brated dramatic  writer,  antiquary,  and  critic, 
born  in  1675,  and  died  in  1755. 

MAFFEI,  Raphael,  a  learned  author,  died  in 
152 1. 

MAFFEI,  Vegio,  a  Latin  poet,  born  in  Lom- 
bardy  in  1407,  was  author  of  "Epigrams,"  and 
«  "  Supplement  to  Virgil,"  which  he  called  the 
13th  book  of  the  "  iEneid."  Julius  Scaliger 
and  Gerard  Vossius  have  declared  him  a  great 
poet.  His  prose  works  are  also  esteemed.  He 
.lied  in  14.59. 

MAFFEI,  Bernardin,  alearned  cardinal,  who 
distinguished  himself  by  a  "  Commentary  upon 
TuUy's  Epistles,"  and  a  "  Treatise  upon  Me 
dais  and  Inscriptions,"  died  in  1529. 

MAFFEI,  John  Peter,  a  learned  Jesuit,  born 
in  1536;  who,  after  living  in  high  favour  with 
several  popes,  died  in  1603.  We  have  of  his 
■'  A  Latin  Life  of  Ignatius  Loyola,"  "  A  His- 
tory of  the  Indies,"  and  "  A  Latin  translation 
of  some  letters  written  by  the  Missionaries  from 
the  Indies." 

MAGALOTTI,  Lorenzo,  count,  a  native  of 
Florence,  was  an  elegant  and  curious  natural- 
Jst ;  he  died  in  1712. 

MAGANZA,  John  Baptist,  a  historical  pain- 
ter, of  Vicenza,  died  in  1617. 

MAGELH AENS,  John  Hyacinth  de,  F.  R.  S., 
a  studious,  ingenious,  and  learned  man,  parti- 
cularly distinguished  among  the  literati  in  Eng- 

25^ 


MA 

land  and  other  countries  for  his  intimate  ac^ 
quaintauce  with  most  branches  of  natural  phi- 
losophy, and  no  less  ingenious  in  his  ciperi- 
mentB  therein,  particularly  in  mechanics,  wa« 
born  at  Lisbon,  in  17^3.  Among  his  smaller 
works  was  a  much  esteemed  tract  on  inipreg- 
nating  common  water  with  fi.xed  air ;  and  his 
celebrated  invention  to  imitate  the  qualities  and 
ell'ecis  of  all  medical  waters,  Bath,  Tunbridne 
&c.     He  died  in  1790. 

MAGELLAN,  Ferdinand,  a  celebrated  Por- 
tuguese navigator,  who,  in  1519,  discovered  and 
passed  the  straits  at  the  extremity  of  South 
America,  which  have  been  since  called  by  his 
name.  He  soon  after  took  possession  of  the 
Ladrone  and  PluUippine  islands,  where  he  was 
killed  by  the  natives,  in  1520. 

MAGGl,  Charles  Maria,  an  Italian  poet,  and 
one  of  the  most  active  restorers  of  elegant  taste 
in  Italy  ;  he  died  in  1699. 

MAG  IN  US,  John  Anthony,  a  native  of  Pa- 
dua, and  mathematical  professor  at  Bologna ; 
he  died  in  1617. 

MAGISTRIS,  Simon  de,  an  Italian,  well 
known  for  his  deep  knowledge  of  Latin,  Greek, 
and  Hebrew.  He  was  made  bishop  of  Cyrene, 
and  left  several  works ;  he  died  in  1802. 

MAGIUS,  Jerome,  an  ingenious  and  learned 
mathematician,  philosopher,  and  critic,  of  Tus- 
cany, judge  of  the  admiralty  for  the  Venetians, 
in  the  isle  of  Cyprus,  which  city  he  bravely  de- 
fended against  the  Turks,  inventing  several  ma- 
chines to  annoy  the  besiegers  and  destroy  their 
works ;  but,  the  city  being  taken,  those  savages 
burned  his  curious  library,  carried  him  in  chains 
to  Constantinople,  and  strangled  him  in  prison, 
in  1572. 

MAGIUS,  Bartholomew,  brother  of  Jerome, 
a  physician  of  Bologna,  author  of  a  treatise  on 
gunsholwounds,  died  in  1552. 

MAGLIABECCHI,  Antony,  librarian  to  the 
grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  and  editor  of  some 
scarce  Latin  authors,  born  at  Florence,  in  1633, 
died  in  1714.  His  name  is  very  famous  among 
the  learned  ;  but  a  prodigions  memory  was  his 
istinguishiiig  talent.  As  an  instance  of  this. 
Mr.  Spence  tells  the  following  story  of  him, 
which  indeed  seems  hardly  credible;  "A  gen 
lleman,  to  make  trial  of  the  force  of  his  memo 
ry,  lent  him  a  manuscript  that  he  was  going  to 
print.  Some  time  after  it  was  relumed,  the 
gentleman  came  to  him  with  a  melancholy  face, 
and  pretended  that  it  was  lost.  Magliabecchi, 
being  requested  to  recollect  what  he  remember- 
ed of  it,  wrote  the  whole  without  missing  a 
word,  or  varying  the  spelling."  His  attention 
was  wholly  absorbed  by  his  books  and  studies. 
As  he  led  a  most  sedentary  life,  and  yet  arrived 
to  an  extreme  old  age,  (for  he  died  in  his  81st 
year,)  it  may  be  curious  to  subjoin  an  account 
of  the  regimen  that  heobsierved ;  which  is  given 
us  by  Marmi,  who  composed  his  eulogium.  "  He 
always  kept  his  head  warmly  covered,  and  took, 
at  certain  times,  treacle,  which  he  esteemed  an 
excellent  preservative  against  noxious  vapours. 
He  loved  strong  wine,  but  drank  it  soberly,  and 
in  small  quantities.  He  lived  upon  the  plainest 
and  most  ordinary  food.  He  took  tobacco,  to 
which  he  was  a  slave  to  excess ;  but  was  abso- 
lute masterof  himself  in  every  other  particular." 
MAGNENTIUS,  a  German,  who,  from  a 
private  soldier,  becanieemperor  of  Rome,  A.  D. 
350. 

MAGNI,  Valerian,  a  native  of  Milan,  sent 
missionary  to  the  north  of  Europe,  by  pone  Ur- 
ban VHI.,  died  in  1661. 

293 


MA 


MAGNON,  John,  a  French  poet,  who  formed 
h.  plan  of  wriling  un  Encyclopedia  in  verse  ;  he 
was  murdered  in  1662. 

MAtiiN'US,  John,  archbishop  of  Upsal,  who 
warmly  opposed  the  reformation  in  Sweden,  of 
which  country  l)e  wrote  a  liistory  in  24  books  ; 
lie  died  in  1544. 

MAGNUS,  Olans,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
and  his  successor  as  archbisliop.  He  is  author 
of  a  folio  work  on  the  manners  and  customs  of 
Ihe  people  of  the  North  ;  he  died  in  1500. 

MAHMKD,  Aga,  a  noble  Persun,  of  great 
renown  as  a  warrior  ;  he  died  in  1788. 

MAHOMET,  or  MOHAMMED,  a  celebrated 
impostor,  and  founder  of  the  Mahometan  reli 
gion,  born  in  571,  at  Mecca,  a  city  of  Arabia, 
of  the  tribe  of  the  Korashites,  which  was  reck- 
oned the  noblest  in  all  that  country,  and  was  de 
ecended  in  a  direct  line  from  Pher  Koraish,  the 
founder  of  it.  In  his  40th  year  he  began  to 
take  upon  hira  the  style  of  the  Apostle  of  ^Jod, 
and  under  that  character  to  propagate  ilie  im- 
posture which  he  had  concerted.  On  his  first 
appearance,  he  was  treated  with  derision  and 
contempt,  and  called  by  the  people,  a  sorcerer, 
magician,  liar,  impostor,  and  teller  of  fables,  of 
which  he  frequently  complains  in  the  Koran  ; 
go  that  for  the  first  year  he  made  little  or  no  pro- 
gress ;  but  persevering  in  his  design,  wliich  he 
managed  with  great  address,  he  afterwards  gain- 
ed many  proselytes,  among  which  were  some 
of  the  most  considerable  men  of  the  city.  The 
main  arguments  which  Mahomet  used  to  delude 
men  into  a  belief  of  this  imposture,  were  pro- 
mises and  threats,  being  those  which  he  knew 
would  work  the  easiest  on  the  affections  of  the 
vulgar.  His  promises  were  chiefly  of  paradise 
which  with  great  art  he  framed  agreeably  to  the 
customs  and  taste  of  the  Arabians :  for  they,  ly 
ing  within  the  torrid  zoue,  were,  through  the 
nature  of  their  climate,  as  well  as  the  then  ei- 
eessive  corruption  of  their  manners,  exceeding 
ly  given  to  tne  love  of  women  ;  and  the  scorch- 
ing heat  and  dryness  of  the  country  making  ri 
vers  of  water,  cooling  drinks,  shaded  gardens 
and  pleasant  fruits,  most  refreshing  and  delight 
ful  to  them,  they  were  from  hence  apt  to  place 
their  highest  enjoyment  in  things  of  this  nature  ; 
and  therefore,  to  answer  the  height  of  their  car- 
nal desires,  he  made  the  joys  of  heaven  to  con- 
sist totally  in  these  particulars,  which  he  promi- 
ses them  abu'idantly  in  many  places  of  the  Ko- 
ran. On  the  contrary,  he  described  the  punish- 
ments of  hell,  which  he  threatened  to  all  who 
would  not  believe  in  him,  to  consist  of  such  tor- 
ments as  would  appear  to  them  the  most  afflict- 
ing and  grievous  to  be  borne :  as  that  ihey  should 
drink  nothing  but  boiling  and  stinking  water, 
nor  breathe  any  thin?  but  exceeding  hot  winds, 
things  most  terrible  in  Arabia  ;  that  they  should 
dwell  for  ever  in  continual  fire,  intensely  burn- 
ing, and  be  surrounded  with  a  black,  hot,  salt 
•moke,  as  with  a  coverlid,  &c.,  and,  that  he 
might  omit  nothing  which  could  work  on  their 
feari,  he  terrified  themwith  the  threats  of  griev- 
ous punishments  in  this  life.  He  pretended  to 
receive  all  his  revelations  from  the  angel  Ga- 
briel, who,  he  said,  was  sent  from  God  on  pur- 
pose to  deliver  them  to  him.  He  was,  it  seems, 
subject  to  the  falling  sickness,  so  that,  whenever 
Ihe  fit  was  upon  him,  he  pretended  it  to  be  a 
trance,  and  that  then  the  angel  Gabriel  was 
come  from  God  with  some  new  revelations  to 
him.  His  pretended  revelations  he  put  into  se- 
veral chapters,  the  collection  whereof  makes  up 
(be  Koran,  wbicb  is  the  bible  of  the  Maitomet- 
294 


ans.  It  is  the  universal  doctrine  of  the  Maho- 
metans thai  their  religion  is  to  be  propagated 
Iby  the  sword,  and  that  all  true  mussulmen  are 
bound  to  fight  for  it.  To  reconcile  the  minds 
lof  the  cowardly,  and  add  vigour  to  the  brave, 
the  invented  his  doctrine  of  fate  and  destiny; 
|tclliag  them,  that  those  who  were  slain  in  battle, 
though  they  had  tarried  at  home  in  their  houses, 
must,  nevertheless,  have  died  at  that  moment, 
the  time  of  every  man's  life  being  predetermin 
ed  by  God ;  but  that  those  who  died  fighting 
for  the  faith,  gained  the  advantage  of  dying  mar 
tyrs  for  their  religion,  and  immediately  entered 
into  Paradise,  as  the  reward  of  it.  Having  at 
length  been  established  in  the  temporal  sove 
reignty,  whicli  he  had  long  been  aiming  at,  Ma 
hornet  assumed  all  the  insignia  belonging  there 
to;  still  retaining  the  sacred  character  of  chief 
ponlitF  of  his  religion,  as  well  as  the  royal  with 
which  he  had  been  invested.  He  transmitted 
them  both  together  to  all  his  successors,  who 
by  the  title  of  caliphs  reigned  after  him.  He 
died  Sept.  12,  632,  in  consequence  of  having,  3 
years  before,  eaten  of  a  shoulder  of  mutton 
which  had  been  poisoned  by  a  daughter  of  his 
host,  at  Caibar.  He  was  buried  in  the  place 
where  he  died,  which  was  iu  the  chamber  of  his 
best-beloved  wife,  at  Medina,  where  he  lies  to 
this  day. 

MAHOMET  I.,  emperor  of  the  Turks,  was 
son  of  Bajazet  I.,  and  succeeded  his  brother 
Moses,  whom  he  slew  in  1413.  He  restored  the 
power  of  the  Ottomans  to  its  ancient  glorv. 

MAMOLM-iilT  II.,  the  Uth  sultan  of  the  Turks 
was  born  at  Adrianople,  in  1420  ;  and  is  to  be 
remembered  chiefly  for  taking  Constantinople, 
in  1453,  and  thereby  driving  many  learned 
Greeks  into  the  West,  which  was  a  greatcause 
of  the  restoration  of  learning  in  Europe,  as  the 
Greek  literature  was  then  introduced  there.  He 
was  the  first  of  the  Ottoman  emperors  whom 
the  Western  nations  dignified  with  the  title  of 
Grand  Seignior,  or  Great  Turk  ;  which  posteri- 
ty has  preserved  to  his  descendants.  He  died 
m  1481. 

MAHOMET  III.  succeeded  his  father  Amu- 
rath  III.,  in  1595.   He  began  his  reign  by  strang- 
ling 19  of  his  brothers,  and  drowning  10  of  his 
father's  wives.     He    invaded  Hungary  with  " 
200.000  men,  and  died  in  1603. 

MAHOMET  IV.,  emperor  of  the  Turks,  re 
duced  Candia  with  the  loss  of  200,000  men  ;  he 
then  invaded  Poland  and  laid  the  kingdom  un- 
der an  annual  contribution,  of  20,000  crowns. 
He  was  afterwards  deposed,  and  died  in  1091. 

M.-VHOMET  v.,  succeeded  to  the  throne,  in 
1730.  He  was  more  respectable  for  his  pacific 
disposition  than  for  his  military  exploits;  he 
iK-d  in  1754. 

MAHUDEL,  Nicholas,  a  physician,  at  Paris, 
author  of  a"  Dissertation  on  the  ancient  Spa- 
nisli  Money  ;"  He  died  in  1747. 

MAIER,  Michael,  a  celebrated  German  al- 
hymist,  who  wrote  10  treatises  on  his  profes- 
ioM.     He  lived  in  the  17th  century. 

M  MGNAN,  Emanuel,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
an  able  mathematician,  and  philosopher,  and 
for  some  time,  filled  a  professional  chair,  at 
Rome  ;  he  died  in  1676, 

MAIGROT,  Charles,  a  learned  doctor  of  the 
Sorbnnne,  bishop  of  Conon.  He  went  mis- 
ionary  to  China,  and  wrote  an  Examination  of 
the  Chinese  worship,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1720. 

MAILLA,  Joseph  Anne  Maria  de  Moyrice 
lie,  a  Jesuit,  born  in  Savoy,  a  most  learned  and 
amiable  man,  who  spent  45  years  as  a  mission 


MA 

ary  in  China.  He  translated  the  "Great  Annals 
of  Cliina,"  publislied  in  lii  vols.  4to. ;  and  died, 
at  Pekin,  in  1748. 

MAILLARD,  Oliver,  a  French  doctor  of  di- 
vinity, eminent  aa  a  preacher,  and  author  of 
3  vols,  of  Lalhi  Sermons  ;  he  died  in  1730. 

MAILLE  DE  UREZE,  Simon  de,  archbishop, 
of  Tours,  was  distinguished  at  the  council  of 
Trent.    He  died  in  1597. 

M.\ILLE,  Francis,  a  native  of  Provence, 
celebrated  for  his  longevity  and  the  gallantries 
of  his  old  age  ;  he  died  in  1709,  aged  119. 

MAILLE,  Urban  de,  marquis  de  Breze,  well 
known  as  a  warrior,  and  afterwards  as  ambas 
sador,  from  France  to  Sweden,  and  Holland 
he  died  in  1650.     His  son  was  distinguished  as 
a  naval  officer. 

MAILLEBOIS,  N.  count  de,  lieutenant  gene- 
ral in  the  French  armies,  distinguished  himself 
in  the  German  wars  ;  and  died  in  1792. 

MAILLEBOIS,  John  Baptist  Desmarcts,  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  wars  of  Spain  and 
Italy,  and  the  conquest  of  Corsica,  for  which  he 
was  made  marshal  of  France ;  he  died  in  17()2. 

MAILLET,  Benedict  de,  a  learned  French- 
man, for  10  years  consul  general,  in  Egypt,  and 
author  of  an  account  of  that  country  ;  he  died 
in  173a 

MAIMBOURG,  Lewis,  a  French  divine,  cele- 
brated in  the  republic  of  letters,  born  in  1610, 
died  in  1686.  He  wrote  the  "  History  of  Ari- 
anism,  of  the  Croisades,  of  the  Decay  of  the 
Empire,  of  Lutheranism,  of  Calvinism,  of  the 
Pontificate  of  St.  Leo;"  and  was  composing 
the  "  History  of  the  Schism  of  England"  when 
he  died. 

MAIMONIDES,  Moses,  or  Moses  the  son  of 
Malmon,  a  celebrated  rabbi,  called  by  the  Jews 
The  Eagle  of  the  Doctors,  born  in  Spain,  in 
1131,  died  in  1201.  Of  the  works  of  Maimoni- 
des,  the  most  considerable  is  his  "  Jad,"  which 
has  always  been  esteemed  a  great  and  useful 
work,  being  a  complete  code  or  pandect  of  Jew- 
ish law,  digested  into  a  clear  and  regular  form, 
and  illustrated  throughout  with  intelligent  com- 
ments of  his  own. 

MAINFROY,  prince  of  Tarento,  and  king  of 
Sicily  by  usurpation.  He  besieged  Rome,  but 
was  afterwards  defeated  and  slain,  in  1266. 

MAINTENON,  Francis  d'  Aubigne,  Mad- 
ame de,  wife  of  Scarron,  the  French  poet,  and 
afterwards  of  Louis  XIV.;  she  was  born  in  the 
prison  at  Niort,  in  1635.  She  founded  the  cele- 
brated convent  of  St.  Cyr,  at  Versailles,  for  the 
maintenance  of  36  nuns,  ladies  of  quality,  and 
24  assistant  sisters.  Upon  this  fonndation, 
which  the  king  sufficiently  endowed,  300  young 
ladies  of  distinction  were  received  and  educa- 
ted gratis.  Her  life  of  penitential  piety  after  her 
marriage  atoned  for  her  ingratitude  to  madame 
de  Montespan,  who  raised  her  from  indigence, 
and  whom  she  supplanted ;  her  extensive  chari- 
ty to  the  poor,  and  exemplary  life,  from  this 
period,  made  amends  to  society ;  she  died  in 
1719. 

MAIRAN,  John  James  d'Ortons  de,  a  French 
philosopher,  who  succeeded  Fontenelle,  as  se- 
cretary to  the  academy  of  sciences.  He  was 
author  of  a  "  Treatise  on  Phosphoric  Light," 
&c.,  and  died  in  1771. 

MA  IRE,  John  le,  a  French  poet,  who  wrote 
some  indecent  allegories,  and  died  about  1548. 

MAIRR,  .lames  Ic,  a  Dutch  navigator,  who  in 
IfilR, sailed  to  SouthAmerica,  New-Guinea,  and 
Batnvia  :  he  died  in  IG17. 

MAIRE,  N.  le,  a  surgeon  of  Lyons,  who  ac- 


MA  

quired  eminence  by  his  treatises  on  the  NctvouB 
Fluid,  and  on  Matjuetism  ;  he  died  in  1787. 

MAIRET,  John,  a  French  poet,  patronised 
by  cardinals  Richelieu  and  La  Valctte  ;  he  died 
in  1686. 

M  AISIERES,  Philip  de,  who  was  made  coun- 
sellor of  state  by  Charles  V.,  and  governor  of 
the  dauphin.  Disgusted  with  the  world  he  re- 
tired from  it,  and  di<^d  in  1405. 

MAISTRE,  Antlfony  le,  born  in  Paris,  re- 
tiring from  the  bar,  he  led  a  life  of  austerity, 
and  w  rote  the  life  of  St.  Bernard,  &c. ;  he  died 
in  1058. 

MAISTRE,  Lewis  Isaac  le.  He  took  orders, 
but  being  suspected  of  Jansenism,  he  waa 
thrown  into  the  bastile,  where  he  translated 
the  Bible,  with  annotations,  in  32  vols.  8vo ; 
he  died  in  1684. 

MAITLAND,  John,  lord  of  Thyrlestane.  He 
practised  law  with  great  success,  and  was  by 
James  VI.,  made  secretary  of  state,  and  the 
lord  chancellor  of  the  kingdom  ;  he  died  in  1595 

MAITLAND,  William,  a  voluminous  writer, 
who  published  histories  of  "Scotland"  and 
"  London,"  was  born  in  1693,  and  died  in  1757. 

MAITTAIRE,  Michael,  a  learned  editor  of 
the  Latin  and  Greek  classics,  born  in  London, 
in  16G8,  died  in  1747. 

MAIUS,  or  MAY,  John  Henry,  a  Lutheran 
divine,  of  Germany,  professor  of  oriental  ian- 
uages  at  several  universities,  and  author  of 
several  works  ;  he  died  in  1719. 

MAJOR,  John  an  eminent  English  divine, 
divinity  professor,  and  provost  of  the  universi- 
ty of  St.  Andrews.  He  wrote  several  works  in 
Latin,  and  died  about  1550. 

MAJOR,  John  Daniel,  a  native  of  Breslaw, 
and  medical  ^rofessor  at  Kiel,  where  lie  found- 
ed a  botanical  garden.  He  wrote  on  natural 
history,  and  died  in  1693. 

MA'JORAGIUS,  Mark  Anthony,  professor  of 
belles  lettres,  and  author  of  some  learned  com- 
mentaries ;  he  died  in  1355. 

MAJORIANUS,  Julius  Valerius,  emperor  of 
the  West,  was  snccessiul  in  his  war  against  the 
Vandals.  He  was  universally  respected  for  bis 
virtues  ;  but  was  murdered  in  461. 

MAKIN,  Thomas,  one  of  the  lirst  settlers  of 
Pennsylvania,  known  as  the  author  of  two  Latin 
poems,  published  in  1728. 

MAl.ACHI,  the  last  of  the  12  minor  prophets. 
He  foretold  chiefly  the  coming  of  John  the 
P.aptist. 

MALACHY,  St.,  a  learned  Irish  bishop,  who 
died  in  1148. 

MAI,AGRIDA,  Gabriel,  an  Italian  Jesuit,  for 
a  long  time  regarded  as  a  saint,  and  consulted 
as  an  oracle.  He  was  afterwards  burnt  alive, 
a  1761 ,  at  the  age  of  75,  as  a  false  prophet. 

MALAVAL,  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  who 
although  he  lost  his  sight  when  only  nine  months 
old,  acquired  celebrity  as  a  mystical  writer  on 
quietism  ;  he  died  in  1719. 

MALAVAL,  John,  a  native  of  Pezan,  wlto 
gained  eminence  at  Paris,  as  a  surgeon  ;  he  died 
in  1758. 

MALBONE,  Edward  G.,  a  distinguished  mi- 
niature painter,  born  at  Rhode-Island  ;  he  died 
1807. 

MALCOLM  IV.,  grandson  of  David,  king  of 
Scotland.  He  was  a  liberal  and  benevolent 
prince,  and  founded  several  monasteries ;  he 
died  in  1165. 

MALCOLM,  James  Peller,  a  native  of  Ame- 
rica, who  went  to  England,  and  studied  painting 
at  the  Royal  Academy ;  but  afterwards  took  to 
"295 


MA 

engraving.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Society 
utAntiquarios;  and  airuing  other  wl)rk^s,  pub- 
lished "  Londinum  Uedivivuni,"  "Anecdotes 
of  the  Manners  and  Custonia  of  London,"  and 
"Miscellaneous  Anecdotes."  Mr.  M.  died  in 
distressed  circumstances,  in  1815. 

M.\LDONAT,  Jolin,  a  Spanisli  Jesuit,  born 
in  1.'):J4,  made  himself  famous  by  an  e.vcellenl 
"  Commentary  upon  the  Gospels,"  in  1582,  and 
died  in  1583. 

MALEBRANCIIE,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated 
French  divine  and  philosopher,  born  in  1638, 
died  in  1715.  Hn  wrote  several  works ;  of 
which  the  fir.st  and  principal,  as  indeed  it  gave 
rise  to  almost  all  that  followed,  was  his"  Search 
after  Truth."  His  design  in  this  book  is,  to 
point  ont  to  us  the  errors  into  w^liich  we  are 
daily  led  by  our  senses,  imagination,  and  pas- 
sions ;  and  to  prescribe  a  method  for  discovering 
the  truth,  which  he  does  by  starting  the  notion 
of  seeing  all  things  in  God. 

MALEGUZZI- VALERI,  Veronica,  a  learned 
Italian  lady,  who  supported  publicly,  two  theses 
on  the  lihrral  arts;  she  died  in  ]()90. 

MALELiAS,  John,  author  of  a  chronicle  from 
the  creation  to  the  age  of  Justinian,  taught  rhe- 
toric at  Anlioch,  about  900. 

MALERAII,  or  MARERRI,  a  Venetian  monk, 
who  translated  the  Bible  into  Italian,  in  the  15th 
century. 

MALESHERBES,Christian  William  Lamoig- 
non,  a  celebrated  Frenchman,  and  advocate  at 
Paris.  In  J750,  he  was  appointed  president  of 
the  court  of  Aides,  and  after  serving  his  country 
'25  years,  retired.  He  was  recalled  by  Iicwis 
XVI.,  to  become  minister  of  the  interior.  When 
Lewis  was  dragged  before  the  revolutionary 
tribunal,  Malesherbes  boldly  appeared  to  defend 
him,  but  it  was  in  vain  ;  his  noble  and  virtuous 
defender,  was  condemned  by  the  same  tribunal, 
and  v/ith  his  daughter,  and  a  grandchild,  as- 
cended the  scaffold,  where  they  were  executed 
in  1793.     He  wrote  several  celebrated  works. 

MALEZIEU,  Nicolas  de,  a  French  author, 
tutor  to  the  dukes  of  Maine  and  Burgundy.  He 
published  "  Elements  of  Geography,"  &c.,  and 
died  in  1727. 

MALFILLASTRE,  James  Charles  Lewis, 
a  French  poet,  who  wrote  sonnets,  odes,  &c.  ; 
he  died  in  17G7. 

MALHERBE,  Francis  de,  a  noted  French 
poet,  who  has  .tlways  been  considered  by  his 
countrymen  as  the  father  of  their  poetry,  born 
in  1555,  died  in  1628.  Boileau  observes,  that  he 
was  the  lirst  in  France  who  taught  the  muse 
hirmonious  numbers,  a  just  cadence,  purity  of 
language,  regularity  of  composition,  and  order  ; 
in  sliiirt,  who  laid  down  all  those  rules  for  fine 
writing  which  future  poets  were  to  follow  if 
they  hoped  to  succeed. 

M.^I.INGRE,  Claude,  a  French  historian, 
author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Honorary  Dignities 
in  France  ;"  he  died  in  1655. 

MALIFIERRA,  Olympia,  a  Venetian  lady  of 
'noble  birth,  who  wrote  poems  of  some  merit; 
she  died  in  1559. 

MALl.EMANS,  Claude,  a  professor  of  philo- 
Gophv  at  Paris,  and  author  of  a  "  Philosophical 
System  of  the  World;"  hedied  in  1723. 

MALLEMANS,  John,  brother  of  Claude, 
took  orders,  and  wrote  a  "  History  of  Religion," 
from  the  creation  to  the  reign  of  Jovian ;  he 
died  in  1740. 

!MAT, LET,  Henry,  a  writer  of  Geneva,  au- 
thor of  a  "  History  of  Denmark  and  of  Northern 
Antiquities. 
296 


MA 

MALLET,  David,  or  MALLOCH,  a  dramatic 
writer,  born  in  Scotland  about  1700.  In  1740, 
he  wrote  a  "  Life  of  Lord  Bacon,"  was  associ- 
ated with  Thonip.son  the  poet,  in  the  composi- 
tion of  the  "  Masque  ol  Alfred,"  and  wrote  a 
tragedy  or  two,  and  ceveral  poems.  The  prin- 
cipal works  of  this  autlmr  have  been  collected 
in  3  volumes.  As  a  writer,  he  cannot  bo  placed 
in  any  liigh  class ;  there  being  no  species  of 
composition  in  which  he  was  eminent ;  he  died 
in  1765. 

MALLET,  Edmund,  a  French  divine,  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  in  the  college  of  Navarre,  at 
Paris.  He  was  one  of  the  writers  for  the  En- 
cyclopedia, of  the  articles  on  divinity  and  bellca 
lettres,  and  the  author  of  several  otiier  works  ; 
he  died  in  1807. 

MALLET,  Dupan,  an  eminent  political  wri- 
ter, who  look  refuge  in  England  from  the  revo- 
lutionary mania  of  France,  and  was  no  less  dis- 
tinyuished  by  the  extent  of  his  knowledge  and 
the  vigour  of  his  style,  than  by  ihe  probity  and 
itidependent  spirit  of  his  character.  He  was 
born  at  Geneva,  about  1750,  and  died  in  1800. 

MALLINKROTT,  Bernard,  a  very  learned, 
but  turbulent  man,  dean  of  the  cathedral  of 
Munster.  He  was  degraded  and  imprisoned  ; 
and  died  in  1604. 

MALMSBURY.     See  WILLIAM. 

MALONE,  Edmund,  born  in  1741,  was  the 
son  of  an  Irish  judge,  and  was  educated  at  the 
university  of  Dublin.  In  1767,  he  was  called  to 
the  bar  in  London ;  but  he  continued  a  very 
sliort  time  in  the  profession,  and  turned  his  pur- 
suits to  literature.  In  1790  he  ptiblished  an 
edition  of  Shakspearc  ;  and  in  1795  exposed, 
the  Shakspcarean  imposture  of  the  Ireland  fa- 
mily. He  brought  out  a  "  Life  of  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds;"  a  "  Life  of  Dryden  ;"  a  "  Biogra- 
phical Sketch  of  the  Right  Hon.  William  Wind- 
ham."    He  died  in  1812. 

MALOUIN,  Paul  James,  professor  of  medi- 
cine in  the  royal  college  of  Paris,  and  physician 
to  the  queen.  He  wrote  on  "  Chyusistry  and 
Medicine,"  and  died  in  1777 

MALPIGHI,  Marcello,  an  eminent  Italian 
physician  and  anatomist,  born  in  1628,  died  in 
1694.  His  discoveries  in  anatomy  were  con- 
siderable, particularly  respecting  the  liver  and 
kidneys. 

MALTON,  Thomas,  author  of  a  "  Treatise 
on  Perspective,  illustrating  the  principles  of  Dr. 
Brook  Taylor,"  well  known  for  his  public  lec- 
tures on  that  art,  atid  for  his  theoretical  and 
practical  geometry,  was  born  in  1726,  and  died 
in  1801. 

MALVASIA,  Charles  Ca;sar,  author  of  iui 
"  Italian  History  of  the  Paintersof  Bologna,"  in 
1660. 

MALVEZZI,  Virgilio,  marquis  of,  an  Itali-in 
student  at  law,  who  afterwards  took  to  arms, 
and  was  employed  by  PhiUp  IV.  He  wrote  vari- 
ous works  in  Spanish  and  Italian ;  and  died  in 
1654. 

MALUS,  Stephen  Louis,  a  French  mathema 
tician,  professor  in  the  military  school  at  Metz, 
afterwards  served  as  an  engineer  in  the  army  in 
Egypt,  where  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
discoveries  and  writings  ;  he  died  in  1812. 

MAMBRUN,  Peter,  an  ingenious  and  learn- 
ed French  poet  and  critic,  born  in  1581.  He 
is,  in  Latin  poetry,  one  of  the  most  perfect  and 
accomplished  among  the  imitators  of  Virgil,  and 
has  written,  in  the  same  metre,  the  same  num- 
ber of  books,  and  in  the  three  different  kinds 
to  which  that  illustrious  poet  appli«d  himself 


MA 

Thus  we  liave  of  Maiiibiun  "Eclogues;" 
"  Georgics,"  and  a  heroic  poem  in  12  books 
futitled  "  C'oiistantirie,  or  Idolatry  overthrown." 
Hediedinintil. 

MAMMEA,  Julia,  mother  of  the  pmpcror 
Severus,  known  for  her  virtues  and  judicious 
coiiducl ;  she  was  assassinated  in  235. 

MAN,  Cornelius  de,  an  eminent  painter,  ol 
Dellt,  died  in  170G. 

MANARA,  Prosper,  an  Italian  marquis,  and 
poet,  and  tutor  to  prince  Ferdinand,  of  Parma  ; 
he  died  ni  1800. 

MANASSEH,  son  of  Hezekiah,  succeeded 
his  fatlier  at  the  age  of  12.  His  conduct  was  at 
nrst  wicked  and  disgraceful,  but  he  became  an 
exemplary  monarch, and  re-established  the  wor- 
ship of  the  God  of  his  fathers ;  he  died  643 
B.C. 

MANCINELLI,  Antonio,  an  Italian  poet,  and 
orator,  died  in  ITiOG. 

MANCO-CAPAC,  founder  of  the  Peruvian 
empire,  declared  himself  the  descendant  of  the 
sun,  and  was  worshipped  as  a  deity. 

MANDEVILLE,  s'r  John,  an  Englishman, 
famous  for  his  tra^ciS,  born  about  1300,  died  in 
1372.  He  travelled  through  almost  all  coun- 
tries, made  himself  master  of  almost  all  lan- 
guages ;  and  left,  at  his  death,  an  account  of 
his  travels,  in  English,  French,  and  Latin, 
which  abounds  in  improbabilities. 

MANDEVILLE,  Bernard  de,  a  celebrated 
writer  in  the  18th  century,  born  in  Holland, 
where  he  studied  phvsic,  and  took  the  degree  of 
doctor  in  that  faculty.  He  wrote  several  books, 
all  of  them  ingenious  and  witty,  but  some  which 
are  supposed  to  have  had  a  very  ill  etfecl  upon 
society.  His  chief  work  is,  "The  Fable  of  the 
Bees;  or.  Private  Vices  made  Public  Benefits." 
He  died  in  1733. 

MANDRILLON,!.,  a  Frenchman,  who  tra- 
velled in  America,  and  Holland.  On  his  return 
to  France,  he  became  suspected  by  Robespierre, 
who  ordered  him  to  the  guillotine,  in  1793.  He 
wrote  the  "  American  Spectator." 

MANETHO,  an  ancient  Egyptian  historian. 

MANETTI,  Gianozzo,  a  native  of  Florence, 
illustrious  as  one  of  those  men,  to  whom  the 
revival  of  literature  may  be  attributed.  He 
was  the  author  ofmany  works,  and  died  in  1459. 

MANETTI,  Rutilio,  a  native  of  Siena,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter,  died  in  1639. 

MANETTI,  Xavier,  professor  of  botany  and 
medicine,  at  Florence,  was  keeper  of  the  impe- 
rial garden,  and  author  of  several  learned  books ; 
he  died  in  1785. 

MANFREDI,Eustachio,  a  celebrated  mathe- 
matician of  Italy,  born  in  lf>74,  acquired  great 
reputation  by  his  "  Ephemerides,"  and  by  his 
other  works,  and  died  in  1739. 

MANFREOI,  Bartholomew,  an  eminent  pain- 
ter, born  at  Mantua,  in  1574. 

MANGEART,  Thomas,  a  learned  Benedic- 
tine aniiquary,  librarian,  ai.id  counsellor  to  the 
duke  of  Lorraine.  He  wrote  on  medals,  and 
died  in  17R3. 

MANGENOT,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Paris,  au- 
thor of  eclogues,  fables,  tales.  &c.,  died  in  176H. 

MANGRT,  John  James,  physician  to  the 
elector  of  Braiulenburph,  and  the  learned  au- 
thor ofmany  works,  was  born  at  Geneva,  and 
died  in  1742. 

MANGEY,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  prebendary  of 
London.  He  was  the  author  of  commentaries, 
and  practical  sermons,  and  died  in  1755. 

MANILIUS,  Marcus,  a  ooet  in  the  reign  of 
Tiberius 


Pp 


^MA 

MANLEY,  Mary,  an  English  female,  of  con 
iderable  reputaiion  as  a  \\  liter,  but  of  a  wanton 
and  licentious  character.  She  wrote  plays  and 
romance.'^,  and  died  iii  1724. 

MAMJL'S,  Torquaiiis,  a  famous  Roman, 
who  put  his  b!on  to  death  for  tigliting  without 
orders,  384  B.  C. 

MANLIIJS  CAPITOLINUP  MARCUS,  a  re- 
nowned Roman  consul  and  general,  who  saved 
1  he  Capitol  when  it  was  attacked  by  the  Gauls  in 
the  night.  He  was  alarnied  by  the  cries  of 
(ieesi ,  "which  were  ever  alter  held  sacred,  and 
the  general  himself  styled  the  Capitolinus.  He 
was  ihiown  from  theTarpoian  rock,  384  B.  C. 

MANLY,  John,  a  captain  in  the  navy  of  the 
United  Siaics,  distinguished  lor  his  services  in 
the  revolutionary  war;  he  died  in  1793. 

MANNING,  James,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished 
baptist  clergyman,  who  was  elected  first  presi- 
dent of  the  college  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  and  a 
member  of  congress  from  that  state ;  he  died 
in  1791. 

MANNINCHAM,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  a  learned 
prelate,  who  became  bishop  of  Chichester,  and 
published  some  sermons;  he  died  in  1722. 

MANNORI,  Lewis,  an  adv"cate  of  Paris, 
who  published  "  Memoirs  of  Pleadings"  in  Itj 
vols.  ;  he  died  in  1778. 

MANNOZZI,  John,  a  painter,  who  adorned 
the  palace  of  Lorenzo  de  Medicis,  by  the  worlis 
of  his  art ;  he  died  in  1636. 

IMANSARD,  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  first  ar- 
liitect  to  the  king  of  France.     He  adorned  Paria 
with  many  elegant  designs,  and  died  in  1666. 
His  nephew  succeeded  him,  and  died  in  1708. 

MAN.«F1ELD,  Peter  Ernest,  count  de,  an 
able  statesman  in  the  service  of  the  emperor 
if  Germany  ;  he  died  in  1604. 

MANSFIELD,  Ernest  de,  natural  son  of  the 
preceding,  distinguished  bv  the  emperor  Ro- 
TlolKhus  II.;  he  died  in  1626. 

MANSFIELD,  earl  of.     See  MURRAY. 

MANSTEIN,  Christopher  Herman  de,  a  dis- 
tinguished officer  in  the  Russian  and  Prussian 

rvice,  author  of  "Memoirs  of  Russia;"  he 
was  shot  in  battl«,  in  1757. 

MANTEGNA,  Andrea,  an  Italian  painter  of 
great  eminence,  originally  a  sliepherd,  died  at 
Mantua,  in  1517. 

MANTICA,  Francis,  professor  of  law  at 
Padua,  was  made  a  cardinal  at  Rome.  H^ 
wrote  several  books  in  Latin,  and  died  in  1614. 

MANTLM^S,  James,  a  Spanish  physician, 
of  the  16lh  century,  who  practised  at  Venice, 
and  translated  the  worksof  Avicennaand  Aver- 
roe  into  Latin. 

MANTON,Thon!as,  D.  D..  a  popular  preach- 
er, in  Lond<m.hiid  before  parliament.  At  the 
restoration,  h  •  was  chaplain  to  the  king.  He 
wrote  sermons  and  Calvinisiic  tracts,  and  died 
ill  1677. 

MANTUAN,  Baptist,  an  Italian  poet,  whose 
works  possess  much  animation, and  were  printed 
at  Paris,  in  3  vo's.  fnlio,  in  1513. 

MANUEL,  Commenus,  emperor  of  the  east, 
made  "war  against  Dahuatia,  Hungary,  and 
Egypt :  he  died  in  1180. 

MANl'EL,  Palseologus,  king  of  Constanti- 
nople, resigned  histhrone  to  his  son  John,  as  be- 
ing more  capable  of  repelling  the  invasion  of  the 
Turks;  h(- died  in  142.5. 

MANT^TIUS,  Aldus,  the  first  of  those  cele- 
brated printers  at  Venice,  who  were  as  illus- 
trious for  their  learning  as  lor  uncommon  skill 
in  their  profession,was  born  at  Bassano,  in  Italy, 
about  the  middle  of  the  15lh  centurv,  and  thence 
297 


MA 

is  sometinifs  called  flassianus.  He  was  the  first 
who  printed  Greek  neatly  and  correctly  ;  and 
he  acquired  so  much  reputation  in  liis  art,  thai 
whatever  was  finely  printed  was  proverbially 
said  to  have  couie  from  the  press  of  Aldus.  Ii 
short,  ho  carried  it  to  such  perfection,  that  all 
improvcnionts  afterwards  were  greatly  indebted 
to  his  previous  advancementb.  He  died  in 
1516. 

MANUTIUS,  Paul,  the  son  of  Aldus,  was 
born  at  Venice,  in  1512,  and  brought  up  to  hi- 
father's  profession.  He  published,  with  com 
moniaries,  editions  of  "Tully's  Epistles,"  and 
other  works,  and  died  in  1574. 

MANUTIUS,  Aldus,  the  son  of  Paul,  also  a 
learned  man  and  a  printer,  died  in  1597,  leaving 
behind  him  "Commentaries  upon  Cicero," 
three  books  of  epistles,  and  other  works  in 
Itahan  as  well  as  in  Latin. 

MANZO,  John  Baptist,  marquis  de  Ville,  an 
Italian,  who  after  serving  with  reputation  jn 
the  Spanish  army,  devoted  himself  to  literature 
at  Naples,  and  wrote  a  Life  of  Tasso,  and  other 
works  ;  he  died  in  1645. 

MANZOULf ,  Toniaso,  a  much  admired  histo- 
rical painter,  of  Italy,  died  in  1570. 

MAPES,  Waller,  a  poet,  chaplain  to  Henry 
LI.  He  wrote  in  Latin,  and  hiiS  verses  are  stiil 
admired. 

MAPLETOFT,  Dr.  John,  a  very  learned  Eng 
lish  medical  and  theological  writer,  born  in  1631, 
died  in  1721. 

MARACCl,  Lewis.     See  MARRACCL 

MARACCI,  John,  a  historical  painter,  of 
Lucca,  died  in  1704. 

MARAIS,  Maria,  a  celebrated  musician,  and 
composer,  born  in  Paris,  in  1656. 

MARALDI,  James  Philip,  a  celebrated  ma- 
thematician, who  was  engaged  with  Cassiniain 
constructing  the  great  meridian  line  through 
France ;  he  died  in  1729. 

MARANA,  John  Paul,  born  near  Genoa,  in 
1642,  published  at  Patis,  "  The  Turkish  Spy," 
wliich  became  very  popular.  He  died  in  Italy. 
in  1693. 

MARAT,  John  Paul,  one  of  the  most  cruel  of 
the  atrociotis  leaders  of  the  French  revolution, 
He  had  studied  medicine,  and  was  an  empiric 
As  a  revolutionist  he  promoted  revolt,  pillage, 
and  murder,  and  himself  delighted  in  shedding 
innocent  blood.  He  declared  that  300,000  more 
lives  must  he  sacrificed  before  France  would  be 
safe.  This  monster  was  killed,  in  1793  by  a 
voung  lady,  Charlotte  Corday,  wiiose  lover 
Marat  had  sacrificed. 

MARATTI,  Carlo,  a  famous  Italian  painter 
and  engraver,  was  bora  in  1625,  and  died  in 
1713. 

M.'VRBACH,  John,  a  protestant  divine,  of 
Lindau,  who  wrote  a  curious  book,  comparing 
the  doctrines  of  Jesus,  with  those  of  the  Jesuits ; 
2iediedin  1581. 

MARBODUS,  or  MARBOD^US,  surnamed 
Galus,  a  monk,  bishop  of  Rennea,  author  of  se- 
veral works,  died  in  1123. 

MARC.A,  Peter  de,  a  French  bishrvp,  and  as  a 
polemical  writer,  one  of  the  greatest  ornamenti 
of  the  Galilean  church,  born  in  1594,  dind  in 
1662. 

M.^RCEL,  N.,  a  painter  of  fruits  and  flow 
ers  at  Frankfort,  died  in  1683. 

MARCEL,  William,  a  French  advocate,  an 
tlior  of  a  "  Historj-  of  the  origin  of  the  French 
Mottarchy  "  4  vols,  and  other  works;  he  died 
in  1708. 

MARORLLI,  Benedict,  a  noble  Venetian, 
298 


MA 

who  e.xcelled  in  music,  philosophy  and  poetry 
he  (lied  in  1739. 

i\l  ARCELLINUS,  a  pope  of  Rome,  in  296. 

MARCELLINU3,  Ammianus,  an  ancient 
Roman  historian  of  great  merit,  flourished  ia 
the  latter  age«  of  the  empire,  under  Gratian, 
Valentinian,  and  Theodosius  the  Great,  and 
composed  a  history  in  31  books,  comprising  the 
period  from  A.  D.  99  to  378.  He  died  about 
300,  leaving  behind  him  the  character  of  an  im- 
partial, t'aithful,  and  accurate  historian. 

MARCELLUS,  a  physician,  who  flourished 
under  Adrian,  and  the  Antonines. 

MARCELLUS,  a  physician,  of  Bordeaux, 
author  of  some  medical  works,  in  381. 

MARCELLUS  I.,  pope  after  Marcellinus,  died 
in  310. 

MARCELLUS  II,,  pope  afterJuliiis  III.,  died 
a  few  weeks  after  his  elevation,  in  1555. 

M.'VRCH,  Ausius,  a  poet,  of  Valentia,  in  the 
15th  century,  who  wrote  after  the  manner  of 
Petrarch. 

MARCHAND,  Prosper,  of  Paris,  but  settled 
in  Holland,  where  he  wa  the  principal  author 
of  a  "Journal  Literaire,"  which  was  reckoned 
excellent  in  its  kind.  Ho  composed  "  L'Histoire 
de  rimprimerie;"  gave  a  new  edition  of  the 
"  Dictionary  and  Letters  of  Bayle ;"  and  died 
in  1756. 

MARCHE,  Oliver  de  la,  a  French  writer,  gen- 
tleman to  Philip  the  Good.  His  works  are  "Me- 
moirs or  Chronicles"  4to,  in  1610,  a  Treatise 
on  Huelg      &,c, ;  he  died  in  1501. 

MaRChETTI,  Alexander,  a  physician  and 
poet,  and  professor  of  mathematics  at  Pisa,  died 
in  1714. 

MARCHIN,  Ferdinand  count,  a  native  of 
Liege,  who  signalized  himself  in  the  French 
armies  on  many  occasions.  He  was  sent  am- 
bassador to  Spain,  by  Lewis  XV.,  and  died  in 
1706. 

MARCIANUS,  an  obscure  Thracian,  raised 
to  imperial  dignity  on  the  death  of  Theodosiua 
II.  He  was  a  man  of  many  virtues,  and  died 
in  457. 

MARCILIUS,  Theodore,  a  learned  German 
critic,  who  visited  Paris,  and  was  made  profea- 
sor  of  the  Latin  tongue  there ;  he  died  in  1617. 
MARCION,  a  heretic  of  the  2d  century,  whose 
father  was  a  bishop,  and  excommunicated  him 
for  incontinence.  It  is  said,  that  before  bis  deaths 
he  wished  to  renounce  his  errors. 

MARDONIUS,  son-in-law  to  Darius,  was  at 
the  head  of  the  army  of  Xerxes,  in  bis  invasion 
of  Greece,  and  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Platsa, 
479  B.  C. 

MARDUEL,  John,  a  native  of  Lyons,  who 
becatne  minister  of  St.  Roch,  where  his  conduct 
as  a  pastor  was  most  exemplary ;  he  died  iit 
1787. 

MARE,  or  MARA,  William  de  la,  a  Latin 
poet,  of  noble  birth,  who  flourished  about  1510. 

MARE,  Phllibert  de  la,  counsellor  in  the  par- 
liament  of  Dijon,  and  an  elegant  Latin  writer; 
he  died  in  ir)87. 

M.\RE,  Nicliola.s  de  la,  a  French  magistrate, 
and  author  of  a  valuable  treatise  on  PoSce  ;  he 
died  in  1723. 

M  ARECH.\L,  George,  a  native  of  Calais,  son 
of  a  poor  officer.  He  become  a  surgeon  of  great 
fame,  and  died  in  1735. 

MARECIIAL,  Peter  Sylvan,  a  native  of  Pa- 
ris, who  studied  law,  and  afterwards  became  a 
periodical  writer  during  the  revolution.  Some 
of  his  writings  are  profane  and  indecent;  he 
died  iu  1603. 


MA 


MA 


MARETS,  Roland  dcs,  a  nativeof  Paris, aiid||Hollniid,  fahiiluusly  said  to  have  given  birtll  l6 
author  of  Latin  philological  lettere,  of  great!  .iOScliiUirtrn. 
merit ;  he  died  in  1633  il     MAUG  ARKT.of  York,  tister  of  Edward  IV  , 

MARETS,  John  dea,  a  French  writer,  very  j married  Charles  the  Rash,  duke  of  Burgundy, 
debauched  in  his  youth.   He  afterwards  became  [:  known  by  Uio  opposition  she  made  to  thecteva 
a  great  saint  and  fanatic,  and  uttered  various itioii  of  Henry  VII.,  of  Kngland. 
prophecies.     He  wrote  dramatic  pieces,  whichlj      MARGARET,  countess  of   Richmond  and 
gained  him  appla\ise,  and  died  in  1(S76.  [Derby,  married  Edward,  carl  of  Richmond,  and 

MARETS,  Samuel  dts,  a  celebrated  French         ■■     •      ■     •  ..... 


on  his  death  she  was  married  to  Sir  Henry  Staf 
divine,  of  the  Reformed  church,  born  in  159;t,|iford,  who  dying,  she  took  Thoniae  Stanley,  earl 
died  in  1663.  A  clironological  table  of  the  worksjUif  Iinrby.    She  was  a  woman  of  virtue  and  in- 
telligence, anil  died  in  1509. 


L  clironological 
of  this  celebrated  divine  may  be  found  at  the 
<»nd  of  his  "  System  of  !)ivinily."  Their  num- 
ber is  prodigious,  and  the?  variety  of  tlieir  sub- 
jects shows  an  unbounded  jjonius. 

MARGARET,  sister  of  Edgar  AtheHn?,  fled 
to  Scotland  on  the  invasion  of  William  the  Con- 
queror, and  married  Malcolm,  king  of  the  coun- 
try. She  wa:-  an  amiable  and  benevolent  prin- 
cess, and  died  in  1093. 

MARGARET,  daughter  of  Waldemar  III., 
king  of  Denmark,  born  in  1353,  was  styled  the 
fiemiramis  of  the  North.  She  succeeded  her 
father  in  the  throne  of  Denmark,  her  husoand  in 
that  of  Norway,  and  the  crown  of  Sweden  was 
given  her  as  a  recompense  for  delivering  the 
Swedes  from  the  tyranny  of  Albert,  their  king. 
Thus  possessed  of  the  three  kingdoms,  she 
formed  the  grand  political  design  of  a  perpetual 
union,  which  she  accomplished,  pro  tempore 
only,  by  the  famous  treatv  styled  the  union  of 
Colmar.    She  died  in  1412. 

MARGARET,  daughter  of  Raymond  Bereii- 
ger,  count  of  Provence,  married  St.  Lewis,  in 
1254,  and  attended  him  in  his  wars  to  the  holy 
land,  where,  on  his  captivity,  she  behaved  with 
heroic  intrepidity ;  she  died  in  12><5. 

MARGARET,  daughter  of  Robert,  duke  of 
Burgundy,  married  Louis  Hutin,  king  of  France 
in  1305.  She  was  a  beautiful,  but  sensual  wo- 
man, and  was  strangled  in  1315. 

MARGARET,  daughter  of  Maximilian  I., 
married  to  the  infant  of  Spain,  and  afterwards 
to  the  duke  of  Savoy.  She  displayed  her  reli- 
gious zeal  against  the  Lutherans,  and  died  1530. 

MARGARET,  of  Anjou,  daughter  of  Rene 
d'Anjnu,  kina  of  Naples,  and  wife  of  Henry 
VI.,  king  of  Etigland,  an  ambitious,  enteipris 
ing,  courageous  woman.  Intrepid  in  the  field, 
she  signalized  herself  by  heading  her  troops  in 
several  battles  against  the  house  of  York  ;  and 
if  she  had  not  been  the  instrument  of  her  hus- 
band's misfortunes  by  putting  to  death  theduke 
of  Gloucester,  his  uncle,  her  name  would  hove 
been  immortalized  for  the  Ibrtitude,  .ictivity, 
and  policy  with  which  she  supported  the  rights 
cf  her  husband  and  son,  till  the  fatal  defeat  at 
Tewk-sbury,  which  put  an  end  to  all  her  enter- 
prises ;  the  kiuir  being  taken  prisoner,  and  prince 
Edward,  their  only  son,  basely  murdered  by 
Richard,  duke  of  York.  Margaret  was  ransom- 
ed by  lier  father,  and  died  in  Anjou,  in  1482. 

MARGARET,  daughter  of  Francis  I. ,  of 
France,  married  Emanuel  Philibert,  duke  of 
Savov,  and  died  highlv  respected  in  1574. 

MARGARET,  of  France,  daughter  of  Henry 
IV.,  disgraced  herself  by  the  levity  and  licen- 
tiousness of  her  character.  She  was  divorced 
in  1509,  and  devoted  the  rest  of  her  life  to  litera- 
ry and  religious  exercises. 

MARGARET,  of  Valois,  queen  of  Navarre, 
and  sister  of  Francis  1.,  of  Prance,  born  in  14.')2, 
She  was  celebrated  as  a  writer  both  in  verse 
and  prose.  Her  "  Heptameron"  or  novels,  have 
been  often  republished.    She  died  in  1549. 

MARGARET,  daughter  of  Florent,  count  of 


M.ARGAKET,  duchess  of  Newcastle,  famous 
for  her  voluminous  productions,  in  letters,  plays, 
poems,  philosophical  discourses,  and  orations. 
She  died  in  1673. 

MARGARITONE,  an  Itahan  painter,  who 
invented  the  mode  of  gildingcn  Armenian  bole, 
or  clay  ;  he  died  in  1275. 

MARGON,  William  Plantavitde  la  Pause  de, 
a  French  author  and  journalist,  who  was  ban- 
ished for  his  libelous  publications;  he  died  in 
1700. 

MARGRA.\F,  Andrew  Sigismund,  a  cele- 
brated practical  chyniist,  of  Berlin,  who  made 
great  improvements  in  the  modes  of  analysis  ; 
i  he  died  in  1782. 

MARGUNIO,  Massineo,  a  native  of  Candia, 
who  printed  (J reek  books  at  Venice,  and  after- 
wards became  bishop  of  Cerigo.  He  wrote 
Greek  odes,  and  died  in  1602. 

MARIA  THERESA,  queen  of  Hungary  and 
Bohemia,  married  Francis  Stephen  of  Lorraine, 
who  was  crowned  emperor,  in  1745.  Her  reign 
began  with  a  war,  in  which  all  the  neighbour- 
ing nations  were  engaged,  and  Maria  was  near 
losing  her  throne.  After  the  war  had  continued 
eight  years,  a  peace  was  concluded  at  AU-la 
Chapelle,  and  Maria  immediately  devoted  her- 
self to  repairing  the  ravages  which  her  subjects 
had  suffered  during  the  commotion.  She  built 
hospitals,  encouraged  commerce  and  science, 
and  did  every  thing  vrhich  humanity  and  muni- 
ficence could  devise,  to  render  her  infirm  soldiers 
comfortable.  The  king  of  Prussia,  again  de- 
clared war  against  her,  but  in  this  terrible 
struggle,  she  maintained  her  elevation,  and  a 
peace  was  established.  After  a  long  reign, 
during  which  she  displayed,  heroism,  virtue, 
and  charity,  to  a  degree  which  endeared  her  to 
her  subjects,  she  died  at  Vienna,  in  1780. 

MARIA  ANTOINETTE,  queen  of  France, 
was  the  daughter  of  the  emperor  Francis  I., 
and  Maria  Theresa ;  she  was  married  to  Lewis 
XVI.  ol  France,  in  1770.  This  celebrated  queen, 
was  humane  and  benevolent  to  her  subjects, 
but  fond  of  magnificence  and  pleasure.  Sh« 
was  doomed  in  the  latter  part  of  her  reign  to 
witness  the  most  horrid  scenes  ofriot  and  murder 
among  her  subjects,  the  execution  of  her  hus- 
band, and  her  own  trial  and  condemnation 
She  hore  all  these  calamities  with  great  forti- 
tude and  serenity,  but  such  was  their  effect  on 
her,  that  the  colour  of  her  hair  changed  to  a 
silvery  white.  She  was  guillotined,  being  carried 
to  the' scaffold  in  a  can,  on  the  16th  Oct.,  1703. 

MARIAMNE,  wife  of  Herod  the  Great,  and 
mother  of  Alexander  the  high-priestof  theJews, 
slain  bv  order  of  Herod,  28  B.  C. 

MARIANA,  John,  a  Spanish  historian,  bom 
in  1.593,  died  in  1624.  He  wrote  several  works, 
theological  and  historical ;  the  most  considerable, 
ofall  his  performances,  is  his"  History  of  Spain." 

MARIANITS,  Scotus,  a  Scotch  monk,  related 
to  the  venerable  Bede,  and  author  of  a  Chronicle 
from  Jegua  Christ,  to  1083. 

299 


MA 

.AIAIUET'J'K,  I'eU-r  .loliii,  gecntaiy  to  flip 
I'rt'iict/  king,  and  cliaiirellor  con  iiin^ili  r,  died 
in  ITI^.     )te  wrote  on  |ijctiirp8  ami  i  ngravihfis. 

WAUIGNAN,  .loliii  Jaiiios  Mcdichiiio,  mar- 
quis de,  a  native  of  IVlilan,  who  was  prevailed 
on  by  Francis  Sforza,  duke  of  Milan,  in  inurdir 
Viscdiiii,  a  Milanese  nobleman  ;  lie  died  in  1555. 

MARIGNY,  James  Carpcnlier  de,  an  itcciesi- 
astic,  more  adndred  lor  liic  wit  ilian  the  purity  of 
his  morals.  He  was  the  author  of  poeni«,  and 
several  histories;  he  di<d  in  17r;2. 

IMARlKOVVSKY.Martin,  a  physician  ofllun- 
gary,  eminent  lor  his  writings  and  piaclice  ;  he 
died  in  1772. 

MAKILLAC,  Louis  de,  a  Frenrh  officer, 
rai.sed  by  Louis  XIII.  to  the  rank  of  marshal  of 
France,  and  afterwards  found  guilty  ol'exiortiou 
anil  peculation,  for  which  he  was  beheaded,  in 
1632. 

IVIARIN,  Michael  Angelo,  a  French  novel 
writer,  whose  works  tend  to  promote  the  cause 
of  virtue  and  relision  ;  he  died  in  1767. 

MAR!?;  ARl,  H'oiiorio,  an  Italian  painter,  pu- 
pil and  imitator  of  Carlo  Dolce;  he  died  in  1715. 

M.ARINELLA,  Lucretia,  p.u  ingenious  Vene- 
tian lady,  who  liv(.d  in  the  17th  century,  and 
Wrote  a  work  called  "  A  Demonstration  that 
the  Women  are  more  noble,  more  political, 
niorecnurapeous,  more  knowing,  more  virtuous, 
and  better  Managers,  than  the  Men." 

M.^RINI,  John  Ambrose,  a  native  of  Genoa, 
and  author  of  two  Romances,  which  were  very 
popular. 

MARINO,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian  poet,  of 
eminence,  who  went  to  France,  and  was  patro- 
nised by  queen  Marjiaret,  and  Mary  de  Medicis. 
His  works  are  nuniermis  ;  he  died  at  Rome,  in 
1622. 

MARIO  NUZ7I.  or  MARIO  DE  FIORl,  an 
eminent  painter  of  tiowers  and  landscapes,  died 
at  Rome,  in  1673. 

M.^RION,  Francis,  an  active  and  successful 
partisan  officer  of  the  revolution,  who  for  his 
activity,  bravery,  and  usefulness,  received  the 
thanks  of  congress  and  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  brigadier  general ;  he  died  in  1795. 

MARIOT'J'E,  Edmr,  a  native  ol  Dijon,  known 
as  an  able  niatt'<'niat\cian,  and  learned  ecclesi- 
astic; he  died  in  16*^4. 

M.ARIUS  CAIUS,  a  celebrated  Roman,  seven 
times  consul.  By  a  series  of  exploi'-i.  he  be- 
came the  most  popular  commander  of  Rome, 
')ur  his  disputes  with  Sylla  proved  fatal  to  the 
Roman  people  ;  he  died  86  H.  C. 

M  A  RIUS,  Marcus  Aurelius,  a  common  soldier, 
who  rose  to  the  imperial  purrie  of  Kome.  He 
was  u  man  of  astonishing  s'rf  ngth  of  body  ;  but 
was  slain  by  a  soldier  sfion  alter  his  elevation. 

M  ARIVAUX,  Peter  (arlet  de  Chamblain  de, 
a  French  author  and  writer  of  romances,  born 
in  16W.  died  in  1763.  The  groat  characteristic  of 
both  his  works  was,  to  convey  a  useful  moral 
under  the  veil  of  wit  and  sentiment. 

MARK,  St.,  an  evangelist,  th"  disciple  of 
Teter,  by  whose  direction  he  is  supposed  to  have 
written  his  Gospel  for  the  use  of  the  Roman 
Christians,  in  72. 

MARK,  pope,  after  Silvester  I.,  in  1335;  he 
•lied  the  same  year. 

MARK  ANTONY.  Pee  ANTONlUS.Marcus. 

MARKHAM,  Gervase,  an  English  poet  and 
mis'-ellaneoiis  writer,  who  lived  in  the  reigns 
of  Elizabeth,  James  I.,  and  Charles  I. 

MARKHAM,  William,  a  nephew  of  Penn, 
was  secretary  and  lieutenant  governor  of  Penn- 
svlvauia ;  he  died  in  1704. 
300 


MA - 

MARK], AND,  Jeremiah,  a  very  acute  and 
learned  English  critic,  born  in  1693,  died  in  1776. 

MARLOE,  (.  hristopher,  an  English  dramatic 
author,  born  about  l.^tiy,  and  bred  a  student  at 
the  university  of  Cambridge ;  but  afterwards, 
becoming  a  playf;r,  irod  the  same  stag^  with  the 
iiiconi|>arable  Shakspenre.  He  was  accounted 
an  excellent  poet  in  hit  time,  even  by  Ben  Jon- 
son  hiniself ;  and  Hey  wood,  his  teilow-actnr, 
styles  him  the  best  of  poets.  He  was  murdered 
in  1593,  in  an  afl'ray. 

MARLORAT,  A'ugustin,anAugustinemonk, 
of  Lorraine,  who  embraced  the  tenets  of  the 
protestants,  and  was  an  eminent  theological 
writer,  he  was  murdered  in  1662. 

MARIMION,  Sheckerley,  an  English  dramatic 
writer,  born  in  1602,  died  in  1639. 

MARMOL,  Lewis,  a  Spaniard,  taken  prison 
er  by  the  Turks,  at  Tunis,  and  kept  in  slavery 
8  ye  rs.  •  He  wrote  a  description  of  Africa. 

MARMONTEL,  John  Francis,  a  French 
novelist,  admired  at  once  for  the  vigour  and 
the  delicacy  of  his  genius,  was  bom  at  Bort,  in 
Vil9.  Seldom  has  wisdom  been  arrayed  in  ? 
more  charming  drees  than  in  his  "  Moral  Tales,' 
"  Belisarius,"  &c.  He  died  in  great  retirement, 
but  in  a  stale  bordering  on  want,  in  1799.  Three 
years  before  his  death,  being  nominated  to  (he 
legislature,  he  went  to  the  Electoral  Assembly, 
and,  thanking  his  fellow-citizens  for  this  mark 
of  respect,  said  to  them,  "You  behold,  my 
friends,  a  body  enfeebled  by  age ;  but  the  heart 
of  an  honest  man  never  grows  old." 

MARNEZIA,  N.de  Lezia,  a  member  of  the 
French  convention,  who  reprobated  the  violence 
of  their  proceedings,  and  retired  to  America. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  good  works,  and 
died  in  1797. 

MARNIX,  Philip  de,  a  native  of  Brussels 
who  warmly  embraced  the  tenets  of  Luther. 
He  was  afterwards  consul  at  Antwerp,  and  died 
in  1598. 

MAROLLES,  Michael  de,  bom  in  France,  in 
1600,  died  in  1681.  He  attached  himself  to  the 
translating  of  ancient  Latin  writers,  was  cer- 
j  tainly  a  man  of  great  learning,  and  discovered 
;all  his  life  a  love  for  the  arts.  He  collected 
,ahout  100,000  prints,  and  these  made  one  of  the 
'ornaments  of  the  French  king's  cabinet.. 

MAROT,  John,  a  French  poet  of  .some  emi- 
nence, born  in  Normandy,  in  1463,  died  in  1323. 

MAROT,  Clement,  son  of  the  preceding,  a 
celebrated  French  poet,  and  valet  de  chambre  to 
Francis  I.,  born  in  1495,  died  in  1544. 

MAROT,  Francis,  a  French  painter,  the  pu- 
pil of  la  Fosse,  died  in  1719. 

MARQUARD-FREHER,  a  native  of  Angs- 
burgh,  counsellor  of  state  to  the  elector  palaiine, 
and  professor  of  civil  law  at  Heidelberg.  He 
wrote  several  works,  and  died  in  1014. 

MAEQTTET,  Francis  Nicholas,  a  native  of 
Nancy,  eminent  as  a  physician  and  botanist. 
He  wrote  an  account  of  the  plants  of  Lorraine, 
in  10  vols.,  and  some  other  curious  works ;  he 
died  in  17.59. 

MAFR.ACCI,  Luigi,  a  very  learned  Italian 
theological  writer  and  antiquary,  born  in  1612, 
died  in  1700  He  was  author  of  several  pieces 
in  Italian  ;  but  the  grand  work,  which  has  made 
him  deservedly  famous  all  over  Europe,  is,  his 
edition  of  the  "  Koran,"  in  the  original  Arabic, 
with  a  Latin  version,  notes,  and  confutation  of 
his  own. 

MA^RRIER,  D.  Martin,  of  Paris,  made  a  cu- 
rious collection  of  ecclesiastical  'WTiters,  which 
he  published ;  he  died  in  1644. 


MA 


MAUSAIS,  Cisar  Cliesiieau  du,  a  French 
grammarian  and  an  eniineul  writer  anil  Christ- 
ian. He  wrote  for  the  Encyciopa;dia,  als^o  on 
the  Doctrines  of  tlie  Gallitan  Churcli,  "  True 
Principles  of  Grammar,"  "  Logic,"  &c.,  and 
died  in  1756. 

MARSH,  Narcissus,  an  eminept  Irish  prelate, 
and  scliolai,  bisliopof  Arniajih  He  buili  a  no- 
ble library  at  UubJin,  endowed  alms  houses,  &c. 
He  was  an  ableorientalisi  and  pliiloso|ihcr,  and 
died  in  1713. 

M.\RSH,  Ebcnezer  Grant,  professor  of  lan- 
guages and  ecclesiastical  history  in  Yale  col- 
lege, died  soon  after  his  appointment  to  thai 
station,  in  1H03. 

MARSHAL,  Walter,  an  English  divine,  was 
ejected  from  his  living,  at  Huisley,  for  non-con- 
formity, and  went  to  Gosport,  where  he  preach- 
ed to  a  dissentin;:  congregation.  He  wrote  some 
religions  works,  and  died  m  Iti'JO. 

R1ARSHALL,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
and  celebrated  critic,  especially  in  theGothic  and 
Anglo-Saxon  tongues,  born  in  16-21,  died  in  1C85. 

M.ARSH.'VLL,  William,  an  able  and  eminent 
writer  on  "  Rural  Economy"  and  statislics.  He 
died  in  Yorkshire,  in  1818. 

MARSHALL,  Natlianael,  D.  D.,  an  English 
divine,  cliaplain  to  George  II.,  and  canon  of 
Windsor.  He  published  sermons  in  3  vols.,  and 
other  works,  in  H.'iO. 

MARSHAM,  sir  John,  a  learned  author,  born 
in  London,  was  one  of  the  six  clerks  in  chance- 
ry, niembor  for  the  city  of  Rochester,  and  was 
knighted  and  made  a  baronet  by  Charles  II.  He 
is  celebrated  for  his  Chronological  Dissertation, 
and  died  in  I()85. 

MARSIGLI,  Lewis  Ferdinand,  an  Italian  no- 
bleman, famous  in  letters  and  in  arms,  born  at 
Bologna,  in  l(J58,  died  in  1730.  He  was  founder, 
in  1712,  of  the  academy  of  arts  and  sciences,  at 
Bologna,  called  "  The  Institute,"  and  author 
of  a  physical  "  History  of  the  Sea,  and  a  De 
scription  of  the  Danube,  from  Vienna  to  Bel- 
grade." 

MARSILIUS.    See  MENANDRINO. 

MARSOLLIER,  James,  a  French  historian, 
whose  works  arc  still  read  and  valued  ;  he  died 
in  1724. 

MARSTON,  John,  an  English  dramatic  au- 
thor, died  about  1()34. 

MARSY,  Francis  Marie  de,  a  French  author, 
who  wrote  an  Analysis  of  Bayle,  in  4  vols.,  for 
which  he  was  sent  to  the  Bastile.  He  was  au- 
thor of  many  other  works,  and  died  in  17iU. 

M.^RSY,  BaUhasar,  an  eminent  sculptor,  of 
Cambray,  died  in  1763. 

M.'VRTEL,  Francis,  a  surgeon,  in  the  service 
if  Henry  IV.,  of  France,  author  of  an  Apology 
fi;'r  Surgeons,  and  other  works,  printed  at  Paris, 
ill  1635. 

MARTELIERE,  Peter  de  la,  an  advocate, 
who  distinguished  himself  in  the  celebrated  trial 
between  the  university  of  Paris,  and  the  Jesuits ; 
he  died  in  1631. 

MARTELLI,  Lewis,  an  Italian  poet,  died  in 
1527. 

MAR.TELLI,  Peter  James,  author  of  seven 
volumes  of  prose  and  verse ;  he  was  secretary 
to  the  senate  of  Bologna,  and  died  in  1727. 

MARTENNE,  Edmund,  a  Benedictine  of  St. 
Maur,  author  of  a  commentary  on  the  Rules  of 
St.  Benedict,  and  some  other  books ;  he  died  in 
1739. 

MARTIAL,  D'Auvergne,  a  French  poet,  au- 
liiorof  a  historical  poem  on  Charles  VII.,  "  Ar- 
tetB  de  L'amour,"  &c.,  died  in  150& 


MARTIALIS,  Marcus  Valerius,  an  anciert 
Latin  poei,  bom  in  Spain,  A.  U.S'J.  He  isge 
ntrally  allowed  to  have  excelled  all  those,  whe 
ther  ancient  or  modern,  who  have  attempted 
tile  poiiiied  epigram.     He  died  at  tlje  age  of  75 

MAKTIANAY,  John,  a  Btn.^dictine,  who 
ably  edited  the  works  of  St.  Je.oine,  in  5  vols, 
folio,  with  a  life  of  that  latlier  ;  he  died  in  1717. 

MARTIGNAC,  Ste|)hen  Aigai,  lord  of,  a 
French  writer,  who  published  the  lives  of  the 
bishops  of  Paris,  and  iranslated  Horace,  Te 
rence,  Juvenal,  Ovid,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  16!i8. 

MARTIN,  St.,  was  converted  to  Christianit" 
and  became  bishop  of  Taurus.  He  is  regaidcci 
as  the  apostle  of  Gaul.  His  confession  of  laitb 
IS  still  extant ;  he  died  in  397. 

M.'iRTlN  1.,  pope, caused  the  doctrines  of  the 
Monofhelites  to  bt  condemned  ;  he  died  in  655. 

MARTIN  H.,  pope,  alter  John  VIII.,  in  862-, 
he  died  two  years  after. 

MARTIN  HI.,  a  native  of  Rome,  pope  after 
Stephen  Vlll.  He  was  a  benevolent  pontiff,  and 
founded  several  churches ;  he  died  in  946. 

M.\RT1N  IV.,  a  Frenchman,  made  pope  after 
Nicholas  III.  ;  he  died  at  Perouse,  in  12fe5. 

MARTIN  v.,  Otlio  Colonna,  an  illustrious 
Roman,  made  pope  after  the  abdication  of  Gre' 
gory  XII.,  in  1417. 

MARTIN,  Benjamin,  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated matheniaticians  and  opticians  of  the  age, 
born  in  London,  in  1704,  and  died  in  1782. 

MARTIN,  David,alearned  French  protestanl 
divine,  of  most  amiable  manners,  author  of  a 
"History  of  the  Bible,"  with  424  plates,  also 
of  sernions,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1721. 

M.^RTIN,  Dom  James,  a  Benedictine  of 
Languedoc,  who  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  Religion 
of  the  ancient  Gauls,  a  History  of  the  Gauls, 
and  other  works  ;  he  died  in  1751. 

MARTIN,  Thomas,  an  English  antiquarian. 
He  wrote  the  History  of  his  native  town,  and 
was  in  possession  of  a  large  collection  of  anti- 
quities, pictures,  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1771. 

MARTIN,  Claude,  a  native  of  Lyons,  who 
went  to  India  as  a  soldier,  but  left  the  army  and 
remained  in  thatcountry.  He  became  immense 
ly  rich  and  built  a  magnificent  editice  at  Luck- 
know.  He  then  made  a  very  curious,  and  valu- 
able collection  of  the  natural  productions  of 
the  country,  and  died  in  1799. 

MARTIN,  Alexander,  LL.  D.,  governor  of 
tne  state  of  North-Carolina,  a  senator  in  con- 
giess  from  that  state,  died  in  1807. 

MARTINDALE,  Adam,  ao  English  mathe- 
matician and  divine,  who  was  chaplain,  in  the 
family  of  lord  Delaware.  He  was  author  of 
■'  Land  Meter's  Vade  Mecuni,  Almanacs,  &c., 
and  died  in  1700. 

MARTINEAU,  Isaac,  a  Jesuit,  confessor  and 
friend  to  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  and  author  of 
Psalms  of  Penitence  ;  he  died  in  1720. 

MARTINI,  Raymond,  a  Dominican  friar  and 
great  orientalist,  who  flourished  in  the  13th 
century.  He  was  selected  at  Toledo,  in  1250,  to 
study  Hebrew  and  Arabic,  hi  order  to  confute 
the  Jews  and  Mahometans.  This  he  attempted 
in  a  very  learned  work,  called  "  Pugio  Fidei." 

MARTINI,  Martin,  a  Jesuit,  long  resident  in 
China,  where  he  wrote  some  valuable  books,  on 
the  manners  and  habits  of  the  Chinese,  &c. ; 
he  died  in  1651. 

MARTINIERE,  Anthony  Augustin  Bruzen 
de  la,  born  in  1684,  was  secretary  to  the  king  of 
Naples,  and  geographer  to  the  king  of  Spain, 
and  died  in  1749. 

MARTINIUS,  Matthiai,  divinity  professor 
26  301 


MA 

at  Padciborri,  and  Bremen.    He  wrote  a  Phi- 
lusopiiitai  Lexicon,  and  died  in  363U. 

MARTINUSIUS,  George,  or  VTISINO- 
VISCH,  a  native  of  Croaiia,  who  from  a  lighter 
of  stoves,  became  a  bishop,  minister  and  friend 
to  the  king  of  Hunjrary,  and  linally  a  cardinal. 
He  was  assassinated  in  J,551. 

MARTINKLLI,  a  lands,  ape  painter  of  gjeat 
eminence,  boi  n  at  Naples,  m  1670,  died  in  1720. 

MARTYN,  .Tolni,  a  botanical  writer,  born  in 
London,  in  1699,  ditil  in  1768. 

MARTYR,  Peter,  a  Milanese,  employed  as  a 
nugoMaior  by  Ferdinand  f'(  Spain.  He  %vas  au- 
thor of  a  Hisiory  of  the  Discovery  of  America, 
&c.,  ai-.d  died  in  15-25. 

ftlAUTYR,  Peter,  a  distinguished  commenta- 
tor on  the  Bible,  born  at  Florence,  in  1500,  died 
in  lots. 

MARUCELLI,  John  Stephen,  an  eminent 
Italian  painter,  died  in  1706. 

AIARULLUS,  JVIichael  Tarchanistis,_a  very 
learned,  but  atheistical  and  blasphemous  Greek, 
who  left  his  native  country,  and  resided  in  Italy. 
He  was  drowned  in  1500. 

MARULLUS,  a  poet  of  Calabria  in  the  5th 
century,  who  came  to  Padua,  to  wait  upon 
Altila.  Marullus  expected  an  ample  reward  lor 
the  flatteries  with  which  he  had  filled  his  pane- 
gyric upon  Attila;  but  when  that  prince  was 
informed  that  the  poet  deduced  his  origin  from 
Heaven,  and  styled  him  a  god,  he  ordered  both 
the  verses  and  the  versifier  to  be  burned.  Attila, 
however,  forgave  him. 

M.\RVELL,  Andrew,  a  very  ingenious  poli- 
tical and  critical  writer  and  poet,  born  in  1620, 
died  in  1678.  He  manfully  supported  the  reli- 
pous  and  civil  liberties  of  his  country,  by  his 
writings  and  his  parliamentary  hiterest,  against 
the  arbitrary  encroachments  of  the  court  on 
both;  and  repeatedly  declined  all  inducements 
which  the  king  olTered  him,  to  go  over  to  the 
court  party. 

MARVIELLES,  N.  de,  a  French  officer,  au- 
thor of  some  poetical  pieces  of  merit,  in  Latin 
and  French ;  he  died  in  1775. 

MARY,  the  mother  of  our  blessed  Saviour, 
was  of  the  tribe  of  Judah,  and  of  the  royal 
house  of  David. 

MARY,  wife  of  Cleophas,  called  in  Scripture, 
the  sister  of  the  Virgin,  and  mother  of  the 
apostles  James  the  Less,  Simon,  Jude,  and 
Joseph. 

MARY,  queen  of  England,  eldest  daughter 
of  Henry  VIII.,  and  Catharine  of  Arragon. 
She  was  a  learned  woman,  but  bigoted  in  the 
popish  superstition,  exceedingly  jealous,  and 
violent  and  sanguinary  in  her  resentments. 
During  her  reign,  lire,  faggots,  and  the  stake, 
were  the  horrid'means  used  to  make  proselytes 
to  the  Romish  church.  The  sacritice  of  the  in- 
nocent lady  Jane  Grey  and  her  husband,  to  a 
mean  fit  of  jealousy,  showed  a  degree  of  barba- 
rity rarely  equalled  in  civilized  life.  She  mar- 
ried Pliilip  of  Spain,  whose  coldness  toward 
ner,  together  with  the  loss  of  Calais,  is  said  to 
have  so  preyed  on  her  mind,  that  she  fell  into  a 
fever,  of  which  she  died  in  1558. 

MARY,  queen  of  England,  wife  of  William 
in.,  was  daughter  of  James  II.,  by  the  daughter 
of  lord  Clarendon.  She  is  represented  asa  meek, 
inoffensive  character,  little  inclined  to  meddle 
with  public  affairs,  and  of  a  humane  and  bene- 
volent disposition  :  she  died  in  1694. 

MARY,  daughter  of  Henry  III.,  duke  of  Bra- 
bant, married  Philip  the  Bold,  of  France,  in 
'iHH.    She  was  accused  of  puisonuig  occ  of  iier 
302 


MA 

husband's  sons,  of  which  crime,  she  was,  bow- 
ever,  probably  innocent ;  she  died  in  1321. 

MARY,  of  .^njou,  daughter  of  Lewis  II.,  and 
wife  of  Charles  VII.,  of  France.  She  was  a 
woman  of  a  very  heroic  character,  and  died  in 
1403. 

MARY,  daughter  of  Henry  VII.,  of  England, 
married  Lewis  XII.,  of  France,  and  was  grand- 
mother to  the  unfortunate  lady  Jane  Grey  ;  slie 
died  in  1534. 

MARY  THERESA,  of  Austria,  daughter  of 
Philip  IV^.,  of  Spain,  iriarried  Lewis  XIV.,  of 
France,  in  1660,  and  died  in  1683. 
1  MARY  DE  MEOICI6,  daughter  of  Francis 
II.,dukeof  Tuscany,  was  married  to  Henry  IV., 
of  Prance,  in  1600.  She  was  banished  by  her 
son  Lewis  XIII,  together  with  her  favourites  and 
attendants,  and  died  in  poverty,  at  Cologne,  in 
1642. 

MARY  LECZINSKA,  daughter  of  Stanislaus, 
king  of  Poland,  married  Lewis  king  of  France, 
in  1725,  and  is  represented  as  a  very  amiabie 
and  virtuous  princess  ;  she  died  in  1768. 

MARY,  of  Cleves,  married  Henry  I.,  prince 
of  Conde.  She  was  loved  with  so  much  ardour 
by  the  duke  of  Anjou,  afterwards  Henry  III., 
that  when  he  came  to  the  throne,  he  designed 
to  annul  her  marriage,  and  take  her  himself; 
but  her  sudden  death,  probably  by  poison,  at 
the  age  of  18,  in  1574,  left  him  disconsolate. 

MARY,  of  Arragon,  daughter  of  Sancho  III., 
wife  of  Otho,  was  put  to  death  in  998,  for  false- 
ly accusing,  and  destroying  the  count  of  Mo 
dena. 

MARY,  daughter  of  diaries,  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy,  married  Maxiinihan,  son  ol'  the  emperor  > 
Frederic,  and  thus  transferred  the  dominions^ 
of  Burgundy  to  the  house  of  Austria  ;  she  died 
in  1482. 

MARY,  of  Austria,  daughter  of  Philip,  king 
of  Spain,  married,  in  1521,  Lewis,  king  of  Hun- 
gary, who  was  slain  at  the  battle  of  Mohals. 
She  was  a  woman  of  courage  and  firmness,  and 
a  great  protector  of  literature ;  she  died  in  1558 

MARY  STUART,  queen  of  Scots,  famous 
for  her  beauty,  wit,  learning,  and  misfortunes, 
daughter  of  James  V.,  king  of  Scotland,  suc- 
ceeded her  father,  in  1542,  eight  days  after  her 
birth.  In  1558,  she  mairied  Francis,  dauphin, 
and  afterwards  king  of  France ;  by  which 
means  stie  became  queen  of  France.  This 
monarch  dying  in  1.560,  she  returned  into  Scot- 
land, and  married  her  cousin,  Henry  Stuart, 
(lord  Darnley,)  in  1565 ;  but  excluding  him  from 
any  share  of  the  government  (as  he  suspected) 
by  the  advice  of  Rizzio,  an  Italian  musician, 
her  favourite  and  secretary,  the  king,  by  the  as- 
sistance of  some  of  the  principal  nobility,  sud- 
denly surprised  them  together,  and  Rizzio  was 
slain  in  the  queen's  presence,  in  1566.  The  next 
year  the  king  was  blown  up  with  gunpowder, 
in  a  private  house,  to  which  he  hafl  retired  with 
a  few  friends.  The  earl  of  Bothwell,  the  new 
favourite  of  ^lary,  was  undoubtedly  the  contri- 
ver of  this  murder ;  he  was,  however,  acquitted 
by  the  nobles  of  his  and  Mary's  party  ;  and,  in 
aix)ut  two  months  after,  the  queen,  to  the  as- 
tonishment of  all  Europe,  married  this  ambi- 
tious villain.  This  shameful  conduct  occasion- 
ed the  revolt  of  the  ohief  nobility,  and  her  best 
subjects,  by  whom  ghewas  taken  prisoner,  com- 
pelled to  resign  the  crown,  and  her  son  James 
VI.,  was  crowned.  The  queen  soon  after  ea 
caped  from  prison  and  raised  an  army  toopposo 
the  regent.  Murray,  but  was  defeated,  and  fled 
|io  England,  u)  )5Ce  where  stut  was  detained  a 


aiA      

prisoner,  charged  by  her  own  subjects  wiih  ihe 
murder  of  lier  husband,  king  Heury.  During 
tae  long  iraprisonnjent  of  the  queen,  slie  was 
justly  considered  as  the  head  of  the  popish  par- 
ty, who  wished  to  see  a  princess  of  their  per- 
suasion on  tlie  throne  of  England.  She  counte- 
nanced, if  she  was  not  directly  concerned  in,  the 
plots  against  the  life  of  Elizabeth,  who  was  re- 
duced to  the  necessity  of  sacrificing  her  to  iier 
own  personal  safety.  She  was  tried  for  a  con- 
spiracy, condemned,  and  beheadud,  in  1587. 

MAUY,  a  French  poetess,  who  resided  in 
England,  in  the  13th  century.  Her  poems  on 
chivalry,  &c.,  are  preserved  in  tlie  British  mu- 
seum. 

MAS,  Lewis  du.    See  DUMAS. 

IVIASACCIO  TJionias,  an  eminent  Italian 
painter,  who  /as  regarded  as  the  chief  artist 
of  the  secop  »ge  of  modern  painting  ;  he  died 
in  144H. 

MASC.\RDI,  Augustine,  a  learned  Italian  Je- 
suit, for  whose  benefit,  pope  Urban  VII.  found- 
ed a  professorship.  He  was  the  author  of  many 
works,  but  always  poor  and  in  debt.  He  died 
in  1640. 

MASCARON,  Julius,  bishop  of  Agen,  and 
a  most  eminent  French  preacher,  born  in  1004, 
died  in  1703.  His  eloquence  was  astonishing  ; 
and  it  is  related  that  his  preaching  had  such  an 
effect  upon  the  Hugonois,  tliat,  of  30,000  Calvin- 
ists,  which  he  found  at  .lis  coming  to  the  see  of 
Agen,  28.000  forsook  ilijir  church. 

MASCHERONI,  Laurent,  of  Bergamo,  an 
eminent  mathematician,  the  well-known  author 
01'  Compass  Geometry,  died  at  Paris,  in  1800. 

MASCLEF,  Francis,  a  French  theologician, 
and  canon  of  Amiens.  He  wrote  a  Hebrew 
grammar,  and  other  books,  and  died  in  1723. 

M.-VSCRIER,  John  Baptist  de^  a  French  wri- 
ter, author  of  a  description  of  Egypt,  from  Mal- 
let's Memoirs,  Christian  Reflections,  &c. ;  he 
died  in  1760. 

MASEN'lUS,  James,  a  Jesuit,  professor  of 
eloquenca  and  poetry,  at  Cologne,  and  author 
of  a  Laun  poem  on  the  Fall  of  Man,  (mm 
which,  it  is  said,  Milton  borrowed  ideas ;  he 
died  in  1681. 

MASHAM,  lady  Damaris,  a  very  learned 
lady,  who  wrote  a  discourse  concerning  the 
Love  of  God.  Besides  learning,  she  possessed 
every  other  virtue,  and  died  in  1703. 

MASIUS,  Andrew,  born  near  Brussels,  a  very 
learned  orientalist,  who  wrote  a  Syriac  gram- 
mar, and  translated  pieces  from  the  Syriac  ;  he 
died  in  1753. 

M.\SKELINE,  Rev.  Dr.  Nevil,  a  most  emi- 
nent mathematician,  and  many  years  astrono- 
mer royal  at  Greenwich,  was  born  in  1332,  and 
educated  at  Cambridge.  He  determined  the 
method  of  finding  the  longitude  at  sea  by  lunar 
observations.  He  pubhshed  "  The  Nautical 
Almanac,"  and  several  other  scientific  works, 
and  died  in  1811. 

MASO,  Thomas,  or  FINIGUERRA,  a  gold- 
smith, of  Florence,  said  to  have  invented  the 
art  of  taking  impressions  from  engravings  on 
copper,  about  1480. 

MASON,  Francis,  a  native  of  Durham,  chap- 
lain to  James  I.,  and  author  of  some  valuable 
writings;  he  died  in  1621. 

MASON,  Sir  John,  a  statesman  of  eminence, 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  and  his  successors. 
Henry  employed  him  on  several  embassies,  and 
made  him  bis  privy  counsellor.  He  maintained 
his  influence  at  court  under  Edward,  Mary,  and 
Klizabeth  ;  he  died  in  1566. 


MA  ^^ 

1  M.ASON,  John,  a  learned  and  pious  dissent- 
ing minister,  author  of  Self  Knowledge,  Prae- 
tical  Discourses  for  Families,  aud  other  workg. 
He  died  in  1703. 

MASON,  William,  an  excellent  English  po«t 
and  divine,  born  in  1725,  died  in  1797. 

MASON,  George,  an  English  writer,  author 
of  "Essays  on  Gardening;"  "  Answer  to  Tom 
Paine,"  and  other  works  ;  he  died  in  1806. 

MASON,  John,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
Connecticut,  distinguished  tor  his  successful  ex- 
pedition against  the  Pequot  Indians,  of  which 
he  wrote  an  account ;  ho  was  commander  of  the 
jtroops  aud  lieutenant  governor  of  the  colony. 
He  died  in  1673. 

MASON,  John,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
and  a  distinguished  presbyterian  clergyman,  of 
New-York,was  eminent  for  bis  learning,  talents, 
and  eloquence.  He  died  in  New- York,  in 
1792. 

MASON,  George,  a  distinguished  statesman, 
of  the  state  of  Viieinia,  died  in  1792. 

MASaUE  DE  FER,  or  IRON  MASK,  a  per- 
son confined  in  the  bdstile,  who  always  wore  a 
mask  with  steel  springs,  which  concealed  his 
features,  wirhoutpreventinghis  eating.  Though 
no  person  could  ever  discover  who  he  was,  it  is 
certain  from  the  treatment  he  received,  that  he 
was  a  person  of  J.igh  birth.  He  died  in  1708, 
and  was  buried  privately. 

MASSAC,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  born  at  Paris,  died  in  1767. 

MASSANIELLO,  or  ANELLO.  See  ANEL- 
LO. 

M.^SSARt,  Lucio,  a  native  of  Bologna,  emi- 
nent as  a  historical  painter,  died  in  1633. 

MASSARIA,  Ale.xander,  a  physician,  born  at 
Vicenza.  He  wrote  "  Practice  of  Medicine," 
and  other  works,  and  died  in  1593. 

MASSASOIT,  an  Ii.dian  sachem,  who  resi- 
ded in  Naragauset  bay,  when  the  pilgrims  land- 
ed at  Plyraouih,  in  1620.  He  was  distinguished 
for  his  friendship  to  the  whites,  and  lor  the  good 
faith  he  always  observed  toward  them.  He 
died  about  the  year  1655. 

MASSE,  John  Baptiste,  a  Parisian,  miniature 
painter  to  the  Frencli  king ;  he  died  in  1767. 

MASSEI,  Raymond,  a  physician,  of  Orleans, 
author  of  Pcean  Aurelianus,  and  other  works, 
about  1600. 

MASSEN-iV,  Andrew,  prince  of  Esling,  one 
of  the  most  distinguished  and  fortunate  of  Buo- 
naparte's field  marshals.  He  was  born  at  Nice, 
in  1758,  and  commanded  in  chief  in  the  memo- 
rable compaign  of  Switzerland  ;  when,  at  the 
battle  of  Zurich,  he  liad  to  contend  against  the 
archduke  Charles  and  marshal  Suwaroff;  yet, 
the  fruits  of  this  campaign  were  70,000  prisoners ! 
He  ended  liia  military  career  by  the  command 
of  the  army  of  Portugal,  in  1810-11,  and  died 
in  1817. 

MASSEVILLE,  Lewis  le  Vavasseur  de,  a 
native  of  Montebourg,  an  able  topographical 
writer,  and  author  of  a  History  and  Geography 
of  Normandy  ;  he  died  in  1733. 

MASSIEtr,  William,  an  ingenious  and 
learned  French  writer  on  classical  antiquity, 
and  author  of  an  edition  of  Demosthenes,  born 
in  1665,  died  in  1722. 

MASSILLON,  John  Baptiste,  a  very  cele- 
brated preacher,  of  France,  and  considered  in 
that  country  as  a  consummate  master  of  elo- 
quence, was  born  in  1663,  died  in  1742. 

MASSINGER,  Philip,  an  e.tcellent  English 
dramatic  pnet,  born  in  15S5,  died  in  1639.  Hv 
was  held  in  high  esteem  bv  the  poet?  of  ihu; 
303 


ma" 

age.    His  works  were  collected  by  Mr.  Mason 
and  Mr.  Davies,  in  1779. 

MASS1NIS?SA,  an  African  king,  who  became 
a  most  taithful  ally  ol  Rome,  died  in  i49  H.  C 

MASbOLINO,  de  Paaicale,  ol  Florence,  an 
admirable  painter;  he  died  in  1450. 

WASSON,  Anthony,  a  French  engraver 
whose  portraits  were  much  admired,  died  ii 
1702. 

MASSON,  Innocent  le,  a  Carthusian,  who 
rebuilt  the  Gra.ide  ('hartreusc,  at  Paris,  when 
destroyed  by  fire  ;  he  died  in  1703. 

MASSON,  Anthony,  a  Minim,  author  of  a 
Historv  ni  ihe  Deluge,  and  of  Noali ;  he  died 
in  1700 

MASSON  DES  GRANGES,  Daniel,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  authorof  the  "  Modern  Philosopher, 
or  the  Unbeliever  condenmed  at  the  tribunal  of 
Reason  ;"  he  died  in  1700. 

M.ASSON,  Papirius,  a  French  annalist  of  good 
reputation.     Fie  died  in  1611. 

MASSON,  John,  a  reformed  minister,  origi 
nally  of  France,  but  who  fled  to  Kiigland  to 
enjoy  that  liberty  in  relii'ion  which  his  dwu 
country  refused  him,  and  died  in  Holland,  about 
the  middle  of  the  18th  century. 

MASSON,  Francis,  an  eminent  Scotch  gar 
dener  and  botanist.  He  visited  the  (ape  oi 
Good  Hope,  the  West-Indies,  Portufral,  Madeira 
and  Norih-America,  to  colltct  plants  for  the 
royal  eardens.  and  died  at  Montreal,  in  1805. 

MASSrET,  Rene,  a  learned  French  Bene- 
dictine, known  by  his  edition  of  Irsnaius,  with 
learned  dissertations,  in  1710. 

MASTELL13TA,Joh:i  Andrew,  a  painter,  of 
Bologna,  born  in  1577,  died  in  a  fit  of  melan- 
choly. 

MATANI,  Anthony,  an  Italian  physician, 
professor  of  medicine  at  Pisa,  arid  author  of  se- 
ver.-il  learned  workson  his  profession,  he  died 

in  nta. 

MATERNUS,  DE  CILANO,  George  Christ 
ian,  author  of  a  Dissertation  on  the  Aurora 
Borealis,  and  other  work»,died  in  Lower  Saiony, 
in  1773 

M.-VTHER,  Richard,  came  to  Massachusetts, 
in  Ifkio,  and  settled  there.  He  was  an  eminent 
divine,  and  author  of  several  religious  works  ; 
he  died  in  1C99. 

MATHER,  Samuel,  son  of  the  preceding, 
caniowith  his  father  to  New-Eng:land,  but  re- 
turned to  Great  Britain,  where  he  became  a  dis- 
tinguished preacher;  he  died  in  1671 

MATHER,  Increase,  D.  D.,  brother  to  the 
preceding,  was  for  several  years  a  clergyman 
of  Boston,  and  afterwards,  president  of  Har- 
vard college  ;  he  was  author  of  several  works, 
and  died  in  1723. 

MATHER,  Cotton,  D.  D..  F.  R.  S.,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  distinguished  for  hisprcat  learn- 
ing and  piety,  and  may  be  considered  as  the 
most  eminent  clergyman  of  his  day  in  New- 
England.  He  was  settled  at  Boston,  where  bo 
died  in  1727.     His  writings  we'e  numerous. 

MATHER,  Samuel,  son  of  Dr.  Cotton  Mather, 
was  also  a  clergyman  of  Boston.  He  died  in 
1785 

MATHER,  Nathaniel,  an  eminent  English 
divine,  settled  at  London,  died  in  1097. 

MATHER,  Eleazer,  first  minister  of  Norln- 
empton,  Mass.  ,was  born  in  lG37,and  died  in  1609 


MA 

MATHIAS  CORVINUS,  king  of  Hungary 
and  Bohemia,  in  145;^.  He  broke  the  conspiracy 
01  Hungarian  lords,  who  invited  Frederic  III., 
to  take  possession  ot  tlie  crown.  He  was  a 
great  wariior,  bui  a  good  and  benevolent  king, 
and  introduced  order,  and  reformed  abusei 
among  his  subjects ;  he  died  in  1490. 

MATHIAS,  Christian,  a  native  of  Holstein, 
professor  ol'  divinity  and  philosophy  at  various 
univorsiiiea.  He  wrote  Historia  Patriarcharum 
&.C.,  and  died  in  1655. 

MATHON  DE  LA  COim,  James,  a  French 
niail'ematician,  and  an  active  member  ol  the 
academy  at  Lyons,  lie  wrote  Elenieuts  of  Dyna- 
mics, and  Mechanics,  and  other  works,  and  died 
in  1770.  , 

MATHON  DE  LA  COUR,  Charles  Joseph, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  distinguished  at  Paris 
for  his  literary  labours,  and  the  prizes  he  obtain 
ed  in  the  various  learned  academies  there.  A 
mong  his  works,  he  wrote  on  the  danger  of 
reading  books  liostile  to  religion.  He  was  exe- 
cuted in  1793. 

M.XTIGNON.  James  de,  an  able  warrior,  was 
commander-in-chief  in  Noinjandy,  in  1572,  and 
was  made  marshal  by  Henry  111.  of  France ;  he 
died  in  1597. 

MATILDA,  or  MAUD,  daughterof  Henry  I., 
king  of  England,  married  Henry  IV.,  king  of 
Germany,  and  was  afterwards  acknowledged 
queen  of  England  ;  but  her  conduct  not  suiting 
the  nobles,  she  was  dejiosed,  and  Stephen  placed 
on  the  throne  ;  she  died  in  1167. 
.  MATSYS,  Quintin,  sometimes  called  the 
blacksmith  of  Antwerp,  famous  for  having  been 
iransformed  from  a  farriei  to  a  painter  by  the 
force  of  love,  and  for  the  sake  of  a  mistress  ; 
became  eminent  in  his  new  profession,  and  died 
in  1529. 

MATTEI,  Paolo  da,  a  painter,  of  Naples,  ce- 
lebrated for  the  correctness  of  his  pieces,  died 
in  1728. 

MATTHEW,  or  LEVI,  a  tax  gatherer,  be- 
came a  disciple  of  our  Saviour.  He  wrote  his 
!!ospel  about  A.  D.  61,  and  is  supposed  to  hav« 
suffered  martvrdom. 

MATTHEW  CANTACUZENUS,  son  of 
John,  emperor  of  Constantinople,  and  partner 
on  the  throne  with  him  in  1534.  He  composed 
some  commentaries  on  Solomon's  Song. 

MATTHEW,  of  Westminster,  an  English 
hislori.an,  of  the  14lh  century,  very  much  es- 
teemed for  his  veracity,  acuteness,  and  dili- 
gence. 

MATTHEWS,  Tobias,  an  able  and  eloquent 
divine,  in  the  reign  of  James  I.,  was  made  bi- 
shop of  Durham,  and  afterwards  of  York;  he 
died  in  1028. 

MATTHEWS,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Glamor- 
ganshire, eminent  as  a  naval  commander ;  he 
died  in  1751 

MATTHKWS,  Samuel,  governor  of  the  co- 
lony of  Vireinia,  in  lt)5(i,died  in  England,  while 
residing  there  as  tie  agent  of  the  colony. 

MATTHEWS,  John,  an  active  friend  of  the 
revolution,  a  member  of  congress  from  Souib 
Carolina,  during  that  struggle,  and  aiterwards 
governor  of  that  .-tate ;  he  died  in  1802. 

M  ATTHIEU.  Peter,  a  French  histoiian,  who 
became  historiographer  to  Henry  FV.,  and  at- 
tended Lewis  XIII.  at  the  siige  of  Montauban. 


MATHIAS    S*..,  one  of  the  twelve  apostles.   He  wrote  the  history  of  France,  and  historiea 


in  the  room  of  the  traitor  Judas. 

MATHIAS,  son  of  Maximilian  II.,  was  em- 
peror of  Germany,  after  his  brother  Rodolphus 
JI.,  in  1G13.    He  died  at  Vienna,  in  1616, 
304 


of  several  of  the  French  kings  ;  he  died  in  1("21. 
M.\TTHIOLrS,  Peter  Andrew,  an  able  au- 
thor, boni  at  Sienna.    He  published,  in  Italian, 
some  valuable  commentaries  on  DioscoridsR. 


MA 

His  works  were  edited  by  BartUolin  ;  he  died  in 
1577. 

MATTI,  Don  Emanuel,  a  Spanish  poet  of 
eminence,  member  of  the  Arcadia,  at  Rome. 
Pope  Innocent  XIL,  made  him  dean  of  Alicant ; 
he  died  in  1737. 

MATURING,  a  native  of  Florence,  eminent 
as  a  painter,  was  a  pupil  of  Raphael,  whose 
works  he  rivalled ;  he  died  in  1.327. 

M.-^TY,  Dr.  Matthew,  an  eminent  physician, 
critic,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  born  in  Hol- 
land, in  1718,  but  settled  in  England;  he  was 
secretary  to  the  Royal  Socisty,  and  principal 
librarian  of  the  British  Museum.  He  died  in 
1776. 

MATY,  Paul  Henry,  M.  A.,  F.  R.  S.,  son  of 
the  preceding.  His  whole  lite  was  taken  up  in 
literary  pursuits.  In  January,  1782,  he  set  on 
foot  a  Review  of  Publications,  principally  fo- 
reign ;  and  no  man  was  better  qualified  for  the 
emplovment.  He  was  born  iu  1745,  and  died  in 
1787.  ' 

MAUCH.\RD,  Burchard  David,  professor  of 
anatomy  and  physic,  at  Tubingen,  and  physician 
to  the  duke  of  VVirtcmherg.  He  wrote  various 
tracts  on  his  profession,  and  died  in  1751. 

MAUCROIX,  Francis  de,  a  Frenchman,  fa- 
mous for  his  many  translations  from  Greek  and 
Latin  authors.  He  was  intimate  witli  Boileau 
and  Racine,  and  died  in  1708. 

MAUDUIT,  Michael,  an  eminent  French  di- 
vine, who  wrote  against  atheists  and  deists,  also 
atranslationof  thePsalms,  &c. ;  hedietl  In  17(j!). 

MAUDUIT,  Israel,  F.  A.  S.,  a  political  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  best  known  as  author  of 
"  Considerations  on  the  German  War,"  &c., 
died  in  1787. 

MAUGIN,  John,  of  Anjou,  translated  Ma- 
chieval's  Discourses  into  French,  about  IS.TO. 

MAUPERTUIS,  Peter  Lewis  Moreau  de,  an 
eminent  French  philosopher,  born  i!i  1GSI8.  In 
17:16  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  academi- 
cians who  were  sent  into  the  North  by  the  king 
of  France,  in  order  to  determine  the  figure  of  the 
earth,  which  was  executed  witli  great  success. 
He  died  in  1750. 

M.\UPERTUY,  John  Baptist  Drouet  de,  a 
Parisian,  was  bred  to  the  law,  but  afterwards 
look  orders.  He  wrote  his  "  History  of  the  Ho- 
ly Church  at  Vicnne,"  andother  religious  books, 
and  died  in  1736. 

AI.\UPIN,  N.  Aubigny,  a  celebrated  singer  at 
the  Paris  opera.    She  died  in  1707. 

M.\UR,  St.,  a  disciple  of  St.  Benedict,  who 
Jied  about  584.  A  congregation  bearing  his 
name,  was  formed  in  France,  in  the  17th  cen- 
L\iry,  which  has  produced  some  learned  men. 

.\1.A.UR,  Don  Charles  de,  an  eminent  matlie- 
maiician  and  engineer,  was  employed  in  the 
Spanish  army,  and  also  in  the  construction  of 
canals  and  roads.  He  wrote  Elements  of  Ma- 
thematics, and  died  in  1785. 

MAURAN,  Peter,  a  leading  man  among  the 
\lbigenses,  in  Langiiedoc,  was  condemned  to 
make  a  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Land,  because  he 
denied  transubstantiation ;  he  lived  in  the  13th 
century. 

MAiniEPAS,  John  Frederic  PhiUippeaux, 
count  of,  a  statesman,  of  France,  eminent  for 
(lis  genius  activity,  and  profound  sagacity,  was 
born  in  1701,  and  died  in  1781. 

M  VinilCE,  of  Nassau,  prince  of  Orange, 
succeeded  hia  father  in  the  government  of  iht; 


MA 

MAURKJEAU,  Francis,  a  French  siirgton, 
who  applied  himself  with  success  and  reputa- 
tion to  the  disorders  of  women,  and  was  at  the 
head  of  all  the  operators  in  obstetrics.  One  of 
his  works  upon  this  subject  has  been  translated 
iulo  several  languages.     He  died  in  1T09. 

MAURITIUS  TIBERIUS,  a  (;ai)padocian, 
who  distinguished  himself  at  the  head  of  the  Ro- 
man armies,  and  finally  was  made  emperor,  but 
dethroned  and  put  to  death  by  Pliocas,  infioa. 

MAUROLICt),  Francis,  abbe  of  Santa  Maria 
del  Porte,  in  Sicily,  and  professor  of  mathema- 
tics there,  was  the  author  of  several  mathema- 
tical svorks  ;  he  died  in  1575. 

MAURUS,  Terentlanus,  a  Latin  poet  in  tlie 
time  of  Trajan. 

MAURY,  Jean  Siffrcin,  an  eminent  preacher 
at  Paris,  distinguished  at  the  commencement  of 
the  revolution,  for  his  defence  of  the  clergy  and 
of  royalty,  in  the  states-general.  He  was  after- 
wards arciibishop  of  Paris,  and  a  cardinal,  and 
died  at  Home,  in  1817. 

M.AUSSAO,  Philip  James,  president  of  the 
court  of  aids,  at  Montpellier,  and  an  elegant 
Greek  scliolar  and  writer  ;  he  died  in  1650. 

MAUTOUR,  Philibert  Bernard  T-Ioreau  de, 
auditor  of  the  Paris  chamber  of  accounts,  an(i 
member  oi'  tlie  academy  of  inscriptions.  He 
wrote  some  poema  and  other  works,  and  died 
in  1737. 

MAXCY,  Jonathan,  D.  D.,  professor  of  divi- 
nity, and  president  of  Brown  university,  and 
afterwards  president  of  Columbia  college.  South 
Carolina  ;  iie  died  in  1820. 

MAXENTIUS,  Marcus  Aurclius  Valerius, 
son  of  Jlaximianus  Hercules,  declared  himself 
emperor  of  Rome,  in  30S.  He  was  defeated  by 
Constantine,  and  drowned  in  the  Tiber,  in  312. 

MAXIMIANUS,  Marcus  Aurelius  Valerius 
Hercules,  a  Roman  emperor,  who  rose  to  that 
dignity  from  the  rank  of  a  common  soldier.  He 
was  put  to  death  by  order  of  Constantine,  hia 
son-in-law,  in  310. 

MAXIMIANUS,  Galerius  Valerius,  a  shep- 
herd, raised  to  the  Roman  throne  by  Dioclesian, 
who  gave  him  his  daughter  in  marriage  ;  he 
died  in  311. 

MAXIMILIAN  L,  archduke  of  Austria,  son 
of  Frederic  IV.  He  was  elected  king  of  the 
Romans,  and  afterwards  emperor.  He  was  un- 
steady in  his  attachments,  and  little  to  be  de- 
pended upon  ill  political  allairs ;  he  died  in  1519. 

M.\X15ULIAN  11.,  son  of  F.ederic  L,  was 
elected  king  of  the  Romans,  in  158-2,  and  two 
years  after,  succeeded  his  father  as  king  of  Hun- 
gary and  Bohemia,  and  emperor  of  Germany. 
He  was  a  peaceful  and  well  disposed  prince,  and 
died  in  157'). 

MAXIMILIAN,  duks  of  Bavivia,  dcser\'eil 
by  his  courage,  the  title  of  Dofe-ider  of  Germa- 
ny, by  Ills  wisdom,  that  of  Solomon.  He  was 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  an  elector  of  Germany  ; 
he  died  in  1051. 

MAXIMILIAN,  Emanuel,  elector  of  Bavaria, 
distinguis'ic'd  himself  by  his  services  inthe  cause 
of  the  emperor  Leopold.  His  merits  placed  bim 
at  the  head  of  the  Hungarian  army,  and  he  was 
made  governor  of  the"  Low  Countries  by  the 
king  of  Spain  ;  he  died  in  1726. 

MAXIMILIAN,  Leopold,  elector  of  Bavaria, 
son  of  the  emperor  Cliaries  VII.,  died  in  1777. 

M.\X1MIXUS,  Cams  Julius  Verus,  son  of  a 
peasant,  rose  by  his  valour  to  be  emperor  of 


Low  Countries,  in  15S4.     He^  added  to  his  do-ji Rome,  in  2.»5.  He  ivas  a  -yrant,  and  fell  by  as- 
lainions  by  conquest,  and  was  considered  thei  sassiiiation,  in  256. 

ab'esl  ".Mieral  of  his  time-  he  died  in  1625.        ''     MAXI.MUS,  Magnus,  a  Siianiaid,  pt-oclanue 

<20*  305 

Q'1 


MA 

emperor  of  Rome  by  liis  army,  but  he  wasde- 
ffated  and  brheaded  by  Ttjtodosius,  in  388. 

MAXIM "JS,  of  Tyre,  a  Platonic  pliilo.'^oplicr, 
who  was  at  Home  in  146.  His  discoursev  stiU 
remain. 

.MAXIMUS,  a  Cynic,  tutor  to  the  apostate 
Julian,  whom  he  encouraged  in  his  opposition 
10  Christianity ;  he  was  pnt  lo  death  in  366. 

MAV,  Thomas,  an  English  dramatic  poet, 
and  historian,  born  in  1594.  Wc  liave  several 
translations  of  his  from  Latin  authors,  and  othur 
compositions  of  his  own  also  in  verse.  But  he 
was  most  fajnous  for  that  of  "  Lucan's  Pharsa- 
lia ;"  and  his  own  continuation  of  that  poem 
to  the  death  of  Julius  Caesar,  both  in  Latin  and 
English,  has  considerable  merit.  He  died  in 
1G50. 

MAY,  Lewis  du,  a  protestant  French  histo- 
rian. He  wrote  "  State  of  the  Geriuan  Em- 
pire," and  several  other  works,  and  died  in 
1681. 

M.'WENNE,  Charles,  of  Lorraine,  duke- of, 
ton  of  Francis,  duke  of  Guise,  and  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  warriors  of  his  time.  He 
was,  however,defeatedby  Henry  IV.,  of  France, 
who  afterwards  became  his  friend,  and  added 
the  Isle  of  France  lo  his  government ;  he  died 
in  1611.  I 

MAYER,  John  Frederic,  a  Lullieran  divine, 
of  Leipsic,  professor  at  Wilteinberg  and  Ham-j 
burg,  and  aiilhor  of  dissertations  on  the  Scrip-i 
tures  ;  he  died  in  1712.  j 

M.'iYER,  Tobias,  one  of  the  greatest  astro-l 
nomers  and  mechanics  of  his  age,  was  born  in| 
Wirtemburg,  in  1723,  died  in  1762,  having  pub-j 
lished  several  excellent  works. 

MAYERNE,  Sir  Theodore,  an  eminent  phy-| 
•ician,  born  at  Geneva.  He  became  physician 
to  Henry  IV.,  of  France,  and  afterwards  to 
James  I.,  of  England,  and  his  queen.  His 
works  were  printed  in  folio  ;  he  died  in  1635. 

MAYHEW,  Thomas,  was  governor  of  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard,  and  distinguished  for  his  regard 
to  the  spiritual  and  temporal  welfare  of  the  In- 
dians under  his  authority ;  he  died  in  1G81. 

MAYHEVi^,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding, 
W.1S  the  first  cler5;yman  of  Martha's  Vineyard, 
and  was  distinguished  for  his  ministerial  labours 
among  the  Indians  of  that  island.  He  perished 
at  sea,  aged  37. 

MAYHEW,  John,  asonof  the  preceding,  and 
a  clergyman  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  died  in 
1689. 

MAYHEW,  Experience,  was  also  a  minister 
among  the  Indians  at  Martha's  Vineyard,  and 
translated  a  part  of  the  Bible  into  their  lan- 
guage. 

.M.\YHEW,  Jonathan,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  distinguished  American  divine,  set- 
tled at  Boston,  author  of  several  religious  works.; 
He  died  in  1766.  j 

MAYNARD,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  English| 
lawyer,  celebrated  for  his  eloquence,  died  in 
1690. 

MAYNARD,  Francis,  a  French  poet  of  wit 
and  gayety,  secretary  to  queen  Margaret,  and 
author  of  odes  and  songs,  died  in  1646. 

M.\YNE,  Dr.  Jasper,  an  English  poet  and 
divine,  bom  in  1604.  He  wrote  "  The  City 
Match,"  a  comedy  ;  and  "  The  Amorous  War," 
a  tragicomedy,  and  died  in  1672. 

MAYNWARING,  Arthur,  an  English  po- 
litical writer  and  poet,  bom  in  1668,  died  in 
1712. 

M.^VO,  Richard,  an  Enslish  divine,  autbor 
of  several  works,  died  in  1695. 
300 


ME 

MAYOW,  John,  a  learned  English  physician, 
celebrated  an  a  chyrnist,  and  for  Iiisexperimeuta 
on  air ;  he  died  in  1679. 

MAZARl),  Stephen,  of  Lyons,  a  man  who 
greatly  improved  the  manufactory  of  hats ;  he 
died  in  1736. 

.MAZARINE,  Julius,  cardinal,  and  first  mi- 
nister of  state  in  France,  to  Louis  XIV.,  bom 
in  1(502,  died  in  1661. 

MAZEA.S,  John  Mathurin,  professor  in  the 
college  at  Navarre,  and  a  writer  in  mathema- 
tics ;  he  died  in  1802. 

MAZELINE,  Peter,  a  sculptor,  of  Rouen, 
whose  works  are  still  admiied;  he  died  in 
1706. 

MAZOCHI,  Alexins  Symmachus,  an  Italian 
antiquary,  died  in  1771. 

M,\ZUIER,  Claude  Lewis,  a  member  of  the 
French  convention  during  the  revolution.  His 
moderate,  yet  bold  and  firm  conduct  marked 
him  for  tlje  guillotine,  by  which  he  suffered  in 
1794. 

MAZZUCHELLI,  Grammaria,  a  nobleman, 
of  Brescia,  eminent  as  a  philologist  and  histo- 
rian ;  he  died  in  1765. 

MAZZUCHELLI,  Peter  Francis,  an  eminent 
painter,  of  Rome,  died  in  1616. 

M.A.ZZUOLI,  Francesco,  or  Parmesan,  an 
eminent  painter,  horn  at  Parma.  He  excelled 
in  etching,  of  which  he  has  been  called  the  in- 
ventor, and  was  regarded  as  the  rival  of  Cor- 
regio ;  he  died  in  1540.  There  was  another  ar- 
tist of  the  same  name,  in  the  16th  century,  who 
excelled  in  historical  pieces. 

MEAD,  .Matthew,  an  English  dissenting  di- 
vine, and  author  of  some  meritorious  works, 
died  in  1699. 

ME.AD,  Richard,  a  most  eminent  English 
physician,  born  in  1S73,  died  in  1754.  His  "  Me- 
dical Works"  were  collected  and  published. 
Those  for  which  he  is  most  celebrated,  are  on 
"  Pestilential  Contagion,"  and  on  "  Poisons." 
During  alina-it  half  a  century  he  was  at  the  head 
of  his  profession.  He  was  a  most  generous 
patron  of  learning  and  learned  men,  in  all  sci- 
ences, and  in  every  country. 

MEADOWCROFT,  Richard,  an  English  di- 
vine and  author,  died  in  1769. 

MECH.MN,  M.,  of  Lyons,  an  eminent  astro- 
nomer, whoso  talents  were  usefully  employed ; 
he  died  in  1?05. 

MEDE,  Joseph,  B.  D.,  an  English  author; 
his  works  are  chiefly  on  divinity ;  he  died  in 
1638. 

MEDICIS,  Cosmo  de,  born  at  Florence,  in 
1,399,  was  a  merchant,  but  bestowed  vast  ex- 
pense and  attention  in  promoting  learning  and 
the  sciences.  He  collected  a  fine  library,  and 
enriched  it  with  rare  manuscripts.  He  re- 
moved to  Venice,  where  he  was  received  as  a 
king;  but  his  countrymen  soon  recalled  him; 
and  in  effect  he  presided  over  the  common- 
wealth 34  years.  He  died  in  1646,  and  over  his 
tomb  was  inscribed.  Father  of  the  People,  and 
Freer  of  his  Country. 

MEDK'IS,  Lorenzo  de,  surnamed  the  Great- 
and  Failierof  Letters,  v.-as  an  illustrious  grand- 
son of  Cosmo  de  Medicis,  and  born  in  1448.  He 
was  a  srcal  merchant,  and  as  great  a  statesman, 
equally  fit  to  entertain  an  ambassador  as  a  fao 
tor.  His  public  services  s>o  recommended  him 
to  the  Florentines,  that  they  declared  him  chief 
of  the  republic ;  and  he  was  so  universally  es 
teemed  by  the  princes  of  Europe,  that  they  of 
ten  nindc  him  the  arbiter  of  their  difference*. 
He  died  in  1492. 


ME 


MEDU-IS,  John,  suriiained  the  Invincible, 
was  ill  the  service  of  Fiancls  I.,  of  France ;  he 
died  ill  IStSi,  ayed  28. 

MKDJC'I.S,  Lorenzo  de,  an  Italian,  related  to 
the  great  Cosmo.  He  caused  Alexander  de  Me- 
dicis,  the  duke  of  Florence,  to  be  assassinated 
in  1537. 

IUKDICIS,  Hippolyto  de,  natural  son  of  Ju- 
lian, was,  in  1529,  raised  to  the  rank  of  car- 
dinal, by  his  cousin,  Clement  VII.,  and  sent  le- 
gale to  Germany.  He  possessed  great  talents 
as  a  negotiator,'and  military  man ;  he  died  in 
1535. 

MEDICIS,  Sebastian  de,  of  the  same  illustri- 
ous family,  was  distinguished  by  his  learning ; 
he  died  in  1560. 

MEniCIS,  Peter  de,  of  the  same  family,  an 
eminent  and  highly  celebrated  painter,  «as  born 
at  Florence,  in  1586. 

MEDINA,  John  Baptiste,  a  highly  celebrated 
painter,  born  at  Brussels,  and  created  knight 
in  Scotland ;  he  died  in  1711. 

MEEN,  Henry,  an  English  divine,  published 
"  Remarks  on  the  Cassandra  of  Lycophoron," 
one  of  the  most  obscure  of  the  Greek  poets;  and 
died  in  1817. 

MEGASTHENES,  a  Greek  historian,  about 
292  B.  C. 

MEHEGAN,  William  Alexander,  a  French 
historian,  who  wrote  "  Picture  of  modern  His- 
tor)',"  and  other  works;  he  died  in  1766. 

fllEIBOJUUS,  John  Henry,  a  learned  pro- 
fessor of  physic  at  Ilelmstadt,  his  native  place, 
was  alterwards  first  physician  at  Lubec.  He 
wrote  some  professional  works,  and  died  in 
16.55. 

MEIBOMIUS,  Henry,  a  German  physician, 
horn  in  1C38,  and  known  by  the  publication  of 
"  Scriptores  Rerum  Germanicarum,"'  a  very 
useful  collection.     He  died  in  1700. 

MEIBOMIUS,  Marcus,  a  very  learned  person 
of  the  same  family,  born  in  1611,  who  published 
'•  Notes  upon  Diogenes  Laertius,"  &c.,  and 
died  in  1711. 

MEIBOMIUS,  Henry,  a  native  of  Helmstadt, 
celebrated  for  tiis  great  knowledge  in  medicines, 
his  general  learning,  and  his  critical  powers ;  he 
died  in  1625. 
*MEIR,  George  Frederic,  a  German  philoso- 
phical writer,  born  in  t^axonv,  in  1718,  died  in 
1777. 

MEISNER,  Balthasar,  a  Lutheran  divine,  and 
theological  professor  at  Wittemberg,  was  author 
of  several  books,  and  died  in  1628. 

MEISSONIER,  Justus  Aureliiis,  of  Turin, 
eminent  as  a  painter,  scuptor,  »joldsraith  and  ar- 
chitect, designer  and  goldsmitii  to  the  king  of 
France  ;  he  died  in  1750. 

MELA,  Pouiponius,  an  ancient  Latin  geogra- 
phical writer,  born  in  Spain,  who  flourished  in 
the  reign  of  the  emperor  Claudius.  His  3  books 
of  "  Cosmography,  or  De  Situ  Orbis,"  have 
been  thought  worthy  of  the  attention  and  la- 
bours of  the  ablest  critics.  • 

MELANCTHON,  Philip,  a  celebrated  Ger- 
man divine,  coadjutor  with  Luther  in  the  Re 
formation,  and  one  of  the  wisest  and  greatest 
men  of  his  age,  born  at  Bretten,  Feb.  16,  1497, 
died  in  15fi0. 

MELANIPPIDES,  two  Greek  poets  of  merit 
One  of  them  grandfather,  flourished  500  B.  C 
the  other  his  grandson,  460  B.  C.  Their  works 
are  lo?t. 

MELCHISEDECK,  high-priest  of  Cod,  and 
king  of  Salem,  met  Abraham  after  his  defeat 
uf  the  king  of  Sodom,  and  gave  him  his  blessing 


ME 

MEL(;THA  L,  Arnold  dc,one  of  the  founders 
of  Swiss  liberly,  in  1310. 

MELEAGER,  a  Greek  poet  of  Syria,  18.'(  B.  C. 

MELETIUS,  bishop  of  Lycopolis,  m  Egypt, 
who  founded  a  new  sect,  wj.ich  supported  the 
Arians.    He  died  about  A.  D.  346. 

MELISSUS,  a  philosopher  of  Samo;,  who 
maintained  that  the  universe  is  infinite,  and 
immoveable,  444  B.  C. 

RIELITO,  St.,  bishop  of  Sardis,  in  Abia,  in 
170,  and  author  of  several  works  which  arc  lost. 

MELITUS,  a  Greek  orator  and  poet,  the  ar- 
cnsir  of  Socrates.  His  iniquity  was  discovered 
after  the  death  of  Socrates,  and  he  was  sen- 
tenced to  death,  400  B.  C. 

MELLAN,  Claude,  a  celebrated  French  en- 
graver, invited  to  England  by  Charles  II. ;  he 
died  in  1688. 

MELLON,  John,  an  American  clergj-man, 
settled  at  Lancaster,  Mass.,  and  afterwards  at 
Hanover,  K.  H.  ;  he  died  in  1807. 

MELMOTH,  William,  a  learned  English 
lawyer,  born  in  1666.  He  wrote  an  admirable 
treatise  "  On  the  great  importance  of  a  religi- 
ous life,"  and  died  in  1743. 

MELMOTH,  William,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  bnm  in  1710.  He  translated  the  epistles 
of  "Pliny"  and  "Cicero"  and  wrote  some 
elegant  letters  under  the  assumed  name  of  sir 
Thomas  Fibrosbone.    He  died  in  1799. 

MELON,  John  Francis,  secretary  of  the  aca 
deniv  at  Hourdeaux,  died  in  1738. 

MELOT,  John  Baptist,  a  French  writer  of 
merit,  member  of  the  academy  of  inscriptions, 
and  librarian  to  the  king  of  France ;  he  died  in 
1760. 

MELVIL,  sir  James,  author  of  some  useful 
and  entertaining  itienioirs  of  England  and  Scot- 
land, was  born  in  1530.  He  was  privy  coun- 
sellor, and  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber  to 
Mary  queen  of  Scots,  till  her  confinement  at 
Lockleven.    He  died  in  1606. 

MEMMl,  Simon,  a  portrait  painter,  of  Sienna, 
died  in  1345. 

MEMNON,  a  Rhodian,  general  of  Darius, 
opposed  Alexander's  invasion. 

MENAGE,  Giles,  called  the  Varroof  histime, 
was  born  in  France,  in  1613,  and  died  in  1692. 
He  composed  several  work;",  the  principal  of 
w  hich  are  "  Origines  de  la  Langiie  Francoise," 
"  Miscellanea,"  a  collection  of  pieces  in  Greek, 
Latin,  and  French,  prose  and  verse. 

MENANDER,  an  ancient  Greek  comic  poet, 
born  at  Athens,  in  the  3d  year  of  the  109th 
Olympiad.  The  kings  of  Egypt  and  Macedon, 
sent  ambassadors  to  invite  him  to  their  courts, 
and  even  fleets  to  bring  him  over;  but  Menander 
preferred  the  free  enjoyment  of  his  studies  to  the 
promised  favours  of  the  great.  Only  four  of 
his  numerous  comedies  are  preserved.  He  w.3i 
accidentally  drowned  293  B.  C. 

MENANDRINO,  Marsilio,  also  called  Mar- 
silius  of  Padua,  the  place  of  his  birth,  one  of 
the  most  celebrated  philosophers  and  lawyers  of 
the  14th  century. 

MENARD,  Claude,  a  French  magistrate,  of 
Angers,  and  an  eminent  antiquarian  ;  he  died 
in  1652. 

MENAiy),  Dom  Nicholas  Hugues,  a  Bene- 
dictine of  yt.  Maur,  and  an  author,  died  in  1644. 

MEN.'VRD,  Leo,  a  counsellor  of  Nismes,  and 
author  of  a  history  of  that  place,  died  in  1767. 

MENAPSEH-PEN-ISRAEL,  a  Portuguese 
rabbi,  of  the  sect  of  the  Pharisees,  author  of 
some  Hebrew  works,  died  in  16C0. 

MENCKE.Otto,  a  learned  German  critic,  bom 
307 


MR 

ill  1C44,  died  in  1707.  Tlie  most  coiisidorablr 
of  his  works,  and  wiiicli  is  alone  suiriciciit  lo 
perpetuate  liis  name,  isllie  "  Acta  Eruditoruai" 
cf  LiBipsic. 

MENCKE,  John  Biirchard,  son  of  Olio,  was 
bom  in  1074,  and  author  of  numerous  lcarii<;<i 
worlcs.  He  continued  the  "  Acta  Eruditorum" 
25  years,  and  died  in  1732. 

MENDA.IOUS,  .lohn  Peter  de,  a  Frenchman, 
aiitlior  of  a  history  of  Oaul,  died  in  1747. 

MENDEZ  PKN'tO,  Ferdinand,  a  Portuguese, 
celnbtated  for  his  adventures,  an  account  of 
which  he  puljlishud.  He  flourished  in  tiie  18tli 
century. 

MENDEZ,  Moses,  an  Englisli  poet,  and  dra- 
matic writer,  died  in  1758. 

MENDELSOHN,  Mosjs,  a  Jew,  of  Berlin, 
acquired  a  great  literary  reputation. 

MENDOZA,  Gonzaies  Peter  le,  archbishop 
of  Seville,  served  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  with 
great  ability,  and  died  in  140.5. 

MENDOZA,  John  Gonzales,  an  Augus'tine 
friar,  sent  by  the  Spanish  king  as  ambassador  to 
China,  in  1.58! ;  he  wrote  a  history  of  that 
countiy,  in  1589. 

MENECRATES,  a  physician,  of  Syracuse,so 
jiroud  of  his  success,  that  lie  assumed  the  title 
of  Jupiter. 

ME.\EDEMUS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  in  the 
age  of  Alexander. 

MENEDEAtUS,  a  Cynic  philosopher,  and  a 
fanatic,  who  pretended  to  be  sent  from  hell  to 
notice  the  actions  of  mankind. 

MENESES,  Alexis  de,  a  Portuguese  Augus- 
tine monk,  made  viceroy  of  Portugal,  bv  Philip 
n. ;  he  died  in  1U17. 

MENESTRIER,  John  Baptist  le,  a  French 
antiquarian,  died  in  iG34. 

MENESTRIER,  Claude  Francis,  a  French 
Jesuit,  of  astonisliing  memory,  and  author  of  a 
history  of  Lewis  XIV.,  died  in  1705. 

MENGOLI,  Peter,  a  learned  and  popular 
lecturer  on  mechanics,  at  Bologna,  died  in  1G!)0. 

MENGS,  Antony  Raphael,  an  eminent  pain- 
ter, born  in  Bohemia,  in  172C,  died  at  Rome,  in 
1779.  He  was  also  an  autlior,  and  his  works  on 
taste,  on  painters,  and  the  philosophy  and  pro- 
gress of  the  arts,  were  published  at  Paruia,  in 
1780. 

MENINSKI,  Franciscus  a  Mesgnicn,  or  JIE 
NIN,  an  eminent  German  orientalist;  he  died 
in  1098. 

MENNO,  Simonis,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Fries- 
land,  and  an  anabaptist  leader.  His  followers 
are  still  to  be  found  in  the  Low  countries,  by 
the  name  of  Mennonites.    He  died  in  15G5. 

MENOCHIUS,  James,  a  civilian,  of  Pavia, 
of  distinifuished  abilities,  died  in  1()07. 

MENTEIi,  John,  a  printer,  of  Strasburg,  and 
the  lirst  printer  there.  He  published  a-Biblein 
1406,  and  died  in  1578. 

MENTZEL,  Christian,  a  Cenrian,  celebrated 
for  his  knowledge  in  medicine  and  botany,  died 
in  1791. 

MENZFKOFF,  Alexander,  a  Russian  prince, 
tJeeply  concerned  in  the  politics  of  the  reign  of 
Peter  II.  He  died  in  exile,  in  November,  1629. 
rte  has  been  compared  to  cardinal  Wolsey,  for 
Iiis  rise  from  a  very  low  origin,  (that  of  a  pastry 
cook,)  and  his  fall,  accelerated  by  his  impru- 
dence and  ostentation. 

MRNZINI,  Benedict,  an  Italian  poet,  whose 
writings  were  much  admired  ;  he  died  in  1704. 

MERCADO,  Michael  de, or  MOERCATl,  a 
Tuscan,  and  physician  to  pope  Clement  VIII., 
c.tdia  1.593. 
308 


ilE 

MERCATOR,  Marius,  an  eccIc.Mastical  ;nt 
thor,  and  pupil  of  St.  Augustine,  died  about  4.51    ' 

M  KRCATOR,  Gerard,  one  of  the  moat  famous 
geographers  of  his  time,  born  in  1.512,  died  in 
1594. 

MERCATOR,  Nicolas,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician and  astronomer,  was  born  atHolstein, 
in  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century.  He  pub- 
lished several  works  on  astronomy  and  mathe- 
matics. 

MERCER,  Hugh,  a  native  of  Scotland,  was 
a  brigadier  general  in  the  American  army  of  the 
revolution,  and  was  killed  at  the  battleof  Prince- 
ton, ill  1777,  while  endeavouring  to  counteract 
the  disorder  into  which  his  .troops  had  been 
thrown  by  the  enemy. 

MERCIER,  Bartholomew,  abbe  of  St.  Leger, 
and  the  learned  author  of  several  works,  died 
in  1799. 

MERCIER,  John,  a  celebrated  philologer,  of 
France,  died  in  1572. 

MERCURIALIS,  Jerome,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, of -groat  abilities,  and  author  of  several 
works,  died  in  160(5. 

MERCY,  Francis  de,  a  Frenchman,  and  ge- 
neral in  the  Bavarian  array,  distinguished  for 
his  bravery,  was  killed  in  1645. 

MERDDIN,  son  of  Mervyn,  a  Welch  poet, 
one  of  the  three  great  bards  of  Wales,  flourish- 
ed about  560. 

MERE,  George  Brossin,  chevalier  de,  a  French 
writer,  admired  for  his  rank  and  learning  ;  he 
died  in  1690. 

MERIAN,  Maria  Sibylla,  a  German  lady,  ce- 
lebrated for  iier  skill  in  drawing  ;  she  died  in 
1647. 

MERLIN,  Ambrose,  a  British  writer,  in  the 
5th  century.   His  history  is  somewhat  fabulous. 

MEROV^US,  king  of  France  after  Clodion, 
in  448,  and  progenitor  of  the  Merovingean  race. 

MERRET,  Christopher,  an  English  physician 
and  writer,  died  in  1695. 

MERRICK,  James,  an  English  divine  and 
poet,  and  author  of  the  poetical  version  of  the 
Psahiis,  born  in  1720,  died  in  1769. 
I  MERRY,  Robert,  an  English  poet,  born  in 
1755,  emigrated  to  America  on  account  of  poli- 
tics, and  died  there  in  1798. 

MERSENNUS,  Marin,  a  celebrated  mathe- 
matician and  divine,  died  at  Paris,  in  1648. 

MERTON,  Walter  de,  foundei- of  the  college 
at  Oxford,  which  bears  his  name.  He  was  lord- 
chancellor,  and  afterwards  bishop  of  Rochester. 
He  died  in  1277. 

MERULA,  George,  an  Italian,  a  teacher  of 
youth,  and  an  author,  died  in  1406. 

MERULA,  Paul,  a  learned  Hollander,  and 
professor  of  history  ntLeyden,  died  in  1607. 

MERVILLE,  ftiichael  Guyot  de,  a  French 
journalist  and  bookseller,  drowned  himself  in 
the  lake  of  Geneva,  in  1765. 

MERY,  John,  an  eminent  French  surgeon, 
died  in  1700. 

MESNAGER,  Nicholas,  employed  by  Lewis 
XJV.  in  negotiating  commercial  affairs ;  he  died 
in  1714. 

MESNARDIERE,  Hippolytus  Julius  Fillet  de 
la,  a  French  Poet,  patronised  by  Richelieu ;  he 
died  in  1003. 

MESSALINA,  Valeria,  wife  of  the  emperor 
Claudius,  of  infamous  character,  was  put  to 
death  A.  D.  46.  Another  of  the  same  name 
was  wife  of  Nero. 

MESSENGUY,  Francis  Philip,  professor  of 
belles  lettres  at  Beauvais,  and  author  of  sevCraJ 
works,  died  in  1769. 


ME 

MESSltNIUS,  Johu,  a  learned  Swede,  and 
profesbor  in  the  university  al  Upsal ;  lie  died  In 
Ki.'tf). 

MESSIER,  Cliarles,  a  distinguished  French 
astronoiiier,  and  a  member  of  tiie  National  In- 
blitute,  died  in  1817. 

MESSIS,  Quintin.    See.  MATSYS. 

MESTON,  William,  a  Scotch  poet,  and  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Aberdeen,  died  in  1745. 

METASTASIO,  Pietro  Bonaventura,  an  ele- 
gant Italian  poet,  born  in  1C98,  died  in  1782. 

METELLI,  Auguslino,  an  Italian  painter,  ce- 
lebrated for  his  excellence  in  the  perspective ; 
he  died  in  16tiO. 

METELLTJS,  Q..  Cacilius,  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man, called  Nuniidicus,  from  the  war  he  carried 
on  against  Numidia. 

METEREN,  Emanuel  Van,  of  Antwerp, 
wrote  the  history  of  the  Low  Countries,  and 
died  In  1612. 

METEZEAU,  Clement,  a  Frenchman,  of  the 
reign  of  Lewis  XIIL,  immortalized  his  name 
by  tlK;  famous  canal  near  Rochelle. 

METHOCHITUS,  Theodore,  an  officer  of 
the  court  of  Andronicus,  wrote  a  Roman  histo- 
ry, and  died  at  Constantinople,  in  133-2. 

METHODIUS,  biEhop  of  Tyre,  suflered  mar- 
tyrdom, at  Chalas,  in  Ull. 

METIUS,  James,  of  Holland,  was  the  inven- 
tor of  telescopes  with  glasses.  He  flourished 
about  IGOO. 

JIETON,  an  Athenian,  inventor  of  the  gold- 
en numbers,  432  B.  C. 

METRODORUS,  a  disciple  of  Demetrius, 
and  preceptor  of  Anaxarchus,  the  philosopher, 
and  Hippocrates,  the  physician.  He  taught  the 
eternitv  and  intinity  of  the  universe. 

METRODORUS,  an  eminent  philosopher  and 
painter,  was  sent  by  the  Athenians,  to  Taulus 
iEmiUus,  who,  afterhaving  taken  Perseus,  king 
of  Macedon,  demanded  two  men  of  them,  the 
one  to  instruct  his  children,  and  the  other  to 
paint  his  triumph. 

BIETTRIE,  Julian  OfFray  de  la,  a  French 
physician,  of  impious  sentiments,  died  in  1751. 

METZU,  Gabriel,  a  Dutch  painter  of  emi- 
nence, died  in  1658. 

MEURSIUS,  John,  a  learned  Dutch  critic, 
historian  and  antiquary,  burn  in  1579,  died  in 
1039.  He  was  the  author  of  many  valuable 
works. 

MEUSNIER,  Philip  a  French  painter,  patro- 
nised by  Lewis  XIV.  and  XV.,  died  in  1734. 

MEYER,  James,  a  Flemish  historian,  born  in 
1491,  died  in  1552. 

MEYER,  Felix,  an  eminent  German  land- 
Ecape  painter,  born  in  1653,  died  in  1713. 

MEYER,  Jeremiah,  a  miniature  painter,  born 
at  Tubingen,  in  1735.  He  went  to  England,  and 
was  placid  under  Zinche,  whom  he  soon  sur- 
passed. He  was  appointed  painter  in  enamel 
to  their  majesties,  was  one  of  the  first  members 
of  the  royal  academy,  and  died  at  Rouen,  in 
1789. 

MEYER,  Ileomanus,  a  native  of  Holland, 
was  a  distinguished  minister  of  the  reformed 
Dutch  church  in  New- York,  and  professor  of 
oriental  literature,  and  assistant  professor  of 
theology  in  that  church  ;  he  died  in  1791. 

MEZERAI,  Francis  Eudes  de,  an  eminent 
French  historian,  born  in  1610,  died  in  1683.  He 
wag  extremely  negligent  in  his  person,  and  so 
careless  in  his  dress  that  he  might  have  passed 
for  a  beccar.  He  used  to  study  and  write  by 
rriiidli'  liL'lit,  even  at  noonday  in  summer,  and 


_MI 

jwith  a  candle  in  his  hand.  He  was  secretary 
of  tlie  French  academy.  As  a  hi.stoiian,  he  is 
I  valued  for  liis  integrity  and  faithf'uhicBs,  but  his 
istyle  is  neither  polished  nor  accurate. 
I  MEZIRIAC,  Claude  Caspar  Cachet,  sieur 
jde,  a  Jesuit,  known  as  a  poet  in  several  lan- 
guages ;  he  died  in  1G38. 

MICAH,  the  sixth  of  the  minor  prophets,  pro- 
phesied of  the  Messiah. 

MICAL,  N.,  abbe,  a  celebrated  French  me- 
chanic, died  in  1789. 

MICHAEL  I.,  succeeded  to  the  throne  of 
Constantinople,  in  811 ;  he  was  a  mild  and  virtu- 
ous monarch. 

MICHAEL  11.,  a  Phrygian,  of  low  descent, 
he  persecuted  the  Christians,  was  an  oppressive 
and  unpopular  monarch,  and  died  in  829. 

MICH.'VEL  III.,  Euniamed  the  Drunkard,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  in  842.  His  minority  was 
governed  by  his  mother,  a  woman  of  great  abili- 
ties. But  when  he  assumed  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment, his  profligate  conduct  produced  his  assassi- 
nation, in  867. 

MICHAEL  rv.,  called  the  Paphlagonian,  as- 
cended the  imperial  throne  in  1034,  but  stung 
by  remorse  of  conscience  for  the  murder  of  the 
last  emperor,  he  retired  to  a  monastery,  in  1041, 
and  died  soon  after. 

MICHAEL  v.,  surnamed  Calafates,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  in  1041.  He  was  a  suspi- 
cious and  cruel  monarch,  and  had  his  eyes  put 
out  in  1042. 

MICHAEL  VI.,  or  Warrior,  raised  to  the 
throne  by  the  empress  Theodora,  he  was  un- 
popular, and  resigned  Jiis  ciown  in  1057. 

ailClLVEL  VIl.,  Palipologus,  was  deprived 
of  hi:^  ilirone  by  his  mother,  he  afterwards  re- 
ascended  it,  but  retired  to  a  monastery  in  1078. 
MICHAEL  VIII.,  Palffiologus,  was  regent  of 
the  ear^tern  empire,  and  taking  advantage  of  his 
situation,  assumed  the  supreme  power;  he  died 
in  1282. 

MICHAEL  PAL.(t:OLOGUS,  son  of  Androni- 
cus the  Elder,  was  in  1214,  emperor  under  his 
father,  and  died  in  1220. 

MICHAEL  FOEDERWITZ,  was  elected 
czar  of  Russia,  in  1913.  He  was  a  brave  and 
prudent  prince,  and  died  in  lf>45. 

MICHAEL  ANGELO,  of  Battles,  a  celebrated 
Roman  painter,  died  in  16i;0. 

MICHAEL  CERUL.'\RIUS,  patriarch  of 
Constantinople,  in  1043  ;  he  prevented  the  union 
of  the  eastern  and  western  churches,  and  was 
banished  in  1059. 

MICHAEL  ANGELO  BUANAROTTI,  an 
Uustrious  Italian  painter,  sculptor,  and  archi- 
tect, born  in  1474,  died  at  Rome,  in  1564.  He 
has  the  name  of  the  greatest  designer  that  ever 
lived.  Being  asked  why  he  did  not  marry,  he 
answered,  "Painting  was  his  wife,  and  his 
works  bis  cliildren."  The  most  celebrated  of 
all  hip  works,  is  his  "  Last  Judgment,"  printed 
for  pope  Paul  III.  In  architecture,  he  surpassed 
all  the  moderns,  and  as  some  think,  the  universi- 
ty also.  St.  Peters  at  Rome,  the  Capitol,  and  his 
own  house,  are  proofs  of  his  ability.  He  was 
also  an  excellent  poet. 

MICHAEL  ANGELO  DU  CARAVAGIO,  a 
celebrated  Italian  painter,  born  in  1569,  was  at 
first  a  day  labourer,  but  seeing  some  painters  at 
work  on  a  wall  which  he  had  helped  to  raise,  he 
was  so  charmed  with  their  art,  that  he  immedi- 
ately applied  himself  to  the  .study  of  it,  and  in  u 
few  years  was  admired  as  the  author  of  a  new 
style  of  painting.    His  pieces  are  to  be  found  ic 


ilways  waited  upon  Uis  company  to  the  door  J  most  of  the  cabinets  of  Europe. 


30» 


MI 


Ml 


ftllCHAELlS,  John  David,  a  very  learned ; 
Ceriiiau  writer  on  divinity,  and  the  oriental 
languages,  was  born  in  1717,  and  died  in  1791. 
His  works  are  numerous,  but  his  most  celebrated 
is  "Introduction  to  the  New  Testament,"  a 
translation  of  which  v>'as  published  in  English, 
in  1761. 

MICHELI,  Peter  Anthony,  an  able  botanist, 
of  Florence,  died  in  1737. 

MICHELI,  James  Bartholomew,  aGenevese, 
devoted  to  philosophical  and  mathematical  pur- 
(iuiLs;  be  died  in  17ti6. 

MICKLE,  William  Julius,  well  known  in  the 
literary  world,  as  the  translator  of  the  '■  Lusiad 
of  Camoens."  He  was  also  author  of  the 
"Concubine,"  apoem  in  the  manner  of  Spen- 
ser, and  "Almada  Hill,"  a  poem.  He  was 
born  in  1734,  and  died  in  1788. 

MICRELIUS,  John,  professor  of  divinity  at 
Stettin,  and  a  distinguished  theological  dispu- 
tant, died  in  1658. 

MIDDLETON,  Richard,  of  the  order  of  the 
Cordeliers,  distinguished  for  his  learning,  died  in 
1304. 

MIDDLETON,\Villiani,  a  naval  commander, 
who  made  a  version  of  the  psalms  into  Welch 
verse  :  he  died  in  159.5. 

MIDDLETON,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer, 
died  about  1630. 

MIDDLETON,  sir  Hugh,  a  citizen  and  gold- 
smith, of  London,  memorable  for  his  public 
spirit  in  supplying  that  citv  with  water  ;  he  died 
in  ir-81. 

MIDDLETON,  Dr.Conyers,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
lish divine  and  critical  author,  born  in  1683. 
In  17.35,  he  published  "  A  Dissertation  concern- 
ing the  Origin  of  Printing  in  England,"  showing 
that  it  was  first  introduced  by  William  Caxton, 
at  Westminster.  In  1741,  came  out  his  great 
work  "  The  History  of  the  Life  of  M.  Tullius 
Cicero."  In  1743,  he  published  "  The  Epistles 
of  "  M.  T.  Cicero  to  M.  Brutus,  and  of  Brutus 
to  Cicero,  with  English  notes  to  each  epistle, 
together  with  a  prefatory  dissertation,"  &c. 
He  died  in  1750. 

MIDDLETON,  Erasmus,  an  English  divine, 
author  of  the  "Biographia  Evangelica;"  he 
died  in  1805. 

MIDDLETON,  Arthur,  a  member  and  presi- 
dent of  the  convention  of  South-Carolina,  at 
the  commencement  of  the  revolution ;  he  died 
after  1776. 

MIDDLETON,  Arthur,  a  member  of  congress 
from  South-Carolina,  in  1776,  and  a  signer  of 
the  declaration  of  Independence ;  he  died  in  1787. 

MIDDLETON,  Thomas  Fanshaw,  D.  D.,  a 
distinguished  English  clergyman,  and  bishop  of 
Calcutta,  was  the  first  English  bishop  in  India. 
He  was  appointed  in  1814,  and  died  in  1822. 

MIEL.  Jan,  a  celebrated  Flemish  painter,  died 
in  1664. 

MIERIS,  Francis,  of  Leyden,  excelled  as  a 
painter,  and  died  in  1681. 

MIERIS,  William,  son  of  Francis,  was  also 
an  eminent  painter,  and  died  in  1747. 

MIFFLIN,  Thomas,  an  early  advocate  of  the 
rights  of  the  colonies,  member  of  congress  from 
Pennsylvania,  a  major-general  in  the  American 
army,  and  afterwards  governor  of  the  state  of 
Pennsvlvania;  he  died  in  1800. 

MIGNARD,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated  French 
painter,  died  in  1668. 

MIGNARD,  Peter,  first  painter  to  tJie  king 
of  France,  and  director  and  chancellor  of  the 
royal  academy  of  painting,  born  in  ICIO,  died 

in  lees. 

310 


MIGNON,  Abraham,  a  German  painter,  whose 
piect.M  are  admired,  died  in  1679. 

AlILBOURNE,  Luke,  a  divine  and  poet,  au- 
thor of  "  Poetical  Translation  of  the  Psalms ;" 
he  was  born  in  JGI>7,  and  died  in  1720. 

MILDMAY,  sir  Walter,  was  educated  at 
Cainbridgi!,  and,  in  15(j6,  was  appointed  chan- 
cellor of  the  e.xchequer.  He  was  the  founder  of 
Emanuel  college,  and  died  in  1589. 

MILL,  John,  a  very  learned  English  divine, 
editor  of  a  Greek  New  Testament,  with  vaiious 
readings  and  critical  notes ;  he  was  bom  in  1645, 
and  died  in  1707. 

MILL,  Henry,  an  ingenious  mechanic,  was 
born  in  London,  about  1680.  In  the  science  of 
hydraulics,  he  was  probably  unequalled.  He 
died  in  1770. 

MILLAR,  John,  a  popular  professor  of  law, 
at  Glasgow,  died  in  1801. 

MILLEDGE,  John,  a  representative  and  se- 
nator in  congress  from  Georgia,  and  afterwards 
governor  of  that  state.     He  died  in  1818. 

MILLER,  Joseph,  better  known  as  Joe  Miller, 
a  comedian  and  compiler  of  a  celebrated  jest- 
book.    He  was  born  in  1684,  and  died  in  1738. 

MILLER,  James,  an  English  dramatic  poet, 
born  in  1703,  died  in  1744.  He  published  seve- 
ral plays,  and  many  occasional  pieces  of  poetry, 
the  most  distinguished  of  which,  is  his  "Harle- 
quin Horace." 

MILLER,  Philip, an  eminent  English  botanist, 
and  author  of  the  "  Gardener's  Dictionary," 
born  in  Scotland,  in  1691,  died  in  1771. 

MILLER,  lady,  author  of  "Letters  from 
Italy,  in  the  years  1770-71."  "  Poetical  Amuse 
inents  at  a  Villa  near  Bath,"  &c. ;  she  died  in  1781 . 

MILLER,  Edward,  M.  D.,  author  of  several 
musical  productions.  He  was  father  of  the  pro- 
fession in  the  north  of  England,  and  performed 
in  the  oratorios  of  Handel. 

MILLER,  Edward,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Dela- 
ware, and  professor  of  ih(;  practice  of  medicine 
in  the  collegeof  physicians  inNew- York;  he  was 

distinguished  practitioner,  and  died  in  1812. 

MILLES,  Dr.  Jeremiah,  an  eminent  English 
divine  and  antiquary,  born  in  1713,  died  in  1*84. 
He  was  dean  of  Exeter  ;  was  ardently  engaged 
in  the  Chattertonian  controversy,  and  published 
the  sup])osed  Rowley's  poems. 

MILLETIER,  Theopilus  Brachet,  sieur  de 
la,  a  lawyer,  and  afterwards  a  protestant  di- 
vine, and  then  a  catholic;  he  died  in  1665. 

MILLOT,  Abbe  de,  author  of  several  useful 
abridgments  of  history.  Histories  of  France 
and  England,  Elements  of  General  History,  &c., 
was  born  in  1726,  and  died  in  1785. 

MILLS,  Samuel  J.,  an  American  clergjinan, 
distinguished  for  his  piety  and  zeal  in  pro- 
moting the  missionary  cause  in  his  country.  He 
died  on  his  return  from  Africa,  where  he  had 
gone  as  agent  of  the  American  colonization 
society,  in  1818. 

RHLNE,  Dr.  Colin,  a  divine  and  naturalist, 
author  of  "A  Botanical  Dictionary,"  "  Linntei 
{nstitniiones  Botanic*;"  he  died  in  1815. 

MILNF.R,  Joseph,  a  divine,  bom  in  1744.  He 
became  vicar  of  a  church  at  Hull ;  was  author 
of  "  An  Answer  to  Gibbon's  attack  of  Christ- 
ianitv,"and  "A  History  of  the  Church  of  Christ." 

MILNER,  Dr.  Isaac,  brother  of  Joseph,  was  a 
mathematical  tutor  at  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge. Mr.  Wilberfotce  and  Mr.  Pitt  were 
among  his  pupils.  He  afterwards  became  dean 
of  Carlisle,  continued  his  brother's  "  History 
of  the  Church  of  Christ,"  and  died  in  1820. 
J    MILO,  an  athlete,  of  Crotona.  celebrated  for 


MI 

his  prodigious  strength.  He  was  devoured  by 
wild  beasts,  500  B.  C. 

MII/O,  Titus  Annius,  a  Eoman,  who  killed 
Clodius  in  the  Appian  Way. 

MILTIADES,  a  famous  Athenian  general. 
He  died  489  B.C. 

MIIjTON,  John,  a  most  illustrious  English 
poet,  and  famous  pohtician,  was  born  in  Lon- 
dou,  in  1608.  In  lt">25,  he  was  admitted  of 
Clirist's  college,  Cambridge.  His  father  designed 
him  for  the  church,  and  he  was  himself  inclined 
to  that  profession  for  some  time,  but  after  he 
had  taken  the  degree  of  M.  A.,  in  lfi3-2,  he  left 
the  university  and  returned  to  his  father.  During 
his  retirement  for  five  years,  he  enriched  his 
mind  with  the  choicest  stores  of  Grecian  and  Ro- 
man learning,  making  poetry  his  principal  study. 
Tile  poems  entitled  "Comus,"  "L'allcgro,"  "II 
Peaseroso,"  and  "  Lycidas,"  all  written  during 
this  time,  would  have  transmitted  his  fame  to 
the  latest  posterity,  if  he  had  never  produced 
any  thing  else.  On  the  death  of  his  mmlier,  in 
1G38,  he  visited  foreign  countries,  and  passed 
nearly  two  years  in  France  and  Italy,  where 
hcdistinguialied  himself  by  his  talents  in  poetry. 
Milton  returned  to  England,  in  1659,  and  era- 
ployed  himself  in  educating  his  sister's  two 
eons  :  and  being  solicited  by  several  friends  for 
the  same  favour  for  their  children,  he  took  a 
handsome  garden-house,  in  Aldersgate-street, 
fit  for  the  purpose.  Here  he  wrote  many  po- 
loJiiic  and  controversial  tracts.  In  1643,  he 
married  a  daughter  of  Richard  Powell,  Esq. 
She  had  not  lived  with  her  husband  much  more 
than  a  month,  when,  under  a  pretence  of 
visiting  her  friends,  she  deserted  him.  About 
two  years  afterwards,  he  was  surprised  by  the 
entrance  of  his  wife,  who  imploring  pardon  and 
reconciliation  on  her  knees,  was  again  received 
to  his  bosom. 


" soon  his  heart  relented 

Towards  her,  his  life  so  late  and  sole  delight, 
Now  at  his  feet  submissive  in  distress." 

At  the  subversion  of  the  monarchy  by  the  death 
of  the  king,  Milton,  whose  principles  were 
strongly  republican,  was  taken  into  the  service 
of  the  commonwealth,  and  made  Latin  secre 
tary  to  the  council  of  state.  In  1(J51,  he  pub 
lished  his  celebrated  piece  entitled  "  Pro  Populo 
Anglicano  Defensio  contra  Claudii  falmasii 
Defensionem  Regiam  ;"  which  spread  his  fame 
over  all  Europe.  While  writing  this,  he  lost 
his  eyesight,  which  had  been  decaying  several 
years.  In  1652,  he  lost  his  wife  ;  but  he  unme 
dialcly  married  a  second.  At  the  restoration, 
he  was  included  in  the  general  amnesty ;  and 
having  married  a  third  wife,  removed  to  a  house 
in  the  Artillery-walk.  His  circumstances  were 
much  reduced  by  losses  at  the  restoration ;  but 
his  principles  not  suffering  him  to  seek  or  accept 
of  any  pubUc  employment  at  court,  he  sat  down 
to  his  studies,  and  applied  himself  diligently  to 
finish  his  grand  poem,  "  Paradise  Lost,"  which! 
was  published  in  1667,  and  in  1670,  he  published 
"  Paradise  Regained,"  to  which  was  added 
"Samson  Agonistes,  a  dramatic  poem."  In 
1669,  he  published  his  "  History  of  Britain," 
which  had  occupied  him  many  years.  He  died 
of  the  gout,  in  1874. 

MIMNERMUS,  an  ancient  Greek  amatory, 
poet  and  musician,  flourished  in  the  37tb  Olym- 
piad. 

MINELLIUS,  John,  a  Dutch  grammarian  of 
note,  died  in  16d3. 


MI 

MINOS,  a  fabulous  son  of  Jupiter,  and  king 
of  Crete ;  he  lived  14:i2  B.  <;. 

MINOT,  Lawrence,  an  English  poet  anterior 
to  Chaucer,  supposed  lo  have  died  about  1352. 
His  poems  were  first  discovered  in  manuscript, 
in  the  Cottonian  librai-y,  and  have  since  been 
presented  to  the  public. 

MIi\'OT,Gt'orge  Richards,  a  lawyer,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, author  of  a  continuation  of  Hutchin- 
son's History  of  Massachusetts,  and  of  an  Ac- 
count of  the  Insurrectiuu  in  that  state ;  he  died 
in  1802. 

MINTO,  Walter,  a  native  of  Scotland,  was 
professor  of  mathematics  and  natural  philoso- 
phy in  Princeton  college,  New-Jersey ;  he  died 
in  1796. 

MINUTIUS  FELIX,  a  Roman  orator  in  the 
3d  century. 

MIRABAUD,  John  Bapti.st,  secretary  of  the 
French  academy,  and  an  author,  died  in  1760. 

MIRABEAU,  Victor  Riquetti,  marquis  de, 
of  Paris,  a  man  well  known  in  the  republic  of 
letters,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  political 
sect  called  the  Economists,  of  whose  principles 
Dr.  Adam  Smith  has  made  such  good  use.  He 
was  also  author  of  other  works,  and  died  in 
1790. 

MIRABEAU,  Honore  Gabriel  Riquetti  count 
de,  a  celebrated  French  nobleman,  born  in  1749, 
died  in  1791.  A  few  hours  before  he  died,  he  de- 
plored the  fate  of  the  French  empire,  exposed 
as  it  was  to  factions  and  intrigues  of  every 
kind.  The  French  directory  decreed  a  public 
mourning  of  eitrht  days  ;  and  all  the  places  of 
amusement  in  Paris  were  shut  on  the  day  of  his 
death. 

MIRABEAU,  Boniface  Riquetti,  viscount  de, 
served  with  distinction  in  America.  He  opposed 
the  French  revolution,  emigrated,  and  died  in 
1792. 

MIRABELLA,  Vincent,  an  Italian  author, 
died  in  1674. 

MIR^US,  Aubertus,  a  learned  German  wri 
ter,  died  in  1640. 

MIRANDULA,  John  P'cus,  earl  of,  an  Italian, 
and  a  prodigy  of  learning,  bom  in  1463,  died  in 
1494. 

MIRANDULA,  John  Francis  Picus.  prince 
of,  succeeded  to  the  principality  in  1499.  He 
was  a  lover  of  learning,  and  was  assassinated 
in  1533. 

MIREVELT,  Michael  Jansen,  a  painter,  of 
Delft,  died  in  1641. 

MISSON,  Francis  Maximilian,  a  distinguished 
advocate,  in  the  parliament  of  Paris,  in  favour 
of  the  protesiants,  and  author  of  "  Travels  in 
Italy."     He  died  in  1721. 

MITCHEL,  Jouathan,  a  distinguished  Ame- 
rican clergyman,  settled  at  Cambridge,  Mai's. ; 
he  died  in  1668. 

MITCHELL,  Joseph,  a  dramatic  poet,  born  in 
Scotland,  in  1684,  died  in  1738. 

MITCHELL,  John,  M.  D.,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish botanist  and  physician.  His  botanical  re- 
searches led  him  to  America,  in  1741,  wlvere  he 
resided  several  years.  He  afterwards  returned 
to  England,  and  died  there. 

MITHRIDATES,  king  of  Pontus,  a  renowned 
general,  and  atfirst  victorious  over  the  Romans  ; 
but  being  at  length  conquered  by  Pompey.he  took 
poison,  which  proving  ineffectual,  he  was  slain, 
at  his  own  request,  by  one  of  his  attendants,  64 
B.  C.  aged  72. 

MITTARELLI,  John  Benedict,  of  Venice, 
general  of  the  order  of  the  Calmudenses ;  he  di^d 
in  1777 

sn 


MO 

MOCENIGO,  Lewis,  (lojje  of  Venice,  del'oatcd 
*liu  Turks  ill  tile  celebrated  battie  of  Lupunto,  in 
^571,  ami  died  in  1576. 

MOCREVirJS,  Andreas  Priciiis,  secretary  of 
'he  liingof  foiand,  was  a  learned  autiiorof  tlie 
}CtlJ  century. 

MOKBfUS,  Godfrey,  medical  professor  at  Je- 
na, ,iiid  tlie  author  of  several  medical  worlts ; 
he  lUeri  in  1664. 

MOi'RliTS,  George,  professor  of  theology  at 
Leipsic,  nnd  an  author ;  he  died  in  1097. 

MOirsE,  Peter  le,  an  indifferent  French  poet, 
died  in  JGVa. 

MOINE,  Abraham  le,  a  French  divine,  who 
left  France,  and  became  minister  of  aprotestant 
coiicroijation  in  London.     He  died  in  17G0. 

MOJ.VE,  Stephen  ie,  a  French  protestant  mi- 
nisl.T,  highly  skilled  in  the  Greeli,  Latin,  and 
orie.ttal  languages,  and  professor  of  divinity  at 
Leydeii,  born  in  1634,  died  in  1689. 

MOINK,  Francis  le,  an  excellent  French 
painler,  born  in  1688  He  ran  himself  through 
with  a  sword,  in  a  tit  of  lunacy,  and  died  in  1737 

IMOIVRJS,  De.    SeeDEMOfVRE. 

MOLA,  Pietro  Francesco,  a  Swiss  painter  of 
celebrity,  died  in  1665. 

BIOLA, Giovanni  Battista,  an  eminent  painter, 
who  studied  at  Paris,  was  born  in  l(3'ifl. 

MOLA.JU;.:,  or  VERMUELIN,  John,  an  ec- 
clesiastic,and  professor  of  theology  at  Louvaine  ; 
he  wrote  seve/al  works,  and  died  in  1585. 

JIOLANUS,  Gerald  Walter,  a  Lutheran  di- 
vine, abbot  of  Lockuin,  and  a  correspondent  of 
Bo.^^ue( ;  he  died  in  1722. 

MOLAY,  James  de,  the  last  grand  master  of 
the  Templars.  Philip  the  Fair,  summoned  him 
to  Paris,  where  he  came  with  60  knights,  who 
were  seized  and  burnt  alive  in  1314. 

M0LE.-5W0RTII,  Robert,  viscount,  an  emi- 
nent statesman  and  political  writer,  under  Wil- 
liam III.,  born  in  1656,  died  in  1725.  He  wrote  a 
celebrated  "  History  of  Denmark." 

MOLEViLLE,  Bertrand  de,  a  French  states 
man,  and  minister  of  marine  under  Lewis  XVI. 
He  died  in  1819. 

MOLIERE,  John  Baptist  Pocquelin  de,  a 
comedian  and  diamatic  poet,  the  restorer  of  co- 
medy in  France,  bora  in  1620.  In  1653,  he  pro- 
duced his  first  play,  called  "  L'Elourdi,"  or  the 
Blunderer,  and  continued  the  remainder  of  his 
life  to  write  new  plays,  wliich  were  very  greatly 
and  very  justly  applauded  :  and  if  we  consider 
the  number  of  works  which  he  composed  wliila 
he  was  himself  an  actor,  and  interrupted  by  per- 
petual avocations  of  one  kind  or  other,  we  must 
admire  the  quickness,  as  well  as  fertility  of  his 
genius.  His  last  comedy  was  "  Le  Malade  Im- 
aginTiire,"  or  the  Hypochondriac,  and  it  was 
acted  for  the  fourth  tune,  Feb.  17th,  1673.  On 
this  ve'ry  day  Moliere  died  in  his  53d  year. 

MOLIERES,  Joseph  Privat  de,  a  French  phi- 
losopher and  professor  in  the  royal  college  at  Pa- 
ris,    fie  wrote  several  works,  and  died  in  1742. 

MOLINA,  Lewis,  a  Spaniard  of  noble  birth, 
and  professor  of  divinity  at  Ebola  ;  he  died  in 
1601). 

MOLIN,«US,  Caiolus,  or  Charles  DU  MOU- 
LIN,a  famous  lawyer,boin  at  Paris, in  1500.  He 
wascalled  the  French  Papinian, and  died  in  1566 

BIOLLN'iEUS,  or  DU  MOULIN,  Peter,  apro- 
testant minister,  of  France,  afterwards  profes- 
sor of  philosophy  at  Leydcn.     He  died  in  1656 
MOD  NET,  John,  canon  of  Valenciennes, 
wrote  several  work?,  and  died  in  1607. 

MOLLNET,  Claude  du,  canon  of  St.  Gene- 
vieve,published  several  works,  and  died  in  1687. 
312 


MO       

MOLINETTl,  Anthony,  a  Venetian  physician 
of  great  reputation  ;  he  died  in  1669. 

MOLINIER,  John  Baptist,  a  distinguished 
preacher,  of  'I'oulouije,  and  author  of  sermons ; 
he  died  in  1745. 

MOLLINOS,  Michael  de,  a  Spanish  ecclesias- 
tic, who  caused  great  controversy  iu  the  church. 
He  was  founder  of  the  .sect  called  quietists,  and 
died  in  1696. 

MOLL,  Herman,  an  eminent  English  geogra- 
pher, died  in  17^2. 

MOLLER,  Henry,  a  protestant,  Hebrew  pro- 
fessor at  Wittemberg,  and  author  of  Latin 
poems,  died  in  1589. 

MOLLER,  Daniel  William,  a  celebrated  tra- 
veller, and  professor  in  Altorf  university ;  he 
died  in  1712. 

MOLLER ,  John,  of  Sleswick,  an  able  writer, 
died  in  1734. 

MOLLOY,  Charles,  an  eminent  Irish  politi- 
cal and  dramatic  writer,  died  in  1767. 

MOLO,  a  learned  rhetorician,  who  had  Cicero 
among  his  pupils. 

MOLS.A,Tarquina,  a  very  accomplished  lady. 
The  senate  of  Rome  passed  a  decree  in  which 
all  her  accomplishments  are  set  forth,  bestowing 
the  right  of  citizenship  on  her  and  her  family. 
She  was  born  in  1542,  and  died  in  1617. 

MOLS.^,  Francis  Maria,  an  eminent  Italian 
poet,  died  in  1544. 

MOLYNEUX,  William,  an  excellent  mathe- 
matician and  astronomer,  born  in  1656,  died  iu 
1698. 

BIOLYNEUX,  Samuel,  an  Englishman,  born 
in  1689.  He  devoted  his  time  to  scientific  pur- 
suits, until  he  was  made  one  of  the  board  of  ad- 
miralty. 

MOLYNEUX,  sir  William,  a  gallant  soldier 
in  the  service  of  Henry  VIII.  at  the  battle  of 
Flodden-Field. 

MOMBRITIUS,  Monimus,  an  Italian,  and  au- 
thor of  the  Lives  of  the  Saints,  printed  in  1479. 

MOMPESSON,  William,  a  divine  and  recto' 
of  Cyam,  in  Derbyshire,  at  the  time  of  the  plague 
which  nearly  depopulated  that  town  in  1666. 
During  the  calamity,  lie  at  the  imminent  risk  of 
his  life,  performed  the  duties  of  a  physician, 
legislator,  and  priest,  in  his  afflicted  parish. 

MONALDESCHI,  Lewis,  of  Rome,  author 
of  Roman  Annals,  in  Ilahan,  died  in  1380. 

MONALDESCHI,  Joiin,  equery  of  the  queen 
of  Sweden,  was  put  to  death  in  1657,  for  writing 
an  account  of  her  intrigues. 

MONAMY,  Peter,  born  in  Jersey,  a  painter 
of  sea-pieces,  died  in  1749. 

MONANTHEUIL,  Henry  de,  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Paris,  in  1577 ;  he  translated 
Aristotle's  mechanics. 

MONARDES,  Nicholas,  a  Spanish  physician, 
who  acquired  great  reputation  by  his  praciice, 
and  works  which  he  published ;  he  died  in 
1578. 

MONBODDO,  James  Burnett,  lord,  one  of 
the  lords  of  session  in  Scotland,  and  a  philoso- 
phieal-and  metaphysical  writer,  horn  in  1714, 
died  in  1799.  He  wrote  "  Dissertation  on  the 
Origin  and  Progress  of  Language,"  and  "  An- 
cient Metaphysics."  In  the  latter  work,  ho 
strenuously  maintains  that  the  ourang-outaii!-'. 
is  a  class  of  the  human  species  ;  lie  also  endea- 
vours to  estabhsh  the  reality  of  mermaids  ami 
other  fictitious  animals. 

MONBRON,  N.  Fougeret  de,  a  Frenchman, 
known  foi-  his  virulence  as  an  author ;  he  died 
in  1760. 
MONCEAUX,  Francis  de,  bom  at  Arms,  was 


MO 

ainl);issiulor  of  Alexauder  Farilcse,  to  Henry 
IV.;  he  wrote  several  works. 

MONC'KTON,  Robert,  a  brigacjicr-gencral  un- 
d(,'r  Woll'e,  in  his  e.xpcdition  against  (iucbec, 
aitorwards  lieutenant-governor  of  Nova-Scotia, 
and  governor  ol'  the  colony  of  New- York ;  he 
died  in  1782. 

MOiVC'ONYS,  Balthasar  de,  a  Frenchman, 
who  published  his  Travels  in  the  East,  in  ll)(i5. 

MONCRiF,  Francis  Aiigustin  ParadLs  de, 
iiieinher  oC  the  French  academy,  wrote  several 
works,  and  died  in  1770. 

AIONDON  VILLK,  John  Joseph  Caesanca  de, 
a  celebrated  French  musician,  died  in  1772. 

MOXGAUIiT,  Nicolas  Hubert,  an  ingenious 
and  learned  French  critic,  editor  of  "  Tully's 
Letters  to  Auicus,  with  a  Translation  and  Com 
rncnis  ;"  born  in  1074,  died  in  174(5. 

MONIN,  John  Rdward  du,  author  of  elegant 
poems,  was  assassinated  in  1086. 

MONIS,  Judah,  a  converted  Jew,  teaclicr  of 
Hebrew  at  Harvard  College,  died  in  1C74. 

MONK,  George,  duke  of  Albemarle,  a  brave 
English  general,  restored  Charles  11.  to  his 
cro\vn  and  kingdam.  He  whs  author  of  some 
political  and  military  tracts.  Born  in  1608,  died 
in  1070, 

MONK,  Nicholas,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
and  bishop  of  Hereford,  died  in  lOfil. 

MONK,  the  hon.  Mrs.,  daughter  of  lord  Moles- 
worth,  of  Ireland,  a  celebrated  poetess,  died  in 
1715. 

MONMOUTH,  James,  duke  of,  natural  son 
of  Charles  II.,  king  of  England,  born  in  1649. 
He  distinguished  himself  by  his  valour  and  mi 
litary  skill,  as  lieutenant-general  in  the  service 
of  France.  On  his  return  to  Fnglanil,  he  was 
sent  to  quell  an  in.^urrection  in  Scotland,  which 
he  effected.  Being  a  protestant,  he  was  deluded 
into  ambitious  schemes  for  the  exclusion  of  the 
duke  of  York.  He  conspired  against  his  father 
and  the  duke,  and,  when  the  latter  came  to  the 
crown  with  the  title  of  James  U.,  he  openly  ap- 
peared in  arms.  Ho  was  defeated,  taken,  tried 
for  high  treason,  and  beheaded  in  1685. 

MONNIER,  Peter  le,  professor  ot  philosophy  at 
Paris,  and  author  of  several  works,  died  in  1799. 

MONNOYE,  Bernard  de  la,  a  noted  French 
poet,  born  in  1041,  died  in  1728. 

MONNOYER,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent 
Flemish  painter,  born  in  1635,  died  in  1699. 

MONRO,  Dr.  Alexander,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian and  anatomist,  born  in  Scotland  in  1697, 
died  in  1767.  His  "  Osteology"  has  been  trans- 
lated into  several  languages. 

MONRO,  Alexander,  D.  D.,  a  learned  Scotch 
divine,  and  principal  of  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh, died  in  1713. 

MONRO,  Dr.  John,  an  English  physician,  ce- 
lebrated for  his  skill  in  cases  of  insanity,  born 
in  1715,  died  in  1791. 

t  MONSEY,  Dr.  Messenger,  many  years  phy 
eician  of  Chelsea  hospital.  In  his  character 
and  humour,  he  resembled  the  celebrated  dean 
Swift.     He  died  in  1788,  aged  96. 

MONSIfiNORI,  Francis,  of  Verona,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  died  in  1519. 

MONSON,  sir  William,  a  famous  English  ad 
niiral,  and  author  of  "Naval  Tracts,"  born  in 
1509,  died  in  1042. 

MONSTRELET,  Enguerand  de,  a  French 
historian,  died  in  1453. 

MONT,  Deodate  de,  an  eminent  French  paint- 
er, a  pupil  of  Rubens,  died  in  1634. 

MONTAGUE,  Charles  Greville,  governor  of 
South  Carolina,  in  17G6.  died  in  17&t 

R    r 


MO 

MONTAGUE,  Richard,  an  English  prelate 
and  chaplain  of  James  1.  He  was  un  excollent 
scholar,  and  died  in  IMl. 

MONTAGUE,  Charles,  earl  of  Halifax,  a  dlB- 
tingoished  wit  and  statesman  under  William 
III.,  queen  Anne,  and  George  I.,  born  in  1661, 
died  in  1715. 

MONTAGUE,  Edward,  earl  of  Sandwich,  an 
illustrious  Englisn  general,  admiral,  and  states- 
man, and  a  political  and  philosophical  writer. 
He  was  blovvn  up  in  his  ship,  in  an  engagement 
with  the  Dutch,  off  Southwold  bay,  in  1072. 

MONTAGUE,  lady  Mary  Wortley,  a  woman 
of  great  talents,  and  an  elegant  writer.  She 
accompanied  her  husband  in  an  embassy  to 
Constantinople,  about  1716,  from  which  place 
she  wrote  letter.s  to  Pope,  Addison,  and  other 
eminent  literary  men  of  the  time,  which  are 
very  interesting,  and  contain  many  curious  facts 
concerniug  the  manners  and  politics  of  the 
Turks.  She  introduced  inoculation  for  the 
smallpox  into  England,  the  henelit  of  whioli 
has  extended  to  millions,  and  died  in  17C^. 

WONT.A.GUE,  Edward  Wortley,  son  of  lady 
Mary,  equally  remarkable  for  his  talents  ami 
eccentricities,  was  born  in  1714,  and  died  in 
1776.  In  his  -youth,  he  ran  away  from  West- 
minster sclwol,  and  apprenticed  himself  to  a 
chimney-sweeper ;  he  afterwards  connected 
himself  with  a  fisherman ;  he  next  became  ca 
bin  boy  in  a  ship  bound  for  Spain,  and  while  in 
that  country,  was  menial  servant  to  a  muleteer. 
Ill  tills  situation  he  was  discovered,  and  brought 
back  to  his  friends.  After  receiving  a  suitable 
education,  he  visited  the  countries  of  the  East, 
and  contracted  such  a  fondness  for  the  manners 
of  the  people,  fJiat  he  spent  the  nmainder  of  his 
life  in  strict  conformity  to  them.  He  was  au- 
thor of  "  Reflections  on  the  Rise  and  Fall  of  the 
Ancient  Republics,"  and"  An  Examination  into 
the  Causes  of  Earthquakes." 

MONTAGUE,  Elizabeth,  a  learned  lady,  au- 
thor of  "  Essay  on  the  Writings  and  Genius  of 
Shakspeare,  compared  with  itie  Greek  and 
French  Dramatic  Poets  ;  with  some  Remarks 
upon  the  Misrepresentations  of  Mons.  de  Vol- 
taire." She  was  born  in  1P19,  and  died  in 
1800. 

MONTAIGNE,  Michael  de,  an  eminent 
French  writer,  born  in  1533,  died  in  1592. 

MONTALBANI,  Ovid,  professor  of  astrono- 
my at  Bologna.  He  published  several  works, 
and  died  in  1G72. 

MONTALEMBERT,  Mark  Rene,  a  distin- 
guished French  general,  and  a  man  of  learning; 
he  died  in  1799. 

MONTAMY,  Didier  Francis  d'Arclais,  lorti 
de,  of  Normandy,  employed  in  the  service  of 
Ihe  duke  of  Orleans,  published  a  work  on  Co- 
lours, and  died  in  1765. 

MONTANI,  Gemiano,  mathematical  .profes- 
sor at  Bologna.  He  wrote  several  works,  and 
died  in  the  17th  century. 

MONTANUS,  Benedict  Arias,  a  learned 
Spaniard,  whom  Philip  II.  employed  in  the  pub- 
lication of  a  new  Polyglot  bible  ;  he  died  in 
1600. 

MONTANUS,  an  ancient  heresiarch  among 
the  Christians,  and  founder  of  a  sect  in  the  2d 
century  called  the  Montanisfs.  They  pretended 
to  the  gift  of  projihccy,  and  prohibited  second 
inarriaces. 

MONTANUS,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician, regarded  by  his  countrymen  as  a  second 
Galen,  was  author  of  several  works ;  born  ,'n 
,I4,S8,  died  in  1551. 
7  313 


MO 

MONTARKAGO,  or  MASCARENHAS, 
Frsre  dc)  a  learned  Portuguesu  author,  died  in 
1730. 

,  MONTAIJLT,  Philip  de,  duke  of  Noailles 
TCiioiiucfid  the  protestant  faith,  and  rose  to  high 
rank  in  the  arinv;  he  died  in  1684. 

MON  TAUSIER,  Charles  de  Sante  Maure, 
/luke  de,  peer  of  France.  lie  was  a  man  of  in 
tegritv  and  virtue,  and  died  in  1690. 

MONTHEILl.ARD,  Philibert  Gucneau  dc 
nn  oinincnt  naturalist,  of  Nainur,  who  assisted 
}<u!P>n  in  his  gical  work  ;  lie  died  in  1785. 

MONTCALM,  Lewis  Joseph  de  St.  Vcran 
nianiuis  de,  a  brave  general.  He  fell  on  tlie 
fi'hi  of  battle  with  VVolfe,  at  the  conquest  of 
aiiehec,  in  17.W. 

MO.NTCHRESTIEN  DE  VATEVILLE,  An- 
thony, a  French  poet,  engaged  in  the  civil  wars, 
T.'as  put  to  death  in  1G21. 

MO.NTECUCULf,  count  Sehastian,  an  Ita 
Han.  He  poisoned  the  son  of  Francis  I.  ot 
Pranfce,  at  the  instigation  of  the  wife  of  llenry 
U.,  brother  to  tlie  murdered  prince.  He  was 
put  to  death  in  1536. 

MOXTECUCULLI,  Raynard  de,  a  distin- 
guished general,  born  in  1608,  died  in  1680. 

^lONTE  M.\  YER,  George  de,  aCastilian  poet, 
in  ihe  reit'u  of  Philip  11.  of  Spain,  died  in  1560. 

MONTENAULT,  Charles  Philip,  a  French 
writer,  dirri  in  1749. 

MONTESPAN,  Athenais  Mortimar,  madame 
dc,  a  celebrated  French  lady,  wife  of  the  marquis 
of  Muiitespan,  and  one  of  the  raistressc:;  of  Louis 
XIV.  ;  she  died  in  1717. 

BIONTESaUIEU,  Chsrles  de  Secondat,  ha- 
Tfin  de,  an  illustrious  Frenchman,  president  of 
the  parliament  of  Bourdcaus,  born  in  1689,  died 
in  1755.  His  "  Spirit  of  Laws"  lias  immortal 
ized  his  name. 

MONTEZUMA,  the  last  king  of  Mexico,  was 
conquered  by  Corte/.,  and  stoned  to  death  by  his 
own  subjects  in  1520. 

MONTFAUCON,  Bernard  de,  a  very  learned 
French  Benedictine,  famous  for  his  knowledge 
of  ecclesiastic  and  pagan  antiquities,  born  in 
1655,  died  in  1741. 

MONTFLEURY,  Zachary  Jacob,  of  Anjou, 
author  of  some  tragedies,  died  in  10S5. 

MONTFORT  Simon,  count  de,  a  renowned 
Frencn  generSi,  slain  at  the  siege  of  Toulouse 
hy  a  stone  thrown  at  him  by  a  woman,  in  1218. 

MONTGAILL  ARD,  Bernard  de,  a  mendicaut 
friar.  He  was  a  celebrated  preacher,  but  pros- 
tituted his  eloquence  to  bloody  purposes.  Ho 
died  in  1628. 

MONTGERON,  Lewis  Bassille  Carre  de,  of 
Fans,  was  imprisoned  for  the  fanaticism  of  his 
writings,  and  died  in  1754. 

MONTGOLFIER,  James  Stephen,  a  French 
paper  maker,  inventor  of  air  balloons,  was  born 
iu  1747,  and  died  in  1790. 

MONTGOLFIER,  Jamfi.=,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  died  in  1810,  in  the  TOth  year  of  his 
age. 

MONTGOMERIE,  John,  aid  to  George  II., 
and  afterwards  covernor  of  :he  colonics  of 
Kcw-York  and  New-Jersey ;  he  died  in  1731. 

MONTGOMERY,  Richard,  a  major-general 
In  the  American  army,  fell  in  an  attack  upon 
ttutbec. in  1775. 

MONTGOMERY,  Gabriel  de,  count  of,  a 
Frencli  protestant  nobleman  of  distinguished 
bravery.  He  was  beheaded  by  order  of  Caihe- 
»ine  dc  Medicis,  in  1574. 

Mvjrn'GON,  Charles  Alexander,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  was  spy  to  the  duke  of  B«urbon,| 
&14 


' MO 

and  confessor  to  Philip  V.  of  Spain ;  he  died  in 
1770. 

MONTI,  Joseph,  professor  of  botany  at  Bo- 
logna, died  in  1750. 

MONTICELLl,  Andrew,  an  adraireil  Italian 
painter,  died  in  1716. 

M0NTI(;N1,  Stephen  Mignol  de,  a  French- 
man, eminent  as  a  mechanic.  He  improved 
the  Frencli  manufactures,  and  died  in  1782. 

MONT.IOSIEU,  Lewis  de,  born  at  Rouergne, 
was  the  author  of  a  curious  book  on  the  sculp 
ture  of  the  ancients,  published  m  1649. 

MON'TLUC,  Blaise  de,  a  brave  Frenchman, 
who  rose  to  be  marshal  of  France.  He  distin- 
guished himself  in  various  battles,  and  died  in 
1577. 

MONTMAUR,  Peter  de,  Greek  professor  in 
the  royal  college  at  Paris.  He  was  successively 
a  drugsist,  advocate,  and  poet,  and  died  in  164?. 

MONTMtJRENCY,  Matthew  dc,  constable 
of  France,  of  one  of  the  most  illustrious  fami- 
lies of  Europe.  He  married  a  natural  daughter 
of  Henry  I.  of  England,  and,  for  his  second 
wife,  the  widow  of  Lewis  VI.  of  France.  He 
died  in  1160. 

MONTMORENCY,  Charles  de,  of  the  same 
family,  w>is  made  marshal  of  France,  and  %va3 
at  the  battle  of  Cressy ;  he  died  in  1381. 

MONTMORENCY,  Annedc,  a  famous  mar- 
shal of  France,  born  1495,  was  slain  in  the  civil 
war  against  the  Huguenots,  1567. 

MONTMORENCY,  Henry  de,  second  son  of 
Anne,  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of 
Dreux,  and  took  Condc  prisoner.  He  was  made 
a  marshal  of  France,  and,  under  Henry  IV., 
constable  ;  he  died  in  1614. 

MONTMORENCY,  Henry,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  made  adndral  of  France  at  the  age 
of  18,  and,  by  his  valour,  supported  the  honour 
of  his  house  ;  he  was  beheaded  for  rebellion  in 
1632. 

MONTPENSIER,  Anne  Marie  Louisa  d'Or- 
leans,  dutchess  de,  inherited  the  boldness  and 
intrigue  of  her  father,  and,  during  the  civil 
wars,  embraced  the  party  of  Conde  ;  she  died 
in  1603. 

MONTPETIT,  Arnold  Vincent,  an  ingenious 
man,  who  left  the  law  for  painting,  and  that  for 
the  study  of  mechanics,  in  which  he  excelled; 
he  died  in  1800. 

JMONTPEZAT,  Anthony  de,  a  marshal  of 
France,  died  in  1544. 

MONTROSE,  James  Graham,  marquis  of, 
memorable  for  his  valour  and  military  abilities 
as  a  general,  and  for  his  attachment  to  Ch.irles 
I.  and  II.  Being  defeated  by  the  parliamentary 
forces,  he  concealed  and  disguised  himself;  but 
being  betrayed  and  delivered  up,  to  the  eternal 
disgrace  of  the  Scots  republicans,  he  was  hang- 
ed and  quartered  at  Edinburgh,  in  1650. 

MONTUCLA,  Joseph  de,  a  member  of  the 
French  national  institute.  He  was  devoted  to 
mathematical  studies,  had  the  good  fortune  to 
escape  the  storms  of  the  revolution,  and,  in  his 
old  age,  to  receive  a  pension  from  Buonaparte. 
He  died  in  1800. 

MOODY,  Joshua,  a  minister  of  Portsmouth, 
New-Hampshire,  afterwards  settled  at  Boston ; 
he  died  in  1697.  He  sutTered  much  persecution 
from  the  governor  of  New-Hampshire,  for  at- 
tempting to  enforce  strict  church  discipline,  and 
afterwards  at  Boston,  for  opposing  the  violent 
but  then  popular  measures  against  witchcraft 

MOORE,  Philip,  an  amiable  and  exemplary 
man  and  divine,  died  ia  the  Isle  of  Man,  in 
1783. 


MO 

MOUKi;,  sir  Jonas,  .111  able  iiiailiemuticiaii 
and  an  author,  patroiiised  by  Charles  1.,  died  in 
1G81. 

ftlOOKE,  Robert,  an  eminent  ppmnaii  and 
wrilinc  master,  died  in  F.iiglaiid,  in  1727. 

MOOKi;,  Kdward,  an  linglisii  fabulist  and 
'dramatic  writer  of  eminence,  born  in  1712,  died 
in  17.''>7. 

MOORE,  Pranciii,  an  inccnioin  English  me 
chanic,  wlio^e  invrntive  talents  raised  him  into 
eminent  notice  witlMut  the  tu^sisiance  of  erudi- 
tion or  of  patronage.  The  machinery  whieti 
he  irtade,  and  wliicli  prcw  to  such  a  maL'nilude 
in  their  scope  and  tendency  as  to  attract  the  no- 
tice of  tlie  le;:islati!re,  have  very  nuich  improv- 
ed the  meclianic  art.'  and  assisted  the  manufac- 
turer.    He  died  in  1787. 

MOORE,  Dr.  John,  was  born  in  1730,  and  edu- 
cated at  Glasgow,  where  he  studied  medicine 
and  surgery,  and  afterwards  went  abroad,  and 
practised  in  the  British  arn>y.  In  the  year  1771) 
lie  published  "  A  View  of  Society  and  Manners 
in  France,  Switzerland,  and  Germany,"  and 
two  years  afl<;r  a  continuation  of  it,  called  "  A 
View  of  Society  and  Manners  in  Italy.*'  lit 
also  published  "  !^Ie(lical  Sketches;"  an  excel- 
lent novel  called  "Zeluco:"  "  A  View  of  the 
Cause  and  Progress  of  the  French  Revolution  ;" 
"  Edward,"  a  novel ;  a  series  of  letters  entitled 
"  Mordaunt ;  being  Sketches  of  Life,  Character, 
and  Manners  in  various  Countries."  Dr.  Aloore 
possessed  great  in.sight  into  human  nature,  and 
that  liappy  union  of  acute  discernment  with  a 
lively  imagination,  by  which  be  was  enabled  to 
describe  its  intricacies  with  the  greater  pleasaut- 
rv.     He  died  in  180-3. 

'MOORE,  sir  John,  K.  B.,  a  gallant  British 
general,  and  eldest  son  of  the  preceding,  wat 
hornatGlasgow,  in  176],  and  killed  by  acannon 
hall,  in  the  moment  of  victory  achieved  by  the 
British  troops  under  his  command,  at  tlie  battle 
of  (,'orunna,  Jan.  10,  1S09.  His  whole  life  lir.d 
been  devoted  to  the  service  of  his  couiUry.  He 
has  left  a  name  that  will  be  immortal  in  the  mi- 
fitarv  annals  of  his  country. 

MOORE,  John,  D.  I).,  a'rchbishop  of  Canter- 
bury in  1783,  died  in  1805. 

MOORE,  James,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
?outh  Carolina,  and  speaker  of  the  house  of 
assembly  of  that  colony,  in  1725. 

MOORE,  sir  Henry,  a  popular  governor  of 
tlie  colony  of  New- York,  died  in  17(59. 

MOORE,  Benjamin,  bishop  of  the  episcopal 
churcli  in  the  diocess  of  New- York,  professor 
of  rhetoric  and  logic  in  Columbia  college,  and 
president  of  that  institution  at  the  time  of  his 
de.ith.  which  happened  in  181(5. 

MOORE,  Zephaniali  Swift,  D.  D.,  a  congre- 
gational clergyman  in  Massachusetts,  was  pro- 
fessor of  languages  in  Dartmouth  college,  presi- 
dent of  Williams  college,  and  afterwards  first 
president  of  the  college  at  Amherst,  Mass. ;  he 
died  in  18M. 

MOR.ABIN,  James,  authorof  a  life  of  Cicero, 
died  at  Paris,  in  1762. 

MOR.ALES,  Ambrose,  historiographer  to  the 
king  of  Spain,  wrote  a  Spanish  Chronicle,  and 
died  in  1590. 

MORAND,  Sauveur  Francis,  a  celebrated 
furgeon  and  medical  writer ;  he  died  at  Paris,  in 
1773. 

MORAND,  an  ingenious  architect,  of  Lyons, 
was  guillotined  in  17U3. 

MORANDE,  N.  Thevenot  de,  an  unprincipled 
s'rehch  writer ;  he  was  inassacretl  at  Paris,  in 


MO ^ 

I    MORANDI,  John  Maria,  of  Florence,  euii- 
nent  as  n  pauiter,  died  in  1715. 

MOR  ANT,  Philip,  M.  A.  and  F.  S.  A.,  a  learn- 
ed and  indefatigaijie  English  antiquary  and  bio- 
grapiier,  horn  in  1700,  died  in  1770.  His  writings 
Were  very  numerous. 

MOR  ATA,  Olympia  Fulvia,  a  learned  Italian 
lady,  who  siioke  Latin  and  Greek  ;  she  died  in 
1555. 

MORDATTNT,  Charles,  earl  of  Peterborough, 
a  renowned  English  statesman,  general,  poli 
tical  writer,  and  poet,  born  in  1(558,  died  in 
17:;5. 

MORE,  sir  Thomas,  ch.  nccllor  of  England  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  was  born  in  Ijondon, 
n  1480.  After  having  leen  long  in  habits  of 
uncommon  farniliarily  and  confidence  with  llie 
king,  he  was  beheaded  by  his  order,  July  5, 1435, 
an  'J'ower-Hill.  Sir  Thomas  More  was  author 
of  many  and  various  works. 

MORE,  Henry,  an  English  philosopher  and 
poet,  born  in  1014,  died  in  1(567.  He  possessed 
much  natural  enthusiasm,  and  was  enraptured 
Willi  the  Platonic  system. 

MORE,  Alexander,  a  protestant  divine,  and 
divinity  professor  at  Geneva,  afterwards  minis- 
ter of  the  reformed  church  at  Paris.  He  was 
an  I'loqucnt  preacher,  and  died  in  1(570. 

MORE,  sir  Francis,  an  English  lawyer  and 
author  ;  he  died  in  1G21. 

MORE,  John,  a  learned  prelate  of  the  English 
church,  whose  library  was  purchased  by  George 
II.,  and  given  to  Cambridge  university  ;  he  died 
in  1714. 

MORE,  St.  Antonio,  a  Dutch  painter,  died  in 
1575. 

MORE,  or  MOORE,  James,  an  English  wri- 
ter, and  a  friend  of  the  duke  of  Wharton ;  he 
died  in  1734. 

MORE,  Henry,  an  English  dissenting  minis- 
ter, whose  poems  possess  merit,  died  in  1802. 

MOREAU,  James  a  French  physician  and  an 
author,  died  in  1729. 

MOREAU,  Victor,  an  advocate,  and  a  gene- 
ral in  the  French  army,  was  born  at  Morlaix,  in 
1701.  In  1803,  he  was  banished  by  order  of  the 
first-consul,  and  visited  the  U.  S.  He  after- 
wards joined  the  enemies  of  hie  country,  and,  at 
the  battle  of  Dresden,  was  shot  by  a  cannon-ball, 
which  terminated  his  life  on  the  2d  Sept.,  1813. 

MOREAU,  Jacob  Nicholas,  historiographer 
of  France,  and  an  able  writer,  he  suffered  oa 
the  scaffold  in  1794. 

MOREELSE,  Paul,  a  Dutch  painter,  died  in 
1038. 

MOREL,  the  name  of  several  celebrated 
printers  to  the  kings  of  France,  who,  like  the 
Slephenses,  were  also  very  learned  men. 

MOREL,  Andrew,  an  eminent  Swiss  anti- 
qiiarv,  died  in  1703. 

MI^RELL,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  learned  Engliah 
divine,  lexicographer,  and  classical  editor,  born 
in  1701.  died  in  1784.  His  chief  work  is  an 
abridgment  of"  Ainaworth's  Latin  Dictionary." 

MORELY,  lord,  son  of  sir  Thomas  Parker, 
was  a  great  favourite  of  Henry  VHI.,  and  died 
in  1547. 

MORERT,Lewis,  D  D.,  author  of  a  celebrated 
historical  dictionary,  born  in  ir43,  died  in  1680 

MORES,  Edward  Rowe,  an  eminent  Engliib 
antiquary,  born  in  1730,  died  in  1778. 

MORETT,  an  ingenious  artist  and  goldsmith, 
onniloved  bv  Henry  VIII. 

MORGA(^NT,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian,  emi- 
nent as  an  anatomist,  died  in  1771. 

SIORGAN,  William,  a  native  of  Wales.ra) 
SI  5 


MO 


ed  to  the  see  of  Landaff ;  lie  was  zealously  en- 
gaged in  translating  the  Bible  into  Welch,  uud 
(lied  in  1H<)4. 

MORGAN,  Mwyijvawr,  or  the  CourteouB,  a 
Welch  prince  and  an  able  warrior  ;  he  died  in 
1001. 

MORGAN,  prince  of  Powys,  .went  on  a  pil- 
grimaae  to  the  Holy  Land,  and  died  in  1126. 

MORGAN,  George  Oadogan,  a  native  of 
Walea,  teacher  of  a  dissenting  congregation  at 
Norwich,  and  an  author ;  he  died  in  1798. 

MORGAN,  John,  M.  D.,  F.  U.  S.,  a  distin- 
guished physician,  of  Philadelphia,  professor 
of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in  the 
medical  school  of  tiiat  city,  and  afterwards 
chief  physician  to  the  general  hospitals  of  the 
American  arniv.     He  died  in  1789. 

MORGAN,  Daniel,  a  biigadicr-general,  and  a 
distingnished  otiicer,  of  the  American  army, 
during  the  revolution,  died  in  1799.  His  servi- 
ces as  an  officer  were  highly  important  and  duly 
appreciated  by  his  countrymen. 

MORGUES,  Matthew  de,  sieur  de  St.  Ger- 
main, a  French  preacher  of  great  eminence, 
born  in  1582,  died  in  1670,  leaving  a  "  History 
of  Lewis  the  Just." 

MORHOFF,  Daniel  George,  a  very  learned 
German  critic,  poet,  and  Latin  historian,  born  in 
1639,  died  in  1G91. 

MORICE,  sir  William,  a  learned  Englishman, 
and  secretary  of  state  under  Charles  IL  ;  he 
died  in  1676. 

MORILLO,  Bartholomew,  an  admired  Span- 
ish painter,  died  in  IC>S3 

MORIxV,  John  Baptist,  physician,  and  regius 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Paris,  born  in  1.583, 
died  in  1656.  His  "  Astrologia  Gallica,"  had 
cost  him  thirty  years'  labour,  and  was  printed 
in  IGOl,  with  two  epistles  dedicatory  ;  the  one 
from  the  author  to  Jesns  Christ,  the  otlier  ad- 
dressed to  the  queen  of  Portugal. 

MORIN,  John,  a  learned  Frenchman,  convert- 
ed fr9m  the  protestant  to  tlie  catholic  faith.  His 
works  are  numerous ;  he  dieil  in  1659. 

MORIN,  Simon,  a  celebrated  French  fanatic, 
burnt  alive  at  Paris,  in  lf>o3,  for  having  assum- 
ed the  title  of  the  Son  of  God. 

MORIN,  Stephen,  a  learned  French  theologi- 
cal and  biblical  writer,  born  in  16i;5,died  in  1700. 
Ill  one  of  hig  works  he  endeavours  to  prove 
that  the  Hebrew  language  is  as  old  as  the  crea- 
tion, and  tlmt  God  himself  inspired  it  into 
Adam. 

MORIN,  Henry,  also  changed  hk  religion,  and 
died  in  1728. 

MORIN,  Peter,  a  learned  French  critic,  em 
ployed  by  the  pope  to  superintend  the  editions 
of  the  Septuagint  and  the  Vulgate ;  he  died  in 
1803. 

MORIN,  Lewis,  a  French  physician,  and 
member  of  the  academy  of  sciences,  at  Paris  ; 
Jre  died  in  1715. 

MORIN,  John,  professor  of  philosopliy,  at 
Chartros,  died  in  17(>4. 

MORINIERE,  Adrian  Claude  le  Fort  de  la, 
author  of  several  works,  died  at  Paris,  in  1696. 

MORISON,  Robert,  physician,  and  professor 
of  botany  at  Oxford,  born  in  1G20,  wrote  a 
"Historv'of  Plants,"  and  died  in  1683. 

MORiSOT,  CLiude  Bartholomew,  a  French 
Writer,  uied  in  1661. 

MORL.\N[),  Samuel,  an  eminent  statesman, 
C-mploved  bv  Cromwell  in  several  embassies. 

Mf^JRL.'VNn,   George,  an   exquisite  painter, 
chiefly  of  rustic  scenes,  was  born  in  London,  in 
1761.    As  a  faithful  copier  of  nature,  it  is  uni- 
316 


MO 

veraally  allowed  none  could  excel  him.  For 
seven  years  of  the  prime  of  his  life,  he  confined 
himself  to  picturesque  landaca|)e  ;  but,  taking 
to  an  irregular  course  of  drinking,  he  was  led 
from  the  woodside  to  the  alehouse  ;  bis  sheep 
were  changed  for  pigs,  and  the  lield  for  the 
stable.  He  had  always  favourites  whom  he  pre- 
ferred, and  would  paitu  for  none  who  did  not 
hit  his  peculiar  humour.  His  genuine  pictures 
are  in  few  hands,  and  his  drawings  are  sliU 
more  scarce.     He  died  in  M04. 

MORLEY,  Dr.  George, bishopof  Winchester, 
memorable  for  having  negotiated  with  the  Dutch 
for  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.,  bom  in  1597, 
died  in  1684. 

MORHERE,  James  Augustus  de  la,  a  French 
writer  of  romances,  died  in  1785. 

MORLIN,  Joachim,  a  Lutheran  divine,  horn 
in  1514 ;  he  was  made  bishop  of  Sambia,  by 
the  king  of  Poland. 

MORNAC,  Anthony,  an  eminent  French  ad 
vocate  and  an  author,  died  in  1619. 

MORNAY,  Philipde,  baron  du  Plessis  Marly, 
an  illustrious  French  protectant,  a  political  and 
polemical  writer,  and  privy  councillor  of  Henry 
iV.,  born  in  1549,  died  in  1628.  His  most  im- 
portant work,  and  for  which  he  has  been  most, 
distinguished,  is  a  book  "  Upon  the  Truth  of 
the  Christian  Religion,"  in  wliich  he  employs 
the  weapons  of  reason  and  learning  with  great, 
force  and  skill  against  Atheists,  Epicureans, 
Heathens,  Jews,  Mahometans,  and  other  Infi- 
dels. 

MOEOaONS,  Francis,  a  Venetian,  di.stin- 
guisheil  himself  against  the  Turks,  at  the  siege 
of  Candia,  and  defeated  them  in  a  great  naval 
battle.    He  died  in  1699. 

MORRIS,  Lewis,a  nativeof  Anglesea.  About 
90  MS.  volumes  of  antiquities,  collected  by  hun, 
are  preserved.    He  died  in  1765. 

MORRIS,  Richard,  an  eminent  critic  and  poet, 
was  engaged  in  the  publication  of  two  editions 
of  the  Welch  Bible  ;  he  died  in  1764. 

MORRIS,  Robert  Hunter,  chief  justice  of 
New-Jersey,  and  lieutenant-governor  of  the  co- 
lony of  New- York  ;  he  died  in  1764. 

MORRIS,  Lewis,  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court,  and  afterwards  governor  of  the  colony  of 
New  Jersey  ,  he  died  in  1746, 

MORRIS,  Robert,  an  eminent  merchant,  of 
Philadelphia,  was  a  member  of  congress  from 
Pennsylvania,  in  1776,  and  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  Independence.  He  was  after- 
wards appointed  treasurer  of  the  United  States, 
and  rendered  essential  service  to  the  country, 
during  three  years  of  the  war,  by  his  skill  as  a 
linancier,  and  by  pledging  himself  individually 
for  the  public  credit ;  he  died  in  1806. 

MORRIS,  Gouverncur,  a  distinguished  Ame- 
rican statesman  and  orator,  was  a  delegate 
to  congress  from  New- York,  and  to  the  con 
vention  which  formed  the  federal  constitution. 
He  was  afterwards  ambassador  from  the  United 
States  to  France ;  and  on  his  return  from  Europe, 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  United  Slates' 
senate.     He  died  in  1816. 

MORTIMER,  John,  author  of  an  esteemed 

Treatise  on  Husbandry,"  died  in  1736. 

MORTIMER,  Thomas,  grandson  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  writer,  of  some  eminence  on  commer- 
cial subjects,  was  born  in  London,  in  1730.  In 
1761,  he  published  "Every  Man  his  own  Bro- 
ker," and  was  the  following  year  appointed 
vice-consul  for  the  Austrian  Netherlands ;  which 
situation  he  held  tiU  1768.  He  then  resumed  his 
literary  pursuits,  and  publistmd  "Elements  et 


MO 


Commcrcu,  Politics,  ami  Fiuaiict-s  ;"  "  An  Epi- 
tome of  Uuivoisal  History  ai.-ri  Biogiaptiy ;"  a 
translation  of  M.  Necltcr's  !,'r(;at  work  on  the 
"  Finances  of  Franco  ;"  "  History  of  Knglai'.d," 
to  17G:i ;  tlie  "  liritislj  Plutarch  ;"  and  a  "  Gene- 
ral Dictionary  of  ( 'omnierce,  Trade,  and  Manu- 
factures."    Mr.  Jlortinier  died  in  1809. 

MORTIMKR,  Julin  Hamilton,  an  eminent 
English  historical  painter,  born  in  1739,  died  in 
1779. 

MORTON,  Thomas,  an  English  bishop,  and 
chaplain  to  king  James.  He  was  esteemed  lor 
his  benevolence  and  piety,  and  died  in  1059. 

MORTON,  James,  earl  of,  a  Scotchman,  who 
promoted  the  reformation,  lie  was  made  chan- 
cellor and  regent  of  Scotland.  His  enemies  at 
last  condemned  him  for  high  treason,  in  IfiS). 

MORTON, William,  a  barrister,  distiiiijuislied 
in  the  civil  wars,  and  in  lb05,  made  justice  of 
the  king's  bench. 

MORTON,  John,  rose  by  his  abilities  to  the 
office  of  lord  chancellor  of  England,  and  died  in 
1500. 

MORTON,  Nathaniel,  oim;  of  the  early  settlers 
of  Plymouth,  author  of  a  History  of  the  Church 
of  that  colony,  and  of  "New-England's  Memo- 
rial," published  in  1669. 

MORTON,  Charles,  a  native  of  England, 
came  to  America,  and  was  settled  as  a  minister 
ih  Massachusetts.     He  died  in  3698. 

MORTON,  Joseph,  proprietary  governor  of 
South-Carolina,  in  168-2,  and  afterwards  in  1685. i 

MORTON,  John,  a  member  of  congress  from 
Pennsylvania,  in  1776,  and  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  Independence ;  he  died  in 
1770. 

MOSCHOPULUS,  Emmanuel,  a  native  of 
Crete,  in  the  14th  century,  and  author  of  a  Trea- 
tise on  Grammar. 

MOSCHUS,  a  Grecian  pastoral  poet  of  anti- 
quity, cotemporary  of  Bion  and  Theocritus. 

MOSELEY,  Dr.  Benjamin,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish physician,  whose  practice,  however,  chiefly 
laid  in  Jamaica.  On  his  return  to  England,  liej 
was  made  physician  to  CheLsea  hospital.  His' 
writings  were  chiefly  on  Tropical  Diseases  ;  and; 
he  was  an  inveterate  enemy  to  vaccination ;  he 
died  in  1819. 

MOSES,  the  great  legislator  of  the  Jews,  was 
born  in  Egypt,  1571  B.  C,  and  died  at  the  age 
Of  120. 

MOSES,  MendeLshon.  See  MENDEL^HON. 

MOSES,  Miconti,  a  Spanisli  rabbi,  of  the 
14th  century. 

MOSHEIM,  John  Laurence,  an  illustrious 
German  divine,  ecclesiastical  historian,  and 
critic,  liorn  in  1695,  died  in  1755.  His  "  Ecclesi- 
astical History,  from  the  birth  of  Christ  to  the 
beginning  of  the  18lh  century,"  is  unquestiona- 
bly the  best  that  is  extant. 

MOSS,  Robert,  an  English  divine,  and  a  po- 
pular preacher,  was  chaplain  to  king  William 
and  his  two  successors  ;  he  died  in  1729. 

MOSS,  Charles,  an  English  prelate  and  con- 
troversial writer,  bishop  of  St.  David's,  and  af- 
terwards of  Bath  and  Welts ;  he  died  in  180-2. 

MOSSOP,  Henry,  an  eminent  English  trage- 
dian, died  in  1774. 

j.  MOTHELEVAYER,Prancisdela,counselIor 
of  state,  and  preceptor  to  the  duke  of  Anjou, 
«nly  brother  to  Lewis  XIV.,  was  born  at  Paris 
in  1.588,  and  died  in  1C7'2.  We  have  no  French 
author  that  approaches  nearer  to  Plutarch  than 
he.  His  Treatise  concerning  the  education  of 
the  Dauphin,  and  that  oi>  Pagan  FbiTosopby,  axe 
his  best  perform  ante*.  ' 


MO 

MOTHK  LE  VAYER,  de  Buutignc,  master 
of  reque.sls  to  the  French  king,  and  a  writer  OJ" 
several  works  ;  he  died  in  15el5. 

MOTHEKBY,  Dr.  George,  an  eminent  Enj: 
hsh  physician,  and  celebrated  as  the  author  of 
"A  New  Medical  Dictionary,"  born  in  ll'H,- 
died  in  1793. 

MOTTE,  Anthony  Houdart  de  la, an  ingenious 
French  critic  and  miscellaneous  author,  born  at 
Paris,  in  1072,  died  in  1731.  His  "  Discourssur 
Homere"  is  a  masterpiece  of  elegance.  His 
works  consist  of  epic  poetry,  tragedy,  comedy, 
lyric,  pastoral,  and  fables  ;  besides  a  vast  varie- 
ty of  discourses,  critical  and  academical,  in 
prose. 

MOTTEUX,  Peter  Anthony,  a  French  refu- 
gee, settled  in  England,  where  he  became  an 
cmmentdramalic  writer,  gave  a  very  good  trans- 
lation of  "  Don  Ciui.xotte,"  and  wrote  severut 
"  Songs,"  "  Prologues,"  "  Epilogues,"  tc, 
died  in  1717. 

MOTTEVILLE,  Prances  Bertrand,  dame  de, 
a  celebrated  French  lady,  born  in  1615,  died  in 
1689,  leaving  a  very  agreeable  work,  under  the 
title  of  "  Memoires  pour  servir  a  I'llistoire  d' 
Anned'Austria." 

MOTTLE Y,  John,  an  English  dramatic  wri- 
ter, born  in  1692,  died  in  1750.  He  wrote  live 
plays,  some  of  which  met  with  tolerable  suc- 
cess, and  published  a  "  Life  of  the  great  Czar 
Peter." 

MOUCIIERON,  Isaac,  a  Dutch  painter,  cele- 
brated for  his  landscapes,  died  in  1744. 

MOUFET,  Thomas,  a  medical  writer,  who 
first  introduced  chymical  medicines  in  England ; 
he  died  about  1600. 

MOUHY,  Charles  de  Fieux,  a  native  of  Metz ; 
he  wrote  several  romances,  and  died  in  1784. 

MOULIN,  Charles  du.     See  MOLINiEUS.  1 

MQULIN,  Peter  du,  a  French  protestant  di- 
vine and  polemical  writer,  bom  in  1568,  died  in 
16.58. 

MOUIjIN,  Peter  du,  son  of  the  preceding, 
chaplain  to  Charles  U.,  of  England,  preoendary 
of  Canterbury,  and  a  theological  writer,  born  in 
1604,  died  in  1084. 

MOULIN,  Lewis,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  violent  independent ;  he  wrote  a  work 
dedicated  to  Cromwell,  and  died  in  1680. 

MOULIN,  Gabriel,  a  catholic  minister,  o{ 
Maneval,  wrote  a  History  of  Normandy,  1631. 

MOUIjTRIE,  John,  an  eminent  physician, 
of  South  Carolina,  died  in  1773. 

MOULTRIE,  John,  M.  D.,son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  also  a  distinguished  physician  of  South 
Carolina,  and  aftervvardslieutenant-governor  of 
East  Florida. 

MOULTRIE,  William,  a  major-general  in 
the  American  array,  during  the  revolution,  anil 
afterwards  governor  of  the  state  of  South  Car 
rolina ;  he  died  in  1805. 

MOUNSEY.     See  MONSEY. 

MOUNTFORT,  William,  an  English  dratjj^- 
tic  writer  and  eminent  actor,  born  in  1659,  wa» 
assassinated  in  1692. 

RIOURET,  John  Joseph,  a  celebrated  Frefich 
musician,  died  in  1738. 

MOURGITES,  Michael,  a  French  Jesuit,  an« 
author  of  a  Treatise  on  French  Poetry;  bediei! 
in  1713. 

MOURGUES,  Matthew  de,  an  ex-jesuit,  anil 
author  of  controversial  v\  orks ;  he  died  at  Paris, 
in  1670. 

MOUVANS,  Paul  Richard,  surnamed  Le 
Brave,  a  protastant  olTicer,  was  slaih  in  the  c; 
vll  wars  of  Frarcp,  in  1568. 
i*  317 


_^lu 

MOXON,  Joseph,  hydrugraplicr  to  Cliailt s II 
of  England  be  wrote  niiuhcniatical  and  astro 
noniif'al  works,  and  died  about  17UU. 

MO  VLK,  Walter, a  very  ingenious  and  lennic'd 
R]]!;lisli  )ii)litical  and  iDiscellaneous  writer,  born 
in  lOTi!,  (lied  in  l?'.'!. 

MOYSK,  Henry,  page  to  James  I.,  a  Scotcli 
man,  died  in  1630. 

MOZART  John  Chrysostom  Wolfgang  The 
opiiilus,  a  very  celebrated  fierrnan  musician  and 
composer,  born  at  Saltzburg,  in  1754),  died  in 
1791. 

MUDGE,  John,  M.  D.,  P.  R.  S.,  who,  for  his 
skill  in  the  scienc*;  of  mechanics,  was  no  less 
eminent  than  in  that  of  medicine  ;  of  which  hi; 
iiiiprovenicniin  the  formation  of  reHecting  tele 
scopes,  his  excellent  medical  treatises,  and  long 
and  extensive  practice,  bear  ample  testimony. 
He  died  in  17!I3. 

BlUDGE,  Zachary,  an  English  divine,  prcben 
dary  of  E.xeter  cathedral,  died  in  17t>9.  Three 
of  his  sons,  were  distinguished  for  their  ^eniu 
and  learning. 

iMUDO,  Ucrnande/.,  a  Spanish  painter  of 
eminence ;  lie  was  deaf  and  dumb,  and  was 
em])lo\  cd  by  Pliilip  II. 

MUEllLKNBERG,  11.  M.,  D.  D.,  pastor  of 
the  first  Lutheran  church  in  Pennsylvania,  was 
distinguished  for  his  learning.  He  died  at  Pliila- 
delphia,  in  1787. 

MUEHLENBERG,  G.  Henry  Ernest,  D.  D. 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  also  a  Lnl  heran  divine, 
eminent  for  his  literary  and  scientilic  attain 
mcnts ;  he  died  in  1815. 

MUET,  Peter  le,  a  French  architect,  and  the 
author  of  valuable  treatises  on  architecture  ;  hi 
died  in  1069. 

MUGGLETON,  Lodovick,  an  English  tailor 
of  notorious  fame  as  a  schismatic,  who  damned 
all  the  world  thatditieved  from  his  strange  mode 
of  faith.  He  was  born  in  li>07  ;  liis  books  were 
burnt  by  the  hangman,  liim.self  pilloried  and 
imprisoned,  and  he  died  in  1697. 

MUlS,  Simeon  de,  an  eminent  orientalist  and 
professor  of  Hebrew  at  Paris  ;  he  died  in  16ti4. 

MULGRAVE,  Constantino  Pliipps,  lord.  See 
PIIIPPS. 

MULLER,  John,  a  celebrated  engraver,  who 
flourished  about  1600.  He  studied  under  Golt- 
ziiis.  whose  manner  he  successfully  imitated. 

MULLER,  John.   See  KEGIOMONTANUS. 

MUMMIUS,  Lucius,  a  Roman  consul,  known 
for  his  triumph  over  Corinth,  Thebes,  &;c. 

MUNCER.or  MUNTZER,  Thomas,  a  Saxon 
divine,  one  of  the  disciples  of  Luther,  and  chief 
of  the  German  Anabaptists.  In  conjunction  with 
Stork,  lie  pulled  down  all  the  images  in  the 
churches  which  Luther  had  left  standing ;  and 
then,  Iniding  an  army  in  liis  followers,  he  com- 
menced leveller,  and  openly  taught  that  all  dis- 
tinctions of  rank  were  usurpations  on  the  rights 
of  mankind.  At  the  head  of  40,000  men,  he 
ravaged  the  country.  The  landgrave  of  Hesse 
at  length  defeated  him  ;  7000  of  the  enthusiasts 
fell  in  battle,  and  the  rest,  with  their  leader  fled : 
he  was  taken  and  beheaded  at  Mulhauscn,  in 
1525. 

MIINCKER,  Thomas,  a  learned  author,  died 
in  1H80. 

MUNDAY,  Antony,  a  dramatic  author, died 
in  1033. 

MUNDINUS,  a  celebrated  anatomist,  was 
born  at  Florence,  and  died  in  13)8. 

MltNICIf,  Burchard  Christopher,  of  Olden- 
hurgh,  learned  the  art  of  war  under  Eugene  and 
Waiiboronsh.    He  distinguished  hiiuseU"  is  the 
318 


uv 

.service  of  Peter  1.  of  Russia,  wlio  made  him  » 
mar.shal ;  he  died  in  1707. 

MUNNICKS,  John,  professor  of  physic  and 
boumy  at  L'treclit,  died  in  1711. 

MIJNyTER,  Sebasiian,  a  German  Lutheran 
divine,  eminent  for  his  great  knowledge  in  the 
Hebrew  and  other  oriental  languages,  the  ina- 
IhematicB,  and  natural  philosophy,  and  lor  a 
great  number  of  works  which  lie  published  on 
all  these  subjects,  bom  in  1489,  died  in  1552. 

MCNTIiVG,  Abraham,  a  learned  botanist, 
of  Gronenger,  died  in  1083. 

MUNI'S,  Don  Juan  liaptista,  a  most  volu- 
minous Spanish  writer,  who  published  130  vols, 
of  historical  and  other  works,  many  original 
documents  and  letters  of  Columbus,  Zimeiies, 
&c.,  and  other  productions  relating  to  America, 
and  was  employed  in  1779  by  tin'  King  of  Spain 
to  write  the  History  of  th'e  New  World.  He 
died  at  Madrid,  about  17VH). 

MURALT,  Realt  Lewis  de,  a  Swiss,  wlio 
travelled  over  Europe,  author  of  letters  on  the 
French  and  Englisli ;  he  died  in  1700. 

MURAT,  Joachim,  a  soldier  of  fortune,  who 
emerged  from  obscuiity  during  the  French  re- 
volution, became  a  distinguished  general  in  the 
armies  of  France,  a  duke  and  marshal  of  the 
empire  under  Napoleon,  and  afterwards  king 
of  Naples.  He  married  a  sister  of  Buonaparte ; 
was  with  hi.m  in  several  of  his  celebrated  cam- 
paigns, in  Egypt,  in  Austria,  and  in  Russia,  and 
was  shot  by  order  of  tlie  allied  sovereigns,  Oct., 
1815. 

MURATORT,  Lewis  Antony^  an  eminent 
Italian  antiquary,  and  Latin  historian  and  cri- 
tic, born  in  1072,  died  in  1750.  Tlie  principal 
(jf  his  very  voluminous  works  are,  "  Reruiu 
Italicarum  Scriptores  ab  anno  Er;e  Christiana; 
.'iOO  ad  1500,"  27  vols,  folio;  " Aiitiqnitatcs 
Italicie,  medii  .(Evi,  sive  Dissertationes  de  Mori- 
bus  Italici  Populi,  ab  Inciinatione  Romani  Ini 
peril  usque  ad  annum  1500,"  0  vols,  folio  ;  "  An- 
nali  d'ltalia  ilei  principio  dell' era  volgare  flno 
air  anno  1500,"  12  vols. 

MURETUS,  Mark  Antony,  a  very  ingenious 
and  learned  French  poet  andcritic,  born  in  1526, 
died  in  Lj85. 

JlfiRILLO,  Bartholomew,  a  Spanish  painter, 
whopc  iiieces  were  so  much  admired  as  to  obtain 
for  him  from  the  king,  a  patent  of  nobility  ;  he 
died  in  1082. 

MURPHY,  Arthur,  a  barrister  at  law,  antl 
celebrated  dramatic  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
born  about  the  year  1727.  At  19  years  of  age, 
lie  was  sent  to  England,  and  intended  for  a 
mercantile  life  ;  but  literature  and  the  stage 
drew  his  attention,  and  soon  absorbed  hisrniiid. 
On  the  18th  of  October,  175"),  he  made  his  first 
appearance  at  Covent  Garden  theatre,  in  the 
character  of  Othello;  after  which  he  confined 
himself  to  writing  plays  for  others  to  act.  His 
dramas  arc  22  in  number,  of  which  his  tragedy 
of  the  Grecian  Daughter  and  several  comedies 
and  farces,  still  keep  possession  of  the  stage. 
He  also  wrote  a  periodical  paper  in  the  manner 
of  the  Spectator,  called  "  The  Gray's  Inn  Jour- 
nal ;"  and  toward  the  close  of  liis  life  published 
an  excellent  translation  of  "  Tacitus."  He  died 
in  1805. 

MURRAY,  James,  earl  of,  natural  son  of 
James  V.  of  Scotland.  He  was  guilty  of  bar- 
barous conduct  towards  Mary,  queen  of  Scots, 
who  had  ennobled  him,  and  was  shot  in  1571. 

MURRAY.  Thomas,  a  Scotch  portrait  paint- 
er, patronize  jjr  the  royal  fauiily  of  Englaud  , 
ti«  died  in  17i.<. 


MU 


NA 


MURIIA  Y,  William,  a  Scotcli  dissenting  ini-|!are  curious,  and  contain  iiuotatluns  from  Hoinei 


nlstur,  and  an  author ;  he  died  in  1753. 

MURRAY,  James,  a  Scotch  divine,  refusedl 
preferment  at  liomo,  settled  In  London,  and  died; 
in  1758.  Another  dissenting  divint  of  the  saniej 
iwme  wrote  a  history  of  tlie  Auwjrican  war,  andi 
otiier  works,  and  died  in  17S2.  | 

MURR.\Y,  William,  earl  of  Mansfield,  born| 
in  1705,  died  in  1793  In  1731!  he  was  appointed 
to  tiia  office  of  lord  chief  justice  of  the  King's 
Bench,  which  he  held  fcr  upwards  of  30  years, 
with  a  splendour  and  reputation  unrivalled. 
His  judgments  in  that  court  were  particularly 
fortunate;  for,  during  the  whole  lime  of  his 
presiding  there,  thore  were  few  or  no  instances 
of  their  being  either  arraigned  or  reversed,  lie 
thrice  refused  the  office  of  lord  high  chancellor, 
and  neve-r  took  any  grant  or  emolument  from 
the  king,  for  himself  or  any  person  belonging  to 
him. 

MURRAY,  .Toscph,  a  distinguished  lawyer,  of 
jVcw-York,  known  as  the  liberal  benefactor  of 
King's  (now  (.'oinmbia)  collese,  in  that  city. 

MURRAY,  William  Vans,  an  eminent  law- 
yer, of  Maryland,  was  a  member  of  Congress 
from  that  stale,  and  afterwards  minister  from 
the  United  States  to  the  Ratavian  republic,  and 
ambassador,  with  Messrs.  Ellsworth  and  Davie, 
to  France ;  he  died  in  1803. 

MURRAY,  Jamp„<!,  a  native  of  Rhode-Island, 
was  a  distinguished  olTicer  in  the  British  army 
in  India,  and  rendered  important  services  to 
t^iat  government;  he  died  at  Calcutta,  in  IgOG. 

MURRAY,  John,  jun.,  an  eminent  merchant, 
of  New- York,  distinguished  for  his  philanthropy 
and  benevolence.  Many  of  the  cliariiablc  in- 
ptitutinns  of  that  city  owe  their  origin  to  him. 
He  died  in  1819. 

MURTOL  A,  Gaspard,  an  Italian  poet,  died  at 
Borne,  in  1024. 

MU3A,  Antonius,  a  Greek  physician,  in  the 
SI  rvice  of  Augustus,  who  first  recommended 
the  cold  bath. 

MUS.EU3,  an  ancient  Greek  poet,  who  lived 
before  Homer,  of  whom  we  have  nothing  now 
remaining,  except  a  poem  on  "  The  Loves  of 
Hero  and  Leandcr,"  and  the  titles  of  some 
poems  recorded  by  ancient  authors 

MUSCHRNBROECK,  Peter  de,  a  very  distin- 
guished natural  philosopher  and  mathematician, 
Uorn  at  Utrecht,  in  1G9-2,  died  in  1701. 

.MUSCULUr^,  Wolfgangns,  a  famous  divine, 
born  in  Lorraine.  He  left  the  Benedictines 
and  embraced  Ltither's  doctrines,  and  prori.  it-icrndties,  died  194  B.  C. 


as  frequently  as  from  the  Scriptures.    He  died 
at  Rome,  in  1574. 

MUtiTAl'HA  I.,  succeeded  to  the  Turklsll 
throne  in  1617,  and  was  strangled  in  1G"23. 

MUSTAPHA  H.,  succeeded  to  the  Turkish 
throne  in  lti95.  He  was  an  able  warrior,  but 
gave  himself  up  to  luxury,  and  was  compelled 
to  descend  from  the  throne  in  1703. 

MUSTAPH.A  lit.,  ascended  the  throne  in 
17.'>7,  and  died  in  1774. 

MUSURUS,  Marcus,  a  celebrated  Greek  poet, 
and  critic,  to  whom  we  are  obliged  for  the  first 
editions  of  "Aristophanes"  and  "  Athemus," 
died  in  1517. 

MUTIAN,  Jeremy,  an  admired  German  paint- 
er, died  ill  15'l0. 

MU'I'IUS,  Cuilins  Scaivola,  an  illustrious  Ro- 
man, distinguished  for  his  attack  on  Porsenna. 

MUTUJS,  Hulric,  historical  professor  at  Basil, 
died  in  the  Itith  century. 

MUY,  Louis  Nicolas  Victor,  count  de,  a  na- 
tive of  Jlarsoilles,  his  bravery  raised  him  to  be 
a  marshal  of  France,  and  minister  of  war.  He 
died  in  1775. 

MUYS,  William,  of  Sleenvick,  was  an  able 
writer  on  philosophy  and  botany,  and  died  in 
1744. 

MUZIO,  Jerome,  an  Italian  author,  died  in 
1576. 

MYDORGE,  Claude,  an  able  mathematician, 
of  Paris,  died  in  ]li47. 

MYLNE,  Robert,  an  architectT  born  at  Edin- 
burgh, in  1734.  He  was  employed  in  llie  erec- 
tion of  Blackfriars'  Bridge,  and  was  appointed 
surveyorofSt.  Paul's  Cathedral,  died  in  1811. 

MYN,  Herbert  Vander,  a  celebrated  Dutch 
painter,  died  in  1741. 

MYREPiSUS,  Nicolas,  a  physician,  of  Alex- 
andria, of  the  13th  century. 

MYSOX,  a  celebrated  Greek  philosopher, 
ranked  by  some  among  the  seven  wise  men. 

jrYTENS,  Arnold,  an  eminent  Dutch  painter, 
died  in  1602. 

MYTENS,  Martin,  a  Swedish  painter,  much 
respected  by  the  emperor  Charles  VI.,  died  la 
1755. 

N 

NABI-EFFENDI,  a  Turkish  poet  of  great 
me'-it,  of  the  17th  century. 
\ABIS,  !iing  of  Lacedtemon,  noted  for  hia 


ed  the  reformation  at  Bern.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  learning  and  eloquence.  He  died  ui 
15G3. 

Museums,  Andrew,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
and  professor  at  Frankfort  on  the  Oder;  he  died 
in  1580. 

MUSGRAVE,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  En- 
glish physician  and  antiquary,  and  secretary  to 
the  Royal  Society,  born  in  1657,  died  in  1721. 

MUSIUS,  Cornelius,  professor  of  belles  let- 
tres  in  Flanders ;  he  was  cruelly  put  to  death, 
on  ace<)unt  of  his  religion,  in  1572. 

MUSS.\SA,  a  warlike  princess,  who  succeed- 
ed her  father  as  sovereign  of  Congo.  She  dress- 
«d  in  male  attire,  and  often  conducted  her  sol- 
diers to  battle.  She  flourished  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury 

:MUSSATI,  Albcrtin,  a  historian  and  poet,  of 
Padua,  and  ministcrto  the  emperor  Henry  VH. ; 
he.lifd  in  ir>36. 

MUSSO,  Cornelius,  a  famous  preacher,  and 
member  of  tlie  council  of  Trent,    lUs  sermons 


NABONASS.\R,  a  king  of  Babylon,  supposed 
to  be  the  Baladan  of  Scripture,  founded  that 
epoch  which  began  747  B.  C. 

NABOPOLASSAR,  king  of  Babylon,  inva- 
ded and  divided  the  kingdom  of  Syria  626  B.  C  , 
and  died  21  years  after. 

NiEVIUS,  Cneins,  of  Campania,  an  ancient 
Latin  poet,  died  203  B.  C. 

NAHUM,  one  of  the  minor  prophets,  in  the 
reign  of  Hezekiah. 

N.\IRON,  Fanstua,  aMaronite,  and  professor 
of  Syriac  in  tl»e  Sapienza  college  at  Rome,  died 
ia  1707.  He  maintained  that  the  Maronites  had 
preserved  inviolate  the  Christian  faitli. 

NALSON,  Valentine,  an  English  divine,  and 
author  Of  sermons,  died  in  1724. 

NALTOiN',  James,  was  cjecied  for  non-con- 
formity in  1662,  and  died  in  16f)3. 

NANCEL,  Nicholas  de,  a  French  physician, 
and  author  of  some-eminence,  died  in  1619. 

NANFAN,  .Tolin,  colonia!  governor  of  \f.'W 
lYork,  about  1701. 

319 


NA 

NANI,  John  Baptist,  a  noble  Venetian  stat.es- 
tn.in,  aud  aiilliorof  a"  History  of  Venice,"  of 
iii:)Cli  rcpiiHitioii,  born  in  KJJti,  died  iti  1678. 

OiANNUJii,  Peter,  professor  at  Louvain,  wrote 
Kev-eral  works,  and  died  in  1557. 

NANQUIER,  aimon,  a  French  poet  of  the 
IGth  century. 

NANTEUIL,  Robert,  acclcbratcd  French  de- 
tilsiinr  and  engraver  to  Louis  XIV.,  burn  in  1630, 
died  inl67rt. 

NANTIGNI,  Lewis  Chazot  de,  a  French 
writer,  and  autlior  of  "  Historical  Genealogies 
of  Jvingsand  etnperorg,"  &c. ;  he  died  in  n.W. 

NAOGLORGUS,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Bava- 
ria ;  he  wrote  satires  against  the  papists,  and 
,  died  in  1578. 

N.IPIER,  John,  lord,  a  Scotch  nobleman,  ce- 
lebrated  as  a  philosopher  and  mathematician, 
and  as  the  inventor  of  logarithms  for  the  use  of 
navigators,  born  in  1550,  died  in  1617. 

NARES,  James,  doctor  of  music,  organist  of 
the  chapel-royal  at  St.  James',  niastcr  of  the 
children  of  ihe  said  royal  cliapel,  and  confiposcr 
of  divers  anthejns,  wliich  manifest  the  strength 
of  his  genius,  and,  together  with  his  other 
works,  will  perpetuate  his  name,  and  rank  him 
with  the  first  in  his  profession  ;  he  was  born  in 
1715,  and  died  in  1783. 

NARSES,  king  of  Persia,  died  A.  D.  303. 

NARSES,  a  Persian  eunuch,  who  was  in  the 
service  of  the  Roman  emperors,  and  at  the  head 
of  their  armies  defeated  the  Goths.  He  died  in 
552. 

NASn,  Thomas,  a  satirist  against  the  puri- 
tans, and  a  dramatic  writer,  barn  about  ].)(i4. 
He  settled  in  London,  where  he  died  in  ItJOl. 

NASH,  Richard,  commonly  called  Beau  Xash, 
or  king  of  Bath,  born  at  Soutii  Wales,  in  1674, 
and  died  at  Bath,  in  1761. 

NASH,  Francis,  a  brigadier-general  in  the 
American  army,  during  the  revolution  ;  he  was 
isilled  at  the  battle  of  Germantown,  in  1777. 

NASINl,  Joiieph  Nicholas,  an  Italian  painter 
of  some  celebrity  ;  he  died  ju  1736. 

NASMITH^  James,  D^D.,  an  English  divine 
and  writer,  died  in  1808. 

NAT  ADS,  Michael,  an  engraver,  of  Liege, 
eminent  in  his  profession,  died  in  1670. 

N.-iTHAN,  a  prophet  in  the  age  of  David. 

NATHAN,  Isaac,  or  Mordecai,  the  first  who 
published  a  Hebrew  concordance,  which  he  com- 
pleted in  1448. 

N.VPTIER,  John  Murk  le,  a  French  painter, 
patronised  by  the  French  king ;  he  died  in  1766. 

NATTIER,  Lawrence,  of  Swahia,  publislied 
a  book  on  ancient  gems,  and  died  in  1703. 

NAUCLERUS,  John,  professorof  law  atTu- 
bingen,  and  an  author,  died  in  the  IGlli  century. 

NAUDE,  Gabriel,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
treated  with  kindness  by  Richelieu  and  Maza- 
Tin,  died  in  1653. 

NAUDE,  Philip,  born  at  Mctz,  was  professor 
of  mathematics  at  Berlin,  and  died  in  1729. 

NAUNTON,  sir  Robert,  a  statesman,  and 
secretary  of  state  to  James  I.  His  "  Fraginenta 
Regalia"'  contains  some  curious  anecdotes  of 
the  court  of  queen  Elizabeth.  Sir  Robert  died 
in  1633. 

NAVAGERO,  Andrew,  a  noble  Venetian, 
who  was  employed  as  ambassador  to  Francis  I. ; 
Jic  died  in  1.029. 

NAVAGERO,  Bernard,  of  the  same  family, 
was  made  a  cardinal,  and  was  present  at  the 
council  of  Trent ;  he  died  in  1565. 

NAVARRE,  Peier,  a  famous  warrior  of  the 
liilli  century. 


NE 

NAVARETTA,  Ferdinand,  a  Spanish  Domi- 
nican, who,  for  his  eloquence,  was  employed  aa 
a  missionary  in  China,  he  died  in  1089. 

N.ANARET'I'A,  Balthasar,  a  S))anish  Domi- 
nican, and  an  .-luthor  of  the  16th  century. 

NAVIER,  Peter  Toussaint,  a  native  of  St. 
Dizier,  eminent  for  his  discovciy  of  nitrons 
ether,  and  the  combination  of  uicrcury  with 
iron.     He  died  in  1779. 

NAYLER,  James,  a  remarkable  enthusiast, 
born  in  1616,  he  became  a  convert  of  the  fam- 
ous George  Fo.\  to  <iuakcrism,  and,  commencing 
preacher,  be  set  out  lor  Bristol,  attended  by  a 
numerous  cavalcade  binding,  "  Holy,  holy,  holy, 
Lord  God  of  .Sabaoth ;  Hosaimali  in  llie  highest; 
holy,  holy,  holy,  Lord  God  of  Israel."  He  wa^ 
brought  before  parliament,  tried  and  condemned 
as  guilty  of  blasphemy,  and  sentenced  to  impri- 
sonment for  life.  But  two  years  after,  he  was 
liberated,  and  died  in  16G6. 

NEAL,  Daniel,  a  non-conformist  divine,  bom 
in  1678.  In  1706,  he  was  chowen  pastor  of  an 
Independent  congregation  in  London.  As  a 
writer,  his  principal  productions  are,  "A  His- 
tory of  New-England,"  and  "  A  History  of  the 
Puritans."     He  died  in  1743. 

NE.\NDER,  Michael,  a  learned  protestant, 
born  in  Silesia,  and  rector  of  lJ)e  university  of 
Ufeldt  40  years ;  he  died  in  1595.  A  physician 
and  author  of  the  same  name,  died  at  Jena,  in 
1,581. 

NEARCIIUS,  one  of  Alexander's  captains, 
and  who,  under  Jiis  command,  navigated  the 
Indian  ocean.  We  have  a  very  curious  account 
-)f  his  "  Voyage  from  the  Mouth  of  the  Indus  to 
Babylon."  Arrian,  however,  calls  the  veracity 
of  Nearchus  in  question. 

NEBUCHADNEZZAR  L,  or  NABUCHA- 
DONOSOR,  king  of  Nineveh  and  Babylon,  is 
uppo.sed  to  have  been  the  founder  of  the  king- 
dom of  Nineveh.  \ 

NEBUCHADNEZZAR  II.,  king  of  Babylon, 
upposed  to  have  been  a  son  of  the  former.  He 
was  banished  from  the  society  of  men,  hordtnl 
,imong  wild  beasts,  and,  atter7  years,  was  restor 
d  to  his  throne.     He  died  about  562  B.  C. 

NECHO,or  the  PH.-VRAOHNEGHO,  of  Scrip- 
ture, died  about  600  B.  C. 

NECK,  John  Van,  an  eminent  Dutch  painter, 
died  in  1714. 

NECKER,  Noel  Joseph,  of  Flanders,  obtained 
celebrity  in  medicine  and  botany,  ai.d  died  ia 
1793. 

NECKER,  James,  a  native  of  Geneva,  known 
as  a  financier.  He  went  asambassadsr  to  France, 
where,  in  1765,  he  obtained  the  office  of  Syndic 
to  the  East  India  Company,  and  in  1775,  was 
made  director  of  the  royal  treasury  ;  was  twice 
prime  minister  of  France ;  but  the  revolution 
destroyed  his  popularity,  and  he  retired  to 
Switzerland,  where  he  died  in  1804,  aged  72. 
He  is  author  of  a  work  on  the  Finances  of 
France,  and  a  Treatise  on  the  Influence  of  Reli- 
gious Opinions. 

NECKHAM,  Alexander,  an  Englishman  and 
abbot  of  St.  Mary's,  admired  as  a  learned  man 
and  a  poet  ;   he  died  in  1227. 

NECTARIL'S,  made  patriarch  of  Constanti- 
nople by  the  younger  Theodosius,  in  381.  Hav- 
ing governed  the  church  with  great  piety,  and 
ubiilislicd  the  use  of  confession  in  the  East,  he 
died  in  :!'J7. 

N  EEDH  AM,  Marchamont,  an  English  political 
and  satirical  writer,  born  in  Oxfordshire,  in  1620, 
Htied  in  1678. 

NEEDHAM,  Jolin  TubcTville.  m  Engirsh 


MO 

Unman  catholic,  educated  at  Douai.  TIiourIi 
n  li.'uniud  man,  lie  was  supeistilious ;  he  died  in 
)781. 

NKEDLER,  Benjamin,  educated  at  Oxford, 
was  an  ejected  non-conformist,  and  died  in  168i. 
NEEULER,  Thomas,  an  English  writer,  of 
the  navy  office,  died  in  1718. 

NEEFS,  Peter,  an  admired  Flemish  painter, 
educated  under  Steenwiclc. 

NEER,  Arnold  Van  der,  a  celebrated  Dutch 
painter,  died  in  1703. 

NRHEMIAH,  a  Jew.  He  was  permitted  to 
rebuild  Jerusalem,  and  governed  his  nation  with 
justice  30  years.     He  died  430  B.  C. 

NELLER,  George  Christopher,  a  learned  di- 
vine, and  counsellor  to  the  elector  of  Treves; 
he  dird  in  1784. 

NELSON,  Robert,  a  learned  and  eminently 
pious  English  cciitleman,  born  in  1C50,  died  in 
171.5.  He  published  several  works  of  piety,  and 
left  his  whole  estate  to  charitable  uses.  There 
is  a  great  degree  of  excellence  in  all  his  writ- 
ings ;  but  his  "  Companion  for  the  Festivals  and 
Fasts,"  &c.,  will  perpetuate  his  memory. 

NELSON,  Horatio,  viscount,  au  illustrious 
English  seaman,  fourth  son  of  the  Rev.  Edward 
Nelson,  was  born  in  1758.  He  entered  the  navy 
St  the  age  of  12,  and,  for  his  gallant  conduct  in 
several  engagements,  was  at  last  created  a  vis- 
cojnt,  and  his  honours  made  hereditary  in  his 
family.  He  was  killed  in  an  engagement  with 
the  French  and  Spanish  fleets,  ofTTrafalgar,  on 
Hie  2Ist  Oct.,  1805. 

NELSON,  Valentine.    See  NAI,SON. 

NELSON,  William,  one  of  the  judges  of  the 
colony  of  Virginia,  president  of  the  council,  and, 
for  a  time,  at  the  head  of  the  administration 
there ;  he  died  in  1772. 

NELSON,  Thomas,  n  distinguished  patriot 
•of  the  revolution,  and  al'terv/ards  governor  of 
the  state  of  Virginia,  he  died  in  1789. 

NELSON,  Thomas,  jun.,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  a  member  of  congress  in  1776,  and  one 
oflhesignersofthedeclaration  of  Independence. 

NEMESIANUS,  Aurelius  Olympius,  a  cele- 
brated Latin  poet,  was  born  at  Carthage,  and 
flourished  about  the  year  281.  We  have  still 
remaining  a  poem  of  this  author,  called  "  Cyne- 
geticon,"  and  four  eclogues. 

NEMESIUS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  who  em- 
braced Christianity,  and  was  made  bishop  of 
Krnesa,  in  Phcenicia,  in  the  beginning  of  the  5th 
century. 

NEMOURS,  Mary  d'Orleans,  a  French  lady 
of  quality,  born  in  1625,  and  celebrated  as  au- 
thor of  "  Memoirs  of  the  War  of  the  Fronde ;" 
she  died  in  1707. 

NENNIUS,  an  English  historian,  about  the 
beginning  of  the  9th  century.  His  "  Hi.story  of 
Britain"  comes  down  to  the  8th  century. 

NEPER,  John,  lord.    Sec  NAPIER. 

NEPOS,  Cornelius,  a  Latin  historian,  who 
flourished  in  the  time  of  Julius  Cisar.  All 
that  we  have  left  of  his  at  present  is  "  The 
Lives  of  the  illustrious  Greek  and  Roman  Cap- 
tains."    He  died  in  the  reign  of  Augustus. 

NEPOS,  Flavins  Julius,  a  Dalmatian,  who, 
by  marrying  the  niece  of  the  emperor  Leo,  ob- 
tained the  VVestern  empire.  He  was  assassi- 
nated in  480. 

NERI,  Philip  de,  an  eminent  Florentine  his- 
torian, died  in  1556. 

NERI,  St.  Philip  de,  a  Florentine,  celebrated 
as  the  founder  of  a  charitable  order  of  priests  ;)| 
he  died  in  1595. 

NERI,  Pompeio,  a  Florentine,  professor  of 

Q     q 


NE 

law  at  Pisa.    He  wa»  a  learned  writer,  and  died 
in  1776. 

NERO,  Cla\id.  Domit.  Ctesar,  emperor  and  ty- 
rant of  Rome,  slew  himself  in  despair,  A.  D.  68. 

NERVA,  Cocceius,  a  Roman  emperor  after 
Domitian,  and  a  monarch  of  excellent  charac- 
ter ;  he  died  A.  D.  98. 

NESRIT,  Thomas,  a  Scotchman,  skilled  in 
antiquities  and  heraldry,  died  in  1725. 

NESLE,  N.  de,  a  native  of  Meaux,  admired 
as  a  poet,  died  in  1707. 

NESSE,  Christopher,  a  dissenting  minister 
in  London,  born  in  1021,  died  in  1705;  leaving 
("our  volumes,  entitled  "  The  History  and  Mys- 
tery of  the  Old  and  Now  Testament." 

NESTOR,  son  of  Ncleus  and  Cloris,  a  great 
commander  at  the  siege  of  Troy  with  Agamem- 
non, and  highly  esteemed  for  his  wisdom  and 
eloquence.    Homer  says  he  lived  300  years. 

NE;'TOR,  a  monk  of  the  convent  of  Petcher- 
sti,at  Kiof,  in  Russia,  born  in  1050,  died  in  1115. 
His  great  work  is  his  "  Chronicle  ;"  which  con- 
tains a  series  of  the  Russian  annals  from  858  to 
about  1113.  Mr.  Jluller  informs  us,  that  "the 
labours  of  Nestor,  and  his  three  continuators, 
have  produced  a  connected  series  of  the  Russian 
history,  so  complete,  that  no  nation  can  boast  a 
similar  treasure  for  so  long  and  unbroken  a  pe,- 
riod." 

NESTORIUS,  a  Syrian,  bishop  of  Constan- 
tinople in  431.  He  was  deposed  for  denying  the 
incarnation  of  the  Redeemer. 

NETSCHER,  Gaspard,  an  eminent  Polish 
painter,  settled  in  Holland,  born  in  1636,  died  in 
1684. 

NEUBAUER,  Ernest  Frederic,  professor  of 
theology,  at  Gressen,  died  in  1748. 

NEUBAUER,  Francis,  a  Bohemian,  a  cele- 
brated musician,  died  in  1795. 

NEUHOFF,  Theodore  de,  a  German,  bom  at 
Metz,  better  known  by  the  style  of  Theodore  L 
king  of  Corsica.  Being  at  Leghorn  in  1736,  he 
was  encouraged  by  the  English  minister  to  go 
to  Corsica,  and  head  the  malecontents  agains^ 
the  Genoese  government.  At  Tunis,  he  nego- 
tiated for  arms  and  ammunition,  and  vessels, 
with  which  he  embarked  Tor  Corsica,  where  he 
was  crowned  king  of  the  island  ;  but  the  Ge- 
noese having  applied  to  the  French,  he  was 
obliged  to  abandon  Corsica  in  1737.  He  retired 
to  England,  and  was  for  many  years  confined  in 
the  King's  Bench  prison  for  debt.  Being  re- 
leased by  an  act  of  insolvency  in  1756,  he  gave 
in  a  schedule  the  kingdom  of  Corsica,  as  his  es- 
tate, to  his  creditors,  and  died  in  December  of 
the  same  vear. 

NEUVILLE,  Charles  Frey  de,  a  French  Je- 
suit, and  an  eloquent  preacher,  died  in  1773, 

NEUVILLE,  Didier  Peter  Chicaneau  de,  pro- 
fessor of  history,  at  Toulouse,  died  in  1781. 

NEVE,  Timothy,  an  English  divine,  died  in 
1798. 

NEVERS,  Philip  Julian  Mazarine  Mancini, 
duke  de,  nephew  of  cardinal  Mazarine,  wrote 
some  poetry  of  little  merit,  and  died  in  1707. 

NEVISAN,  John,  an  Italian  lawyer,  author 
of  "Sylva  Nuptiales  ;"  he  died  in  1540. 

NEWCOfdB,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
poet,  and  translator,  of  considerable  merit,  who 
died  about  1764,  upwards  of  90  years  of  age. 

NEWCOME,  William,  a  learned  prelate, 
archbishop  of  Armagh,  and  author  of  variou« 
theological  publications  ;  he  died  in  1799. 

NEW  CO.MRN,  Matthew,  a  nonconformist  di- 
viii',  ejected  in  1682,  and  one  of  the  Westmin- 
ster issembh'  of  divines ;  he  died  in  1666. 
321 


Nl 

NiCWELL,  Samuel,  one  of  the  first  Ameri- 
can missionaries  to  India;  he  died  at  Bombay, 
in  \K1. 

NEWEIiL,  Harriet,  wife  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  and  was  born 
in  1793.  She  accompanied  her  husband  to  In- 
dia, and  died  at  tlie  Isle  of  Fiance,  in  lHl-2. 

NEWLAND,  Peter,  a  Icanud  Dutchman, 
and  an  able  professor  of  malliemalics  and  phi- 
losophy, at  Clrcclit  and  Amsterdam  ;  he  died  iii 
1794. 

NEWM.Mi!,  Francis,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  New-Haven,  died  in  16G1. 

NEWMAN,  Samuel,  an  Eiiplish  divine,  who 
removed  to  America  in  lfi3g.  and  settled  in  Mas 
SBCIiaseils.  He  published  a  concordance  of  the 
Bible,  and  died  m  16b3. 

NEWTON,  John,  an  English  mathematician, 
and  chaplain  to  Charles  II.  ;  he  died  in  1678. 

NEWTON,  Richard,  a  learned  divine,  and 
principal  of  Harthall ;  he  di<-d  in  1753. 

NEWTON,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  au- 
thor of  a  historv  of  the  Saracens,  and  other 
works  ;  he  died  i"n  1607. 

NENVTON,  sir  Isaac,  a  most  celebrated  Eng- 
lish philosopher  and  mathematician,  and  one  of 
the  greatest  geniuses  that  ever  appeared  in  the 
world,  was  born  at  Woolstrope,  in  Lincolnshire, 
in  1642,  and  died  in  1727.  His  discoveries  in  op- 
tics, (particularly  his  invention  or  improve 
nient  of  the  reflecting  telescope,)  and  in  otner 
branches  of  natural  philosophy  and  the  mathe- 
n)atics,  are  generally  known.  Of  his  nuuierousj 
works,  the  most  esteemed  are,  "Treatise  onj 
Optics."  and  ''  Naturalis  Pliilosophite  Principia, 
M^thematica." 

NEWTON,  Dr.  Thomas,  bislinp  of  Bristol,! 
and  d«an  of  St.  Paul's,  born  in  1703,  died  inl 
1732,  having  disliu^uished  himself  by  publishing 
an  edition,  with  annotations,  of  "  .Milton's  Pa-| 
radise  Lost,"  and  ''Paradise  Re'iained ,"  bull 
more  by  his  learned  and  valuable  "  Dissertations] 
on  the  Prophecies." 

NEWTON,  John,  an  English  divine,  author! 
of  sermons  and  other  valuable  religious  works  ;| 
he  died  in  1807. 

NICAISE,  Claude,  a  learned  French  anti-| 
quary,  born  at  Dijon.  He  published  some  works, 
and  died  in  1701. 

NICANDER,  an  ancient  Greek  poet  and  me- 
dical writer,  of  whose  numerous  works  (for 
Fabricius  has  enumerated  many)  only  two  have 
reached  us;  his  "  Tlieriaca"  and  "  Alexiphar- 
niaca."  These,  however,  are  valuable  remains, 
and  place  him  in  the  foremost  rank  of  didactic 
poets,  blending  pretty  eiually  amusement  with 
instruction.     He  lived  about  140  B.  C. 

NIC.AUSIS,  or  B.^LKIS,  was,  according  to 
the  Arabians,  (he  same  person  tliat  is  styled  the 
queen  of  Shcba  in  the  Scriptures. 

NICCOLLS,  Richard,  an  English  poet  of  con 
siderable  merit,  born  in  1584.  The  most  mate 
rial  (if  his  works  are,  his  additions  to  the  Mirror 
for  Magistrates,  under  the  title  of  "  A  Winter 
Night's  Virion,  1610;"  to  which  lie  subjoined 
"  Ensrland's  Eliza,"  &c. 

NICEPHORUS,  Blemmidas,  a  monk,  of 
Mount  Athos,  in  the  13th  century,  who  refused 
the  dianitv  of  patriarch  of  Constantinople. 

NICEPHORUS,  Gregoras,  a  Greek  historian, 
born  about  the  close  of  the  13th  century.  He 
compiled  a  historv,  from  1204  to  1341. 

NICEPHORUS,  Callistus,  a  Greek  historian, 

who  flourished  in  the  14th  centuiy.  and  wrote 

an  "  Ecclesiastical  History,"  in  23  buoks,  18  of 

which  arc  still  extant,  containing  the  transac- 

322 


M • 

tions  of  the  church  from  the  birth  of  Christ  to 
the  death  of  the  emperor  Pliocas,  in  filO. 

NICEPHORUS,  I.,  chancellor  of  the  Eastern 
empire,  seized  the  throne  in  P02,  and  banislied 
the  empress  Irene.     He  fell  in  battle. 

NICEPHORUS  II.,  Phocas,  anoble,  so  popu- 
lar, that  his  virtues  elevated  liim  to  the  throne, 
in  !1ii3.     He  was  assassinated  in  909. 

NICEPHORLS  HI.,  a  Roman  general,  rai.«ed 
to  the  throne  of  Constantinople  by  his  army,  in 
1078.     He  was  deposed  three  jears  after. 

NICERdN,  John  Francis,  a  French  friar  and 
celebrated  philosopher  and  mathematician,  born 
in  lfil3,  died  in  imO. 

NICFRON,  John  Peter,  commonly  called  fa 
tiler  Niceron,  a  very  eminent  French  biographer, 
born  in  lt]&5,  died  in  1738.  He  wrote  "  J.'enmirs 
of  Men  illustrious  in  the  Kepubric  of  Letters, 
with  a  critical  .\ccoiinl  of  their  Works,"  &c. 

MCET.'iS,  David,  of  the9th  century,  author 
of  the  Life  of  Ignatius,  of  Constantinople. 

NICET.\3,  snrnamed  SERRON,  of  Constan 
tinople.  an  eminent  Greek  coniinentalor  on  sa- 
cred history,  in  the  11th  century. 

NICF.TAS,  Arhominates,  a  Greek  historian, 
who  wrote  a  "  History  or  Annals,  from  the 
death  of  Alexis  Comnenus,  in  ill8,  to  that  of 
Boudouin,  in  120.5,"  and  died  in  1206. 

NICHOLAS.  Abraham,  an  English  penman 
of  some  note,  died  in  1744. 

NICHOLLt^.  Frank,  physician  to  George  II, 
of  England ;  he  wrote  some  medical  Viorks,  and 
died  in  1779. 

NICHOLS,  Richard,  governor  of  the  colonies 
of  New- York  and  New  Jersey,  wasdisringiiish- 
ed  tor  the  wisdom  and  prudence  of  his  admi- 
nistration.    He  returned  to  England  in  1007. 

NICHOLS,  Dr.  William,  an  Engli.sh  divine, 
and  controversial  writer,  born  in  1664,  died  in 
1710. 

NICHOLSON,  William,  a  writer  on  mathe- 
matics, born  in  London,  iti  175.3,  was  an  inde- 
fatigable and  enterprising  man,  hut  died  poor, 
in  1815  ;  having  given  to  the  world,  "  An  Intro- 
duction to  Natural  Philosophy,"  "The  Naviga- 
tor's .Assistant;"  Memoirs  and  Travels  of  count 
Beiiyowsky  ;"  "  .\  Dictionary  of  Chymistry  ;" 
'■  A  Journal  of  Natural  Philosophy,  Chymistry, 
and  the  .'VitS." 

NICHOLSON,  sir  Francis,  lieutenant  govern- 
or of  the  colony  of  New-York,  and  afterwards, 
successively,  governor  of  Yirginia,  in  ISitO,  of 
Maryland,  in  1694,  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  1713,  and 
of  Sciiith  Carolina  in  1720.  He  died  in  Loudon, 
in  1728. 

NICHOLSON,  James,  a  captain  in  the  Ame- 
rican navy,  during  the  revolutionary  war ;  lib 
was  iKirn  in  Slaryland,  in  17.'>4. 

NICIAS,  a  renowned  Athenian  general,  put 
to  death  by  ihe  Syracusans,  413  B.  C. 

NICOUEMUS',  a  learned  Jew,  who  visited 
our  Saviour  by  night. 

NlCOL.\I,  John,  a  French  Dominican,  and 
professor  of  theology,  at  Paris  ;  he  wrote  theolo- 
gical works,  and  died  in  1673. 

NICOLAS,  a  proselyte,  of  Antioch,  one  of 
the  seven  deacons  of  the  first  church  at  Jerusa- 
lem. 

NICOLAS,  St.,  bishop  of  Myra,  lived  in  the 
age  of  Corrstantine  the  Great,  and  assisted  at  the 
Nicene  council. 

NICOLAS  I.,  surnamed  the  Great,  was  elect- 
ed pope  in  858.  He  was  the  cause  of  the  schism 
between  the  Greek  and  Latin  churches,  and  died 
in  807. 

NICOLAS  II.,  Gerard,  of  Burgundy,  was 


Nl 

elected  |>ope  in  1058.  He  extended  the  papal 
power,  and  died  in  lOlil. 

NICOLAS  III.,  Jolni  (;aetan,was  elected  pope 
in  1277.  He  sent  miasiouaries  to  Tartary,  and 
tlied  in  I'iSO. 

NICOLAS  IV., N.deRubeis.waselected pope 
fn  1288.  He  was  a  man  of  learning,  and  died 
in  I'JJi 

NICOLAS  v.,  Thomas  de  Sarzanne,  an  Ita- 
Uaii,  was  elected  pope  in  1447.  He  gained  uni- 
versal re^^pect  for  his  wisdouj  and  moderation, 
and  died  in  1455. 

NICOLAS,  ol"  Damascus,  a  philosopher  and 
bistoriau  of  the  age  of  Augustui*. 

N  ICOL.AS,  01"  Cusa,  son  of  a  fisherman,  rose 
by  liis  merit,  and  was  appointed  ambassador  hy 
Engenius  IV.,  to  several  courts.  He  died  in 
1454. 

NICOL.4S,  of  Lyra,  a  Jew,  converted  to 
Christianity.  He  taught  divinity  with  reputa- 
tion, and  died  in  1340. 

Nli'OLAS,  of  Munster,  founder  of  a  sect 
calleil  the  House  of  Love,  died  in  1540. 

N100L.\S,  of  Pisa,  an  emi.nent  architect  and 
sculptor,  flourislied  in  the  13th  century. 

NICOL\S  EY.VIERIOK,  adomiiilcan.of  Gi- 
ronne,  and  author  of  the  Directory  of  tlie  In- 
quisitors; lie  died  in  139'J. 

NICOL.\S,  Augustine,  an  advocate  of  Besan- 
con,  and  an  author,  he  died  in  l(i05. 

NICOLE,  John,  a  French  lawyer  of  some  re- 
putation, died  in  1G78. 

NICOLE,  Claude,  usually  called  the  Presi- 
dent Nicole,  born  in  France,  in  lfill,died  in  1G85. 
His  works  consist  of  transhitions  into  French 
verse  of  several  works  of  "Ovid,"  "Horace," 
"Persiiis,"  "  Martial,"  "Seneca  the  tragedian," 
"Claudian,"  and  others. 

NICOLE,  Peter,  an  eminent  French  divine. 
He  was  a  Sa.\seni.st,  a  man  of  great  abilities,  and 
left  some  works;  he  died  in  1095. 

NIt;OLE,  Francis,  a  distinguished  French 
mathematician,  died  in  1758. 

NICOLL,  John,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
was  a  distinguished  physician  of  New  York. 
From  a  sincere  attachment  to  the  con.stitution 
and  discipline  of  the  church  of  Scotland,  he 
engaged  in  establishing  a  presbyterian  church 
in  New- York,  to  which  hu  devoted  a  great  part 
of  his  estate.     He  died  in  1743. 

NICOLO  DEL  ABBATE,  a  celebrated  Ital- 
ian painter,  of  the  IGth  century. 

NICOLSON,  William,  archbishop  of  Cashel, 
in  Ireland,  born  in  1055,  died  in  1727;  distin- 
guished as  a  historian,  critic,  and  antiquary. 
?Iis  thiee  books,  called  severally,  "  The  English, 
Irish,  and  Scottish  Historical  Libraries,"  are 
works  in  very  good  esteem. 

NICOMEDES,  a  mathematician  of  the  2d 
century. 

NICON,  patriarth  of  the  Russian  empire. 
His  publication  of  the  Bible  in  tlie  Russian 
language  created  enemies  among  the  clergy,  and 
he  was  compelled  to  abdicate  his  office  in  1079. 

NICOT,  John,  ambassador  from  France  to 
Portugal.  He  wrote  a  French  and  Latin  Dic- 
tionary, &c.,  and  died  in  ICOO. 

NIDIIARD,  John  Everard,  an  Austrian  Je- 
suit, was  made  inquisitor-general  of  Spain,  and 
niinistcr,  and  died  in  1081. 

NIEUHOFF,  John  de,  a  Dutchman,  and  am- 
bassador from  the  Dutch  East  India  Company 
to  China,  in  the  17th  centurv. 

NIEUVVENTYT,  Bernard,  a  learned  Dutch- 
man, and  the  author  of  several  mathematical 
works ,  h€  died  in  1730. 


NO 

NIGER,C.  Pescennius  Justus,  governor  of  Sy- 
ria, proclunned  emperor  of  Kouie  by  his  array, 
in  193,  but  afterwards  defeated  and  slain  by  hid 
rival. 

NIGIDIUS  FIGULUS,  Publius,  was  one  of 
the  most  learned  authors  of  ancient  Rome  after 
Varro,  a  philosopher  of  the  Pythagorean  sect, 
and  a  great  astrologer ;  he  also  applied  himself 
to  state  ati'airs,  and  was  a  very  able  minister. 
He  died  in  exile,  45  B.  C. 

NIGIUSOLI,  Jerome,  an  Italian  physician 
and  author,  died  in  1089. 

NILES,  Samuel,  an  American  clergyman, 
settled  at  Braiuirce,  Mass. ;  he  died  in  1702. 

NINLTS,  the  founder  of  the  Assyrian  empire, 
was  son  of  Belus,  and  husband  of  Seiniramis, 
to  whom  he  left  the  kingdom,  2104  B.  C. 

NIPHUS,  Augustin,  a  famous  philosopher, 
of  Calabria,  died  in  1550. 

NISBET,  sir  John,  lord  advocate  of  Scotland, 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 

NISBET,  Charles,  D.  D.,  a  clerg>Tnan  of  Scot- 
land, was  chosen  tirst  president  of  the  college 
of  Carlisle,  in  Pennsylvania,  in  1783,  and  held 
that  otfice,  with  reputation  and  success  until  hta 
death  in  1804. 

NIVELLEDE  LA  CHAUSSEE,  Peter  Claude, 
an  admired  French  poet,  died  in  1754. 

NIVERNOIS,  Lewis  Julius  Mancini,  duke  of, 
minister  of  stale,  and  ambassador  abroad,  ne- 
gotiated the  peace  of  1703,  at  London.  He  is 
known  as  a  poet  and  a  writer,  and  died  in  1798. 

NIZOLIUS,  Marius,  an  Italian  grammarian 
of  the  IGth  century. 

NO.\H,  son  of  Lamech,  was  saved  from  de- 
strnction  in  the  ark,  built  by  the  direction  of 
God.     He  died  2029  B.  C. 

NOAILLES,  Lewis  Antony  de,  cardinal  and 
archbishop  of  Paris.  Though  by  birth,  duke  of 
St.  Cloud,  he  preferred  the  ecclesiastical  state  to 
political  distinction  ;  he  died  in  1729. 

NOAILLES,  Adrian  Maurice,  dukede,  a  dis- 
tinguished French  military  officer,  was  promo- 
ted to  the  rank  of  marshal,  and  died  in  1706. 

NOBLE,  Eustache  de,  a  Frenchman,  who 
by  his  abilities,  rose  to  be  procurer  of  tlie  par 
liament  of  Metz.  He  wrote  several  works,  and 
died  in  1711. 

NOGAROLA,  Isotta,  a  learned  lady,  of  Ve 
rona,  well  acquainted  with  philosophy,  theolo- 
gy, and  the  learned  languages  ;  she  died  in  1468. 

NOG.AROL.'\,  Lewis,  a  noble  Venetian,  was 
dt  the  council  of  Trent ;  he  died  in  1559. 

NOINVILLE,  James  Bernard  de,  the  author 
of  several  works,  died  in  1708. 

NOIR,  John  le,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Sees,  con- 
demned for  heretical  opinions.  His  works  pos- 
sess great  merit.     He  died  in  1692. 

NOLDIUS,  Christian,  a  Danish  divine,  and 
author,  died  in  1673. 

NOLIN,  Denys,  an  advocate  in  tlie  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  quitted  his  profession  for  divini- 
ty, and  died  in  1710. 

NOLIN,  John  Baptist,  a  geographer,  of  Paris, 
died  in  1702. 

NOLLET,  Dominic,  a  Dutch  historical  pain- 
ter, died  in  1736. 

NOLLET,  John  Anthony,  a  learned  man  and 
philosopher,  whose  experiments  contributed 
much  to  the  advancement  of  science.  He  died 
at  Paris,  in  1770. 

NOLLIKINS,  Joseph  Francis,  a  painter^ of 
Antwerp,  died  in  1748. 

NONH'S,  Klarcollus,  a  learned  grammarian 
and  peripatetic  philosoiiher.  His  works  were 
printed  in  1471. 

323 


NO 

NONNIUS,  Lewis,  a  learned  physician  at 
Antwerp,  in  llie  17tli  century,  and  autlior  ol'  a 
famous  treatise,  entitled  "  "uieteticou,  sive  dt 
Ke  Cibaria."  He  also  printed  a  commentary 
upon  tlie  Greek  medals,  and  ttiose  of  Julius 
Cffisar,  Augustus,  and  'I'iberius. 

NONNIUS,  Peter,  or  N  UNES,  a  great  mathe- 
matician, born  in  Portugal,  in  J497.  Hi;  vvas^ 
author  of  several  mathematical  works,  and  died 
in  15T7. 

NONNUS,  a  Greek  poet,  surnamcd  Panopo- 
lites,  from  the  place  of  his  birth,  being  a  native 
of  Panopolis,  in  Egypt,  where  he  was  born  in 
the  5lh  century.  He  is  the  author  of  a  para- 
phrase in  Greek  verse  upon  the  gospel  of  St. 
John,  the  diction  of  which  is  perspicuous,  neat, 
elegant,  and  proper  for  the  subject. 

iV'OnD'l",  Gerard,  an  eminent  civilian,  born 
at  Niineguen.  His  works  arc  all  on  law  sub- 
jects.   He  died  in  1725. 

NOR.ADIN,  son  of  Sanguin,  or  Emadeddin, 
sultan  of  Aleppo  and  Nineveh.  He  attacked 
and  defeated  the  crusaders,  and  died  in  1174 
universally  respected. 

NORDBERG,  I.  A.,  chaplain  and  companion 
of  Charles  XII.,  of  Sweden,  in  all  his  military 
adventures.     He  died  in  1745. 

NORDEN,  Frederick  Lewis,  born  in  Holstein 
in  1708.  He  was  a  skilful  navigator,  a  great 
designer,  and  a  good  mathematician.  Having  a 
strong  desire  to  examine  the  wonders  of  Egypt. 
he  went  thither  under  the  patronage  of  the  king 
of  Deaiinark,  and  published  the  result  in  "  Tra- 
vels in  Egypt  and  Nubia."  Going  afterwards 
to  England,  he  W3s  admitted  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Society , and  on  this  occasion  gave  the  pub 
Uc  "  Drawings  of  some  Ruins  and  Colossal  Sta 
tues  at  Thebes,  in  Egypt,  with  an  account  of  the 
same,  in  a  Letter  to  the  Eoyal  Society."  He 
di«d  in  France,  in  1749. 

NORDEN,  John,  an  able  topographer,  and 
surveyor  of  the  king's  lands,  in  the  reign  of 
James  I. ;  he  died  in  1625. 

NORDEN  FLEK'HT,  Chedcrig  Charlotte  de 
of  Stockholm,  celebrated  among  the  Swedes  for 
her  elecant  poems  ;  she  died  in  1793. 

NORDENSCHOLD,  a  native  of  Sweden,  and 
governor  of  Finland,  known  lor  his  extensive 
knowledge  of  political  economy  ;  he  died  in  17C4. 

NORES,  Jason  de,  a  native  of  Cyprus,  who 
went  to  Padua,  and  taught  philosophy.  He  died 
in  1590. 

NORGATE,  Edward,  an  Englishman,  and  an' 
ingenious  artist,  died  in  1G49. 

NORMANT,  Alexis,  advocate  of  the  parlia 
ment  of  Paris,  deservedly  celebrated  for  his  love 
of  justice  ;  died  in  1745. 

NOUUIS,  John,  an  Englishman,  educated  at 
Cambridge;  he  was  a  benefactor  to  his  College, 
and  died  in  1777. 

NOliRlS  John,  a  learned  English  divine  and 
Platonic  philosopher,  moral  writer,  and  poet, 
born  ill  1057,  died  in  1711. 

NORRIS,  Henry,  a  learned  cardinal,  born  at 
Verona,  in  lfi31,  distinguished  himself  by  a 
"History  of  Pclagianism,"  and  died  at  Rome 
in  1704. 

NORRIS,  John,  a  merchant,  of  Salem,  Mas- 
sachusetts, distinguished  as  one  of  the  founders, 
and  a  liberal  benefactor  of  the  theological  insti 
tution  at  Aiidover,  in  that  slate ;  lie  died  in 
]g08.    His  wife,  Mary,  left  by  will,  30,000  dol 

lars  to  the  same  institution,  and  a  like  sum  to 

other  relicious  objects. 

NORTH.  Francis,  lord  Guilford,  keeper  of 

the  great  seal ,  in  the  reigns  of  Charles  U.  and' 
324 


NO 

Jam-'s  H.,  a  great  natural  pliilosopher,  and  au- 
thor of  "  A  riiilosophical  Essay  on  Music." 
lie  was  born  about  1040,  and  died  in  1665. 

NORTH,  Dr.  John,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
born  in  1645,  was  a  man  of  great  learning,  aa 
admirer  of  Plato,  and  published  an  edition  of 
some  of  his  pieces,  viz.  "  .-^ocratis  Apologia," 
"  Crilo,"  "  PhiPdo,"  &c.     He  died  in  1683. 

NORTH,  George,  M.  A.,  an  eminent  English 
divine  and  antiquary,  born  in  1707,  wrote  a 
"  Tabic  of  English  Silver  Coins,  from  the  Con- 
quest, to  the  Commonwealth,  with  Remarks,' 
and  died  in  1772. 

NORTH,  Frederick,  earl  of  Guilford,  better 
known  as  lord  North  ;  tlic  minister,under  wiiose 
administration,  England  lost  her  American  colo- 
nies. He  was  born  in  17.32,  and  died  in  1792, 
liavinc  been  blind  several  years. 

NORTON,  lady  Frances,  an  English  lady, 
who  wrote  "Applause  of  Virtue,"  &c.  ;  she 
died  in  1720. 

NORTON,  John,  a  writer  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  H.,  who  published  "The  Scholar's 
Vade-mr cum  ;"  in  which  he  attempted  to  alter 
the  orthography  and  structure  of  the  Englisb 
lansungo. 

NORTON,  Thomas,  an  English  lawyer  and 
dramatic  writer,  assisted  Sternhold  and  Hop- 
kins, in  their  noted  version  of  the  Psalms,  27  of 
which  he  turned  into  English  metre.  He  died 
about  It'iOfl. 

NORTON,  John,  one  of  the  early  emigrants 
from  Great  Britain  to  America,  and  a  distin- 
guished clergyman,  in  the  infant  colony  of  Mas- 
sachusetts: he  died  in  1663. 

NOSTRODAMUS,  Michael,  an  able  French 
phvsician  and  celebrated  astrologer,  was  born 
in  150.3.  and  died  in  1566. 

NOTT,  Edward,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
Virginia,  from  1705  until  his  death,  the  ensuing 
year.  He  W'as  respected  by  the  colonists,  and 
iiis  short  administration  was  popular. 

NOITE,  Francis  de  la,  of  Brittany,  a  colonist, 
engaged  in  tlie  civil  wars  of  France ;  he  was 
distinguished  as  a  brave  man,  and  was  killed  in 
battle  in  1.591. 

NOUE,  Stanislaus  Louis  de  la,  of  the  same 
family,  served  with  great  reputation  in  the 
French  army,  and  was  killed  in  1760. 

NOUE,  Denis  de  la,  an  eminent  printer,  of 
Paris,  died  in  1650. 

NOUE,  John  Saiivre  de  la,  of  Meau.r,  a  ce- 
lebrated actor  and  dramatic  writer  ;  he  died  in 
1761. 

NOUE,  N.  la,  a  famous  financier,  of  France, 
in  the  17th  century. 

NOVARINI,  Lewis,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Ve- 
rona, and  an  author,  died  in  1650. 

NOVATI.\N,  a  pagan  philosopher  of  the  33 
century,  who  was  convened  to  ctiristianity,  but 
founded  a  new  heresy.  His  followers  were 
called  Novatians. 

NOVATUS,  a  priest  of  Carthage,  of  great  in- 
consistency of  opinion,  he  died  in  the  3d  cen- 
tury. 

NOWEL,  Alexander,  an  English  divine.  Hia 
catechism,  published  in  1572,  was  extensively 
used,  and  much  admired.     He  died  in  1576. 

NOY,  William,  attorney-general  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  1.,  celebrated  for  the  many  valuable 
law  books  which  he  wrote.  He  was  born  in 
1577,  and  died  in  1034. 

NOYES,  James,  a  native  of  England,  came 
to  America  in  1634,  and  soon  after  se^.^ed  aJt 
Newbury,  Massachusetts,  as  pastor  of  acbunh 
,  there.    He  died  iu  16-'6 


PC        

NoYI'.S,  Jaiiies:,  son  of  r!ie  preceding,  \va3 
jelllfil,  as  a  cli^rcyiiiiiii,  at  Stoniiiglon,  Con- 
necticut.    He  died  in  1719. 

KOYF-S,  Nicliola-,  minister  of  a  church  at 
Salciii,  Mas-sacliusi'tts,  died  in  1717. 

NUCK,  Antiio.iy,  a  DuicU  physician,  and 
professor  of  anatomy  at  Leyden. 

NUGENT,  Robert,  earl  of,  an  Irish  catholic, 
who  became  a  prottstant,  was  promoted  to 
office,  and  died  in  1788. 

NUGENT,  Thomas,  LL.  D.,  an  Irishman, 
author  of  a  Frenrh  dictionary.  His  daughter 
was  married  to  Fldmund  Burlce. 

NUMA  POMPIMUS,  second  king  of  Rome, 
known  for  the  laws  whicli  he  estabhshcd,  and 
his  respect  for  religion.    He  died  C7i!  B.  C. 

NUMENIUS,  a  Greek  philo-sopher  of  tlie  Od 
century,  and  a  follower  of  Pythagoras  and  Plato. 

NUMERIANUS,  Marcus  Aurelius,  son  of  the 
emperor  Carus,  succeeded  his  brother  in  284, 
but  was  soon  after  assassinated. 

NUNEZ,  Ferdinand,  a  Spanish  critic,  and 
professor  of  belles  lettres,  at  Alcala  and  Sala- 
manca ;  he  died  in  15.")J. 

NYE,  Philip,  an  ejected  non-conformist,  died 
in  1672. 

NYE,  Nathaniel,  a  mathematician,  in  the 
the  ri'i2n  of  Charles  II. 

NY.M.\NNUS,  Gregory,  professor  of  anato- 
my and  botany,  at  Wittemhcrg,  died  in  1638. 

O 

OAKES,  Urian,  an  English  clergyman,  who 
settled  in  Massachusetts,  and  was  chosen  pre- 
BideTit  of  Harvard  ciillcse  ;  he  died  in  1C81. 

OATES,  Titus,  an  infajnous  character,  whose 
public  conduct  may  be  found  in  every  history 
of  England  under  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  and 
James  11.     He%vasbornin  1619,  and  died  in  1705. 

OBADfAH,  the  fourth  of  the  minor  prophets. 

OBRECHT,  Ulric,  a  learned  German  critic 
and  Latin  historian,  born  in  1646,  died  in  1701. 
So  extensive  and  various  was  his  learning,  that 
.le  has  been  styled  ■"  The  Epitome  of  Human 
Science." 

OBSEaUENS,  Julius,  a  Latin  critic,  who 
flourished  about  the  year  305,  and  wrote  a  book 
"  i)e  Prodigiis.' 

OBSOP.'iKUS,  John,  a  German  physician  and 
critic,  born  at  Brettin,  in  1550,  died  in  1.506. 

O'BURNE,  James,  a  celebrated  ventriloqnift, 
born  in  Ireland,  hut  for  many  years  re.-idi;nt  in 
England,  died  in  ITiiO. 

OCCAM,  or  OCCIIAM,  William,  a  famous 
scholastic  divine,  of  the  order  of  Cordeliers, 
who  acquired  so  ereat  a  reputation  as  to  he  en- 
itled,  the  Invincible  Doctor;  he  died  in  1347. 

OCCLEVE,  Thomas,  an  English  poet,  flour- 
^hcd  about  1420. 

OCCUM,  Sampson,  a  Monegan  Indian,  con- 
verted to  Christianity,  became  a  missionary 
»monc  the  Western  Indians;  he  died  in  17;i2. 

OCELLUS,  a  Greek  Pythagorean  philoso- 
jher,  surnamed  Lncanus,  author  of  a  celebiat- 
f.d  tract,  called  "  The  Universe."  He  flourished 
}00R.  C. 

OCHINUS,  Bernardin,  an  Italian,  vicar-gene- 
ral of  the  capuchin  order.  He  changed  his  re- 
figion  several  limes,  and  died  in  1504! 

OCKLEY,  Simon,  an  eminent  orientali.st, 
professor  of  Arabic  in  Cambridge,  and  author 
of  "  A  History  of  the  Saracens,  from  the  dealh 
of  Mahomet,  in  d'M  to  705."  He  was  born  in 
167r»,  and  died  in  I'-Xi. 

OCT  AVI  A,  daughter  of  Cains  OctavLu=  sis 


OL 

ler  to  ,\ugn!*lus  Ca'sar,  wife  of  Mark  Antony, 
and  oneof  tiic  most  iliualriou.s  ladies  of  ancieiil 
Rome  for  her  wisdom  and  virtues,  died  1 1  P..  C. 

OCTAVIA,  the  wife  of  Nero,  who  divorced 
and  put  her  to  death. 

ODAZRl,  John,  a  painter  and  engraver,  of 
Rome,  died  in  1731. 

ODELL,  Thom.is,  an  English  dramatic  wri- 
ter, and  deputy  master  of  the  revels,  died  in 
1749.  He  hrousht  lour  dramatic  pieces  on  the 
stage,  which  met  with  some  share  of  success. 

ODEN  ATUS,  king  of  Palmyra,  was  assassin 
ated  in  067,  and  his  wife,  Zenobia,  assumed  the 
government. 

ODIN,  a  famous  hero,  who  lived  about  70  B. 
C.  in  the  kingdom  of  Denmark.  He  was  a  war- 
rior, poet,  priest,  and monarch,  and  worshipped 
by  his  countrymen,  as  a  god,  affer  his  deatli. 

ODO,  Saint,  abbot  of  <;iugni,  distinguished  for 
his  great  learning  and  sanctity;  he  died  in  943. 

ODO,  of  Kent,  Hourislied  in  the  12th  century, 
a  very  learned  and  eloquent  Benedictine  prior 
and  abbot.  He  died  in  1171,  having  composed 
many  valuable  work.s. 

CECOLAMPADiUS,  John,  a  German  divine, 
eminent  among  the  reformers  of  the  church, 
born  in  1482,  died,  of  the  plague,  in  1.531. 

CECUJIENIUS,  a  Greek  writer  of  the  10th 
century. 

OKFA,  king  of  Mercia,  was  the  first  who  es- 
tablished the  Peter-pence  tribute;  he  died  in  79-4. 

OGDEN,  Samuel,  a  learned  and  pious  Eng 
lish  divine,  born  in  1710,  died  in  177.'^. 

OGDEN,  Matthias,  an  officer  in  tlie  American 
army  during  the  revolution,  and  afterwards  a 
brigadier  general  in  the  service  of  the  United 
States;  he  died  in  1791. 

OGDEN,  Jacob,  a  respectable  physician,  of 
New- York,  in  1765. 

OGILBY,  John,  an  eminent  geographer,  cri- 
tic, and  poet,  of  Scotland,  born  in  1600.  His 
principal  works  are  translations  of  "  Vircil," 
and  "  Homer,"  and  a  versification  of  "  Esop's 
Fables  ;"  an  "  Atlas,"  comprised  in  several  fo- 
lio volumes.    He  died  in  1076. 

OGILVIE,  Dr.  John,  a  divine  of  the  church 
of  Scotland,  born  in  1733.  He  was  greatly  dis- 
tinguished for  learning  and  piety,  published 
many  poems,  and  died  in  1814. 

OGLE,  Samuel,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
Maryland  ;  he  died  in  1751. 

OGLE,  Benjamin,  governor  of  the  state  of 
Maryland,  died  at  Annapolis,  in  1809. 

OGLETHORPE,  James,  an  able  British  ge- 
neral, and  a  distinguished  philanthropist.  He 
served  under  prince  Eugene,  and  in  the  senate 
of  his  country,  hut  is  most  renowned  for  his 
successful  enterprise  in  Georgia,  of  which  state 
he  Was  the  founder.  He  died,  in  England,  in 
1785,  at  the  age  of  97. 

OISEL,  James,  professor  of  civil  law,  atGro- 
nineen,  died  in  1680. 

OKOLSKI,  Simon,  a  Polish  author,  who  died 
in  the  17(h  century. 

OKSKI,  Stanislaus,  a  Pole,  who  studied  divi- 
nity under  Luther  and  Melancthon,  and  after- 
wards turned  catholic  ;  he  died  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury. 

OLAF,  a  king  of  Norway  in  the  10th  century, 
sent  missionariea  to  Greenland  to  convert  the 
natives. 

OLA HUS,  Nicolas,  a  Hungarian  bishop;  he 
wrote  a  chronicle  of  his  time,  and  died  in  1568. 

OLAUS,  Magnus,  archbishop  of  Upsal,  in 
Sweden,  and  historian  of  the  northern  nations, 
di.d  in  1555. 


OL 

OLAVIDES,  N.,  count  de,  a  native  of  Spati- 
isli  America,  educated  at  Madrid,  publisliert  the 
Triumph  of  the  Gospel,  and  died  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  III. 

OLUCASTLE,  sir  John,  called  the  good  lord 
Cobliam,  the  first  author,  as  well  as  the  first 
martyr,  on  the  reformation  from  popery,  was 
born  in  the  reign  of  Kdward  III.  He  was  one 
of  the  leaders  in  the  reforming  party,  who 
drew  up  a  number  of  articles  against  the  cor- 
ruptions wliich  then  prevailed  among  church- 
men, and  denied  the  scriptural  dominion  of  the 
pope.  As  a  heretic,  he  was  hung  in  chains 
alive  upon  a  gallows,  and  fire  being  put  under 
him,  he  was  burnt  to  death  in  1418. 

OLDENBURG,  Henry,  a  learned  German 
gentleman,  who,  being  settled  in  London  as 
consul  for  Bremen,  became  first  secretary  to  the 
Koyal  Society  ;  to  which  ofJice,  he  ap[ilied  him- 
self with  extraordinary  diligence,  and  began 
the  publication  of  the  "  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions," with  No.  1,  in  1664.     He  died  ip  1078. 

OLDEN BURGEN,  Philip  Andrew,  professor 
of  history  and  law  at  Geneva,  died  in  I6T8. 

OLDERMAN,  John,  a  German,  and  Greek 
professor  at  Hclmstadt,  wrote  some  valuable 
dissertations,  and  died  in  ]'i23. 

OLDFIELU,  Anne,  a  celebrated  English  ac- 
tress, and  accomplished  woman,  was  born  in 
168.1,  and  died  in  1730. 

OLDFIELD,  T.  P.,  an  English  youth  of  extra- 
ordinary genius,  died  in  1804,  in  iiis  10th  year. 
At  the  age  of  five  and  a  half  years  his  body  was 
debilitated  witlisicivnoss,  but  his  mind  presented 
the  finest-display  of  human  perfection.  He  be- 
came a  great  proficient  in  mathematics,  philoso- 
phy, astronomy,  geography,  history  and  paint- 
ing. His  memory  was  extremely  retentive.  He 
never  forgot  any  thing  with  which  he  was  once 
acquainted,  and  he  would  frequently  take  adnji- 
rable  likenesses  of  persons  who  struck  him  from 
memory  He  was  never  known  to  be  out  of 
temper^  and  though  he  suffered  an  illness  of 
ten  years,  never  repined  or  seemed  impatient. 

OLDHAM,  John,  an  eminent  English  poet, 
was  born  in  1653.  His  genius  lay  chiefly  in 
satire.     He  died  in  1683. 

OLDISWORTH,  William,  a  political  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  in  the  reigns  of  ipieen  Anne 
and  George  I.  He  was  one  of  the  original  au- 
thors of  the  "  E.xaminer,"  published  several 
other  works,  and  died  in  1734. 

OLDMIXON,  John,  an  English  historian  and 
poet,  a  violent  party  writer,  and  a  severe  and 
malevolent  critic,  died  in  1742.  He  was  a  man 
of  learning  and  abilities. 

OLDYS,  William,  Norroy  king  at  arms,  well 
versed  in  English  antiquities,  a  correct  writer, 
and  a  good  historian,  born  in  1696,  died  in  1761. 

OLEARIUS,  Godfrey,  a  learned  German,  and 
professor  of  divinity  at  Leipsic,  died  in  1713. 

OLEARIUS,  Godfrey,  a  learned  Greek  pro- 
fessor and  writer,  born  in  1672,  and  died  in  1715, 
having  published  several  works,  and  translated 
"Stanley's  History  of  Philosophy"  into  Latin, 
with  "  Notes  and  Dissertations"  of  his  own. 

OLEAEIUS,  Adam,  a  German  writer,  and 
minister  to  the  duke  of  Holstein ;  who  having 
occasion  to  send  an  ambassador  to  the  great 
duke  of  Muscovy,  and  the  king  of  Prussia,  ap- 
pointed Olearius  secretary  to  the  embassy.  On 
his  return,  he  drew  up  "  A  Relation  of  his 
Journeys,"  which  was  published  in  1656.  He 
was  born  in  1599,  and  died  in  1671. 

O'LEARY,  Arthur,  a  native  of  Ireland,  who 
entered  into  the  Franciscan  order  of  Capuchins. 
326 


OL 

Returning  to  Ireland,  he  soon  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  «  rilings,  both  on  religious  and  poli- 
Itical  suiiHHls,  by  which  he  gained  the  esteem  of 
jail  parlies,  as  a  friend  to  freedom,  liberality  and 
[loleration  His  addresses  to  the  catholics  gained 
htm  the  most  (laliering  notice  of  the  Irish  go- 
vernment ;  he  died  in  London,  in  1802,  aged  73. 

0LF;AS'I'I';K,  Jeroni,  a  Portuguese  Domini- 
can, wasollered  a  bishopric,  which  he  declined 
fur  the  otlice  of  grand-inquisitor ;  he  died  in 
1563. 

OLEN,  an  ancient  Greek  poet.  His  age  is 
fubulons. 

OLES.MKI,  Ibigneus,  anoble  Pole,  wasmade 
cardinal,  and  died  in  14f5. 

OLIMPO,  Balthasar,  an  Italian  poet,  of  the 
I6th  century. 

OLIVA,  Alexander,  general  of  the  Augustin 
monks,  a  celebrated  cardinal,  and  learned  theo- 
logical writer,  was  born  in  1408.  and  died  in 
1483. 

OLIVA.  John,  a  learned  ecclesiastic,  of  Fo- 
vigo,  and  secretary  to  the  conclave ;  he  died  in 
1757. 

OLIV.ARES,  Gasper  de  Guzman,  count  de, 
an  illustrious  Spaniard,  minister  under  Philip  V. 
He  occasioned  the  total  separation  of  Portugal 
from  Spnin,  and  died  in  1643. 

OLIVER,  Isaac, a  celebrated  English  histori- 
cal and  portrait  painter,  was  born  in  1556,  and 
died  in  1017. 

OLIVER,  Peter,  an  eminent  English  minia- 
ture )iainter,  died  in  1661. 

OLIVER,  of  Malmsbury,  a  Benedictine,  was 
p.n  able  mechanic,  but  attempting  to  fly  with 
wings  which  he  had  made,  he  fell  and  broke  his 
leg.     He  died  in  1060. 

OLIVER,  William,  an  able  physician,  of 
Bath,  died  in  1764. 

OLIVER,  Claude  Matthew,  an  advocate  in 
the  parliantentof  Aix,  of  great  eloquence.  He 
was  an  author  of  merit,  and  died  in  1736. 

OLIVER,  Daniel,  a  merchant,  of  Boston, 
eminent  for  piety  and  benevolence,  died  in  1732. 

OLIVER,  Andrew,  lieutenant-governor  of 
the  colony  of  Massachusetts,  died  in  1774.  He 
rendered  himself  unpopular  toward  the  close 
of  his  life  by  favouring  the  claims  of  the  British 
government  upon  the  colonies. 

OLIVER,  Peter,  LL.  D.,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  chief  justice  of  Massachusetts,  and 
like  his  brother,  became  extremely  unpopular 
with  the  colonists.  He  retired  to  England,  where 
he  died,  in  1791. 

OLIVER,  Thomas,  lieutenant-governor  of 
Massachusetts,  at  the  commencement  of  the  re- 
volution. He  espoused  the  cause  of  the  mother 
country,  and  went  to  England,  where  he  died. 

OLIVET,  Joseph,  a  Frenchman,  chiefly  me- 
morable for  an  excellent  edition  of  "  Cicero's 
Works,"  died  in  1768. 

OLIVETAN,  Robert,  a  relation  of  Caleric, 
who  printed,  at  Neufchatel,  in  1535,  the  first 
French  translation  of  the  Bible,  from  the  He- 
brew and  Greek  texts.  He  was  poisoned  the 
ensuing  year. 

OIiIVEVRA,  Chevalier  Francis  de,  a  noble 
Portuguese,  employed  in  various  embassie.'?. 
His  enlightened  mind  abandoned  the  popish  re- 
lisrion  for  the  protestant.  He  afterwards  went 
to  England  and  died  in  1783. 

OLONNOIS,  John  David,  a  Frenchman  fa- 
mous for  his  bold  adventures  on  the  ocean,  in 
the  17ih  centurv. 

OLYB  RIUS,"Flavius  Anicius,  husband  of  the 
sister  of  Valentin ian  III.,  was  scut  into  Italy 


•  OP         

against  a  rebel,  whom  he  proclaimed  emperor 
01"  tl)«  West.  lit;  afterwards  deposud  him  and 
usurped  the  throne  hiiiiself,  and  died  in  473. 

t)L  VMPIODORUS,  a  peripatetic  philosopher 
of  Kj;ypt,  in  the  age  of  the  second  Tiieodosius. 

OlTzOFFSRI,  Andrew,  a  learned  Polish  di- 
vine, was  ambassador  to  Vienna.  He  died  in 
1678. 

OMAR  I.,  caliph  of  the  Saracens,  the  second 
after  Muhtunet,  and  one  of  the  most  rapid  con 
querors  in  modern  history.  He  drove  the  Greeks 
from  Syria  and  Phoenicia;  Jerusalem  was  sur- 
rendered to  him  ;  his  generals  took  the  capital 
of  Pfrsia;  and  soon  after,  Memphis  and  Ale.t- 
andri a  submitted  to  his  victorious  troops  :  and 
in  this  conqm^st,  the  famous  Alexandrian  libra- 
ry was  burnt  by  these  savages,  who  heated  their 
Moves  with  its  valuable  books.  He  was  assas- 
linated  by  a  Persian  slave,  in  643,  the  10th  year 
of  his  reign,  and  63d  of  his  age. 

OVl.AR  II.,  nth  caliph  of  the  race  of  the  Om 
miades,  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  717.  Hevvas 
wufil  to  the  Christians,  and  was  assassinated 
n  720. 

OMEIS,  Magnus  Daniel,  professor  of  belles 
ettres  at  \ltorf,  and  author  of  several  works  ; 
lied  in  1708 

ONESICRITUS,  a  cynic  philosopher,  among 
be  attendants  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

ONRf'IMUS,  a  Phrygian  slave,  converted  to 
C!hristianity  by  St.  Paul. 

OiVKELOS,  surnamed  the  Proselyte,  a  famous 
Kabbi  of  the  first  century,  and  author  of  the 
Chaldee  Targum  on  the  Pentateuch. 

ONOMACRITU3,  a  Greek  poet,  about  516 
B.  C.  The  poems  entitled  Orpheus,  are  ascribed 
to  him. 

ONOSANDER,  a  Greek  author  who  flourish 
ed  about  A.  D.  50,  and  wrote  commentaries  up 
on  "  Plato's  politics,"  which  are  lost;  but  his 
name  is  particularly  famous  (or  his  treatise  "  Of 
the  duty  and  virtues  of  the  general  of  an  army," 
Miich  has  been  translated  intosever.il  languages 

ONUPHRIl IS,  Panvinius,  acelebrated  Augus- 
tine monk,  born  at  Verona,  in  1529,  who,  apply- 
ing himself  to  the  study  of  ecclesiastical  history, 
continued  the  "  Lives  of  the  Popes"  begun  by 
Platina.  He  acquired  the  title  of  the  father  of 
history  ;  and  died  in  1568. 

OORT,  Adam  Van,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Antwerp,  was  born  in  1557. 

COST,  James  Van,  a  celebrated  Dutch  pain- 
ter, died  in  1600. 

OPIE,  John,  an  eminent  English  artist,  and 

?irofessor  of  painting,  in  the  Royal  Academy. 
le  was  not  merely  an  excellent  artist,  but  was 
also  an  admirable  writer  upon  the  art.  He  was 
born  in  1761,  was  the  son  of  a  humble  carpen- 
ter ;  he  was  drawn  from  his  obscurity  by  the 
kind  patronage  of  Dr.  Wolcot  (usually  called 
Peter  Pindar)  and  died  in  London,  in  1807. 

OPITIUS,  Henry,  a  Lutheran  divine,  and  pro- 
fessor of  oriental  languages,  at  Keil ;  he  died  in 
1712. 

OPITIUS,  Martin,  a  famous  Silesian  poet, 
Etvled  the  "Virgil"  of  Germany;  he  died  in 
1639,  aged  42  years. 

OPORINUS,  John,  a  famous  German  printer, 
editor,  and  commentator  on  Greek  aud  Latin 
authors,  born  in  1507,  and  died  in  1568. 

OPPEDE,  John  Meyneir,  baron  d',  presidetit 
of  the  parliament  of  Aix,  made  himself  odious 
by  the  atrocities  which  he  committed  against 
the  Vaudois.     He  died  in  1558, 

GPPIAN,  a  Greek  poet  and  grammarian,  who 
flourished  about  the  year  S30,  under  the  emperor 


OR 

Caracalla,  who  gave  him  a  crown  of  gold  for 
every  line  of  his  poems,  whence  they  got  tha 
title  of  golden  verses.  He  died  at  30  years  of 
age. 

OPSOP/EUS,  John,  from  a  corrector  of  the 
press,  became  an  eminent  physician,  and  proles- 
or  oi'  medicine,  at  Heidelberg;  he  died  in  1619. 
OPTATUS,an  African  bishop,  who  flourished 
in  the  14th  century,  under  the  empire  of  Valenti- 
nian  and  Valens.  He  wrote  the  "  History  of  the 
Donatists,"  the  "  Sacred  Geography  of  Africa." 
ORDOR.AN,  a  monk,  at  Sens,  and  an  author, 
died  in  the  I4lh  century. 

ORELLANA,  Francis,  a  Spaniard,  who  ac- 
companied Pizarro  to  Peru.  He  was  the  first 
European  who  saw  the  great  river  Amazon,  and 
perished,  in  1550,  in  attempting  to  discover  its 
mouth. 

ORGANA,  Andrew,  an  eminent  painter,  poet, 
and  architect,  born  at  Florence,  in  1329,  and 
died  in  1389.  The  greatest  part  of  his  paintings 
are  at  Pisa.  In  his  picture  of  the  universal 
judgment,  he  painted  his  friends  in  heaven,  and 
his  Iocs  in  hell. 

ORIBASIUS,  an  eminent  physician  and  medi- 
cal writer,  of  the  4th  century.  He  settled  tit 
.Alexandria,  in  Egypt,  and  died  in  ITO. 

ORIB.ASTIU.-^,  of  Pergamos,  was  physician 
to  the  apostate  Julian. 

ORIGEN,  an  illustrious  father  of  the  Christ- 
ian church,  and  a  man  of  great  parts  and  learn- 
ing, born  at  Alexandria,  about  the  year  185,  and 
died  in  254. 

ORIGEN,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  and  the 
friend  of  Porphyry. 

ORIGNV,  Peter  Adam,  author  of  a  History 
of  ancient  Egypt,"  died  at  Rheims,  in  1774. 

ORKAN,  son  of  Othoman,  made  himself  em- 
peror of  Turkey,  in  1326,  by  destroying  his  elder 
brothers.     He  died  in  1360. 

ORLANDI,  Pelegrini  Anthony,  an  eminent 
Italian  bookseller,  and  the  author  of  several 
works,  died  in  1730. 

ORLAY,  Bernard  Van,  an  eminent  Dutch 

painter,  and  a  disciple  of  Raphael,  died  in  1560. 

ORLE.ANS,  Louis,  of  France,  duke  of,  son 

of  Charles  V.,  was  basely  murdered  by  his  uii-' 

cle  John,  duke  of  Burgundy,  in  1407. 

ORLEANS,  Charles,  duke  of,  son  of  Louis, 
of  France,  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of 
Agincourt,  and  after  a  captivity  of  25  years,  in 
England,  returned  to  France,  and  died  in  1465. 

ORLEANS,  Louis,  duke  of,  piince  of  the 
blood,  son  of  Philip,  the  regent,  and  an  accom- 
plished scholar ;  he  died  in  1752. 

ORLE.ANS,  Louis,  an  advocate, of  Paris,who 
boldly  defended  the  cause  of  the  league  against 
Henry  IV.     He  died  in  1627. 

ORLEANS,  Peter  Joseph,  a  French  Jesuit, 
and  an  author  of  several  works,  died  in  1698. 

ORLEANS,  Philip  Louis  Joseph,  duke  of, 
born  in  1747.  This  prince  was  early  addicted 
to  low  pleasures.  After  a  short,  but  disgraceful 
service  in  the  navy  of  France,  he  joined  the 
factious  and  the  vile  in  their  schemes  of  revo- 
lution; and  by  his  opulence  and  influence, 
greatly  subserved  their  interests.  He  voted  for 
the  death  of  Louis  XVI.  with  indifference,  and 
was  soon  after  himself  accused,  and  led  to  the 
scaffold,  in  November,  1793. 

ORLEANS  DE  LA  MOTTE,  LouisFrancia 
Gabriel  de,  bishop  of  Amiens,  was  a  pious  and 
charitable  prelate,  and  died  in  1774. 

ORME,  Robert,  author  of  a  "  History  of  the 
military   transactions  of  the  British  nation  in 
Hiadostan,  from  the  vear  1745,"   and  "  His- 
s's? 


OS 

iiirical  Fra^iiiPiits  of  the  M(ii;ul  Empire,"  waa 
bdrii  in  India,  in  17'2fi,  and  died  m;;ii-  Ldiidoii,  in 
ISOI.  He  was,  by  some  persons,  complinieiilcd 
with  the  title  of  the  Britisli  Thucydidcs. 

OROBIO,  Baltliasar,  a  Spanish  Jew,  who 
professed  the  Roman  catholic  faith,  and  became 
professor  of  metaphysics  at  Salamanca  ;  he  died 
in  1687. 

ORONO,  an  Indian,  chief  of  the  Penobscot 
tribe,  was  faithful  in  his  attachment  to  the  white 
people,  and  laboured  to  promote  Christianity 
among  his  own.  He  died  in  1801,  aged  113. 
His  wife  died  in  1809,  aged  115. 

OROSIUS,  Paul,  a  learned  Spanish  ecclesias- 
tic, who  flourished  in  tlicSth  century,  and  wrote 
a  history  under  the  title  of  "  Miseria  Humana," 
containing  an  account  of  the  wars,  plagues, 
earthquakes,  floods,  conflagrations,  thunder  and 
lightning,  murder,  and  other  crimes,  which  had 
happened  from  the  beginning  of  the  world  to 
the  year  of  Christ  416. 

ORPHEUS,  of  Thrace,  an  ancient  Greek  poet, 
who  flourished  before  Homer,  and  befbre  the 
eiege  of  Troy.  He  was  an  excellent  musician, 
poet  and  physician. 

ORSATO,  Seitorio,  an  Italian  writer,  and 
professor  of  philosophy,  at  Padua;  he  died  in 
J  678. 

ORSATO,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent  physician 
and  antiquary,  of  Padua ;  he  died  in  1720. 

ORSI,  John  Joseph,  an  ingenious  poet  and 
philosopher, of  Bologna;  he  died  in  1733. 

ORSI,  Francis  Joseph  Augustin,  an  able  Tus- 
can writer,  raised  to  the  purple,  by  Clement 
XHI.    Hediedin  1761. 

ORTE,  N.  viscount  d,'  governor  of  Bayonne, 
refused  to  put  the  protestants  to  death  at  the  St. 
Bartholomew  massacre. 

ORTELIUS,  Abraham,  a  celebrated  geogra- 
pher, of  Antwerp,  died  in  1598. 

ORTON,  Job,  a  dissenting  minister,  born  at 
Shrewsbury,  in  1717,  and  died  in  1783.  He  wrote 
"Memoirs  of  Dr.  Doddridge,"  "Letters  to  a 
Voung  Clergyman,"  and  an  "  E.xposition  of  the 
Old  Testament." 

ORVILLE,  James  Philip  d',  aDutch  critic  and 
author,  died  in  1751. 

OSBORN,  sir  d'  Anvere,  governor  of  the 
colony  of  New- York,  committed  suicide  a  few 
days  after  his  arrival  in  America,  in  1753. 

OSBORN,  John,  a  native  of  Massachusetts, 
distinguished  as  a  poetical  writer,  died  in  17.53. 

OSBORNE,  Francis,  an  English  writer  of  gr:at 
abilities,  was  born  in  1583.  Of  all  his  works, 
that  best  known  is  his  "  Advice  to  a  Son."  He 
died  in  10.58. 

OSGOOD,  Samuel,  an  officer  of  the  revolu- 
tionary army,  afterwards  a  member  of  congress 
from  Massachusetts,  and  post-master-general  of 
the  United  States  ;  he  died  in  1812. 

OSIANDER,  Andrew,  a  Bavarian,  one  of 
Luther's  first  disciples,  was  a  professor  at  Ko- 
nigsberg,  and  a  voluminous  writer.  He  died 
in  15,52. 

OSIUS,  bishop  of  Cordova,  presided  at  the 
council  of  Nice,  in  325. 

OSIUS,  or  OSIO,  Felix,  professor  of  rhetoric 
at  Padua,  died  in  1631. 

OSMAN  L,  son  of  Achmet  I.,  succeeded  to 
the  Turkish  throne  in  1618.  He  introduced  an 
Arab  militia  to  replace  the  Janissaries ;  but  the 
latter  hurled  him  from  the  throne,  and  put  him 
to  death,  in  1622. 

OSMAN  11.,  emperor  of  Constantinople  in 
1754,  dind  in  1757. 
OSMOND,  St.,  made  chancellor  of  Englond, 
328 


OT 

and  bishop  of  Salisbury,  by  William  the  Con- 
queriir,  died  in  109!). 

OSORIO,  Jerome,  a  learned  Portuguese  di- 
vine, and  an  excellent  writer,  born  at  Lisbon, 
in  I50G,  and  dii.'d  in  15B0.  His  diction  is  easy 
and  elegant;  for  which  reason  he  is  called  the 

icero  of  Porlugal, 

OS(JRUJ,  Jerome,  canon  of  Evora,  and  an 
author,  died  in  the  16th  century. 

OSSAT,  Arnaud  d',  a  most  Celebrated  French 
cardinal  and  statesman  in  tlie  reign  of  Henry 
IV.,  was  born  in  1536,  and  died  in  3604.  His 
"Despatches"  areas  tiseful  to  an  ambassador 
who  hopes  to  succeed  in  his  employment,  as  the 
Bible  and  the  Corpus  Juris  to  such  divines  and 
lawyers  as  would  succeed  in  their  respective 
professions. 

OSSIAN,  a  Gaelic  poet,  supposed  to  have 
flourished  in  the  3d  century,  and  to  have  been 
the  son  of  Fingal.  His  poems  were  translated 
by  Mr.  M'Pherson,  in  1762. 

OSTADE,  Adrian  Van,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Lubec,  in  1610,  and  died  in  1685.  Na- 
ture guided  his  pencil  in  every  thing  he  under- 
took. 

OSTERWALD,  John  Frederick,  a  celebrated 
Swiss  protestant  minister,  born  in  HKJ3,  and  died 
in  1747.  He  was  author  of  many  excellent 
works,  the  best  of  which  is  his  "Instructions 
in  the  Christian  Religion." 

OSTERWY,  Maria  Van,  a  native  of  Delft, 
was  an  elegant  artist,  and  died  in  1093. 

OSWALD,  king  of  Nortljiimberland,  became 
a  Christian,  and  was  killed  in  battle,  in  043. 

OSWALD,  Erasmus,  professor  of  Hebrews' 
Fribonrg,  published  a  Hebrew  translation  of  the 
New  Testament,  and  died  in  1579. 

OSYMANDYAS,  an  Egyptian  king,  the  first 
who  formed  a  public  library. 

OTHO,  Marcus  Salvius,  emperor  of  Rome 
in  80.    He  held  his  office  only  three  months. 

OTHO  I.,  surnamed  the  Great,  crowned  em- 
peror of  Germany  in  936.  He  was  a  valiant 
prince,  and  died  in  973. 

OTHO  II.,  surnamed  the  Bloody,  was  son 
and  successor  of  Otho  I. ;  he  died  in  983. 

OTHO  III.,  only  son  of  Otho  II.,  was  crown- 
ed emperor  in  983,  and  died  in  1002. 

OTHO  IV.,  surnamed  the  Proud,  son  of  Henry 
the  Lion,  duke  of  Saxony,  was  elected  emperor 
in  1197,  and  died  in  1218. 

OTHO,  Venius,  aDutch  painter  of' great  emi- 
nence, born  at  Leyden,  in  15.)n.  His  genius  was 
so  active,  that  he  at  once  applied  himself  to  phi- 
losophy, poetry,  mathematics,  and  painting,  and 
acquired  an  excellence  in  all  parts  of  the  latter. 
He  died  at  Brussels,  in  1634. 

OTHO,  bishop  of  Frisengen,  and  an  author, 
died  in  1J58. 

OTIS,  James,  a  lawyer,  of  Massachusetts, 
distinguished  as  a  zealous  defender  of  the  rights 
of  the  coliinies;  he  died  in  1798. 

OTIS,  James,  a  distinguished  lawyer,  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  son  of  the  preceding,  was  one 
of  the  most  active  and  zealous  friends  of  colo- 
nial rights  in  America.  He  became  insane  se- 
veral years  previous  to  his  death,  and  was  killed 
by  lightning,  in  1783. 

OTROKOTSKIFORIS,  Francis,  a  Hunga- 
rian, and  protestant  minister.  He  embraced 
the  Catholic  faith,  and  died  in  1718. 

OTT,  Henry,  a  learned  SwisH  divine,  and 
professor  of  Hebrew  at  Zurich  ;  he  died  in 
1682. 

OTTER,  John,  anthor  of  Travels  in  Turkey, 
&c.,  died  in  1748, 


PA 


OTWAY,  Thomas,  an  eminent  English  poet 
anil  dranifitic  writer,  born  in  1051,  had  his  edu- 
cation at  Oxford,  but,  leaving  the  university 
without  any  degree,  he  went  to  London,  and 
applying  himself  to  the  play-houses,  both  wrote 
and  acted  for  a  support.  He  excelled  in  touch- 
ing the  tender  passions  in  traftedy,  of  which 
his  "Orphan,"  and  "  Venice  Preserved,"  con- 
tain the  strongest  specimens.  He  died  in  1085. 
OUDENARDE,  Robert  Van,  a  celebrated 
Dutch  painter,  died  in  1743. 

OUDfN,  Casimir,  a  learned  French  monk, 
born  in  lO.'iS,  and  died  in  1717,  having  published 
"  A  Supplement  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Writers 
pinitied  by  Bellannine ;"  a  work  which  did  him 
much  iKMiour. 

OUDIN,  Francis,  a  Jesuit,  author,  and  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  Dijon  ;  he  died  in  1732. 

OUDINET,  Mark  Aatliony,  a  French  medal- 
ist, died  in  1712. 

OQDRI,  Joint  Baptist,  an  admired  French 
painter,  died  in  1755. 

OlJGlITRED,  William,  an  English  divine, 
celebrated  for  his  uncommon  skill  in  the  ma- 
thpinatics,  born  in  1573,  and  died  in  1600.  He 
wa>--  the  author  of  several  valuable  works. 

OUSEL,  Philip,  a  native  of  Daiitzic,  was 
theological  professor  at  Frankfort,  on  the  Oder, 
and  was  well  skilled  in  Hebrew.    He  died  in 

n-M. 

onvVALER,  Albert,  a  historical  painter, 
of  Haerlem,  died  in  1515. 

OVERALL,  John,  bishop  of  Norwich,  was 
born  in  155!',  and  died  in  1019.  He  had  thecha- 
raclor  of  being  the  best  scholastic  divine  in  the 
English  nation. 

OVERBEICE,  Bonaventure  Van,  of  Amster- 
dam, an  eminent  designer  and  antiquarian,  died 
in  1703. 

OVERBURY,  air  Thomas,  a  polite  English 
writer,  born  in  1581,  was  poisoned  in  the  Tow- 
er, in  1013,  by  order  of  Robert  Car,  earl  of  Ro- 
chester, and  the  countess  of  Essex.  He  was 
the  author  of  several  works  in  verse  and  prose. 

OVID,  Publius  Naso,  one  of  the  finest  poets 
of  the  Augustin  age,  born  at  Sulmo,  in  the  year 
of  Rome,  710.  He  was  exceedingly  amorous  in 
bis  youth,  and  addicted  bey(md  measure  to  wo- 
men. He  wrote  several  works,  the  best  of 
which  is  his  Metamorphoses.  He  was  exiled 
by  Augustus,  and  died  about  00  years  of  age. 

OVIEDO,  .fohn  fJonsalvo  de,  a  learned  Span- 
iard. He  became  the  friend  of  Columbus,  whom 
he  accompanied  in  his  second  voyage  to  the  new 
world. 

OWAIN,  a  prince  of  Powys,  was  slain  in 
1114. 

OWAIN,  son  of  Mexen  Wledig,  a  brave  war- 
rior, who  became  a  saint  in  the  British  calen- 
dar. 

OWAIN,  or  OWEN  TUDOR,  lord  Pen- 
mynvdd,  in  Anglesea,  married  the  widow  of 
Henry  V.,  in  1426.  His  second  son  was  the 
earl  of  Richmond,  father  of  Henry  VII. 

OWAIN  CIVEILOG,  a  Welch  warrior,  who 
ilied  in  1197. 

OWAIN  GLANDWR,  or  OWEN  GLEN- 
DOWER,  the  last  of  the  Welch  princes,  was 
in  the  service  of  Richard  U.,  but  was  disgraced 
by  Henry  IV. 

OWEN,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  English  divine, 
among  the  independents,  and  sometimes  styled 
tae  oracle  and  the  metropolitan  of  that  sect,  was 
born  in  1616,  and  died  in  1683.  He  was  a  very 
voluminous  writer. 

OWEN,  John,  in  Latin  called  Aadoenas,  an 


t 


eminent  epi-grammatist,  born  about  155U,  and 
died  in  London,  in  1022. 

OWEN,  Dr.  Henry,  a  very  celebrated  Eng- 
lish divine,  whose  oililical  knowledge  was,  per- 
haps, superior  to  that  of  any  of  his  cotemporaries. 
He  was  born  in  1715,  published  many  excellent 
worlcs  of  divinity,  and  died  in  1795. 

OWEN,  George,  an  English  physician  and, 
author,  died  in  1558. 

OWEN,  Charles,  an  English  dissenting  di- 
vine, died  in  1712. 

OWEN,  John,  an  eminent  English  clergyman, 
one  of  the  founders,  and  for  many  years  secre- 
tary, of  the  British  and  Foreigu  Bible  Society. 
He  died  in  1822. 

OWTRAM,  William,  an  eminent  preacher 
and  scholar,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 

OXENiSllIDGE,  John,  an  eminent  divine, 
and  popular  preai;her,  at  Boston  ;  he  published 
some  religious  tracts  and  sermons,  and  died  in 
1074. 

OXENSTIERN;  Axel,  prime  minister  to  Gns^ 
tavus  Adolphus,  deserved  his  elevation  by  his 
merit  and  abilities,  and  died  in  1654. 

OZANHAjM,  James,  an  eminent  mathenui- 
tical  writer,  died  at  Paris,  in  1717,  aged  77. 

OZELL,  John,  an  English  dramatic  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer.  Hie  plays,  though  all  trans,- 
lations,  are  very  numerous.    He  died  in  1743. 


PAAS,  Crispin,  of  Cologne,  an  eminent  en- 
graver in  the  17th  century. 

PA.WV,  Peter,  a  physician  and  botanist,  Of 
Amsterdam,  died  in  1617. 

P.\BO,  a  British  prince  of  the  5th  century, 
and  founder  of  llie  church  of  Mona. 

PACA,  William,  a  member  of  congress  from 
Maryland,  and  one  of  the  signers  of  the  declara- 
tion of  Independence,  afterwards  governor  of 
that  state,  and  a  judge  of  the  district  court  of 
the  United  Stales  for  Maryland  ;  he  died  in  1799. 

PAC.ATIANUS,  Titus  Juiius  Marinus,  a  Ro- 
man general,  who  revolted  against  the  emperor 
Philip  ;  he  was  defeated  and  slain  in  249. 

PACE,  Richard,  a  learned  Englishman,  em- 
ployed in  negotiations  by  Henry  VIII.  He  was 
highly  esteemed,  and  died  in  1532. 

PACHECO,  John  de,  marquis  de  Villena,  the 
favourite  of  Henry  [V.  of  Castile,  and  prime 
minister.     He  died  in  1473. 

PACHYMERIJS,  George,  an  eminent  Byzan- 
tine historian,  flourished  about  1280,  and  died  in 
1310. 

PACI,\UDI,  Paul  Marie,  an  able  and  learned 
antiquarian,  of  Turin  ;  he  died  in  1785. 

PACIFtCUS,  Maximus,  of  a  noble  family  of 
Ascoli,  in  1400,  was  an  elegant  Latin  poet. 

PACIUS,  Julius,  an  Itahan,  distinguished  for 
his  lectures  on  jurisprudence,  died  in  1635. 

PACORUS,  son  of  Orodes,  king  of  Parthia, 
defeated  the  Rouian  gener»l  Crassus.  He  w^ 
slain  39  B.  C. 

PACUVIUS,  Marcus,  an  eminent  Latin  tragic 
poet,  in  hi<;h  reputation  at  Rome,  about  154  B.C. 

PADARN,  a  British  bishop.  He  is  one  of  the 
three  blessed  visiters,  who  tirst  preached  tiie 
jospel  in  Wales. 

PADERNA,  Paul  Anthony,  of  Bologna,  an 
eminent  painter,  died  in  1708. 

PADUAN,  Lewis  Leo,  acquired  celebrity 
as  a  painter  and  engraver  of  medals,  and  died 
in  1015. 

P.\DTJAXINO,  Francisco,  a  historical  pain 
ter,  of  Padia,  died  in  1017. 

28*  329 


PA 


PADIliIiA,  Mary  de,  a  Spanisl)  lady,  the 
favourite  of  Vntor  the  Cruel,  king  of  Castile. 

PAEZ,  Francis  Alvarez,  a.  Portuguese,  bishop 
of  Coron  ;  he  died  in  15:i2. 

FAGAN,  Peter,  prot'essor  of  poetry  and  his- 
tory, at  Marpurg,  died  in  1576. 

F/VGAN,  Blaise  Francis,  count  de,  a  valiant 
French  othccr  and  eminent  mathematician,  was 
born  in  l(i04,  and  died  in  1(!G5. 

PAGANl,  Gregorio,  a  celebrated  painter,  of 
Florence,  died  in  1500. 

PAGANO,  Paul,  a  distinguished  painter,  of 
Milan,  died  in  1716. 

PAGE,  William,  an  English  divine  and  au- 
thor, died  in  ICliO. 

PAGE,  John,  governor  of  the  colony  of  Vir- 
ginia, espoused  the  cause  of  the  colonies  at  the 
commcnctunent  of  the  revolution,  and  was  dis- 
tinguished as  an  ardent  patriot.  He  was  a 
member  of  congress,  after  the  adoption  of  the 
federal  consiitution,  and  governor  of  the  stale 
of  Virginia.     He  died  in  1808. 

PAGE,  Benjamin,  a  distinguished  physician, 
of  New-Hampshire,  died  in  1824. 

PAGE,  John  OdUn,  son  of  the  preceding,  an 
eminent  citizen  of  New-Hamp3hire  ;  he  died  in 
France,  in  1811. 

PAGET,  William,  lord,  ambassador  to  France, 
and  Becietary  of  siate,  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
\'in. ;  he  died  in  1004. 

PAGI,  John  Baptist,  of  Genoa,  an  eminent 
painter  and  engraver,  died  in  1629. 

PAGI,  Anthony,  a  famous  French  Cordelier, 
and  one  of  the  able.st  critics  of  his  time,  was 
born  in  Provence,  in  1624,  and  died  in  1699. 

PAGI,  Francis,  nephew  of  the  preceding,  and 
.atuhor  of  "  A  Chronolo!,acal  History  of  the 
Popes,"   was  born  in  1654,  and  died  in  1721. 

PAGNINUS,Sanctes,  a  Dominican,  of  Lucca, 
well  skilled  in  the  learned  languages ;  he  died 
In  1536. 

P.\INE,  Thomas,  a  political  writer,  born  at 
Thetford,  England,  in  17:i7,  and  bred  a  stay- 
maker  :  coming  over  to  America,  he  contributed 
much  to  the  revolution  by  a  pamphlet  entitled 
"  Common  Sense;"  in  1790,  he  went  to  London, 
and  published  "  Tlie  Rights  of  Man,"  in  an- 
swer to  Burke.  To  avoid  a  prosecution,  he 
went  to  France,  and  was  chosen  a  member  of 
the  national  assembly.  He  was  thrown  into 
prison  by  Robespierre,  and  narrowly  escaped  the 
gtiillotine.  He  returned  to  the  United  States, 
and  died  in  1809. 

PAINE,  Robert  Treat,  LL.  D.,adiatin2uished 
lawyer,  of  Massachusetts,  was  a  member  of 
the  first  congress  from  that  state,  and  one  of  the 
signersof  the  declaration  of  Independence.  He 
wa?  afterwards  one  oflhe  judges  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Massachusetts.      He  died  in  1814. 

PAINE,  RobertTreat,  son  of  the  preceding,  a 
<1istinguished  poet,  was  born  in  1773,  and  died 
in  181 1. 

PAINTER,  Gamaliel,  an  officer  of  the  rcvo- 
fiition,  was  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  of  Mid- 
dlebury,  Vt.,  and  held  several  important  ofiices 
in  that  state;  he  died  in  1819. 

P.VJOX,  Claude,  a  French  protestant  divine, 
and  author,  died  in  1685. 

P.\JOT,  Lewis  Leo,  count  of  Osembray,  a 
robleman  of  great  learning  and  abilities.  He 
enjoyed  the  favour  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  died  in 
1753. 

PAKINGTON,  Dorothy,  an  English  lady, 
Ctninentlv  distinguiehed  for  her  learning;  she 
died  in  1670. 

EAJiiEMON,  Q.  Ehemmius,  a  celebrated 
,330 


PA 

granunarian,  who  taught  at  Ronn',  about  A.  H 
10.  His  arrogance,  however,  surpassed  his  me- 
rit. He  asserted  that  learning  was  born  when 
he  was  born,  and  would  die  when  ho  died. 

PALiiiOLOGUS,  Michael,  emperor  of  the 
East,  took  Constantinople  from  the  Latins,  and 
put  an  end  to  their  empire.     He  died  in  1283. 

PAL.'EPHATCB,  a  Greek  philosopher,  who 
lived  before  the  Christian  era. 

PALAKOX,  John  de,an  illustrious  Spaniard* 
appointed  bishop  of  Los  Angelos,  in  America, 
and  distinguished  fur  his  benevolence  to  the  na- 
tives; he  (liiil  in  1659. 

PALACE,  N.  de  la  Curne,  a  member  of  th8 
French  academv,  and  an  author,  died  in  1781. 

PALAPRAT;  John,  of  Toulouse,  a  distin- 
guished lawyer  and  poet,  died  in  1721. 

PALATI,  John,  a  Venetian  historian  of  the 
17th  centurv. 

PALEARIUS,  Aonius,  an  eminent  Italian 
writer,  was  condemned  at  Rome  as  a  heretic, 
and  burnt  to  death  in  1566,  for  saying  that  Lu- 
ther's followers  were  to  be  commended  in  some 
degree 

FALEY,  Dr.  William,  a  learned  divine,  anfl 
elegant  writer  on  ethics,  was  born  in  1743,  and 
died  in  1805.  He  was  archdeacon  of  Carlisle, 
«ub-deacon  of  Lincoln,  and  rector  of  bishop 
Wearmouth. 

PALFIN,  John,  of  Giierit,  an  eminent  surgeon, 
and  medical  wdter,  died  in  1730. 

PAMNGENiUS,  Marcellus,  or  PIERRE  AN- 
GELO  MANZOLl,  an  Italian  poet  of  the  16th 
century. 

PALISSY,  Bernard  de,  a  native  of  Agen,  an 
eminent  potter  and  chymist.  He  w.is  patronis- 
ed by  Henry  III.,  and  died  about  1590. 

PALLADINI,  Arcangela,  an  Italian  lady,  of 
Pisa,  celebrated  as  a  portrait  painter  ;  she  died 
in  1622. 

PALLADINO,  James,  an  ecclesiastical  writer, 
called  also  James  of  Taranio,  his  best  work  ia 
a  pious  romance,  published  in  1572. 

PALLADIO,  Andrew,  a  celebrated  Italian 
architect  in  the  16th  century.  He  immortalized 
his  name  by  four  books  of  architecture.  Ha 
was  born  in  1508,  and  died  in  1580. 

P  ALLADIUS,  of  Cappadocia,  a  Greek  bishop 
and  anchorite,  and  author  of  a  History  of  the 
Anchorites,  or  Hermits,"  died  in  the  5th  centu- 
ry. 

PALLADIUS,  Rutilius  Taurus  .■?;milian,  a 
Latin  author  of  a  treatise  "  De  Re  Rustica." 

PALLAJUOLO,  Anthony  and  Peter,  two 
Florentine  brothers,  eminent  as  painters.  They 
b<3th  died  in  1498. 

PALLAS,  a  freedman  of  Claudius,  who  waa 
put  to  death  by  Nero. 

PALLAS,  Peter  Simon,  born  at  Berlin,  in  1741, 
was  bred  to  sursrery  and  medicine,  wrote  seve- 
ral works  on  difterent  subjects,  and  died  in  1811 
PALL.WICINl,  Anihony,  of  a  noble  Genoese 
family,  employed  by  the  pope  in  several  embas- 
sies, was  made  a  cardinal,  and  died  in  1507. 

PALL.A.VICIN't,  Ferrante,  an  eccentric  Ita- 
lian, distinguished  for  his  learning  and  mental 
endowments.  These  he  prostituted  to  the  basest 
of  purposes,  and  was  at  last  condemned  to  death 
in  lf)44,  for  satirizing  the  pope. 

PALLAVICINI,  Sforsa,  an  eminent  cardi- 
nal, who  composed  a  "  History  of  the  Council 
of  Trent,"  in  opposition  to  that  by  father  Paul, 
was  born  at  Rome,  in  1607,  and  died  in  1667. 

PALLIOT,  Peter,  an  eminent  bookseller  and 
printer,  of  Paris,  died  in  1698. 
PALUSER,  Sir  Uugb;  an  English  admiral. 


PA 


known  for  his  dispute  wifli  admiral  Keiipel  in 
the  battle  of  Usliaiit,  in  1778.  He  died  governor 
of  Greenwich  hospital,  in  178C. 

PAIJ.UKL,  Francis  Crelte  de,  of  Paris, 
strongly  attached  to  agricultural  pursuits,  died 
in  17!)y. 

PALMA,  James,  the  Klrfer,an  Italian  painter, 
and  a  pupil  of  Titian,  died  in  ISSS. 

PALMA,  James,  liic  youMRcr,  neptiewof  tllf 
preceding,  a  c*;lrtnated  painter,  died  in  ItiiW. 

PALMJ'^ll,  Samuel,  an  eminent  printer,  of 
London,  in  whose  office  the  celebrated  Dr. 
Franklin  was  sometime  employed.  Ue  died  in 
17:i2. 

PALMER,  John,  an  actor  of  very  considera- 
ble talents,  belonf^inR  to  Drury-Lane  theatre, 
was  born  about  1742,  and  came  on  the  stage  in 
17t3i.  Tn  liis  profession  lie  excelled.  He  died 
sud<lenly  on  the  stage,  immediately  after  utter- 
ing the  words  "  There  is  another  and  a  better 
world,"  in  1798. 

PALMIERI,  Matthew,  a  Florentine,  and  a 
poet  of  the  15th  century,  distinguished  in  the 
councils  of  his  country. 

PALONINI,  Anthony,  a  Spanish  ecclesiastic, 
known  as  a  painter  and  a  writer. 

PALSGRAVE,  John,  a  learned  English, critic, 
grammarian,  and  dramatic  writer,  who  flourish- 
ed in  the  reigns  of  Henry  VII.,  and  Henry  VIII. 

P.\LUDANUS,  John,  a  Frenchman,  and  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  at  Louvaine,  was  an  able  divine 
and  writer  ;  he  died  in  llilM. 

I'ALUDANUS,  Bernard,  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Leyden,  travelled  over  the  four 
•juartera  of  the  globe,  and  died  in  1034. 

PAMELIUS,  James,  a  learned  Fleming,  and 
author  of  several  works ;  he  died  in  LIB?. 

PAMMACHIJS,  St.,  a  Roman  senator,  con- 
verted toClirislianity,  and  who,  by  his  conduct 
and  writings,  displayed  great  zeal  in  its  favour. 
He  died  in  410. 

PAMPH  YLIUS,  a  Macedonian,  under  Philip; 
he  was  an  able  painter. 

PAMPHYLUS,  St.,  a  priest,  of  Cffsarea,  in 
Palestine,  who  suffered  martyrdom  under  Max- 
iniin,  in  :i08. 

PANAGIOTI,  a  Greek,  of  Chios,  interpreter 
lO  the  grand  seignor;  he  died  in  1673. 

PANARl),  Charles  Francis,  a  French  pnet, 
beloved  for  his  probity  and  the  gravity  of  his 
manners;  he  died  in  1705. 

PANCIROLLUS,  Guy,  a  famous  Italian  law 
ver,  and  writer  on  legal  subjects,  he  died  in  1599. 

PANCKOUCKK,  Andrew  Joseph,  a  book- 
seller, of  Lisle,  and  an  indefatigable  writer ; 
he  died  in  17.53. 

PANCKOfJCKE,  Charles  Joseph,  son  of  the 
preceding,  followed  his  father's  profession,  ac- 
quired celebrity  in  the  typograpiiical  art,  and 
died  at  Paris,  in  1799. 

PANEL,  Alexander  Xavier,  a  native  of 
Franche  Comte,  of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  be- 
came a  preceptor  to  the  royal  family  of  Spain, 
and  died  in  1777. 

PANETIUS,  a  stoic,  of  Rhodes,  who  settled 
at  Rome.    He  flourished  about  150. 

PANIGAROLA,  Francis,  an  Italian,  and 
hishop  of  Asti,  was  sent  into  France,  to  support 
the  interests  of  the  league  against  Henry  IV. 
Ho  died  in  1594. 
PANIN,  Nakita  Ivanowitz,  count  de,  a  Rus- 
♦  sian  statesman,  and  general  in  thearmie.?  of  the 
czar  Peter,  was  burn  at  Lucca.  He  was  an 
able  statesman  and  general,  and  died  in  1783. 

PANINI,  Paul,  an  emiuent  Italian  painter, 
died  in  1758. 


PAMVJAHTZ,  Arnold,  a  German,  who  es- 
tablished a  printing-press  in  Italy,  during  t'he 
pontificate  of  Paul  II. 

PANJ\ONIUS,  James,  or  John,  a  Hungarian 
bishop,  and  author  of  poems ;  he  died  in  147^. 

PANUPiON,  a  Roman,  saved  from  death,  by 
the  fidelity  of  his  survant. 

PANOKMITA,  Anthony,  a  Sicilian,  who  had 
such  veneration  for  classical  works,  that  lie  sold 
an  estate  to  purchase  a  copv  of  Livy.  He  died 
in  1471. 

PANSA,  C.  Vibius,  a  Roman  consul,  killed 
in  fighting  against  Antony. 

PAATyKNUS,  a  stoic,  of  Sicily,  at  the  head 
of  the  Alexandrian  school,  in  tlie  reign  of 
Commodus. 

PANTIN,  William,  a  physician,  of  Bruge», 
and  a  medical  writer;  he  died  in  1583. 

PANVINIUS.    SeeONUPHRlUS. 

PANZACHIA,  Maria  Helena,  an  Italian  lady, 
of  noble  birth,  and  a  celebrated  painter.  She 
was  born  in  lti68. 

PAOLI,  Sebastian,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Lucca, 
skilled  in  antiquarian  history ;   he  died  in  1751. 

PAOLI,  Hyacinth,  a  native  of  Corsica,  who, 
in  1735,  jiossessed  great  influence  among  Ms 
countrymen  as  a  chief  magistrate. 

PAOLI,  Pascal  de,  a  celebrated  general  of  Cor- 
sica, born  there  in  1725,  and  died  near  London, 
in  1807.  While  endeavouring  to  rescue  hia 
native  island  from  the  tyranny  of  the  Genoese 
government,  and  defending  its  liberties  against 
Gallic  encroachments  and  invasion,  being  over- 
powered by  the  French,  he  retired,  in  1709,  with 
a  few  followers,  to  England,  where,  in  a  few 
years,  he  ended  his  illustrious  career. 

PAOLUCCIO,  Paul  Anafeste,  a  noble  Vene- 
tian, and  the  first  doge  of  Venice,  in  697-  He 
died  in  717. 

PAPERI5R0CH,  Daniel,  a  Jesuit,  of  Antwerp, 
and  an  author  of  learning  and  virtue  ;  he  died 
in  1714. 

PAPHNUTIUS,  bishop  of  Thebes,  who  op- 
posed the  celibacy  of  the  clergy,  and  warmly 
supported  the  cause  of  Athanasius,  at  the  council 
of  Tyre. 

PAPIAS,  a  bishop  of  Hierapolis,  author  of 
the  doctrine  of  the  niillenium.  Some  suppose 
him  to  lia.y3  been  a  disciple  of  St.  John.  A 
grammarian  of  that  name  lived  in  1053. 

PAPILLON,  .Thomas,  a  celebrated  lawyer, 
of  Pijon,  died  in  la'M'i. 

PAPIN,  Isaac,  a  French  protestant  divine, 
who  after  being  engaged  in  controversy,  joined 
the  Roman  catliolics,  in  1C90.    He  died  in  1709. 

PAPINIAN,  a  learned  lawyer  of  the  3d  cen- 
tury. He  was  put  to  death  by  Caracalla,  for 
refusing  to  vindicate  that  tyrant's  murder  of  his 
brother  Geta,  in  212.  His  works  on  jurispru- 
dence are  much  esteemed. 

PAPIRIUS,  Cursor,  a  Roman  dictator,  who 
triumphed  over  the  Samnites. 

PAPIRIUS  PRiETEXTATUS,  a  Roman 
youth,  and  a  senator,  who  refused  to  reveal  to 
his  mother  the  secrets  of  the  Roman  senate. 

PAPON,  John  Peter,  a  native  of  Pujet,  wao 
a  priest  of  the  oratory,  and  an  author  ;  he  died 
in  1803. 

PAPPUS,  a  philosopher  and  author,  of  Alex- 
andria, of  the  4th  cenUiry. 

PAPYRIUS  M  ASS'ON,  John,  a  learned  French 
lawyer  and  annalist,  born  in  1.544,  and  died  in 
1611.     He  was  a  voluminous  writer. 

PARABOSCO,  Girolamo,  a  comic  writer,  of 
Placentia,  of  the  16th  ceniurv. 

i'ARACELaUS,  AureoluB  PbUippus  The 
331 


VA 


phrastus  Bombast  de  Hoenheim,  a  famous  Swiss 
pliysician,  and  medical  and  philosoplucAl  wri- 
ter, born  in  1493.  He  studied  alchy  my,  and  pre- 
tended lie  was  lot  into  tlie  secret  of  the  pliilo- 
soplier's  stone.  He  wrought  many  extraordina 
ry  cures,  but  was  almost  always  intoiticated, 
and  died  in  1541. 

PARADIN,  William,  a  laborious  French  his- 
torian and  writer ;  lie  (lied  in  1582. 

PARAMO,  Lewis  de,  a  Spanish  inqwsitor, 
who,  in  1.M8,  published  a  curious  and  valuable 
accouiil  ol'  the  inquisition. 

PARCELLES,  John,  a  native  of  Leyden,  and 
an  eminent  painter,  was  born  in  1579. 

P.'\RClK(JX,Anthonyde,  acelebratedFrench 
mathematician  and  author,  died  in  1768.  His 
nephew  also  professed  equal  abilities,  and  died 
in  1798.  „       ^  .      . 

PARDIES,  Ignatius  Gaston,  a  French  jesuit, 
distinguished  in  mathematics  and  philosophy  ; 
be  died  in  lfi73. 

PARE,  Ambrose,  an  eminent  French  surgeon 
and  writer,  died  in  1590. 

PARE,  David,  a  protestant  divine,  born  in 
Bilesia.  The  greater  part  of  his  life  was  em- 
ployed in  controversy  ;  he  died  in  1623. 

PARE,  Philip,  one  of  the  most  laborious 
grammarians  and  critics  that  Germany  ever 
produced,  was  born  in  1576,  and  died  in  1643 

PARE,  Daniel,  son  of  the  preceding,  applied 
himself,  vigorously  to  the  study  of  the  classics, 
and  published  several  laborious  pieces  ;  he  was 
unfortunately  killed  by  a  gang  of  highwaymen, 
in  IGJS. 

PAREJA,  Juan  de,  a  native  of  the  West- 
Indies,  and  originally  a  slave  to  a  painter,  in 
whose  art  he  deservedly  became  celebrated ;  he 
died  in  1670. 

PARENNIN,  Dominic,  a  French  Jesuit,  who 
went  as  missionary  to  China,  in  1698.  He  was 
well  received  by  tlie  emperor,  and  died  there,  in 
1741. 

PARENT,  Anthony,  a  French  mathemati- 
cian, and  an  author,  died  in  1716. 

PARF.MT,  Francis,  the  historian  of  the 
French  drama,  died  in  1698. 

PARIS,  son  of  Priam,  king  of  Troy,  and  me 
morable  in  poetical  history  for  carrying  ort' 
Helen,  the  wife  of  Menelaus,  king  of  Myceni', 
in  his  absence,  which  occasioned  the  famous 
Biege  of  Troy,  wherein  he  was  slain,  1188  B.  C. 

PARIS,  Francis,  a  native  of  Chatillon,  and 
an  author,  died  in  1718. 

PARIS,  Francis,  an  abbe  at  Paris,  of  the 
order  of  the  Jansenists.  He  renounced  the 
honours  which  he  miglit  have  obtained,  for  the 
austerities  of  an  ecclesiastical  life,  and  died  in 
1727. 

PARIS,  Matthew,  an  eminent  English  histo- 
rian, was  a  Benedictine  monk,  and  flourished 
in  the  13th  century.  He  wrote  a  Universal 
iustory,  from  the  creation  of  the  world,  to  the 
year  of  his  death,  A.  D.  1'259. 

PARISEAU,  N.,  a  native  of  Paris,  and  a 
distinguished  dramatic  writer,  was  guillotined 
in  1744. 

PARKER,  Matthew,  the  second  protestant 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  was  born  in  1504. 
He  was  deeply  versed  in  Saxon  literature,  and 
the  early  English  history  ;  he  pubhshed  a  work 
on  the  antiquity  of  the  English  church,  &c.,  and 
died  in  1575. 

PARKER,  Samuel,  an  English  prelate,  who 
Vas  made  bishop  of  Oxford  by  James  II.  He 
sacriftced  his  religion  (e  bis  isteiesta,  and  died 
iplC87. 

'332 


PA 

PARKER,  George,  earl  of  Macclesfield,  son 
of  Parker,  the  first  earl  and  lord  chancellor  of 
England,  celebrated  for  his  knowledge  of  ma- 
thematics ;  he  died  in  1766. 

PARKER,  Richard,  an  Englishman,  leader 
of  the  rebellion  in  the  Brilisli  fleet,  at  the  None, 
in- 1797,  for  which  he  was  executed. 

PARKER,  Thomas,  first  minister  of  New- 
bury, Mass.,  was  a  good  scholar  and  zealous  di- 
vine ;  he  died  in  1677. 

PARKER,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  abisliopof  Mass., 
distinguished  for  his  benevolence ;  he  died  ir 
1804. 

PARKHURST,  John,  a  learned  divine,  born 
in  1728.  He  died  at  Epsom,  in  1797,  leaving, 
anwng  other  works,  "  A  Hebrew  and  Englisl* 
Lexicon,"  and  "  A  Greek  and  English  Lexicon 
to  the  New  Testament." 

PARKINSON,  John,  an  eminent  English  bo- 
tanist, died  about  1645. 

PARMEGIANO,  «n  Italian  painter,  celebra- 
ted for  the  gracefulness  of  his  figures ;  he  died 
in  1.540. 

PARKMAN,  Ebenezer,  minister  of  West'oo- 
rouEjh,  Mass.,  and  author  of  some sernions ;  ho 
died  in  1782. 

PARMENIDES,  of  Elis,  a  Greek  philoso- 
pher, who  flourished  436  B.  C. 

PARMENIO,  one  of  .Alexander's  generals. 

PARMENTIER,  James,  a  Frenchman,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter,  died  in  1730. 

PARMENTIER,  Jean,  or  Jehan,  a  native  of 
Dieppe,  a  celebrated  merchant  and  navigator, 
died  in"  1530. 

PARNEIiL,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine  and 
ingenious  poet,  born  in  Dublin,  in  1679,  and  died 
in  1717.     He  wrote  "  The  Hermit." 

PARODI,  Dominico,  a  painter,  of  Genoa,  and 
an  eminent  statuary,  died  in  1740. 

PARR,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  who  lived 
in  the  reigns  of  ten  sovereigns ;  he  married  his 
second  wife  when  he  was  120  years  of  age,  had 
a  child  by  her,  and  died  in  1635,  aged  152. 

P.^RR,  Catherine,  the  last  queen  to  Henry 
VIII.,  whose  perfections,  though  a  widow,  at- 
tracted his  heart,  and  whose  prudence  preserved 
her  from  the  effects  of  his  cruelty  and  caprice, 
'^he  survived  the  king,  who  left  her  a  legacy  of 
1000/.  She  afterwards  married  sirThomasSey- 
mnur,  and  died  in  childbed,  in  1548. 

PARRH  ASIUS,  a  celebrated  painter.of  Ephe- 
SHS,  who  flourished  about  430  P.  C. 

PARRHASIUS,  James,  an  Italian  gramma- 
rian, who  taught  belles  lettres  and  rhetoric  at 
Milan  ;  he  was  born  in  1740. 

PARROCEL,  Joseph,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  died  in  1704. 

PARRY,  Richard,  an  English  divine  and  ati- 
tlior,  died  in  1780. 

PARRY,  Richard,  an  able  divine,  was  made 
bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  in  1604. 

PARSONS,  or  PERSONS,  Robert,  an  in- 
triguing English  Jesuit,  in  the  reign  of  queen 
Elizabeth  ;  he  sought  the  destruction  of  that 
princess,  and  the  subversion  of  the  protestant 
religion,  and  died  in  1610. 

PARSONS,  Dr.  James,  an  excellent  Enghsh 
physician  and  medical  writer,  born  in  1705,  and 
died  in  1770.  He  wrote  well  on  physic,  anato- 
my, natural  history,  antiquities,  languages,  and 
the  fine  arts. 

PARSONS,  WiUiam,an  English  comic  actor, 
of  the  highest  eminence,  who  trod  the  stage  45 
vears,  and  died  in  1705. 

PARSOxNS,  Moses,  a  useful  and  beloved  Bli- 
loiater,  of  Byfield,  Mass.,  di«d  in  1783. 


PARSONS,  Joiiatliaii,  an  eminent  American 
clergyman,  of  Massachiiswtsi,  died  in  1776. 

TAllSONS,  Samue)  Uolden,  an  eminent  law- 
yer, of  Connecticut,  and  a  majiir-gentMal  in  liic 
American  army  during  ilic  revolution  ;  lie  was 
drowned  near  Pittsburg,  in  1789. 

PAUSONS,  Theopliilu.s,  LJj.  D.,  a  native  of 
MaSsacliusetts,  was  born  in  1750.  After  leaving 
college,  he  devoted  liiniself  to  tlie  practice  of 
law,  and  soon  rose  to  the  iiigliest  eminence  in 
Ilia  profession.  He  was  appointed  chief  justice 
of  tlie  state  of  Massachusetts,  in  1H0(),  and  re- 
tained the  office  until  his  death,  in  1813 ;  during 
which  time,  he  performed  liis  official  duties  with 
an  ability,  fidelity,  and  integrity,  rarely  equal- 
led 

PARTHENAY,  Anne  de,  an  iIlustrion.«  lady, 
well  skilled  in  Greek  and  Roman  literature,  and 
an  ornament  to  the  court  of  the  dutchess  of  Fer- 
rara. 

PARTHENAY,  John  de,  lord  of  Soubise,  a 
heroic  leader  among  the  protestants  of  France ; 
died  in  loG6 

PARTHENAY,  Catherine  de,  daughter  and 
heiress  of  the  preceding,  died  in  Ifi'Jl. 

PARTRIDGE,  Ralph,  first  minister  at  Duxbo- 
rough,  Mass.,  died  in  1058. 

PAPv.TRIDGE,  William,  lieuienant-^governor 
Of  the  colony  of  New-Hampshire  ;  he  died  in 
1729. 

PARUTA,  Paul,  a  noble  Venetian,  called  the 
Cato  of  Venice,  died  in  1598.  He  wrote  several 
works. 

PAS,  Manassea  de,  marquis  de  Feuquierres, 
distinguished  for  his  valour  in  the  fiold,  was 
ambassador  to  Sweden  and  Germauy,  and  head 
of  the  French  army,  in  1635.     He  died  in  16(0. 

PAS,  Anthony  de,  marquis  of  Feuquierres,  a 
famous  French  otficer,  died  in  1711. 

PASCAL,  Blaise,  a  Frenchman,  highly  emi- 
nent as  a  mathematical  genius,  born  in  1623, 
and  died  in  1662.  He  wrote  the  "  Provincial 
Letters,"  published  in  1656,  which  have  been 
translated  into  several  languages. 

PASCHAL  I.,  St.  Paschasius,  a  Roman,  was 
elected  pope  in  817,  and  died  in  824. 

PASCHAL  n.,  Reinier,  a  Tuscan,  was  elect- 
ed pope  in  1099,  and  died  in  1118. 

PASCHIUS,  George,  professor  of  moral  phi- 
losophy at  Kiel,  and  an  author,  died  in  1707. 

PASOR,  George,  a  proteslant,  Greek  profes- 
sor at  Francker,  and  an  author ;  he  died  in  1637. 

PASOR,  Matthias,  son  of  George,  went  to 
England  and  delivered  lectures  on  the  Orien- 
tal languages  with  great  reputation.  He  died 
at  Groninjer,  in  16.58 

PASClUALlNO,adistinguishedItalian  paint- 
er, died  in  1700. 

PASaUlER  or  PAQUIER,  Stephen,  a  learn- 
ed French  lawyer  and  poet ;  he  wrote  against 
the  Jesuits,  and  died  in  1615. 

PA3SEMANT,  Claude  Simeon,  a  celebrated 
constructer  of  optical  and  mathematical  instru- 
ments; he  died  in  1769. 

PASSERAT,  John,  a  celebrated  professor  of 
eloquence,  in  the  royal  college  at  Paris,  and  one 
of  the  politest  writers  and  most  excellent  critics 
of  his  time ;  he  died  in  1602. 

PASSERI,  Giovanni  Battista,  a  painter,  and 
an  author,  died  at  Rome,  in  1679.  His  neplievv 
was  also  celebrated  as  a  portrait  painter,  and 
(lied  in  1714. 

PASSERI,  Gio.  Battista,  an  Italian  antiquary, 
and  an  author,  died  in  1760. 

PASSEROTTI,  Barilio!oni«w,  an  Bdoiired 
ItftliiiD^ainter,  died  in  159^. 


PA 

PASSINKLLI,  Lorenzo,  a  celebrated  pain- 
ter, of  Bologna,  died  in  1700. 

PASSION Kl,  Dominico,  an  Italian  cardinal,  a 
learned  man,  and  adistinguislied  patron  of  lite- 
rature, died  in  17G1. 

PATEL,  a  celebrated  French  painter,  who  is 
called  by  his  countrymen,  the  French  Claude. 

PATER,  Paul,  a  Hungarian,  was  an  able 
mathematical  professor  at  Thorn  and  Dantzic, 
and  died  in  1724. 

PATER,  John  Baptist,  a  painter,  of  Valen- 
ciennes, died  in  1736. 

PATERCULUS,  Caiua  Vellciua,  an  eminent 
Roman  hi:itorian,  lived  49  years,  and  died  in  the 
year  of  Rome  784,  having  left  a  "  History  of 
Greece  and  Rome,  from  168  B.  C.  to  A.  D.  8,' 
in  which  many  particulars  are  related  whicU 
are  not  found  elsewhere. 

PATERSON,  Samuel,  an  eminent  bibliogra- 
pher ;  he  wrote  several  works,  the  objects  of 
which,  were,  public  utility,  sound  policy,  and 
moral  admonition.    He  died  in  1802,  aged  74. 

PATIN,  Guy,  a  French  writer  of  much  wit 
and  learning,  and  professor  of  physic  in  the 
Royal  College  of  Paris.  His  "  Letters,"  pul)- 
lished  since  his  death,  have  made  his  name  fa- 
mous.    He  died  in  1672,  aged  70. 

PATIN,  Charles,  second  son  of  Guy  Patin, 
published  a  great  number  of  valuable  works, 
and  died  in  1693. 

PATKUL,  John  Reginald  dc,  a  Livonian  gen- 
tleman, who  resented  the  oppression  which  his 
country  suffered  from  the  Swedes.  He  was  base- 
ly seized,  and  put  to  death,  by  order  of  Charles 
XII.,  in  1707. 

PATRICK,  St.,  the  apostle  and  guardian  saint 
of  Ireland,  was,  as  is  siipposed,  a  native  of 
Wales,  or  of  Cornwall,  who  was  seized  by  pi- 
rates and  carried  to  Ireland,  where  he  converted 
the  inhabitants  to  Christianity ;  he  died  about 
460. 

PATRICK,  Peter,  a  native  of  Thessalonica, 
in  the  age  of  Justinian,  whom  he  served  as  am- 
bassador. 

PATRICK,  Samuel,  an  English  divine,  known 
for  his  edition  of  "  Hederic's  Greek  Le.vicon." 

PATRICK,  Simon,  a  very  learned  bishop  of 
Ely,  died  in  1707,  having  published  many  ser- 
mons, tracts  against  popery,  and  paraphrases 
and  commentaries  upon  the  Holy  Scriptures. 

PATRIX,  Peter,  a  French  poet,  favourite  of 
the  duke  of  Orleans.  He  wrote  some  licentious 
poems,  of  which  he  heartily  repented  before 
his  death,  which  happened  in  1672. 

PATRIZI,  Francis,  author  of  dialogues,  in 
Italian,  on  the  manner  of  studying  and  writing 
history  ;  he  died  in  1494. 

PARTRIZI,  Francis,  a  native  of  Istria,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy,  at  Ferrara,  Padua,  and 
Rome.  He  wrote  some  Italian  poems,  and  died 
in  1507. 

PATRU,  Oliver,  an  eminent  French  lawyer. 
He  introduced  correctness  and  purity  of  lan- 
guage into  pleadings,  wrote  several  works,  and 
died  in  1681,  aged  85. 

PATTEN,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  rector 
of  Childrey,  He  published  sermons  and  other 
religious  works,  and  died  in  1754. 

PATTERSON,  William,  a  member  of  the 
senate  of  the  United  States,  and  governor  of  the 
state  of  New-Jersey,  and  afterwards  a  judge  of 
the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States ;  he  died 
in  1806. 

PATTISON,  William,  an  English  poet  of 
genius,  died  of  want  aod  lite  smallpoi,  at  20 
J  years  of  age,  in  17St>. 

333 


PA 

I'ATLT,  Claude  Peter,  of  Paris,  author  of 
sninc  poems  and  dramatic  pieces  of  merit;  in; 
liitd  in  1757. 

PAUCTON,  Alexis,  a  French  matheiiialiciaii, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  weights  and  measures, 
and  of  other  works,  died  in  1791). 

PAUL,  .Mark,  or  MARCO  PAULO,  a  Vene- 
tian traveller,  into  China,  in  127a,  of  which  he 
published  an  account. 

PAUL,  St.,oriu'inallycalIed  S,\UL,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Tarsus,  in  Cilicia,  ajid  edncaied  amon^' 
the  Pharisees  of  Jerusalem,  under  the  care  oi' 
Gamaliel.  He  was  imprisoned  at  Rome,  aud 
put  to  death  by  Nero,  A.  D.  60. 

PAUL  I.,  pope  after  his  brother  Stephen  II., 
in  757 ;  he  died  10  years  after,  much  respected 
for  his  wisdom  and  learning. 

P.-VUL  II.,  Peter  Barbrt,  a  Venetian  noble, 
elected  pope  after  Pius  II.,  died  in  1471. 

P.\UL  III.,  Alexander  Faruese,  pope,  memo- 
rable for  refusing  to  divorce  Henry  VIII.  of 
England,  from  his  queen  Catherine  of  Arragon ; 
he  died  in  1549. 

PAUL  IV.,  John  Peter  Caraffa,  succeeded 
Marcellus  II.  on  the  papal  throne,  in  1555.  He 
was  very  haughty  and  cruel  toward  tiie  pro- 
testants,  and  died  unlatnentpd,  in  1559. 

PAUL  v.,  Camillus  Bor;;liese,  pope,  after 
Leo  XI.,  in  1005.  He  embellished  Rome  with 
sculpture,  aqueducts,  and  paintings,  and  died, 
greatly  respected,  in  1621. 

PAUL,  Petrowitz,  emperor  of  Russia,  son  of 
the  great  Catherine  and  Peter  III.  He  married 
for  his  second  wife  a  niece  of  the  kingofPrusKia. 
Before  he  came  to  the  throne,  he  visited  most 
of  the  nations  of  Europe,  to  obtain  such  inlbr- 
ination  as  would  be  advantageous  to  his  subjects. 
But  he  afterwards  grew  tyrannical,  and  banished 
a  great  number  of  persons  to  Siberia.  He  was 
assassinated  in  1801. 

PAUL,  a  celebrated  heresiarch,  of  Samosata, 
a  city  on  the  Euphrates.  He  was  bishop  of  .^n- 
tioch,  in  200 ;  but  avowing  his  belief  that  Jesus 
Christ  was  only  a  good  man,  endowed  with 
great  wisdom,  he  was  deposed  by  thi  Synod  of 
Antincli,  in  270. 

P.-VUL,  of  Tyre,  a  rhetorician,  who  went  as 
ambassador  from  his  country  to  Adrian,  A.  D. 
120. 

PAUL,  thesilentiary,  a  Greek  writer,  so  called 
from  the  office  he  held  in  the  palace  of  the  em- 
peror Justinian. 

PAUL,  of  Sancta  Maria,  a  Jew,  converted  to 
fjhristianity.  He  became  tutor  to  Jolm  II., 
king  of  Castile,  and  was  appointed  bishop  of 
Carthagena,  and  then  of  Burgos.  This  learned 
prelate  died  in  1445. 

PAUL,  deacon  of  Aquileia,  was  secretary  to 
Didier,  the  last  king  of  the  Lombards.  He  was 
afterwards  banished,  but  left  his  e.vile  for  the 
court  of  the  duke  of  Benevento.  He  wrote  some 
histories,  and  died  in  801. 

PAUL,  Father,  a  most  illustrious  person  and 
universal  sclmlar,  but  particularly  skilled  in  the 
canon  and  civil  law,  and  in  physic.  He  wrote 
many  political  and  anatomical  works ;  but  is 
principally  celebrated  for  his  "  History  of  the 
Council  of  Trent,"  the  rarest  piece  of  history 
the  world  ever  saw. 

PAUL,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Spain,  author  of 
"A  History  of  the  Spanish  Fathers,"  edited  at 
Antwerp,  in  1G15. 

P.^UL,  a  physician,  of  .lEpina,  in  the  7th  cen- 
tury, author  of  several  medical  works. 

PAULA,  St.,  a  Roman  lady  of  noble  birth, 
and  great  learning,  who  embraced  Christiaiiitv, 
334 


PA 

built  a  monastery  at  ISetlileiiem,  and  displayed 
all  tlie  virtues  ajid  niortitications  of  an  ascetic 
life ,  she  died  in  407. 

P.AULK'l",  William,  Marquis ot  Winchester, 
son  of  sir  John  I'aulet,  one  of  the  courtiers  of 
Henry  Vlll.,  and  of  his  tliree  successors.  Ha 
declared  that  he  retained  his  places  by  being  a 
willow,  and  not  an  oak ;  he  died  in  1572. 

PAULI,  Simon,  vvais  professor  of  medicine  at 
(yopunhagen,  and  physician  to  Christian  V., 
who  rewarded  his  services  by  mSking  him  a 
bishop.  He  wrote  several  books  on  his  profes- 
sn)n,  and  died  in  1080 

P.\ULIAiV,  .^ime  Henry,  a  learned  Jesuit,  of 
Nismes,  who  wrote  largely  on  philosophy  and 
physic ;  he  was  born  in  1722. 

P.\ULINU3,  St.,anativeof  Bourdeauit.  He 
married  a  Spanish  lady,  by  whom  he  was  per- 
suadod  to  embrace  Christianity.  He  afterwards 
Went  to  Italy,  where  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Nola,  and  died  in  431. 

PAULMIER  UE  GRENTEMESNIL,  Julian 
de,  a  Frenchman,  physician  to  Charles  IX., 
whom  he  restored  to  health.  He  v/as  a  very 
copious  autlior  in  the  line  of  his  profession,  and 
died  ill  1670. 

PAULMY^,  Mark  Anthony  Rene  de  Voyer, 
marquis  de,  distinguished  as  a  man  of  lettnrs, 
and  for  his  valuable  library.  He  was  raised  to 
the  dignity  of  minister  of  state,  and  was  the 
author  of  several  works ;  he  died  in  1787. 

PAULZE,  N.,  a  Frenchman  of  great  intelli- 
gence and  erudition,  made  farmer-general  of 
France.  He  formed  a  company  for  the  im- 
provement of  Guyenne.  He  was  imprisoned 
during  the  revolution,  and  guillotined  in  1794. 

PAUSAN1.\S,  an  ancient  Greek  writer,  who 
flourished  in  Cappadocia,  about  170  A.  D.,  and 
has  left  us  a  curious  "  Description  of  Greece." 

PAUSANIUS,  a  Lacedu-monian,  governor  of 
the  kingdom  during  his  uephew's  minority.  He 
made  a  secret  treaty  with  the  Persians,  and 
took  refuge  in  a  temple  to  escape  punishment ; 
but  his  mother  placed  the  first  stone  to  secure 
him  there,  so  that  he  was  starved  to  death,  474 
B.C. 

P.-VUSIAS,  a  painter,  of  Sicyon,  about352  B. 
C.  He  tirst  applied  colours  to  wood  and  ivory, 
by  means  of  tire. 

PAUTRE,  Anthony  le,  an  architect,  of  Paris, 
patronised  by  Lewis  XIV.  He  was  made  a 
member  of  the- academy  of  sculpture  in  lt)71, 
and  died  a  few  years  atier.  He  contributed  to 
the  embellishment  of  Paris. 

PAUTRE,  John,  a  relation  of  the  preceding, 
was  an  eminent  designer  and  engraver.  His 
works  appeared  in  three  vols.,  folio,  with  more 
than  1,000  engravings 

PAUVV,  N'.  de,  a  German,  author  of  "Re- 
cherches  sur  les  Americains,  les  Kgyptiennes, 
les  Chinoises,  et  les  Grecs  ;"  he  died  in  1799. 

PAUW,  Cornelius,  a  native  of  Utrecht,  emi- 
nent for  bis  learning. 

P.WILLON',  Stephen,  a  French  poet,  and 
advocate,  of  Paris,  who  received  a  pension  froia 
Lewis  XIV. ;  he  was  born  in  1652. 

PAVILLON,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  French 
ecclesiastic,  made  bishop  of  Alet,  by  cardinal 
Richelieu.  He  was  deposed,  aud  died  in  e.\ile, 
in  1677. 

P.'WNE,  Nevil,  a  dramatic  author,  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.  He  wrote  several  works, 
and  died  in  1675. 

PAYNE,  Roger,  an  English  book-binder,  of 
very  singular  habits.  His  workmanship  was  of 
so  superior  a  style,  that  lord  Spencer  gave  iiirn 


PE 

15  guineas  for  binding  a  volume.  He  always] 
worked  .-ilonc.    He  died  in  1797. 

I'AVB,  Renele,  a  Kiencli  poet,  w^ll  known 
at  court  by  Iiis  miscellanies ;  he  died  in  IW.'O. 

PA  VSON,  Phillip,  U.  v.,  minister  of  Chelsea, 
MiiHs.,  and  a  distinguished  classical  scholar ;  iie 
died  in  1801. 

PA/.ZI,  James,  a  banker,  of  Florence,  of  an 
Sllusiiious  family.  He  headed  the  faction  whi<:li 
opposed  the  Medicia,  and  conspired  to  seize 
ujuin  the  sovereign  power  of  Italy  ;  but  was  ta- 
ken and  suffered  death,  about  U'i8. 

PEACOCK,  Reginald,  an  Englishman,  made 
duke  of  Glouceal<;r.  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  and, 
afterwards  of  Chichester  ;  hut  denying  transub- 
stantiation,  he  was  banished,  and  his  books  pub- 
licly burnt ;  he  died  in  1486. 

PEAPB,  William,  a  dramatic  writer,  of  Eton, 
England,  who  wrote  "  Love  in  its  Ecstacy,"  in 
JC49. 

PEARCE,  Dr.  Zachary,  bishop  of  Rochester, 
author  of  several  works,  one  of  wbich  is  a  Com- 
mentary, with  notes,  on  the  four  Evangelists, 
and  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles  ;  he  died  in  1774, 
aged  84. 

PEARSON,  John,  an  English  prelate,  chap- 
lain to  lord  keeper  Finch,  and  to  lord  Goring. 
He  was  afterwards  made  master  of  Trinity  col- 
lege, and  i.s  particulaily  known  for  his  "  Eipo- 
sition  of  the  Creed  ;"  he  died  in  1086. 

PECHANTRE,  Nicolas  de,  a  French  poet. 
Who  three  times  obtained  the  laurel  at  the  aca- 
demy of  Floral  games,  and  acquired  great  po- 
pularity ;  he  died  in  1709. 

PECHLIN,  John  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Ley- 
den,  and  professor  of  medicine,  at  Kiel,  and  phy- 
sician to  the  duke  of  Holstein.  He  wrote  many 
works  on  bis  profession,  and  died  in  170f>. 

PECHMEJA,  John  de,  a  Frenchman,  profes- 
sor of  eloquence.  He  wrote  a  eulogium  on  Col- 
liert,  and  was  a  most  amiable  and  friendly  man. 
He  died  in  1785. 

PECK,  Francis,  an  eminent  English  anti- 
quary, biographer,  and  critic,  was  born  in  169~, 
and  died  in  1743.  He  wrote  several  books; 
among  whicli  are  the  lives  of  Milton  and  Crom- 
well. 

PECK  WELL,  Dr.  Henry,  a  very  eminent 
English  divine,  and  popular  preacher  among 
the  Calvinistic  m^tliodists,  was  born  in  1747, 
and  died  in  1787,  having  passed  an  active  Ufein 
the  exercise  and  promotion  of  charity. 

PECCiUET,  John,  a  physician,  born  at  Dieppe, 
distinguished  for  having  discovered  the  recepta- 
cle of  the  chyle ;  he  died  in  1674. 

PECCiUET,  Anthony,  a  French  writer,  grand 
master  of  the  water-works,  and  the  forests  of 
Rouen,  and  master  of  the  nulilary  school  there. 
He  wrote  several  works  on  law,  and  died  in 
1702. 

PEELE,  George,  an  English  poet  and  drama- 
tic writer,  who  flourished  hi  the  reign  of  queen 
Elizabeth,  and  died  about  1598. 

PEERE  WILLIAMS,  William,  an  English 
law  writer;  he  died  in  1736, 

PEGGE,  Sanmel,  a  learned  antiquary,  who 
published  several  works,  and  died  in  1800, 
aged  fi8. 

PEfRESC,  Nicholas  Claude  Fabri,  an  illus- 
trious antiquary,  and  patron  of  learned  men; 
he  died  in  1637,  aged  57. 

PELAGIUS,  the  heresiarch,  founder  of  the 
sect  of  Pelagians,  was  born  in  Britain,  in  the  5th 
century. 

PELAGIUS  I.,  a  native  of  Rome,  elected 
j*oj)e,  in  555.    He  wag  a  Moderate  and  piotis 


PE 

pontiff",  and  laboured  to  reform  the  habits  of  his 

clergy. 

PELAGIUS  II.,  a  Roman,  who  surccednd  on 
the  pajial  throne  after  Benedict  I.,  in  57b.  In 
his  time,  a  plague  raged  at  Kmne  of  so  fatal  a 
nature,  that  persons  seized  with  it  died  sneezing 
and  gaping. 

PELAGIUS,  an  illustrious  Spaniard,  related 
to  the  khig  of  the  Visigoths,  and  al'ierwards 
king  of  Leon  and  Asturias  ;  he  died  in  737. 

PELETIER,  Claude  de,  a  Parisian,  counsel- 
lor of  the  Chatelet,  and  of  the  parliament,  pre- 
sident of  the  chamber  of  requests,  piovosi  of 
the  merchants,  and  builder  of  the  quay  at  Paris, 
which  bears  his  name,  and,  finally,  counsellor  of 
state  ;  he  died  in  1711. 

PELL,  Dr.  John,  an  English  divine,  and  very 
eminent  mathematician ;  he  died  in  1685. 

PELLEGRIN,  Simon  Joseph,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic and  poet,  who  obtained,  in  1704,  the 
prize  of  the  French  academy  tor  his  poetical 
epistle  to  thf^  king ;  he  died  in  1745. 

PELLEGRINI,  Antonio,  a  native  of  Padua, 
celebrated  as  a  historical  painter;  he  died  in 
1741. 

PELLEGRINO,  or  PELLEGRIN,  Tibaldi, 
of  Bologna,  an  eminent  painter  and  architect, 
died  in  1591,  as;ed70. 

PELLEGIMNO,  of  Modena,  a  celebrated  Ita- 
lian painter,  bred  under  Raphael,  was  born  ia 
1511,  and  was  killed  in  an  affray. 

PELLERIN,  Joseph,  a  French  antiquary. 
His  cabinet  of  medals,  &c.,  was  purchased  by 
the  king  of  France.     He  died  in  1782,  aged  99. 

PELLETIER,  John  ie,  a  native  of  Rouen, 
learned  in  the  languages,  in  mathematics,  chy- 
mistry,  astronomy,  &;c.  He  wrote  the  li\es  of 
several  persons,  some  religious  works,  and  died 
in  1711. 

PELLETIER,  Gaspard,  physician  and  coun- 
sellor, at  Middleburg,  in  Zealand.  He  acquired 
reputation  in  his  prol'ession,  and  published  some 
works  on  botany  ;  he  died  in  1659. 

PELLETIER,  Bertrand,  distinguished  at  Pa- 
ris for  his  knowledge  of  chymistry  and  phar- 
macy, and  author  of  various  dissertations  in 
the  mejtioirs  of  the  French  academies,  and  of 
observations  on  arsenic  ;  he  died  in  1797. 

PELLETIER,  James,  a  French  physician, 
and  raedicai  and  mathematical  writer;  he  died 
in  1582,  aged  65 

PELLICAN,  Conrad,  a  native  of  Alsace,  who 
presided  over  the  convent  of  Basle,  but  after- 
wards embraced  the  tenets  of  Luther,  and  went 
to  Zurich,  where  he  taught  Hebrew.  He  died 
in  1556. 

PELLISON-FANTANIER,  Paul,  a  French 
writer,  was  born  in  1624,  and  died  in  1693.  His 
chief  works  are  "A  Commentary  upon  the  In- 
stitutes of  Justinian,"  and  a  "History  of  the 
French  academy,  from  iteestablishmentto  16.52." 

PELLOUTIER,  Simon,  a  protestant  divine, 
born  at  Leip.-Jic.  He  was  member  of  the  Berlin 
academy,  and  distinguished  as  an  active  pastor 
aiid  an  able  writer  ;  he  died  in  1757. 

PELOPIDAS,  a  celebrated  Theban  warrior, 
and  statesman,  the  friend  of  Epaminoudas; 
he  was  slain  in  battle,  364  B.  C. 

PEMBERTON,  Henry,  F  R.  S.,  an  English 
physician  of  eminence.  He  wrote  on  chymistry 
and  philosophy,  and  died  in  1771. 

PEMBERTON,  Ebenezer,  a  distinguished 
American  divine,  and  pastor  of  a  church  in 
Bi«  on  ;  he  died  in  1717. 

PEMBERTON,  Ebenezer,  D.  D.,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  in  the  tniniEtry  at  New-Yori 
33.S 


V£ 

and  afiwrwards  in  Boston ;  he  publi ^ticd  several 
sermons,  and  died  in  1777. 

PEMBERTON.Thomas,  a  dwtinguislied  Ame- 
rican liistorian,  borii  in  11-8,  and  died  in  ItiOT. 
He  devoted  liimsclf  to  the  history  of  his  country, 
and  wrote  15  liistorical  and  other  manuscript 
volumes,  which  now  belong  to  tlie  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society. 

PE.MBLE,  William,  an  English  divine,  who 
ranked  high  as  a  sciiolar,  dii^d  in  16-23. 

PEMP.ROKK,  Thomas,  an  exccllunt  English 
portrait  and  liistorical  painter,  dit^d  in  17:!0. 

PENDLETON,  Edmund,  an  eminent  lawyer 
and  statesman,  of  Virginia,  was  distingnishedl 
for  his  aupportof  the  riKlits  of  the  colonies,  audi 
lor  his  patriotism  durin;;  the  war  of  the  revolu-] 
lion.  He  was  a  member  of  congress,  in  1771,1 
and  afterwards  a  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals  I 
in  Virginia  ;  he  died  in  1803.  | 

PENHALLOVV,  Samuel,  of  New  Hampshire, 
author  of  a  "History  of  the  early  Indian  VVari 
of  New-England  ;"  he  died  in  17'26.  I 

PENN,  William,  a  distinguished  British  ad- 
miral, who  commanded  at  the  reduction  of  Ja- 
maica, in  lt)5.5,  and  was  knighted  by  Charles  H.,' 
for  his  services;  he  died  in  1670. 

PENN,  William,  a  distinguished  quaker, 
founder  and  legislator  of  the  colony  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, was  born  in  London,  in  1614.  At  the  age 
of  24,  he  became  a  preacher  among  the  qua 
kers.  In  1681,  Charles  II.,  granted  Mr.  Penn  and 
his  heirs,  by  letters  patent,  the  province  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  made  thein  absolute  proprietors 
and  governors  of  that  country.  He  died  in 
England,  in  1718. 

PENN,  Thomas,  son  of  William  Penn,  was 
born  in  1702.  For  nearly  fifty  years  after  the 
death  of  his  father,  he  took  an  active  and  influ- 
ential part  in  the  administration  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  was  distinguished  for  his  liberality  to 
the  literary,  charitable  and  religious  institutions 
of  that  colony.    He  died  in  London,  in  1775. 

PENN,  John,  a  luember  of  congress,  from 
North  Carolina,  in  1776,  and  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  declaration  oi'  Independence. 

PENNANT,  Thomas,  an  English  gentleman, 
of  eminent  knowledge  in  natural  history  and 
antiquities ;  he  wrote  a  number  of  valuable 
books,  and  died  in  1798,  aged  72. 

PENNI,  Giovanni  Francisco,  an  eminent  Ita- 
lian painter,  and  disciple  of  Raphael ;  he  died 
in  1523,  aged  40. 

PENNICUIK,  Alexander,  a  Scotch  physician, 
who  published  a  topographical  account  of 
Tweedale ;  he  died  in  1722. 

PENNINGTON,  lady,  wife  of  sir  Joseph, 
hart. — Family  misunderstandings  having  separ- 
ated her  from  her  children,  she  wrote  for  their 
use,  "  An  unfortunate  Mother's  advice  to  her 
absent  Daughters,"  a  work  of  great  merit;  she 
died  in  1733. 

PENNINGTON,  Isaac,  son  of  a  lord  mayor  of 
London,  was  converted  by  Fox,  and  became  a 
zealous  quaker.  As  a  writer  and  travelling 
minister,  he  was  active  in  spreading  the  tenets 
he  bad  embraced,  for  which  he  was  much  per- 
secuted ;  he  died  in  1679. 

PENNY,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  English  natu- 
ralist, who  travelled  over  England  and  other 
countries,  in  search  of  botanical  knowledge. 

PENROSE,  Thomas,  an  English  divine  and 
ingenious  poet,  died  in  1779,  aged  36. 

PENRUDDOCK,  John,  a  colonel  during  the 
civil  wars,  in  the  royal  service,  who  was  be- 
headed in  1055.    He  was  a  man  of  great  piety 
and  manv  virtues. 
"336 


PE 

PENRY,  John,  or  AP-HKNRY,  a  Brownist, 
educated  at  Oxford.  He  wrote  against  episco- 
pacy, under  the  name  of  Martin  Mar-Prelate. 
His  writings  were  considered  seditious,  and  he 
was  tried  and  executed  in  1593. 

PENS,  (Jeorge,  of  Nuremberg,  a  very  distin- 
gulshcd  painter  and  engraver,  m  the  16th  cen- 
turv. 

P"EPIN  the  Short,  son  of  Charles  Mattel,  the 
first  monarch  of  the -second  French  dynasty,  was 
elected  in  752.  He  was  a  heroic  and  firm  prince, 
and  di"d  in  768. 

PEPIN  the  Fat,  mayor  of  the  palace,  and 
governor  of  Austrasia,  Neustria,  and  Burgundy. 
He  was  a  man  of  wisdom  and  vigour,  and  died 
in  714. 

PEFPERELL,  sir  William,  a  native  of 
Maine,  and  lieutenant-general  in  the  British  ser 
vif.e ;  he  coinniarided  the  expedition  which  toolc 
Ljiiisburg,  and  died  in  1759. 

PEPUSCH,  Dr.  John  Christopher,  one  of  the 
greatest  theoretic  musicians  of  modern  times. 
lie  became,  so  early,  a  proficient  on  the  harpsi- 
chord, thai  at  the  age  of  14  he  was  sent  for  to 
court,  and  appointed  to  leach  the  prince,  father 
of  the  king  of  Prussia.  At  33  he  went  over  to 
England,  was  retained  at  Drury-lane,  and  assist- 
ed in  setting  the  operas  which  were  performed 
there.     He  died  in  1752. 

PEPYS,  Samuel,  a  learned  Englishman, 
known  as  the  indefatigable  secretary  of  the  ad- 
mirality,  in  the  reisns  of  Charles  II.,  and  his 
brother;  he  died  in  1703. 

PERANDA,  Santa,  a  native  of  Venice,  and 
an  eminent  historical  painter,  died  in  1738. 

PERAU,  Gabriel  Lewis  Calabre,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  of  the  Sorbonne,  who  wrote  "  Lives 
of  Illustrious  Frenchmen,"  and  edited  Bossuet's 
works,  &c.     He  died  in  1767. 

PERCEVAL,  Spencer,  son  of  the  earl  of 
Egmont,  was  born  in  1762.  He  was  educated  at 
Cambridire,  and  became  an  eminent  lawyer. 
."Vn  assassin  named  Beliingham,  shot  him  with  a 
pistol,  in  the  lobby  of  the  house  of  commons, 
in  1812. 

PERCIVAL,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, and  medical  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  born  in  1740,  and  died  in  1804,  and  left  be- 
hind him  an  excellent  moral  character. 

PERCY, William,  progenitor  of  the  illustrious 
house  of  that  name,  and  one  of  the  courtiers  of 
William  the  Conqueror.  His  descendants,  dis- 
tinguished by  their  zeal  in  the  cause  of  their 
sovereigns,  were  raised  in  1377,  to  the  rank  of 
earl  of  Northumberland,  by  Richard  II.  The 
most  celebrated  among  them  was,  Henry,  sur- 
nained  Hotspur,  who  was  at  last  defeated  at 
the  battleof  Shrewsbury,  in  1403. 

PERCY,  George,  succeeded  capt.  John  Smith, 
as  president  of  the  colony  of  Virginia,  in  1609, 
and  was  superseded  the  following  year. 

PERCY,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Dromore,  Ire~ 
land,  was  ed,;;ated  at  Oxford,  and  died  at  Dro- 
more, in  1811 :  he  was  author  of  several  works. 

PERDICCAS,  one  of  the  generals  and  suc- 
cessors of  Alexander ;  he  was  slain  in  his  tent, 
by  some  of  his  officers,  321  B.  C. 

PEREFIXE,  Hardouin  de  Beaumont  de, 
archbishop  of  Paris,  and  author  of  a  very  ex- 
cellent "  History  of  Henry  IV.  of  France ;" 
I  he  died  in  1670. 

I    PEUEIRA-GOMEZ,George,aneminent9pan- 
|ish  physician,  author  of  a  "Treatise  to  prove 
I  the  I5rute  Creation  to  be  mere  Machines." 
I     PEREIRA  DE   FIGUEIKEDO,  Anthony,   a 
IPortiigiiese  divinej  who  took  part  in  the  disjniie 


PE 

between  the  courts  of  Koine  and  Lisbon.     Hell 
wrote  a  Translation  oftlie  Bilile,  ui  23  vols.  8vo, 
and  other  works,  and  died  in  1797. 

PKKEZ,  Anthony,  a  Spanish  wiiler,  who 
publishp-'  "Letters,"  which  are  inter<^siing  and 
well  wriiten  ;  he  died  in  1598. 

PERGOLESI,  Jolin  Baptist,  a  celeliraied  mu- 
sician, composer  and  po(:t,  was  born  at  Naples, 
in  1704,  and  died  in  3737. 

PERIANDER,  a  tyrant  of  Corinth,  a  poli- 
tician and  warrior,  he  died  .WS  B.  (/. 

PERIANDER,  Giles,  nf  Krussels,  was  pro- 
fessor of  belles  lettrcs,  .at  Meutz,  and  an  author. 
He  flourished  about  1570. 

PERICLES,  acelebrated  Athenianstatesman, 
orator,  and  general.  He  prided  himself  that  he 
never  caused  any  citizen  to  go  into  mourning. 

PEUINGSKIOLL,  John,  profe,«sorof  antiqui- 
ties, at  Upsal,  andsecrctai  y  and  counsellor  to  t!ie 
king  of  Sweden.  He  wrote  on  history  and 
chronology,  &c.,  and  died  in  1720. 

PEKIZONIUS,  James,  a  learned  German, 
professor  of  eloquence,  history  and  Greek,  at 
Leyden.  He  published  various  works  in  Latin, 
on  history,  classical  literature  and  antiquities, 
and  died  in  1717. 

PERKINS,  William,  a;:trictCalrinist,  whose 
writings  drew  upon  him  the 'attacks  of  Arini- 
nius,  which  occasioned  the  calling  of  the  Synod 
at  Dordt,  for  the  settlement  of  tlieological  dis- 
putes;  he  died  in  IfiOS. 

PERKINS,  William,  remarkable  for  longevity, 
died  in  New-Hampshire,  in  1732,  aged  lli§. 

PERNETY,  James,  historiographer,  of  Ly- 
ons, and  member  of  the  academy  there.  He 
was  an  able  writer  on  history,  education,  &c., 
and  died  in  1777. 

PERNETY,  Anthony  Joseph,  a  Frenchman, 
librarian  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  author  nf  a 
Dictionary  of  Painting,  Sculpture,  and  Engrav 
ing,  and  some  other  works.  He  was  born  ii; 
1716. 

PEROUSE,  .lohn  Francis  Galoupde  la,  a  ce- 
lebrated French  circumnavigator,  was  lost  on 
his  return  from  a  voyage  round  the  world,  in 
1788. 

PERRAULT,  Claude,  physician  and  archi- 
tect ;  he  published  a  book  of  the  Five  Orders  of 
Architecture,  and  other  works,  and  died  in  1088. 
PER1AULT,  Charles,  brother  of  Claude,  a 
rulebrated  French  poet,  biographer,  and  iniscel- 
laneous  writer ;  he  died  in  1703,  aged  77. 

PERREIR,  Jean,  an  eminent  naturalist,  of 
France.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in  the 
pursuit  of  scientific  research,  and  died  at  New- 
York,  in  180.5. 

PERRIER,  Charles,  a  French  writer  of  lyric 
poems  ;  he  died  in  lfi92. 

PF.RRIER,  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  who,  from 
a  beggar,  became  a  most  eminent  painter  and 
engraver ;  he  died  at  Paris,  in  1650. 

PERRON,  James  Davy  du,  a  cardinal,  eini 
nent  for  great  parts  and  learning:  his  talents 
!vero  so  great,  that  none  durst  dispute  with  him. 
Hediedin  IfilS. 

PERR<'  >N,  Anquetil  du,  historiographer  to  the 
archives  of  foreign  relations  in  Paris;  very  ce- 
lebrated.    He  died  in  1805,  aged  73. 

PERRONET,  John  Rodolphus,  an  able  and 
celebrated  civil  engineer,  of  France,  member 
of  many  leaj-ned  societies,  and  afterwards  di- 
rector of  the  .school  of  engineers,  at  Paris.  He 
wrote  on  his  profession,  and  died  in  171)4. 

PERROT,  Nicholas,  archbishop  of  Siponto, 
and  author  of  a  commentary  ou  Martial ;  he 
>!iod  m  l-.'-'O. 

29 

Uu 


PLRROr,  Nicolas,  sienr  d'Ablancourt,  cele- 
brated for  his  excellent  translations  into  French 
of  the  Greek  and  Latin  cla.ssics.  He  died  ia 
1664,  aged  o8. 

PEKRUT,  Fir  John,  one  of  tlie  favourites  of 
Edward  VI.,  of  England,  was  made  knight  of 
the  Raih  at  his  coronation.  He  was  distinguish- 
ed as  a  naval  officer,  but  was  afterwards  con- 
demned lor  high  tieason,  and  respited  bvEiiza- 
bclli.     He  died  in  15?8.  '  " 

PERRY,  captain  John,  a  celebrated  English 
engineer,  patronised  by  czar  Peter,  of  Russia,  of 
which  country  he  wrote  the  history  ;  he  died  in 

FERRY,  Oliver  Hazard,  a  captain  in  tlir 
American  navy,  distinguished  by  an  important 
victory  which  he  gained  over  the  British  naval 
force  on  lake  Erie,  in  1813.  He  died  in  lft20. 
PERSEUS,  son  of  Philip,  of  Macedon,  was 
fe.Ued  by  Paulus  iEmilius,  his  kingdom  de- 
stroyed, and  liimself  taken  prisoner  to  Rome, 
1G8  B.  C.  ' 

PERSIUS,  Aulus  Flacciis,  an  ancient  Latin 
pof  t  and  Roman  knight,  who  wrote  satires  in 
the  reign  of  Nero  ;  he  died  A.  D.  62 

PFKTINAX,  Pnblius  Helvius,  from  an  in- 
structor of  youth,  became  a  soldier,  and  on  the 
death  of  Con-modus  in  195,  was  raised  to  the 
imperial  tlinii^o  of  Rome.  He  was  afterwards 
assassinat- <! 

PERU-;i.\0,  Pietro.  an  Italian  painter,  who 
succeeded  p.irticularly  in  the  elegant  expression 
of  his  female  figures ;  he  died  in  1.524. 

PKRUZZI,  Ealthasar,  an  Italian  painter,  who 
excelled  in  chiaro  obscuro ;  he  died  poor,  in 
1.556. 

PESELLI,  Pesello,  an  elegant  historical  paint- 
er, of  Florence  ;  he  died  in  1517,  aged  77. 

PESSELIER,  Charles  Stephen,  a  French 
financier,  of  great  industry  and  aliilities,  mem- 
ber of  many  learned  societies.  He  wrote  on 
taxation,  finances,  &c.,  and  died  in  1763. 

PETAVIUS,  Dionysius,  or  DENIS  PET  AN, 
a  French  Jesuit,  of  great  erudition,  and  an  au- 
thor :  he  died  in  1652,  aged  69. 

PETER,  chief  of  the  apostles,  was  son  of 
John,  and  brother  of  Andrew,  of  the  city  of 
Bethsaida.  He  was  a  bold  and  powerful  preach- 
er of  the  Gospel.  Nero  caused  him  to  be  cru- 
cified with  his  head  down,  A.  D.  66. 

PETER,  St.,  a  bishop  of  Alexandria,  and  a 
learned  and  pious  prelate.  He  suffered  martyr- 
dom, in  311. 

PETER  CHRYSOLOGUS,  SL,  archbishop 
of  Ravenna,  died  in  4.58. 

PETER  the  Hermit,  a  French  officer,  of 
Amieits,  who,  quitting  the  military  prol'ession, 
commenced  hermit  and  pilgrim.  He  travelled 
to  the  Hi.<ly  Land,  in  1093  ;  after  which,  he  re- 
ceived a  commission  from  pope  Urban  II.  to 
excite  all  Christian  princes  to  a  general  war 
against  the  Turks  and  Saracens.  The  lime  of 
his  deaih  was  about  1100. 

PETER  HI.,  king  of  A-ragon,  married  Con- 
stance, daughter  of  the  king  of  .Sicily,  and,  hav- 
ing formed  the  plan  of  seizing  thai  kingdom, 
against  the  pretensions  of  Charles  of  Anjou, 
he  caused  aU  the  French  in  that  island  to  be 
assassinated  at  the  same  time,  which  was  done 
on  Easter-day,  1282.  This  massacre  has  since 
been  called  the  Sicilii.n  Vespers. 

PETER  the  Cruel,  king  of  Castile,  succeeded 
his  father,  Alphonso  XL,  in  ].'t.50.  He  was  so 
wanton  and  cruel,  that  three  d.TVs  after  he  had 
ii.;uiii,i.  1  lanclie,  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Bour- 
bon, he  r'piidiated  her,  with  everv  mark  of  di.-t- 
3-37 


PB    

grace.  Another  of  his  queens  was  treated  with 
equal  indignity.  He  became  odious  to  his  sub- 
jects, and  was  killed  by  his  brother,  in  1309. 

PETER  the  Great,  ezar  of  Russia,  who  ci- 
vilized Ihat  nation,  and  raised  it  from  ignorance 
and  barbarism  to  politeness,  knowledge,  and 
power,  was  born  in  1672.  The  history  of  his 
life  and  reign  would  demand  a  volume,  and  is 
so  eventful,  as  to  defy  abridgment.  He  spared 
no  pains  nor  fatigues  to  obtain  knowledge  which 
he  thought  would  be  beneficial  to  his  subjects, 
and  was  emphatically  and  justly  called  the 
"  Father  of  his  Country."     He  died  in  1725. 

PETER  11 ,  emperor  of  Russia,  son  of  Alexis 
Petrowitz,  succeeded  the  empress  Catherine  at 
the  age  of  15.  He  banished  the  favourite  mi- 
nister, Menzikofr,  and  died  in  17:18,  aged  15. 

PETER  III.,  emperor  of  Russia,  ascended  the 
throne  in  1761.  His  attempts  to  reform  his  sub- 
jects proving  abortive,  he  was  dethroned  by  his 
queen,  Catherine  II.,  who  assumed  the  reins  of 
government.     He  died  in  1762. 

PETER  NOLASQUE,  a  native  of  Lan»ue- 
doc,  in  the  service  of  James,  king  of  Arragon. 
He  established  the  order  of  mercy,  whose  sole 
busine.ss  was  the  redemption  of  Christian  .slaves 
from  the  power  of  infidels.     He  died  in  1256. 

PETER  of  Sicily,  author,  in  the  8th  century, 
of  a  curious  and  interesting  history  of  the  Ma- 
nichees,  in  Greek  and  Latin,  in  16(14. 

PETER  of  Cluni,  or,  the  Venerable,  was 
a  man  of  great  learning,  who  granted  a  friendly 
asylum  to  the  unfortunate  Abelard,  in  1130.  He 
received  pope  Innocent  11.  at  his  abbey  with  be- 
coming magnificence. 

PETER,  an  ecclesiastic,  preceptor,  and  then 
secretary,  to  William  H.,  king  of  Sicily.  He 
was  invited  to  En^and  by  Henry  II.,  and  was 
made  archbishop  of  Bath,  and  then  of  London. 
He  died  in  1200. 

PETER,  the  wild  boy,  a  youth  found  in  the 
woods  in  Hanover,  in  1726,  and  carried  to  Eng- 
land by  the  order  of  queen  Caroline ;  but  no 
care  nor  pains  could  ever  make  him  articulate  a 
word  ;  he  died  in  1785. 

PETER  LOMBARD.  See  LOMBARD. 

PETER  MARTYR.  See  MARTYR. 

PETER  D'OSMA,  a  Spanish  ecclesiastic,  in 
the  15tli  century,  who  was,  perhaps,  the  fore- 
runner of  the  reformation,  as  he  wrote  and 
preached  against  the  infallibility  of  the  church 
of  Rome. 

PETERS,  Gerard,  of  Amsterdam,  a  distin- 
gtiished  landscape  painter,  in  the  16th  century. 

PETERS,  Bonaventure,  of  Antwerp,  a  paint- 
er, whose  marine  pieces  are  much  admired ;  he 
died  in  1652. 

PETERS,  Francis  Lucas,  an  eminent  land- 
scape painter,  born  at  Mechlin,  diedjin  1654. 

PETERS,  Hugh,  a  turbulent  Englishman, 
who  became  an  actor,  then  a  bishop  and  lectur- 
er, then  an  adulterer,  for  which  he  was  obliged 
to  flee  to  America;  but  returned  to  England, 
where,  for  his  violence  against  Charles  I.,  he 
was  hanged  and  quartered,  in  1660. 

PETERS,  Hugh,  an  English  Jesuit,  known  in 
liistory  as  the  friend  and  confessor  of  James  II., 
by  whose  advice  the  ruin  of  that  monarch  was 
hastened. 

PETERS,  Charles,  an  English  divine,  cele- 
brated for  his  theological  writinss,  died  in  1777. 
PETHION  DE  VILLENELTVE,  Jerome, 
mayor  of  Paris,  and  member  of  the  national 
convention.  He  was  a  violent  oppfjser  of  roy- 
alty, and  his  influence  haslrned  the  downfall 
0.'  Louis  XVI.  He  permitted  riot  and  murder 
338 


PE 

in  the  streets  of  Paris;  but  found  an  equal  and 
a  rivai  in  Robespierre,  who  finally  outlawed 
him,  and  set  a  price  on  his  head.  He  perished 
by  starvation,  in  1793. 

PETIS  DE  LA  CROIX,  Francis,  interpreter 
of  the  oriental  languages  to  Louis  XIV.,  born 
in  1654,  and  died  in  1713,  after  having  compiled 
several  useful  works  relating  to  oriental  history. 

PETIT,  John  Lewis,  a  celebrated  surgeon, 
born  in  Paris.  He  was  invited  to  vi.sit  the  king 
of  Poland,  and  afterwards  went  to  Spain  to  at- 
tend on  Ferdinand.  He  invented  some  valua- 
ble surgical  instruments,  and  wrote  on  surgery, 
and  died  in  1750. 

PETIT,  Peter,  of  France,  celebrated  for  his 
.mathematical  and  philosophical  writings;  be 
died  in  1667,  aged  69. 

PETIT,  Samuel,  an  eminent  French  scholar, 
and  professor  of  theology,  Greek,  and  Hebrew, 
at  Geneva.  He  wrote  on  classical  literature, 
and  died  in  1645. 

PETIT,  Anthony,  an  eminent  physician,  at 
Paris,  and  afterwards  at  Orleans.  He  was  a 
copious  and  learned  writer  on  several  parts  of 
his  profession,  and  died  in  1794. 

PETIT,  Peter,  a  learned  Frenchman,  born  at 
Paris,  was  the  author  of  various  works  of  great 
interest,  and  died  in  1687. 

PETITOT,  John,  an  eminent  painter  and 
chymist,  born  at  Geneva,  in  1607.  To  him  ia 
ascribed  the  invention  of  painting  in  enamel ; 
he  died  in  1691. 

PETIVER,  James,  F.  R.S.,  an  English  bota- 
nist. He  collected  a  museum,  for  which  sir 
Hans  Sloane  offered  iOOOl.  He  was  author  of 
several  works  on  botany,  and  died  in  1718. 

PETRARCH,  Francis,  an  Italian,  eminent 
for  great  parts  and  learning,  and  who  has  been 
called  the  father  of  modern  poetry.  AtVaucluse, 
near  Avignon,  in  1327,  he  commenced  an  amoui 
with  a  young  damsel  named  Laura,  who  lived 
in  the  neighbourhood,  and  whom  he  has  made 
famous  by  his  poetry.    He  died  in  1374. 

PETRE,  sir  William,  LL.  D.,  he  had  the  art 
to  continue  in  power  under  the  dissimilar  reigna 
of  Cromwell,  Henry  VIII.,  Edward  VI. .and  Ma- 
ry ;  and  under  Elizabeth  he  was  made  secreta- 
ry of  state.  He  was  a  man  of  great  talents,  and 
died  in  1574. 

PETRONIUS  M  AXIMUS,  a  Roman  senator, 
who  assassinated  Valentinian  HI.,  and  seized 
the  throne,  in  455. 

PETRONIUS  ARBITER,  Titus,  a  polite  wri- 
ter of  antiquity,  who  flourished  in  the  reign  of 
Nero.  He  was  bled  to  death  by  order  of  Nero, 
A.  D.  65. 

PETTL'S,  sir  John,  deputy  governor  of  the 
royal  mines,  and  member  of  parliament,  under 
Charles  TI.  He  wrote  on  mining,  and  on  histo 
rv,  and  died  in  1690. 

•  PETTY,  sir  William,  an  eminent  Englis^ 
physician,  but  chiefly  celebrated  for  his  know 
ledge  in  mathematics  and  mechanics,  and  foi 
bis  writings  upon  political  arithmetic ;  he  Aid 
in  1637,  aged  64. 

PETYT,  William,  a  native  of  Yorkshire 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  ancient  law,  oi 
which  he  wrote  several  works;  he  died  in  1707 

PEUCER,  Gaspard,  an  eminent  physician 
and  mathematician,  professor  of  medicine,  a" 
Wittemberg.  He  was  a  Lutheran,  and  married 
.Melancthon's  daughter.  His  opinions  caused  hl» 
imprisonment  for  10  years,  during  which  time, 
he  wrote  several  learned  works ;  he  died  in 
1602. 

PEUTEMAN,  Peter,  a  painter,  of  Rotterdam, 


PU 

who  being  in  an  anatomical  room  during  an 
cartliquake,  was  to  fri!,'Jited  at  the  motion  of 
tlie  skeletons,  tliat  he  died  in  1692. 

I'EUTINGER,  Conrad,  a  learned  German, 
secretary  of  the  senate  of  Augsburg,  and  an 
able  negotiator.  He  published  many  learned 
works,  and  died  in  1547. 

PEYER,  John  Conrad,  a  Gorman  physician, 
in  the  17th  century,  distinguislied  for  having 
first  given  an  account  of  the  intestine  glands. 

PEYRERE,  Isaac,  a  French  heretical  writer, 
born  in  1594,  and  died  in  1676.  He  believed  tiiat 
Adam  was  not  the  first  man. 

PEYUESC.    SeePEIRESC 

PEYROUSR.    See  PEROUSE. 

PEYSSONNEL,  Charles,  a  French  writer, 
who  went  secretary  of  an  embassy  to  Constan- 
tinople, and  was  afterwards  consul  at  Smyrna. 
He  was  a  philosopher  and  antiquary,  and  wrote 
several  learned  dissertations  ;  he  died  in  175" 
His  son  was  also  consul  at  Smynia,  and  a  man 
of  science,  and  general  information,  and  died  in 
J-'.tO. 

PEZAY,  Masson,  marquis  of,  he  instructed 
Lewis  XVI.,  in  military  exercises,  and  was  re- 
warded with  the  place  of  inspector-general  of 
the  coasts,  but  was  afterwards  disgraced,  and 
died  in  1778. 

PEZBNAS,  Esprit,  a  learned  Jesuit,  professor 
of  philosophy,  and  hydrography,  ai  Mareeilies 
He  died  in  1776. 

PEZRON,  Paul,  a  vety  learned  and  ingenious 
French  historian  and  antiquary,  born  in  1639 
and  died  in  1700. 

PFANNER,  Tobias,  called,  from  his  extensive 
knowledge,  the  living  Archives  of  the  bouse  of 
Saxony.     He  died  in  1717. 

PFEFFERCORN,  John,  a  famous  converted 
Jew,  who  had  nearly  persuaded  Maximilian  to 
burn  all  books  except  the  Bible.  He  wrote  on 
the  .Scriptures,  and  died  in  1520. 

PFEFFEL,  author  of  "  A  History  of  Genua 
ny,"  died  at  Paris,  in  1807,  aged  81. 

PFIEFFER,  Augustus,  a  learned  orientalist, 
professor  of  oriental  languages  at  Wittembevg, 
Leipsie,  and  other  places.  He  published  several 
able  works,  and  died  in  1698. 

PFEIFFER,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Lucerne,  and 
a  famous  general  in  the  ser*ice  of  Charles  IX 
of  France,  whose  life  he  once  preserved ;  he 
died  in  1594. 

PH.^DON,  a  native  of  Elis,  the  disciple  of 
Socrates,  and  founder  of  the  sect  called  Eleaii 
philosophers. 

PH^EDRUS,  an  ancient  Latin  author,  ad- 
mired for  the  elegance  of  his  language ;  be 
lived  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius. 

PHjEDRUS,  Thomas,  professor  of  eloquence 
at  Rome,  early  in  the  16th  century,  and  called 
the  Cicero  of  his  time. 

PHAER,  Thomas,  an  English  physician,  who 
published  various  medical  works,  chiefly  com 
piled  from  the  French.  He  also  translated  a 
part  of  the  jEneid  ;  he  died  in  1560. 

PHALARIS,  a  celebrated  tyrant  of  antiquity 
born  at  Crete ;  he  was  particularly  cruel  to- 
ward his  enemies.  He  was  put  to  death  by  his 
subjects,  in  his  brazen  bull  that  Perillus  made, 
and  in  which  he  was  the  first  to  suffer  death, 
563  B.  C. 

PHARAMOND,  was  first  king  of  France, 
and  institutor  of  the  Salique  law,  which  pre- 
vents women  from  inheriting  real  estate.  On 
this  law  is  founded  one  which  excludes  females 
from  inheriting  the  throne  of  France.  He  died 
in  428. 


FH 

PHARNACES,  son  of  Miihridaica,  king  of 
Pontus,  revolted  against  hid  father.  Casar  de- 
feated him  with  such  fatility  that  ho  wrote  to 
the  senate  only  the  following :  "  Veni,  vidi, 
vici." 

PHERECRATES,  a  Greek  comic  poet,  who 
flourished  about  330  B.  C. 

PHERECYDES,  a  philosopher,  of  Scyros, 
560  B.  C,  and  master  of  the  great  Pythagoras. 
There  was  another  of  the  same  name  456  B.  C., 
author  of  "  A  History  of  Athens." 

PHIDIAS,  the  most  famous  sculptor  of  anti- 
quity, an  Athenian,  and  coteniporary  of  the 
celf^lirated  Pericles :  he  died  in  43-2  B.  C. 

PHILANDER,  William,  a  Frenchman,  arch- 
deacon of  St.  Antoninus.  He  wrote  a  comnien- 
lary  on  Vilriiviiis,  and  another  on  Uuintillian; 
he  died  in  150.'). 

PHILELPHUS,  Francis,  a  learned  Italian,  au- 
thor of  several  works,  professor  of  eloquence 
at  Venice,  and  secretary  of  an  embassy  to  Con- 
stantinople. His  son  Marius  was  also  a  man 
of  learning,  and  died  in  1480, 

PHILEMON,  a  comic  poet,  of  Athens,  flour- 
ished 274  B.  C. ;  he  is  said  to  have  died  at  101 
years  of  age. 

PHILETUS,  a  Greek  poet  and  grammarian, 
of  Cos,  preceptor  to  Ptolemy  Philadclphus. 

PHILIDOR,  Andre  Danican,  the  most  skilful 
chess-player  perhaps  that  ever  was  known.  He 
was  also  an  excellent  musician,  and  produced 
many  French  dramatic  pieces  of  considerable 
merit.    He  died  in  1795,  aged  69. 

PHILIP,  St.,  a  native  of  Bethsaida,  was  the 
first  whom  Jesus  called  to  becorfie  his  disciple. 
He  was  a  fisherman,  and  left  a  family  at  home. 
Another  of  the  same  name,  who  was  a  deacon 
in  the  church,  converted  a  eunuch  of  Candace. 

PHILIP  II.,  king  of  Macedon,  and  father  of 
.Alexander  the  Great,  was  equally  renowned  as 
a  legislator,  politician,  and  warrior.  He  was 
assas,sinated  at  a  banquet,  by  Pausanias,  a  cap- 
tain of  guards,  336  B.  C. 

PHILIP  v.,  king  of  Macedon,  succeeded  to 
(lie  throne  220  B.  C.  His  jealousy  of  the  Ro- 
man [X)vver,  and  his  alliance  with  Hannibal 
proved  Ids  ruin.  His  dominions  were  invaded 
by  the  consul  Lffivinns,  and  he  was  conquered. 
He  put  to  death  his  eldest  son,  Demetiius,  and 
died  178  B.C. 

PHILIP,  Marcus  Julius,  an  Arabian,  who, 
from  the  rank  of  a  common  soldier,  ascended 
the  imperial  throne  of  Rome,  by  the  murder  of 
the  younger  Gordian,  in  344.  He  was  assassi- 
nated in  249. 

PHILIP  I.,  king  of  France,  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther, Henry  I.,  in  1060.  He  was  a  wicked  <ind 
ambitious  prince.  Dissatisfied  with  his  queen, 
Bertha,  he  carried  away  Bertrande,  wife  of  tlie 
count  of  Anjou,  and  married  her.  He  was  at 
war  with  England  and  the  Flemings,  and  was 
defeated  by  botli.    He  died  in  1108. 

PHILIP  II.,  surnamed  A\igustu8,  king  of 
France,  succeeded  his  father,  Lewis  VH.,in  1180. 
He  was  a  wise  and  politic  prince,  an  intrepid 
warrior,  an  enlightened  legislator,  and  an  im- 
partial judge.  In  conjunction  with  Richard  I., 
of  England,  he  made  a  crusade  to  the  Holy 
Land,  with  300,000  men,  but,  tliough  victorious, 
he  returned  with  little  glory.  He  afterwards 
invaded  England,  and  was  crowned  king,  at 
London,  but  the  nobles  throwing  off  their  aUe- 
giance,  he  retired,  and  died  in  1223. 

PHILIP  III.,  or  the  Hardy,  was  proclaimed 
king  of  France  in  1270,  while  in  Africa,  on  a 
crusade  with  his  father  Lewis  IK.  He  defeated 
339 


PH 


PH 


the  Saracens,  and  made  a  truce  with  Uieiu  forii  PHILIP  DE  DRKUX,  bishop  of  BeauvaU,  in 
10 years:  lie  died  in  1235.  IJFrance.     He  became  a  famous  general,  and 

PHILIP  I  v.,  or  the  Fair,  succeeded  his  father!  I  joining  the  crusades,  behaved  with  great  val- 
Philip  III.  He  engaged  in  a  long  and  bloody  ||our  at  the  siege  of  Acre.  He  afterwards  joined 
war  with  Edward  I.,  of  England,  the  emperorllPhilip  Augustus  against  the  Knglish,  and  died 
of  Germany,  and  the  count  of  Flanders,  at  the  Jin  1217. 

same  time.  In  a  battle  with  the  Flemings, '25,000l|  PHILIP,  duke  of  Swabia,  was  elected  em- 
of  his  enemies  wi:re  killed,  and  an  eijuestrianjiperor  of  Germany,  in  llilS.  He  was  a  prince  of 
statue  waserectedtollieiiioiiarch.intliecliurchiigreat  wisdom,  and  .strong  powers  of  mind; 
of  Notre  Dame,  in  honour  of  the  victory;  he  his  memory  is  still  respected  in  Germany.  He 
died  in  1314.  diediuliJOS. 

PHILIP  v.,  surnanicd  the  Ijong,   king  of  j|    PHILIP  thcBold,  son  of  John,kingof  France, 


France,  the  son  of  Pliilip  the  Fair,  succeeded 
to  the  throne  in  131(i.  He  made  war  against 
the  Flemings,  renewed  tlie  alliance  witli  Scot- 
land, and  banished  the  Jews  from  hi>i  kingdom, 
lie  permitted  greaf  cru(;Hies  against  lepers,  who 
were  either  put  to  death  or  coiiliued ;  lie  died 
in  1.531. 

PHILIP  DE  VALOIS,  first  king  of  Franco, 
of  the  collateral  brunch  of  the  Valois,  ascendedl 


and  duke  of  Burgundy,  was  a  brave  aiid  vir- 
tuous prince,  but  uiifortunaiely  so  profuse  in 
his  expenses,  that  his  body  was  seized  after 
death,  by  his  creditors,  and  it  was  with  dilficully 
his  dulchess  could  redeem  it.     He  died  in  1401. 

PH  ILI P  of  Orleans.    See  ORLEANS. 

PHILIP,  infant  of  Spain,  was  placed  in  pos- 
session of  the  dutchies  of  Parma  and  Placeiitia, 
and  after  having  signaUzed  himself  in  war,  he 


the  throne  in  i:!2H.    His  elevation  was  disputed  jidevoted  himself  to  the  prosperity  and  improve 
by  Edward  III.,  of  England,  and  a  terrible  wari,menl  of  his  subjects;   he  died,  universally  re- 


msued,  in  which,  at  tlie  celebrated  battle  of 
Crcssy,  the  French  lost  80,00U  men.  Ilichard 
proposed  to  decide  the  war  by  single  combat,  but 
i'iiilip  declined.    He  died  in  li'oO. 

PHILIP  I.,  son  of  the  emperor  Maximilian, 
and  Jane,  queen  of  Spain,  obtained  the  Spanish 
throne.  He  possi>ssed  but  moderate  abilities., 
and  died  in  1506,  aged  28. 

PHILIP  II.,  son  of  Charles  V.  and  Isabella 
of  Portugal,  was  made  king  of  Sicily  and  Na- 
jiles,  in  1554.  ,He  was  afterwards  made  king 
of  England,  by  marriage  witii  queen  Mary;  and 
two  years  after,  ascended  the  Spanish  tlirono, 
hy  the  abdication  of  liis  father.  He  made  war 
against  France  and  England,  and  was  unsuc- 
ci^ssful.  Though  a  man  of  great  abilities,  he 
was  superstitious  and  cruel  in  the  extreme ;  lie 
died  in  150H. 

PHILIP  HI.,  son  of  Philip  IT.  and  Anne  of 
Austria,  became  king  of  Spain  at  the  age  of  20. 
He  cruelly  banished  all  the  .Moors  from  his  king- 
dom, and  thus  deprived  himself  of  the  arts  and 
services  of  a  million  of  his  subjects.  At  the 
siege  of  Ostend,  he  lost  8;), 000  men,  and  the  place 
was  of  no  use  to  him  when  taken  ;  he  died  in 
lG-21. 

PHILIP  IV.,  son  of  Philip  III.  and  Margaret 
of  Austria,  became  king  of  Spain,  in  1621.  He 
lenewed  the  war  with  Holland,  and  also  de- 
clared war  against  France,  in  both  of  wiiich 
he  was  unsuccessful.  The  Portuguese  rebelled 
against  him,  and  after  many  bloody  attempts  to 
reduce  them,  he  acknowledged  tlwir  indepen- 
dence. This  weak  and  eScminate  monarch  died 
in  16fi5. 

PHILIP  v.,  duke  of  Anjou,  son  of  Lewis, 
the  dauphin  of  France,  and  Maria  Anne,  of 
Bavaria,  ascended  the  Spanish  throne,  in  1700. i 
His  elevation  was  opposed  by  the  archduke 
Charles  of  Austria,  in  which  England,  Holland,! 
Savoy,  Prussia,  and  Portugal  joined  liiin,  andi 
one  of  the  most  bloody  wars  on  record  ensued,! 
in  which  Prance  finally  joined  the  Spaniards. 
A  peace  was  signed  between  the  allied  powersi 
at  Utrecht,  in  1713.    He  died  in  1746. 

PHILIP  the  Good,  succeeded  to  the  throne 
of  Spain,  in  1410.  He  joined  the  English  against 
France,  but  afterwards  abandoned  them,  and 
joined  the  duke  de  Berri  of  France,  against  his 
brother  Lewis  XI.,  and  engaged  in  all  the  tu- 
rr.ultsof  war.  He  lost  the  title  of  Good,  by  burn- 
ing the  town  of  Dinan,  near  Liege,  and  putting  its 
inhabitants  to  the  swurd  ;  he  died  in  1467, 
340 


gretted,  in  1765. 

PHILIP,  governor  of  Jerusalem,  in  the  time 
of  Anriochus  Epiphanes,  behaved  with  great 
cruelty  to  the  Jew.s,  and  compelled  them  to 
change  their  religion.  He  was  put  to  death  by 
his  rival  Lysias. 

PHILIP  the  Solitary,  a  Greek  author,  about 
1105. 

PHILIP,  of  tjie  Holy  Trinity,  a  French  eccle 
siastic,  who  travelled  into  the  Levant,  Persia, 
and  India,  and  afterwards  visited  all  the  con- 
vents in  Europe  ;  he  died  in  1671. 

PHILIP,  an  Indian  sachem,  notorious  for  the 
bloody  wars  he  waged  with  the  early  settlers 
of  New-England,  which  had  »early  extermina- 
ted the  colonists.  He  was  killed  by  them  in 
1670,  and  his  forces  destroyed. 

PHILIPS,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Ickford ; 
he  wrote  the  Life  of  C'ardinal  Pole,  a  work  of 
great  celebrity,  in  v/hich  he  supports  the  princi- 
ples of  the  Romish  church,  and  thus  brought 
upon  himself  a  host  of  opponents.  He  died  at 
Liese,  in  1774. 

PHILIPS,  Fabian,  a  learned  English  anti- 
quary, who  was  a  zealous  supporter  of  C'harlea 
I.,  and  stronsly  protested  against  his  execution 
He  died  in  1690. 

PHILIPS,  Edward,  a  nephew  of  Milton, 
born  in  1630.  He  published  several  works,  one 
of  which  was  a  dictionary  entitled  "  A  New 
World  of  Words." 

PHILIPS,  Catherine,  an  English  lady  of 
great  wit  and  accomplishments,  chiefly  distin- 
guished for  her  skill  in  poetry ;  she  died  in  16C4, 
aged  33. 

PHILIPS,  John,  an  eminent  English  poet, 
died  in  1708. 

PHILIPS,  Ambrose,  an  English  pastoral  and 
dramatic  poet,  and  pohtical  writer,  died  in  1749, 
aged  78. 

PHILLIPS,  George,  was  the  first  minister  of 
Watertown,  Mass.,  and  died  in  ll)<)4. 

PHILLIPS,  Samuel,  a  clergyman,  at  Ando- 
ver,  Mass.,  wrote  some  sermons,  and  died  1771. 

PHILLIPS,  John,  LL.  I).,  a  native  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, distinguished  for  his  liberal  endow- 
meiit  of  an  academy  al  Andover,  and  another 
at  Exeter.  His  brother  Samuel  joined  him  in 
his  laudable  undertakings. 

PHILLIPS,  Samuel,  LL.  D.,  a  member  of 
congre.?s  in  1775,  and  afterwards  lieutenant-go- 
vernor of  Massachusetts;  he  died  in  1802.  He 
was  distinguiehed  for  Ids  patriotism,  iategriiy, 


I'll 


PI 


and  liberality  to  different  religious  and  literary  condemned  on  a  false  accusation  of  treaKon,  by 

Ill's  un^;rateful  I'cllow-citizens,  and  put  to  death, 
by  poison,  'MH  B.  C. 

PH(»C YLlDEtf,  a  Greek  poet,  ol"  Miletus, 


institutions. 

rHII.LII'S,Jolin,alawyer,  of  Massachusetts, 
was  president  of  the  senate  of  that  state,  and 
first  mayor  of  the  city  of  Boston.  He  died  in 
1«23. 

PHILO,  Jnda-us,  an  ancient  Greek  writer, 
on  moral  philosophy,  and  of  a  noble  family 
among  the  Jews,  flourished  at  .Alexandria  ih 
the  reign  of  Cali^iula.  He  was  twice  sent  by  the 
Jews  of  that  city  to  Rome,  to  plead  their  cause 
against  Apion,  and  on  his  second  mission  is 
said  to  have  become  a  Christian. 

PHILO,  a  urannnarian,  of  Byblos,  who  tran.s- 
lated'  Sanchoniaihou,  from  the  Phoenician  into 
Greek. 

PHILO,  an  architect,  of  Byzantium,  300  B.  C. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  treatise  on  military  ma- 
chines, &c. 

PHILOLAUS,  of  Cretona,  an  ancient  philo 
sopher  of  the  Pythagorean  school.  He  made 
the  heavens  his  principal  object  of  contempla- 
tion, and  is  generally  supposed  to  have  been  the 
author  of  that  system  which  Copernic\is  after 
wards  revived,  and  wiiich  is  now  known  to  be 
the  I  rue  system  of  astronomy. 

PHILOPCEMEN,  of  Megalopolis,  celebrated 
as  a  general  in  the  Achaian  league,  against  the 
Sripartiiiis  and  Aitolians.  He  was  poisoned  by 
Dinocrates,  183B.  C. 

PIlILOPOiVUS,  John,  an  Alexandrian,  au 
tlior  of  a  Commentary  on  the  Creation,  and 
head  of  the  tri-tlieists  in  the  7th  century. 

PlilLOSTORGlUS,  an  ancient  ecclesiastical 
liistorian,  who  fiourislied  in  Cappadocla  about 
the  year  420. 

PHILOSTRATUS,  Flavins,  an  ancient  Greek 
eophisj^^  and  critic,  who  wrote  the  Life  of  Apol- 
lonius  *ryaneus,  wliich  is  highly  celebrated. 
He  died  in  344. 

PHILOX"ENUS,  a  dithyrambic  poet,  at  the 
court  of  Dionysius,  of  Syracuse.  He  died  380 
B.  C. 

PHILPOT,  John,  a  native  of  Hampshire,  a 
warm  advocate  for  the  reformation,  was  made 
archdeacon  of  Winchester,  by  Edward  VI. ;  but 
in  the  next  reign,  was  convicted  of  heresy,  and] 
burnt  at  Smithtield,  in  1  j.i5. 

PFHNEHAS,  son  of  Eleazar,  was  commend-' 
ed  for  his  zeal  in  the  cause  of  God,  for  killing 
the  Israelite  and  tiie  Midianitish  woman,  who 
conmiitted  fornication  in  the  camp  of  Israel, 
14.55  B.  C. 

PHIPPS,  Cnnstantine  John,  lord  Mulgrave, 
an  eminent  English  circumnavigator  ;  he  died 
in  179-2,  aged  46. 

PHIPS,  sir  William,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Massachusetts,  was  born  of  obsciue  parents, 
in  lljrK),  and  died  in  1695.  He  was  knighted  for 
his  success  in  obtaining  a  large  properly  from  a 
.-Spanish  wreck,  which  laid  the  foundation  of 
liis  toriune. 

PIILEGON,  a  native  of  Tralles,  wrote  se- 
veral works  full  of  erudition.  He  was  the  em- 
peror .Adrian's  freedman. 

PHOCAS,  a  Chalcedonian  noble,  who  seized 
on  the  empire  of  the  East  by  the  murder  of  the 
emperor  Mauriceand  hischildren,  in  602.  He- 
raclius,  governor  of  Africa,  conspired  against 
him,  and  cut  off  his  head,  in  610. 
PHOCAS,  John,  a  monk  of  the  12th  centurv. 


peripatetic  philosopher,  of 


about  540  B.  C. 
PIIORMIO, 

Ephesns. 

PIIORMIO,  an  Athenian  general,  who  dis- 
played great  bravery  during  the  Pelopoimesian 
war.  He  sold  his  jiroperiy  to  supply  the  army 
but  refused  to  be  commander-in-cliief. 

PHOTINUS,  bishop  of  Sirmium,  was  depos- 
ed for  supporting  that  Christ  was  only  a  man ; 
lie  died  in  ;i76. 

PHOTIl.S,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  in  the 
9th  century,  and  the  greatest  man  of  the  age  in 
wliici)  he  lived.  Of  his  works,  the  most  consi- 
derable is  his  "  Blbliotlieca."    He  died  in  886. 

PHUA.vTES  lli.,  king  of  Partiiia,  was  mur 
dered  by  l)i>  two  sous,  36  B.  C. 

PHRAATES  IV.,  w?.s  raised  to  the  Parthian 
tliroiie  by  his  fath.i,  \\ .n  lii  lie  soon  murdered  ; 
but  lie  at  last  perishes  iiiniself  by  the  hand  of 
his  own  son. 

PHRANZA,  George,  a  Greek  author,  who 
v/rote  a  Chronicle  of  his  own  Times,  to  j46J. 
PHREAS,  or  FREAS,  John,  an  English  wri- 
ter of  the  14th  century. 

PHRYNE,  a  celebrated  courtezan,  of  Athens, 
the  mistress  of  Prexileles,  328  B.  C. 

PHRYMCUS,  a  Greek  orator,  of  Bithynia. 
under  Commodus. 

PHKYNIS,  a  musician,  of  Mitylene,  who  is 
said  to  have  added  two  strings  to  the  lyre,  438 
B.C. 

PI.4,  Philip  Nicholas,  an  eminent  chymist, 
and  chief  surgeon  of  tlie  hospital  at  Strasburg; 
he  died  in  1799. 

PIAZZI,  Jerome  Bartholomew,  a  historian 
of  the  "  Inquisition  in  Italy,"  of  which  court 
he  was  formerly  a  judge;  but  became  after- 
wards a  convert  to  the  church  of  England,  and 
dipd  at  Cambridge,  in  1745. 

PIAZETTA,John  Baptist,  a  celebrated  paint- 
er, of  Venice,  died  in  1754. 
PIBRAC.     See  FAUR. 
PICARD,  John,  a  French  ecclesiastic.     He 
acquired  celebrity  as  an  astronomer,  and  died 
ill  1683. 

PICART,  Bernard,  a  verj'  famous  French  en- 
graver ;  he  died  hi  1733,  aged  60. 

PICAR'r,  Michael,  professor  of  philosophy 
and  poetry,  at  Altorf,  died  in  11)20. 

PICCIM,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  musical  com- 
poser, of  Naples,  died  in  1800. 

PICCOLOMINI,  James,  an  Italian,  made  car- 
dinal by  Pius  II.,  was  author  of  a  history  of  his 
own  times,  and  died  in  1479. 

PICCOLOMINI,  Ale.vaiider,  an  Itaiian,  and 
archbishop  of  Patras,  the  author  of  drauiatic 
pieces,  &c.,  was  the  first  who  used  tlie  Italian 
language  in  philosophical  subjectb;  he  died  in 
1578. 

PICCOLOMINI,  Francis,  of  Uie  same  family, 
wrote  Conmientaries  on  Aristotle,  and  -iied  in 
1604. 

PICHEGRU,  Charles,  a  distinguislied  French 
general,  born  at  Arbois,  in  1761.  He  subjugated 
Holland  :  was  exiled  to  Cayenne,  whence  he 
escaped  to  England.  He  returned  to  Paris,  in 
1804,  where  he  was  imprisoned,  and  died  on 


born  in  Crete.     He  built  a  small  church  on]  the  6th  of  April. 

Mount  Carmel,  where  he  fixed  his  residence.  Ii     PICHON,  John,  a  French  Jesuit,  and  autlior, 

He  wrote  a  description  of  the  Holy  Land,  &c.  jldied  in  1751. 

PHOCION,  a  renowned  Athenian  general  and ;'     PICHOT,  Poter,  a  physician  of  eminence  at 
philosopher,  the  disciple  of  Plato.     He  was  ilBourdeaui,  in  the  16th  century. 

2^*  341 


PI 

PICHOU,  N.,  a  French  poet,  wa»  assassinated 
in  1631. 

PICKERING,  John,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  law- 
yer, of  New-Hampshire,  was  chief  judge  of 
tlie  supreme  court  of  that  state,  and  afterwards 
judge  of  the  district  court  of  the  United  States 
for  the  district  of  New-Hampshire:  he  died  in 
1805. 

PICTET,  Benedict,  a  native  of  Geneva,  and 
professor  of  divinity  there,  was  a  man  of  great 
abihty,  and  a  pious  and  vigilant  pastor ;  he  died 
in  172tj. 

PICUS.    See  MIRANDULA. 

PIDOU,  Francis,  lord  of  St.  Olon,  a  French- 
man, employed  as  ambassador  to  Madrid,  and 
otlier  courts ;  he  died  in  1T20. 

PIERCE,  Edward,  an  eminent  English  paint- 
er, in  the  reign  of  Charles  1.  and  11. ;  he  died  in 
1715. 

PIERCE,  James,  an  eminent  English  presby 
terian  divine ;  but,  in  consequence  of  l)is  be- 
coming an  Arian,  he  was  expelled  from  his  con- 
gregation, and  died  in  1730. 

riERINO,  or  PIRINO  DEL  VAGA,  a  cele 
brated  Italian  painter,  and  disciple  of  Raphael ; 
he  died  in  15^17,  aged  47. 

PIERIUS.     See  VALERIANUS. 

PlERaUIN,  John  was  40  years  minister  at 
Chatel,  in  the  diocess  of  Rheims,  wrote  several 
works,  and  died  in  1742. 

PIERSON,  Christopher,  a  celebrated  painter 
of  the  Hague,  died  in  1714. 

PIERSON,  Abraham,  a  pious  and  learned 
minister,  settled  about  1640  at  Southampton 
L.  I.,  and  afterwards  in  Connecticut. 

PIERSON,  Abraham,  a  distinguished  cler- 
pyman,  of  Connecticut,  and  tirst  president  of 
Yale  college,  died  at  Saybrook,  in  1707. 

PIETRO  DI  PETRI,  a  historical  painter,  of 
Rome,  died  in  1716. 

PIETRO  DE  LA  FRANCISCA,  a  Florentine 
painter  and  writer,  died  in  1473. 

PIGALLE,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent  sculp- 
tor, of  Paris,  died  in  1785. 

PIGANIOL  DE  LA  FORCE,  John  Aymar 
de,  a  French  geographer  of  some  eminence,  died 
in  1753. 

PIGHIUS,  Albert,  a  native  of  Kampen,  and 
author  of  controversial  works  against  the  re- 
formers, died  in  1542. 

PIGHIUS,  Stephen  Vinand,  a  very  learned 
German  annalist,  born  in  1520,  and  died  in  1604. 

PIGNONI,  Simon,  an  eminent  Florentine 
painter,  died  in  1612. 

PIGNORIUS,  Laurentius,  a  learned  Italian 
and  an  author,  died  in  1631. 

PIGRAY,  Peter,  an  eminent  surgeon,  em 
ployed  in  the  armies  of  Henry  IV.  and  Lewis 
XIII. ;  he  died  in  1613. 

PIKE,  Zebulon  Montgomery,  a  brigadier-ge 
neral  of  the  arnry  of  the  United  States,  was 
killed  at  York,  in  Upper  Canada,  in  an  attack 
upon  that  place,  in  1813. 

PILATE,  Pontius,  a  Roman  governor  of  Ju- 
dea,  under  whose  administration  our  blessed 
Saviour  suffered  death.  Pilate  was  removed 
from  his  government,  and  exiled  to  Gaul,  where 
lie  hanged  himself,  A.  D.  37. 

PIL.\TRE  DU  ROSIER,  Francis,  a  native 
of  Metz,  and  one  of  the  first  who  ascended  in  a 
balloon.  In  1785,  he  and  his  friend,  in  an  as 
cent  from  Boulogne,  were  killed,  by  falling  to  the 
earth  from  a  height  of  1500  feet. 

PILES,  Roger  de,  an  eminent  French  painter, 
and  biosrapher,  born  in  1635,  and  died  in  1709. 

riLICINGTON.  LKtitia,  an  Engh»h  wit  andj 
342 


PI 

poetess,  born  in  Dubhn,  in  1712,  and  died  iii 
1750. 

PILO.V,  Germain,  a  native  of  Maine,  known 
as  an  able  sculptor  and  architect,  died  in  1500. 

PILON,  Frederic,  an  Irishman,  who  studied 
medicine,  which  he  quitted  for  the  stage.  He 
afterwards  became  an  author,  and  died  in 
1788. 

PILPAY,  an  Indian  bramin,  gymnosophist, 
and  mora!  fabulist,  flourished  230  B.  C. 

P1N.(EUS,  Severinus,  an  eminent  sHrgeon,  of  Jl 

Paris,  and  author  of  a  \ery  curious  Latin  bonk.  S! 

He  died  in  1619,  aged  69. 

PINAS,  John,  an  eminent  painter,  of  Hnr- 
laem,  in  1696.  His  brother  James  also  acquired 
celebrity  as  a  painter. 

PIND.AR,  of  Thebes,  prince  of  lyric  poets, 
born  somewhat  above  500  years  B.  C.  The 
grandeur  of  his  poetry  and  his  deep  erudition, 
made  Plato  call  him  the  Wisest,  and  the  Divine ; 
jEscliylus,  the  Great ;  and  Atliena:us,  the  Most 
Sublime. 

PINEAU,  Gabriel  du,  of  Angers,  gained  great 
celebrity  at  Paris  as  a  lawyer,  by  his  genius  and 
eloquence.  He  was  so  universally  respected, 
that  he  acquired  the  appellation  of  Fatiier  of 
the  People.    He  died  in  1644. 

PINEDA,  John,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  who  taught 
theology  and  philosophy  in  several  colleiics, 
and  died  in  1037.  He  wrote  "  Commentaries  on 
Job,"  anil  a  History  of  the  Church. 

PINELLI,  John  Vincent,  an  Italian  noble- 
man, celebrated  for  liis  love  of  letters,  and  for 
the  immense  and  valuable  library  iliat  he  form- 
ed ;  he  died  in  liiOl,  aged  tiS. 

PINET,  Anthony  du,  a  native  of  Besancon, 
who  defended,  in  the  16th  century  the  protect- 
ant tenets,  which  he  embraced. 

PINET,  N.,amerchant,of  Paris, to wJlose  in- 
trigues was  imputed  the  scarcity  of  grain  in 
1789.    He  was  murdered  the  same  year. 

PINGERON,  I.  C,  a  native  of  Lyons,  and  an 
author,  died  in  1795. 

PINGRE,  Alexander  Guy,  librarian  of  St. 
Genevieve,  celebrated  as  a  philosopher  and  as- 
tronomer, was  the  author  of  various  works,  and 
died  in  1796. 

PINKNEY,  William,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguish- 
ed lawyer,  of  JIaryland,  was  born  in  1765.  He 
was  minister  of  the  United  States  to  the  court 
of  St.  James ;  attorney-general  of  the  United 
States ;  a  representative  in  Congress ;  minister 
to  St.  Petersburg,  and  to  Naples ;  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  senate  of  the  United  States  t'rom  Ma- 
ryland. In  all  the.se  offices,  he  acquitted  him- 
self with  distinguisiied  ability.    He  died  in  IBiS. 

PINON,  James,  of  Paris,  distinguished  at  tlie 
bar  for  his  eloquence  aud  integritv.  He  died  in 
1641. 

PINSON,  Richard,  a  native  of  Normandy,  in 
the  service  of  Caiton.  He  excelled  as  a  printer, 
and  printed  the  Magna  Charta,  and  other  books 
and  died  in  l.'iSO. 

PINTOR,  Peter,  a  Spaniard,  and  physician 
to  pope  Ale.'cander  VII.  He  was  an  able  writer, 
and  died  in  1503. 

PINTURICCIO,  Bernardino,  the  inventor,  in 
Italy,  of  a  new  way  of  painting,  in  the  15th  oen 
tury :  he  died  in  1513,  aged  50. 

PIPER,  Francis  le,  an  English  painter  of  emi- 
nence, died  in  1740. 

PIPER,  count,  counsellor  of  state  to  Charles 
XII.. of  Sweden,  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Russians,  at  the  battle  of  Pultowa,  and  died  in 
imprisonment,  in  1716. 

PIRANESI,  John  Baptist,  a  celebrated  arcki 


PI 


tect  and  engraver,  born  at  Venice,  about  1711, 
and  died  in  1778.  ^^     ^  . 

PrilOftf  ALU,  Paul,  a  Dominican,  of  Calabria, 
sent  missionary  to  tiie  East.  He  was  a  learned 
man,  and  died  in  1067. 

PIRON,  Alexis,  a  French  poet,  ana  very  keen 
satirist,  ffe  wrote  some  dramatic  pieces,  and 
died  in  1773,  aged  84. 

PISAN,  Thomas,  an  astrologer,  of  Bologna. 
It  is  said  lie  died  in  1380,  the  very  day  he  had 
foretold. 

PISAN,  Christina  de,  daughter  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  celebrated  for  her  beauty  and  wit ; 
she  wrote  "  A  History  of  Charles  V.,"  and  died 
in  1420. 

PISANI,  Victor,  a  Venetian  general ;  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  against  the  Genoese  and 
Dalmatians,  and  died  In  380. 

PISCATOR,  John  Fischer,  professor  of  the- 
ology, at  Strasburg,  was  the  author  of  vahiable 
Commentaries  on  the  Bible,  and  died  in  1540. 

PISISTRATUS,  an  Athenian  general,  who, 
though  he  seized  the  sovereign  power  of  his 
country,  respected  the  laws  and  privileges  of 
his  fellow-citizens,  and  died  528  B.  C. 

PISO  CNEIUS,  a  Roman  consul,  wns  ac- 
cused of  [wisoning  Germanicus,  upon  which  he 
destroyed  himself,  A.  D.  20. 

PISSELEU,  Anne  dc,  a  woman  of  great 
beauty,  born  in  Picardy,  wife  of  the  duke  of 
Etampes,  and  a  courtezan  to  Francis  I.  She 
•died  in  1576. 

PISTORiUS,  John,  a  lawyer,  of  Nidda,  who 
changed  his  profession  and  rcllgion,nnd  became 
counsellor  to  the  emperor  of  Germany.  He  died 
in  1608. 

PITAU,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Antwerp,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter  and  engraver,  died  in  1671. 

PITCAIRNE,  Dr.  Archibald,  a  physician  and 
poet,  born  at  Edinburgh,  in  1652,  and  died  in 
1713.  His  writings  are  chiefly  medical  and  ma- 
thematical. 

PITCAIRNE,  Dr.  William,  a  very  eminent 
English  physician,  president  of  the  college,  and 
F.  R.  S.     He  died  in  1791,  aged  80. 

PITHOU,orPlTHCEUS,aFrench  gentleman, 
of  eminence  in  the  republic  of  letters,  born  in 
1539,  and  died  in  1596.  He  published  several 
works,  and  was  the  first  who  made  the  world 
acquainted  with  the  "  Fables  of  Phsedrus." 

PITHOU,  Francis,  of  Troyes,  procureur-ge- 
ncral  of  the  chamber  of  justice  under  Henry  IV. 
He  was  a  learned  and  an  amiable  man,  and 
died  in  1621. 

PITISCUS,  Samuel,  a  learned  man,  bom  at 
Zutphen,  author  of  various  works,  died  in  1717. 

PITISCUS,  Bartholomew,  the  learned  author 
of  "Thesaurus  Mathematicus,"  died  in  1613. 

PITKIN,  William,  a  judge  and  chief  justice 
of  the  superior  court  of  the  colony  of  Connec- 
ticut ;  he  died  in  1723. 

PITKIN,  William,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
a  judge  and  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court 
of  Connecticut,  and  governor  of  that  colony. 
He  died  in  1709. 

PITOT,  Henry,  a  celebrated  French  mathe- 
matician, and  friend  of  the  great  Reaumur ;  he 
died  In  1771. 

PITS,  or  PITSEUS,  John,  an  English  bio- 
grapher, born  in  1.560,  and  died  in  1616. 

PITT,  Christopher,  an  elegant  English  poet, 
and  translator  of  "  Vida,"  and  "Virgil;"  was 
born  in  1699,  and  died  in  1748. 

PITT,  William,  earl  of  Chatham,  a  most 
illustrious  English  statesman,  son  of  Robert 
Pitt,  esi}.    He  was  born  in  1708,  and  died  in 


PL 

1778.  Of  lord  Chatham,  his  eloquence  was  one 
of  the  most  striking  characterislics,  the  iiiuaic 
and  majesty  of  his  voice  ;  the  persuasive  grace- 
fulness and  Irresistible  force  of  his  action  ;  and 
his  power  of  eye ;  all  carried  conviction  with 
his  argument. 

PITT,  William,  a  celebrated  statesman,  se- 
cond son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  In  1759. 
His  father  taught  him  to  argue  with  logical 
precision,  and  to  speak  with  eloquence  and 
force.  At  the  age  of  22,  he  accepted  the  office 
of  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  and  under  this 
administration,  the  American  war  was  con- 
cluded.   He  died  In  1806. 

PITTACUS,  a  native  of  Mitylene,  and  one 
of  the  seven  wise  men  of  Greece.  He  died  579 
B.  C. 

PIUS  I.,  St.,  succeeded  to  the  popedom  in 
142,  and  suft'ertd  martyrdom  in  157. 

PIUS  II.,  jTOneas  Sylvius  Piccolomini.  See 
7ENEAS  SYLVIUS. 

Plus  HI.,  Francis  Thndeschini,  succeeded 
Alexander  XI.  in  the  papal  chair,  in  1503,  and 
died  21  days  after. 

PIUS  IV.,  John  Angelo,  cardinal  de  Medicis, 
brother  to  the  marquis  deMarignan,  and  not  of 
the  Florence  family,  succeeded  to  the  popedom 
In  1559,  and  died  in  1565. 

PIUS  v.,  Michael  Ghisleri,  an  Italian,  of  the 
Dominican  order,  was  elected  pope  in  1566,  and 
died  in  1572.  Under  his  auspices  the  celebrated 
battle  of  I^epanto  waa  fought,  in  which  the  in- 
fidels were  dreadfully  defeated. 

PIUS  VI.,  John  Angelo  Braschi,  was  born  ia 
1717,  and  succeeded  Clement  XIV.,  as  pope,  in 
1775 ;  he  rendered  his  name  /"anions  by  draining 
the  Pontine  marshes.  Buonaparte  entere<l  his 
states,  and  made  him  purchase  a  peace  by  a 
contribution  of  several  millions.  He  entered  a 
second  time,  and  made  the  pope  a  prisoner  in. 
his  capital,  carried  him  over  the  Alps  to  Va- 
lence, where  he  died  in  1799,  of  excessive  fa- 
tigue. 

PIVATI,  John  Francis,  a  Venetian  lawyer, 
known  for  his  compila'ion  of  a  Dictionary  of 
the  Arts  and  Sciences,  10  vols.,  in  1746. 

PIX,  Mary,  a  dramatic  writer  of  no  mean  ta- 
lents, in  the  reign  of  William  III. 

PIZARRO,  Francis,  a  Spanish  general,  dis- 
coverer and  conqueror  of  Peru,  in  conjunction 
with  Diego  Almagro,  a  Spanish  navigator.  Al- 
magro,  for  revolting,  was  beheaded  by  Pizarro, 
who  was  assassinated  by  Almagro's  friends,  in 
1541. 

PIZZI,  Joachim,  a  Jesuit,  of  Rome,  posscjsrd 
genius  as  a  poet,  and  vigour  as  a  writer.  He 
died  in  1790. 

PLACCIUS,  Vincent,  an  able  German  philo- 
loger,  and  an  author,  died  in  1699. 

PLACE,  Francis,  an  eminent  English  painter 
and  engraver,  died  in  1728. 

PLACENTINUS,  Peter,  a  German  Domini- 
can, and  an  author,  died  in  1548. 

PLACETTE,  John  de  la,  a  French  protest- 
ant  minister,  who,  on  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes,  retired  to  Holland,  and  died  in 
1718. 

PLANTIN,  Christopher,  a  celebrated  printer, 
of  Antwerp,  who  carried  that  art  to  great  per- 
fection ;  he  died  in  1,'>98,  aged  65. 

PLANUDES,  Ma.>;imus,  a  monk,  of  Constan- 
tinople, of  the  4th  century  ;  he  wrote  a  curious 
Lifb  of  iTIsop. 

PLATER,  George,  a  delegate  to  congress, 
froni  Maryland,  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals, 
and  governor  of  that  state ;  he  died  in  17'Ji 
343 


PO 

PLATIN'A,  Bartboloincw  Sacchi,  a  learned 
Italuin,  aiiil  auMior  of  a  Distuiy  of  the  I'opes, 
from  Si.  Peler  to  Sextus  IV.  ;  he  died  in  1481, 
agod  (iO. 

I'L.^TO,  a  mostilliLSlriMus  philosopher  of  an- 
tiquity, died  at  Athens, ;i48  B.  C,  aged  81.  His 
writings  arc  very  valuable ;  his  language  beau- 
tiful and  correct ;  and  liis  philosophy  sublime. 

PLATOFF,  count,  lietman  of  the  Cossacks 
in  the  service  of  KusKia ;  lie  assisted  in  over- 
tuniiiigthe  seemingly  invincible  power  of  Buiv 
naparte ;  he  died,  venerable  in  years  and  in  ho- 
nours, in  1818.  • 

PLAUTUri,  Marcus  Accius,  a  comic  writer, 
ill  Italy.     He  died  about  1S4  B.  C. 

PLAYFAIR,  Jiihn,  D.  D.,  born  near  Dundee, 
tn  174(1,  was  professor  of  mathematics  at  Edin- 
burgh. He  wrote  on  several  subjects,  and  died 
ill  1819. 

PLAYFORD,  John,  bom  in  1013,  published 
an  "  Introduction  to  the  Skill  of  Music, ".which 
succeeded  so  well  as  lo  go  through  uiany  edi- 
tions.    He  di.'d  about  16il3. 

PLiEMPlUS,  Vopiscus  Fortunatus,  a  native 
of  Amsteid.iin,  and  professor  of  medicine  at 
Louvain  ;  he  died  in  1671. 

PLESSIS  RICHELIEU.     See  RICHELIEU. 

PLINY,  Caius  Secundus,  the  Elder,  one  of 
the  inosl  learned  of  the  ancient  Roman  wri- 
ters, born  at  Verona,  about  A.  D.  23.  He  was 
suflbcated  by  the  sulpliurous  smoke  of  Mount 
Vesuvius,  in  his  friend's  house  near  it,  A.  D.  79. 
He  left  a  "  Natural  History,"  in  37  books. 

PLINY,  Caecilius  Secundus,  the  Younger,  ne- 
phew of  the  preceding,  boin  A.  D.  62,  and  died  in 
113.  He  was  an  eijuneiit  lau'yer  and  an  elo- 
(juent  speaker.  He  attained  tlie  dignity  of  con- 
sul, under  Trajan,  whose  panegyric  he  pronoun- 
ted  in  the  senate. 

PLOT,  Dr.  Robert,  an  eminent  English  phi- 
losopher and  naturalist,  died  in  1096,  aged  55. 

PLOTINUS,  an  illustrious  Platonic  philoso- 
pher.    He  died  in  270,  aged  06. 

PLO\Vl)E\,  Edmund,  an  eminent  seijeant- 
at-lavv.     He  died  in  158-1,  aged  67. 

PLUCHE,  Antony,  a  French  writer  on  na- 
tural histoiy.  His  "Spectacle  de  la  Nature," 
is  known  to  all  the  world.  In  English  it  is 
called  "  Nature  Displayed."  He  died  in  1761, 
aged  93. 

PLUKENET,  Leonard,  a  well  known  Eng- 
lish botanist  and  author,  died  in  1705. 

PLUWIER,  Charles,  a  famous  French  bota- 
nist, employed  by  Lewis  XIV.  to  visit  the  West 
In<iies  in  search  of  curious  plants.  He  died  in 
1706. 

PLUGlUET,  Francis  Andrew,  a  native  of 
Bayeu.x,  and  professor  of  history  at  Paris.  He 
was  an  able  writer,  and  an  elegant  lecturer,  and 
dipd  in  17510. 

PLUTARCH,  a  great  philosopher  and  histo- 
rian of  antiquity,  was  born  in  Greece.  His 
works  have  been  divided  into  "  Lives"  and 
"Morals;"  and  treasures  of  learning,  wisdom, 
and  history  may  be  found  in  them.  He  died 
about  A.  D.  140- 

PLUVINEL,  Antony,  grrand  cliamberlain  to 
Henrv  IV.,  of  France,  and  his  ambassador  to 
Holla'nd  ;  he  died  in  16-20. 

POCAHONTAS,  an  Indian  princess,  celebra- 
ted in  the  annals  of  Virginia,  for  her  heroic  al- 
lacliment  to  the  colonists.  She  married  Mr. 
Rolfe,  an  English  gentleman,  and  from  them 
are  descended  some  of  the  most  respectable  fa- 
milies in  Virginia.  She  died  in  England,  in 
16I0.' 

344 


PC 

rOCOCK,  sir  George,  K.  B.,  a  gallant  Englinli 
ajimiral,  who  inmiortaiized  his  memory  by  th<i 
capture  of  the  Havana,  and  by  many  other 
iinporlaiil  services  ;  he  died  in  1792,  aged  86. 

POCUCKE,  Dr.  Edward,  a  most  learned  En- 
glish critic  and  commenlaior,  and  famous,  par- 
ticularly, for  his  great  skill  in  the  oriental  liui- 
guages ;  he  died  169),  aged  87. 

POCOCKE,  Dr.  Richard,  bishop  of  Sleath, 
in  Ireland,  and  celehiated  for  his  travels,  of 
which  he  published  an  account  in  a  Description 
of  the  East,  with  observations  on  Palestine.  He 
died  in  1765,  aged  61. 

POERSON,  Charles  Francis,  of  Paris,  an 
eminent  painter,  died  in  172.5. 

POGGIO  BRACCIOLINI,  John  Francis,  a 
Florentine,  of  great  pans  and  learning.  He  wrote 
"  Moral  Pieces,  Orations,  Letters,"  and  a  His- 
tory of  Florence.     He  died  in  1459,  aged  79. 

POILLY,  Francis,  a  French  engraver  of  great 
reputation,  died  in  1693. 

POINSINET,  Anthony  Alexander  Henry,  a 
French  dramatic  writer,  died  in  1769. 

POIRET,  Peter,  a  mystic  enthusiast, of  Metz, 
became  minister  of  Heidelberg,  and  died  in 
1719. 

POIRIER,  Germain,  a  native  of  Paris,  and  a 
Benedictine,  was  a  inerabe;-  of  the  national  in- 
stitute, and  died  in  1803. 

POIS,  Anthony  le,  professor  to  Charles  III., 
duke  of  Lorraine ;  he  was  well  skilled  in  anti 
quilies,  and  died  in  1578. 

POIS,  Nicolas  le,  brother  of  Anthony,  emi 
nent  as  a  physician,  and  tlie  author  of  valuable 
medical  tracts,  republished  in  1736. 

POISLE,  John,  a  counsellor  in  the  parlia- 
ment  of  Paris,  who  acquired  riches  by  his  bri- 
bery and  corruption,  which  procured  bis  disgrace 
in  1.582. 

POISSON,  Nicholas  Joseph,  a  French  priest, 
admired  for  his  eloquence ;  he  was  the  friend 
of  Descartes,  and  died  in  1710. 

POIS.SON,  Raymond,  son  of  a  mathemati- 
cian at  Paris,  was  one  of  the  first  comedians 
of  the  French  stage,  and  died  in  1690. 

POISSON,  Paul,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
eminent  also  as  a  comedian,  and  died  in  1735. 

POISSONNIER,  Peter  laa.ic,  a  French  phy 
sician,  who  acquired  such  reputation  as  a  medi 
cal  man,  that  he  was  sent  to  the  court  of  Russia 
He  died  in  1797. 

POITlERS,Dianade,dutchessof  Valentinois 
was  sole  mistress  of  Henry  II.  of  France,  and 
of  the  kingdom  for  many  years.  She  died  in 
1566. 

POIVRE,  N.,went  as  missionary  to  China. 
After  his  return,  he  was  employed  by  the  go- 
vernment, and  died  in  1786. 

POLAN,  Araaiid,  a  native  of  Silesia,  and 
professor  of  theology  at  Basil,  died  in  1610. 

POLE,  Reginald,  cardinal,  an  eminent  states- 
,man,  and  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  in  the 
reign  of  queen  Marv  ;  he  died  in  1558,  aged  St*. 

POLE.MBERG,  Conielius,  an  eminent  Dutcli 
painter,  died  in  1660. 

POLEMON,  a  Greek  philosopher,  the  disciple 
of  Xenocrates,  died  270  B.  C. 

POLENI,  John  Marquis,  of  Padua,  eminent 
as  a  professor  of  astronomy,  and  mathematics, 
died  in  1761. 

POLI,  Martin,  a  distinguished  professor  of 
chymistry  at  Rome,  died  in  1714. 

POLIDORO.  Da  Caravaggio,  an  eminent 
Italian  painter,  was  assassinated  by  his  gervaut, 
in  1543,  aged  48. 

POLIER,  Charles  Ic,  a  native  of  Lausanne, 


PO 

was  tutor  Mi  lord  Tyrone's  children,  and  died  in 
Ireland,  in  I1»i. 

POLIGNAC,  Melcliior  de,  a  great  statesman, 
of  France,  under  Louis  XIV.,  and  a  cardinal ; 
/ledied  in  1741,  aged  79. 

POLINIERK,  Peter,  a  native  of  Coulonce, 
Fcnown  as  a  mathematician,  philosopher  and 
chymjet,  was  the  first  who  read  lectures,  on  those 
scionces  at  Paris.     He  died  in  173-1. 

POLITI,  Alexander,  an  Italian,  professor  of 
eloquence  and  Greek,  at  Pisa,  Ire  died  in  17.W. 

POLITI ANO,  Angelo,  a  most  ingenious  and 
leailied  historian,  critic  and  jwet,  born  in  Tus- 
cany, in  1454,  and  died  in  1494. 

POLLIO,  Caius  Asinius,  a  celebrated  Roman, 
the  friend  of  Virgil  and  Horace,  died  A.  D.  4. 

POLLOCK,  Thomas,  an  eminent  citizen  of 
North-Carolina,  and  for  several  yc^ars  at  the 
head  of  the  colonial  administration  there  ;  he 
died  about  1722. 

POLLUX,  Julius,  an  Egyptian,  in  the  reign 
of  Commodus,  and  the  autiior  of  "  A  Greek 
Vocabulary." 

POLY.(ENUS,a  Macedonian,  author  of"  Stra- 
Jagems  of  illustrious  Commanders  in  War." 
died  in  164. 

POLYBIUS,  an  ancient  Greek  universal 
historian,  born  in  Arcadia,  about  200  B.  C.  He 
died  at  82  years  of  age. 

POLYCARP,  bishop  of  Smyrna,  at  the  end 
of  the  1st  century,  a  disciple  of  St.  John  the 
Evangelist.  He  was  burnt  at  Smyrna,  A.  D. 
167. 

POLYCLETUS,  a  sculptor,  born  at  Sicyon. 
He  flourished  about  230  B.  C. 

POLYDORE.     See  VIRGIL. 

POLYGNOTUS,  a  celebrated  Greek  paint- 
er, of  Rhodes. 

POLYHtSTOR,or  ALEXANDER  CORNE- 
LIUS, author  of  a  "  Universal  History,"  flou- 
fi.shcd  about  80  B.C. 

POMBAL,  Sebastian  Joseph  Carvalho,  mar- 
quis de,  a  famous  Portuguese  minister  of  state; 
»ie  died  in  1782,  aged  85. 

POMET,  Peter,  a  druggist,  of  Paris,  known 
to  the  world  as  the  author  of  a  "  General  His 
tory  of  Drugs;"  he  died  in  1699,  aged  41. 

POMEY,  Francis,  a  Jesuit,  of  Lyons,  author  of 
"A  French  and  Latin  Dictionary,"  and  other 
works  ;  he  died  in  1673. 


POaiFRET,  John,  an  English  divine,  and  a||1745 


PO 

PONA,  John  Baptist,  an  Italiiin,  and  the  au- 
thor of  several  works,  died  in  I5W. 

PONA,  Francis,  a  physician,  of  Verona,  and 
an  author,  died  in  1C52. 

PONIATOWSKI.  See  STANISLAUS  AU- 
GUSTUS. 

PONS,  John  Francis  de,  a  French  ecclesiastic, 
of  an  illustrious  family,  was  a  learned  author, 
and  died  in  1732. 

PONT,  Lewis  du,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  whose 
meditations  have  been  publislied.  He  died  in 
1624. 

PONT  DE  VESLE,  Antony  de  Ferriol,  count 
de,  a  comic  writer,  was  made  intendant-general 
of  Marine,  and  died  in  1774. 

PONTANUS,  John  Jovian,  a  learned  Italian, 
was  preceptor  and  secretary  to  Alphonso  of 
Arragon,  and  died  in  1503. 

PONTANUS,or  DUPONT,Peter,  agramma- 
rian,  of  Bruges,  though  deprived  of  siglit  at  tlie 
age  of  3,  he  acquired  great  reputation  as  a 
teacher  of  belles  lettres,  at  Paris,  where  he  died 
in  the  Ifilh  century. 

PONTANUS,  James,  a  Bohemian  Jesuit,  who 
taught  belles  lettres  in  Germany  with  great  repu- 
tation, and  died  in  1626. 

PONTANUS,  John  Isaac,  historiographer  to 
the  king  of  Denmark,  was  tlie  author  of  various 
works,  and  died  in  1640. 

PONTAS,  John,  a  learned  French  ecclesias- 
tic, and  author,  died  in  1728. 

PONTCHASTEAU,  Sebastian  Joseph  .de 
Cambout,  baron  de,  a  French  author,  nearly  al- 
lied to  Richelieu.  His  acts  ot  charity  and  de- 
votion were  singular.     He  died  in  1699. 

PONTEDERA,  Julian,  pi<r)fessor  of  botany  at 
Padua,  and  author  of  various  works,  died  itl 
1757. 

PONTHIEU,  Adelaide,  a  French  lady,  whose 
adventures  during  the  crusades  under  St.  Louis, 
have  furnished  a  subject  for  a  romance,  a  trage- 
dy and  an  opera. 

'PONTOPPIDAN,  Erica  Danish  divine,  who 
became  bishop  of  Bergen,  in  Norway,  died  in 
1750. 

PONTORMO,  James,  a  Florentine  painter  of 
eminence,  died  in  1556. 

POOL,  Rachel  Van,  a  Dutch  female  painferof 
eminence,  died  in  1750.  Her  husband,  Julian 
Pool,  was  also  eminent  in  portraits,  and  died  in 


poet  of  considerable  merit ;   he   died  in  1703 
aged  36. 

POMPADOUR,  Jane  Antoinette  Poisson, 
marchioness  of,  a  beloved  mistress  of  Louis  XV. 
She  died  in  1704,  aged  44. 

POMPEY,  Cneius  the  Great,  the  renowned 
rival  of  Julius  Coesar.  Being  defeated  by  him, 
at  the  battle  of  Pharsniia,  he  fled  to  Egypt, 
where  he  was  basely  assassinated  48  B.  C. 

POMPIGNAN,  John  James  le  Franc,  mar- 
f?uis  of,  a  French  poet,  little  inferior  to  Racine. 
He  pronounced  a  discourse  in  favour  of  Christ- 
ianity, before  the  French  academy,  in  1760, 
which  drew  upon  him  the  ridicule  of  his  associ- 
ates.    He  died  in  1784,  highlv  esteemed. 

POMPIGNAN,  Jonn  George  le  Franc  de,  a 
learned  French  prelate,  and  brother  of  the  pre-: 
ceding.  Hewrote  various  works,  and  died  in '790. 

PAMPONATIUS,  Peter,  an  eminent  philo-' 
Jopher,  born  at  Mantua,  in  1462,  and  died  in 
i52o.  He  was  almost  a  dwarf,  yet  possessed  an' 
txalted  genius.  1 

POAIPON1US.    See  MELA.  I 

POMPONIUS  L/ETUS,  Julins,  a  learned  phi-l 
V»?ophpr.  born  ir.  .•!25,  and  died  in  149*.  | 

Xx 


POOLE,  Matthew,  an  English  non-conformist 
minister,  and  celebrated  critic  and  casuist,  died 
in  1679,  aged  55.  He  was  auttior  of  several 
useful  works. 

POPE,  sir  Thomas,  an  English  statesman  un- 
der Henry  VIII.,  and  Mary;  memorable  as  the 
founder  ol  Trinity  College,  Oxford  ;  he  died  in 
1258,  aged  .50. 

POPE,  Alexander,  a  celebrated  English  poet 
and  epistolary  writer,  born  in  1688,  and  died  in 
1744. 

POPHAM,  sir  Home  Riggs,  a  distinguished 
English  naval  ofiicer;  he  died  in  1820. 

POPHAM,  sir  John,  an  eminent  English  judge, 
was  born  in  1531 ;  made  chief  justice  of  the 
King's  Bench,  in  1592 ;  published  "  Reports"  and 
"  Cases"  in  the  reign  of  Elizabetli,  and  died  in 
1007. 

POPPLE,  William,  an  English  dramatic  wri- 
ter, died  in  17G4. 

PORDAGE,  John,  an  English  enthusiast, dur 
ing  the  civil  wars,  died  in  1670. 

PORDENONE,  John  Anthony  Licinio,  a 
celebrated  Italian  painter,  and  rival  of  the  great 
Titian,  died  in  1540.  His  nephew,  called  the 
345 


PO 


younger  PordeiioiiL',  was  also  iiiiiiaL.jR  m  liinan, 
and  died  in  1570. 

POREK,  Cliarles,  a  Fiencli  jpsflit,  and  very 
great  goniijs,  bora  in  1673,  and  diud  in  1741 
He  was  eloquent ;  a  l)eai!tit"ul  poiU;  and  liad  a 
peculiar  faculty  of  inspiring  liis  pupils  witli  the 
love  of  learning  and  virtue,  lie  wrote  several 
orations,  comedies  and  tra;;edies,  in  Latin. 

PORPIiyRY,  of  I'yre,  a  Platonic  pliilosoplier, 
of  great  fame  among  ilie  ancients,  born  at  Tyre, 
A.  1).  23;j,  and  died  at  Rome,  in  304. 

PORSENNA,  king  of  Etruria,  famous  for  his 
siege  of  Rome,  in  order  to  restore  the  exiled 
king  Tariiuin  the  Proud  ;  he  died  500  B.  C 

PORSON,  Richard,  professor  of  the  Greek 
lansuage,  in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  was 
born  in  1759;  had  the  reputation  of  being  the 
best  Greek  scholar  in  England ;  yet  his  learning 
scarcely  produced  him  a  living.  He  died  in 
1608. 

PORTA,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Castel-Nuovo, 
celebrated  as  a  painter,  died  in  1585. 

PORTA,  John  Baptist,  a  Neapolitan,  of  great 
learning,  who  invented  the  camera  obsoura 
He  wrote  several  works,  a.td  died  in  1515. 

PORTA,  Simon,  or  FORTIUS,  a  Neapolitan, 
distinguished  for  his  learning,  was  professor  of 
philo^-rjphy  at  Pisa,  and  died  in  15.54. 

PORTE,  Joseph  de  la,  a  French  author  of  va- 
rious works,  died  in  1779. 

PORTE,  Peter  de  la,  a  domestic  in  the  ser 
vice  of  Louis  XIV.  He  was  concerned  in  the 
court  intrigues,  sent  to  the  bastile,  and  died  in 
1630. 

PORTER,  Francis,  an  Irishman,  educated  in 
France,  afterwards  divinity  professor  at  Rome, 
and  author  of  several  works,  died  in  1702. 

PORTER,  John,  a  clergfyman,  of  Bridgewa- 
ter,  Mass.,  and  author  of  sermons;  he  died  in 
1802. 

FORTES,  Phihp  des,  a  French  poet,  who  was 
liberally  rewarded  by  the  monarohs  of  France 
for  his  poetical  works.  He  was  an  eminent 
friend  of  learned  men,  and  di:'d  in  lt)06. 

FORTEUS,  Dr.  Beilby,  bishop  of  London, 
was  born  in  1731,  and  died  in  1809.  His  single 
sermons  and  charges  are  numerous,  and  his 
"  Lectures,"  at  St.  James'  church,  are  well 
known. 

PORTUS,  Francis,  a  native  of  Candia,  edii- 
f  ited  at  the  court  of  Hercules  11.,  of  Ferrara. 
He  taught  the  Greek  language,  embraced  the 
protestant  faith,  and  dii^d  In  1581.  His  son, 
^inilius,  was  also  an  able  Greek  scholar. 

PQRUS,  a  renowned  king  of  India,  con- 
rjuered  by  .'\lexander  the  Great,  who  was  so 
charmed  by  his  undaunted  valour  and  fortitude, 
I  liat  he  restored  him  his  dominions,  and  became 
his  ally. 

POSIDIPPUS,  a  comic  poet,  of  Cassandra, 
nourished  about  530  B.  C. 

POSIDONIUS,  an  astronomer,  of  Alexandria, 
lived  in  the  age  of  Fompey.  Another,  a  stoic 
philosopher,  of  Rhodes,  lived  30  B.  C. 

POSSEVIN,  Antony,  a  Jesuit,  of  Mantua, 
was  distinguished  as  a  preacher,  and  employed 
bv  the  pope  in  embassies  to  different  courts ;  he 
di.^d  in  1611. 

POST,  Franeis,  an  eminent  painter,  of  Haer- 
lem.  died  in  1680. 

POSTEL,  William,  a  French  visionary,  sent 
to  the  East  by  Francis  I.,  to  collect  MSS.  He 
was  afterwards  professor  royal  of  mathematics, 
and  died  in  a  monastery,  in  1581. 

POSTHUMUS,  Mar.  Cass.  Latienus,  a  Ro- 
man general,  was  made  emperor,  in  261,  but 
346 


,  PO 

was  murdered,  toj^ether  with  liis  son,  by  his  re- 
bellions soldiera,  in  267. 

POSTLETHWAYTE,  Malachi,  author  of  a 
much  esteemed  Commercial  Dictionary,  died  in 
1767. 

POTAMON,  a  philosopher,  of  Alexandria,  In 
the  age  of  Augustus. 

POTE,  Joseph,  a  respectable  printer  and  book- 
seller, at  Eton,  and  editor  of  several  learned 
and  valuable  works;  he  died  in  1787. 

POTEMKIN,  Gregory  Alexander,  a  Russian 
prince,  descended  from  a  Polish  family.  He 
was  the  favourite  of  the  empress  Catherine, 
and  h(tr  war  minister,  and  died  in  1791. 

POTENGER,  John,  an  English  poet,  and 
mUcellanepns  writer,  died  in  1733,  aged  86. 

POTER,  Paul,  an  eminent  Dutch  painter, 
died  in  1654. 

POTT,  John  Henry,  a  learned  German  chy 
mist,  author  of  several  works  published  in  1739 
and  1741. 

POTT,  John,  a  physician,  was  at  the  head  of 
the  administration  of  Virginia,  in  1628,  during 
the  absence  of  the  governor  of  the  colony. 

POTT,  Percival,  F.  R.  S.,  a  very  eminent 
English  surgeon ;  lie  died  in  1788,  aged  75. 

POTTER,  Christopher,  an  English  divine, 
was  distinguished  for  his  loyalty  during  the  civil 
wars,  and  died  in  1646. 

POTTER,  Francis,  an  English  divine,  emi- 
nent also  as  a  painter,  died  in  1678. 

POTTER,  Dr.  John,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, a  celebrated  antiquary,  critic,  historian, 
and  theological  writer ;  he  died  in  1747,  aged  73. 

POTTER,  Robert,  prebendary  of  Norwich 
cathedral,  was  born  in  1721.  A  great  part  of 
his  life  was  employed  in  the  translation  into 
English  of  the  three  great  writers  of  the  Greek 
drama.  His  translations  are  justly  admired. 
He  died  in  1904. 

POUCHARD,  Julian,  a  Frenchman,  Greek 
professor  in  the  royal  college  at  Paris,  died  in 
1705. 

POUGET,  Francis  Ame,  an  able  French  di- 
vine, and  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  died  in  1723. 

POULLE,  Lewis,  preacher  to  the  king,  and 
abbe  of  Nogent.  He  was  celebrated  for  his  elo- 
quence, and  also  for  his  poetry ;  he  died  in  1781 

POUPART,  Francis,  a  native  of  Mans,  who 
studied  philosophy  at  Paris,  wrote  several  works, 
and  died  in  1709. 

POlTR3(J.S,  Peter  and  Francis,  father  and  son, 
two  celebrated  Flemish  painters;  the  former  died 
in  1583,  the  latter  in  1622. 

POURCHOT,  Edme,  a  Frenchman,  and  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Paris,  died  in  1734. 

POURFOUR,  Francis,  a  French  physician, 
and  a  skilful  herbalist,  died  in  1741. 

POUSSIN,  Caspar,  a  painler,  whose  land- 
scapes are  much  admired,  died  in  1675. 

POUSSIN,  Nicolas,  an  eminent  French  land- 
scape and  historical  painter,  born  in  Normandy, 
in  1594,  and  died  in  1665. 

PO\VET<,  David,  a  learned  V^^elchman,  the 
author  of  various  works  ;  he  died  in  1590. 

POWELL,  George,  an  eminent  English  ac- 
tor, and  a  dramatic  writer ;  he  died  in  1714. 

POWELL,  William  Samuel,  a  learned  Eng- 
lish divine,  and  theological  writer,  born  in  171T, 
and  died  in  1775. 

POWELL,  Foster,  a  celebrated  English  pe- 
destrian ;  he  died  in  indigence,  in  1793. 

POWELL,  John  Joseph,  an  English  barrister, 
a  writer  .of  some  eminence  on  "The  Law  of 
Mortgages, "  &c. ;  he  died  in  1801. 

POWHATAN,  a  powerful  Indian  chief  in 


PR 

Virginia,  notorious  for  liis  hostility  to  the  Eng- 
lisJK  He  was  the  father  of  Pocaliot»ta?  ;  and,  on 
bcr  niafiage,  became  reconciled  to  the  whites, 
and  (Vi.  d  iir  IfilS. 

PlJVVNALL,  Thomas,  an  Englisli  antiquary, 
born  in  1722,  and  died  in  1805.  He  was  railed 
governor  Pownall,  having  been  governor  of 
South  Carolina,  and  other  American  colonies. 

POYET,  VVilliain,  a  native  of  Angers,  and 
chanceilo'  of  France,  iii  1538.  He  was  dis- 
graced in  1543,  and  died  in  1548. 

POVNINGS,  sir  Edward,  a  gentleman,  of 
Kent,  employed  in  the  government  of  Ireland 
by  Hentj-  VH.,  where  he  displayed  great  courage 
and  wisiloni.  In  the  succeeding  reign  he  was 
appointed  governor  of  Tournay,  in  Flanders. 

POZZO,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Trent,  eminent 
as  a  painter  and  architect,  died  in  1709. 

POZZO,  Modesta.  See  FONTE  MODE- 
RAT  A. 

PR.'VDOX,  Nicolas,  a  French  poet,  who  af- 
fected to  rival  Racine  ;  he  died  ni  1008. 

PRA.TT,  Ephraim,  of  Plymouth,  Mass.,  noted 
for  longevity.  He  died  in  1804,  at'ed  !ir>.  He 
could  tlien  number  nearly  1.500  descendants. 

PRATT,  Samuel  Jackson,  an  English  niisccl 
laneous  writer,  author  of  poems,  novels,  and 
some  dramatic  works ;  he  died  in  1814. 

PRATT,  Benjamin,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
Massachufcetts,  and  afterwards  chief  justice  of 
the  colony  of  New- York  ;  he  died  in  1763. 

PRATT,  right  hon.  Charles,  earl  Camden,  a 
most  eminent  English  lawyer  and  statesman, 
horn  in  1713.  In  1759,  he  was  appointed  attor- 
ney-general ;  in  1762,  he  was  called  to  the  degree 
of  serjeant-at-law,  appointed  chief  justice  yf 
the  common  pleas,  and  knighted.  His  lordship 
presided  in  that  court  with  a  dignity,  weight, 
and  impartiality  never  exceeded  by  any  of  his 
predecessors;  and,  when  John  Wilkes,  esq., 
was  seized  and  committed  to  the  Tower,  on  an 
illegal  general  warrant,  his  lordship,  with  the 
intrepidity  of  a  British  magistrate,  and  the  be- 
coming fortitude  of  an  Englishman,  granted  him 
a  habeas  corpus,  and,  on  his  being  brougl.;  be- 
fore the  court  of  common  pleas,  discbarfjcd  him 
from  hia  confinement  in  the  Tower,  in  1703,  in 
a  speech  that  did  him  honour.  His  wi«c  nnd 
spirited  behaviour  on  this  remarkiible  occ;i.;ioi! 
was  so  acceptable  to  the  nation,  that  the  cily  of 
London  presented  him  with  the  freedom  of  tiieir 
corporation  in  a  gold  box,  and  desired  liis  pic- 
ture, which  was  put  up  in  Guildliail,  with  this 
inscription : — 

Hanc  Iconera 

Carol i  Pratt,  Eq. 

Summi  Judicia  C.  B. 

In  Honorem  tsinti  Viri, 

Anglicx  Libertatis  Lege 

Assertoris  fidi. 

P.  a.  L. 

In  Curia  Miinicipali 

Poni  Jusserunt 

Nono.  kal.  Mart.  A.  D.  MDCCLXIV. 

Gulielmo  Bridgcn,  Ar.  Prte.  Urb. 

The  corporations  of  Dublin,  Bath,  Exeter,  and 
Norwich,  paid  him  the  like  compliment.  He 
was  created  a  peer  of  Great  Britain,  by  the  title 
of  lord  Camden,  baron  Camden  in  the  county 
of  Kent ;  and  July  30,  1706,  he  was  appointed 
lord  high  chancellor  of  Great  Britain,  lie  con- 
ducted himself  in  this  high  office  so  as  to  obtain 
the  love  and  esteem  of  all  parties ;  but  when 
the  taxation  of  America  was  in  agitation,  he 


PR  f 

declared  himself  against  it,  and,stron!>lv  of.p<.i- 
ing  it,  was  removed  irom  his  station,  in  1770. 
He  was  appointed  president  of  the  council  iti 
1782,  and  resigned  this  office  in  March,  1783; 
but  soon  after  resumed  it,  and  lield  it  till  bis 
death,  )794. 

PRAXAGORAS,aGreekhistorian,ofAthen» 
about  135. 

PRAXE.^S,  author  of  a  heresy,  in  the  i!J 
century. 

PRAXITELES,  a  famous  Greek  sculptor, 
about  364  B.  C. 

PREBLE,  Edward,  a  captain  in  the  Ameri- 
can navy,  distingniabed  for  bis  services  and  suc- 
cesses against  the  I'niprror  of  Morocco  and  the 
Bev  of  Tripoli,  in  1803-4  ;  he  died  in  1807. 

PiU'.MO.N'TVAL,  Peter  le  Quay  de,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  sciences  at  Berlin,  and 
author  of  various  works  ;  he  died  in  17C7. 

PRESTON,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  English  drama- 
tic writer,  in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth,  died 
master  of  Trinity-hall,  Cambridse,  in  1598. 

PRESTO.\',  John,  master  of  Emanuel  college, 
Cambridge,  was  an  able  W'rilcr  in  favour  of  the 
puriians.  and  died  in  Wi9. 

PRE.STRE  I,E.    See  VAUBAN. 

PRETf,  Jeiojiie,  a  native  of  Tuscany,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  poet,  died  in  1620. 

PREVIIiLE,  Peter  Lewis  Dubus  de,  a  very 
eminent  French  comic  actor,  and  the  intimate 
friend  of  Garrick,  was  born  in  1706,  and  died 
in  ISOO. 

PREVOT  D'EXILES,  Antony  Francis,  a 
French  writer,  was  educated  among  (he  Jesuits, 
but  entered  the  army.  He  tran.slated  Richard- 
son's novels  into  French,  .ind  died  in  1703. 

PRIAM,  tile  famous  kiijg  of  Troy,  was  slain 
byPvrrhusM84B.  C. 

PPilC.'EUS,  or  PRICE,  John,  an  Englishman, 
who  iiecame  a  Roman  catholic,  and  Greek  pro- 
fessor at  Florence.     He  died  in  1676. 

PRICE,  sir  John,  an  E;iglishman,weH  skilled 
in  antiquities.  He  wrote  "a  defence  of  British 
history  in  answer  to  Polydore  Virgil,  and  died 
in  15.53. 

PRICE,  Rev.  Dr.  Richard,  an  eminent  dis- 
senting mi'iister,  universally  known  and  ccle 
Ihraled  for  his  great  abilities  in  arithmetical  cal- 
culations, and  for  very  numerous  and  valuable 
writings,  iheolosical,  moral,  and  scientific  ;  he 
died  in  1791,  aged  68. 

PRICHARD,  Rees,  a  native  qf  Llandovery, 
in  Wales,  was  a  poet,  and  rector  of  liis  native 
village  ;  he  died  in  1644. 

PRIDEAUX,  John,  an  English  prelate,  who, 
from  a  kitchen  boy,  ro.se  to  the  see  of  Worces- 
ter.    He  died  in  1650. 

PRIDEAUX,  Dr.  Humphrey,  an  English  di- 
vine, historian,  and  critic,  born  in  1648,  and  died 
in  1724.     He  was  the  author  of  several  works. 

PRIE,  N.  de  Bertolet,  marchioness,  an  in- 
triguing female,  and  favourite  of  Bourbon,  the 
prime  minister  of  France  ;  she  died  in  1727. 

PRIESTLEY,  Dr.  Joseph,  a  very  celebrated 
dissenfingclerayman,  and  a  polemical  and  philo- 
sophical writrr :  lie  dieil  in  '804,  a.qed  7!. 

PRIEUR,  Philip,  professor  of  belles  lettresin 
the  university  at  Paris,  died  In  1080. 

PRIMATICCIO,  Francesco,  an  eminent  Ita- 
lian painter,  who  was  extremely  skilful  in  stuc- 
co and  basso  relievo,  and  excelled  chiefly  in 
battle  pieces  ;  lie  dif  d  in  1570,  aged  80. 

PRIMEROt^F.  Gilbert,  a  Scotch  divine,  and 
chaplain  to  .l:!nies  1.  ;  he  wrote  various  works, 
and  died  ir.  I64J. 

11  PRINCE  DE  BEAUMONT,  madame  le,  » 
"  ^  347 


PR 


FT 


rrciicli  lady,  lojig  uiitagetl  in  education, in  nug- 
land  ;  .slie  liied  m  1780. 

PKIXCE,  Jolm,  an  English  divine,  and  an 
author,  died  in  17i;0. 

PlliNCE,  Tlionias,  one  of  tlic  early  seltlors 
of  Plymouth,  came  from  England,  in  IGil,  and 
was  aftoivvards  governor  of  Plymouth  colony. 
He  died  in  lH'.i. 

PRINCE,  Thomas,  an  eminent  American 
clerijyman,  settled  al  Boston  ;  he  vvasauthoi  ol 
a  Chroiiologital  History  of  A'ew-Englaiid,  and 
made  large  collections  for  a  history  of  the  coun- 
try.    He  died  in  1758. 

PKIN'CE,  Nathan,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
an  eminent  ina'hemaliciau  and  classical  scholar, 
Jied  in  1748  ,      .  . 

PRIXGLE,  sir  John,  an  eminent  physician 
»nd  medical  wiitcr,  and  president  of  the  Royal 
Society,  was  burn  in  1707,  and  died  in  1782. 

PRIOLO,  Benjamin,  author  of  a  Latin  histo- 
ry of  France,  from  J643  to  1664  ;  he  was  the 
fiiend  and  associate  of  the  duke  de  Rohan,  and 
.iied  in  1667.    -  t.     ,■  u         .i 

PRIOR,  Matthew,  an  eminent  English  poet, 
and  statesman,  honi  in  1664.  After  having  oc- 
cupied many  high  diplomatic  posts  and  lucrative 
employments,  he  died  fellow  of  St.  John's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  in  17-il. 

PRISCIAN  US,  an  eminent  grammarian  of 
antiquity,  born  at  Caisarea,  but  went  to  Con- 
Btantinople,  where  he  taught  the  principles  ot 
his  art,  and  was  in  the  lughest  repute,  about  the 
year  525. 

PRISCILLIAN,  a  Spaniard,  who  became  the 
chief  of  a  sect  in  the  4th  century,  was  beheaded 

in  384.  T.     ,.  u 

PRITCHARD,  Hannah,  an  eminent  English 
actress,  who  excelled  both  in  tragedy  and  com- 
edy ;  she  died  in  1768,  aged  57. 

PRITZ,  or  PRlTlUri,  John  George,  a  pro- 
testant  divine,  professor  of  divinity,  at  Grips- 
walde,  and  one  of  the  ministers  of  Franklort, 
(lied  in  1732.  I 

PKOBUS.  M.  Aurel.  Valer.,  a  general,  made! 
emperor  of  Uome,  in  276.  He  was  successful: 
against  the  Barbarians,  but  was  murdered  by; 
his  own  soldiers,  in  282. 

PROCACCINI,  Camillo,  a  celebrated  painter,' 
of  Bologna,  died  in  1626.  His  brother  Julius, i 
who  died  the  same  year,  was  celebrated  in  thej 
same  art.  I 

PROCLTJ3,  an  eminent  philosopher  awong; 
tlie  later  Plaionists,  born  at  Constantinople,  in, 
410,  and  died  in  48.5. 

PROCLUS,  St.,  the  disciple  of  Chrysostom, 
and  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  died  in  447. 

PROCOPIUS,  an  ancient  Greek  historian,  of 
Byzantium,  who  llourishod  in  the  Gth  century. 
His  histoiv  commences  toward  the  end^  of  the 
vcign  of  Anastasius.  emperor  of  the  East,  in 
•407,  and  is  carried  down  to  the  year  649.  | 

PROCOPIUS,  a  Greek  historian,  patronised^ 
by  Belisarius  and  Justinian. 

PROCOPIUS,  a  Greek  sophist,  of  Gaza,  A.  D. 

PRODICUS,  a  sophist  of  Cos,  about  396, 
B.  C.  Socrates  anJ  Euripides  attended  his  lec- 
tures at  Athens. 

PROMETHETJS,  the  son  of  Japhet,  and  a 
great  warrior,  supposed  to  have  been  the  first 
discoverer  of  the  art  of  striking  fire  by  flint  and 
steel,  which  cave  rise  to  the  fable  of  his  steahng 
tiie  from  heaven.     He  flourished  1687  B.  C. 

PRONAPIDES,  a  Greek  poet,  said  to  have 
been  the  master  of  Homer. 

I'UOPERTIUS,  Sextus  Aurclais,  an  eminent 
348 


Roman  elegiac  poet,  born  about  59  B.  C,  and 

(lied  19  H.  V. 
PROSPER,  St.,  a  Christian  writer,  of  the  5th 

century,  the  disciple  of  Augustine,  was  an  able 

advocate  of  the  faith. 
PROTAGORAS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  ban^ 

ished  tVom  Alliens,  for  supporting  atiieistical 

principles.     He  died  about  400  B.  C. 
FROTOGENES,  a  famous  painter,  of  Rhodes, 

cotemporary  and  companion  cf  Apclles,  about 

300  B.  C. 
PROVENZALE,  Marcello,  an  eminent  Ita 

liaii  painter,  died  in  1639. 
PRUDENTIUS,  Aur.  Clement.,  a  Spaniard, 

distinguished  as  an  advocate  and  a  poet.     H» 

Latin  poems  were  published  in  1667. 
PRUSIAS,    a  king    of   Bithynia,  at  whose 

court,  Annihal  took  refuge.    Prusias  was  put  to 

death,  149  B.  C. 
PRYNNE,  William,  an  eminent  English  law- 

yerand  voluminous  writer,  much  distinguished 
in  the  civil  commotions  under  Charles  1.,  bom 

in  1600.  He  published  several  books  against 
what  he  thought  the  enormities  of  the  age,  and 
concerning  the  doctrine  and  discipline  of  the 
church.  His  "  Histriomastix,"  which  came  out 
in  1632,  giving  great  offence  to  the  court,  he  was 
committed  prisoner  to  the  Tower,  and  sentenced 
by  the  star-chamber  to  be  fined  50001.  to  the 
king,  expelled  the  university  of  O.vford,  and 
Lincoln's-Inn,  degraded  from  his  profession  of 
the  law,  to  stand  in  the  pillory  and  lose  his  ears, 
to  have  his  book  publicly  burnt  before  his  face, 
and  to  remain  prisoner  during  life ;  Uie  former 
part  of  this  sentence  was  severely  put  into  effect. 
He  was,  however,  afterwards  restored  to  liber 
ty  and  held  a  seat  in  the  house  of  commons 
till  his  death,  in  1669.  His  greatest  work  goes 
under  the  title  of  "  Records.' 

PRZIPCOVILTS,  Samuel,  a  Socinian  writer; 
expelled  from  Poland  with  his  partisans,  in 
1658,  on  account  of  his  opinions.  He  died  in 
1670. 

PSALMANAZAR,George,  the  fictitious  name 
of  a  very  extraordinary  person,  born  in  one  of 
the  southern  provinces  of  France,  and  designed 
for  a  friar;  who,  after  various  adventures, 
arrived  at  London,  under  the  character  of  « 


Japanese  converted  to  Christianity.    He  died  iK 
1763 

PSAMMENITUS,  a  king  of  Egypt,  after 
Arnasis,  525  B.  C. 

PSAMMETICUS,  a  king  of  Egypt,  wha 
shared  the  sovereign  power  with  eleven  other 
princes.     He  died  616  B.  C. 

PSELLUS,  Michael  Constantius,  a  Greek 
writer,  who  flourished  about  1105,  was  a  good 
scholar,  and  an  author. 

PTOLEMY  LAGUS,  cr  SOTER,  was  one  of 
the  generals  and  favourites  of  Alexander  the 
Great.  He  obtained  Egypt  as  his  share  of  the 
spoils,  and  died  285  B.  C. 

PTOLEMY  PHILADELPHUS,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  a  zealous  patren  of  learned  men, 
and  died  246  B.  C. 

PTOLEMY  EVERGETES,  son  and  succes- 
sor of  Philadelphus,  was  a  benevolent  prince, 
and  died  221  B.  C. 

PTOLEMY  PHILOPATER,  son  of  Ever- 
eetes,  died  204  B.  C. 

PTOLEMY  EPIPHANES,  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther Philopater,  and  was  poisoned  by  his  suc- 
cessor Philometor,  180  B.  C. 

PTOLEMY  PHILOMETOR,  the  murderer 
of  Epiphanes,  was  slain  in  battle,  146  B.  C. 

PTOLEMY  PHYBCON,  succeeded  his  bro 


PU 


QU 


Itier  Pliilotiietor.     He  was  tyrannical  in  liis  go 
vetniiicnt,  and  died  110  B.  C. 

I'TOLEMVLATHYRUS,  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther riivscon,  but  was  banisljed,  and  his  bro- 
ther Alexander  placed  on  the  throne, after  wliose 
death  he  regained  his  power,  and  died  81  B  0. 
PTOLKliy  AULETES,  illegitimate  son  and 
successor  of  Lathvrus,  died  51  B.  C. 

PTOLEMY  DIOXYSIUS,  son  of  Auletes, 
married  his  sister  Cleopatra,  and  niurdi-red  his 
benefactor  Ponipey.  He  was  drowned,  4fi  B.  C. 
PTOLEMY,  Claudius,  a  great  geographer, 
mathematician,  and  astronomer,  of  antiquity, 
was  born  hi  Egypt,  about  A.  D.  i:!8,  and  flour- 
ished in  the  reigns  of  Adrian  and  Marcus  An- 
toninus. 

PUBLIUS  SYRUS,  a  Syrian  slave,  set  at 
liberty  by  his  master,  distinguished  liimself  as  a 
poet,  44  B.  C. 

PUCCI,  Francis,  a  noble  Florentine.  After 
changing  his  religious  opinions  several  times,  he 
was  taken,  while  a  protestant,  and  burnt  at 
Rome,  as  a  heretic,  in  ItiOO. 

PUFFENDORF,  Samuel  de,  an  eminent  Ger- 
man civilian  and  historian,  born  in  1631,  and 
died  in  1694.  Very  numerous  are  the  woricsof 
this  learned  and  e.\cellent  man ;  but  the  most 
important,  and  what  will  immortalize  liis  name 
is  his  treatise  "  De  Jure  Natuiis  et  Gentium;" 
it  is  indeed  a  body  of  the  law  of  nature  and 
nations  well  dieesied,  and,  as  some  think,  pre- 
ferable to  GrotJus'  book  "  De  Jure  Belli  et  Pa- 
cis,"  since  the  same  subjects  are  treated  in  a 
more  e.xtensive  manner,  and  with  greater  order. 
His  other  works  are  chiefly  polemic. 

PUGATSCHEFF,  Yeinclka,  a  Cossack,  who 
laid  claim  to  the  Russian  throne,  as  the  real  Pe- 
ter III.    He  was  taken  and  beheaded  in  1775. 

PUGET,  Peter  Paul,  one  of  the  greatest  [lain- 
ters  that  France  ever  produced,  born  in  1623, 
and  died  in  1694. 

PULASKI,  count,  a  noble  and  distinguished 
Pole,  who,  after  making  great,  but  unsuccessful 
f llbrts  for  the  freedom  of  his  own  country,  of- 
fered his  services  to  the  United  States,  during 
the  revolution,  and  was  appointed  a  brigadier- 
general  in  ttie  American  army.  He  was  wound- i 
at  Savarmah,  and  died  soon  after,  in  1779. 

PULCIIERIA,  St.,  daughter  of  Arcadius,  as- 
cended the  throne  with  her  brotlier.  She  was! 
a  patroness  of  learned  men,  was  devout  and  ex- 
emplary in  her  conduct,  and  died  in  454. 

PULCI,  Lewis,  an  Italian  poet,  of  a  noble 
family  of  Florence,  died  in  1487. 

PULIGO,  or  PUGLIO,  Dominico,  an  eminent 
Italian  portrait  painter,  died  in  1527. 

PULMANNUS,  Theodore,  properly  POEL- 
MAN,  a  Dutch  scholar,  and  an  able  critic,  died 
in  1580. 

rULTENEY,  William,  earl  of  Bath,  a  cele- 
brated English  senator  and  statesman,  born  in 
1682,  died  in  1764.  He  for  many  years  lived  in 
the  very  focus  of  popularity,  and  was  respected 
as  the  chief  bulwark  against  the  encroachments 
of  the  crown  :  but,  from  the  moment  he  ac- 
cepted a  title,  all  his  favour  with  the  people  was 
at  an  end  ;  and  the  rest  of  his  life  was  spent  in 
contemning  that  applause  which  he  could  no 
longer  secure. 

PULTENEY,  Richard,  a  celebrated  English 
physician,  the  author  of  several  works ;  he  died 
in  1801. 

PUNTORMO,  Giaeomo,  an  Italian  painter, 
whose  pieces  arc  much  admired  :  he  died  in  1558. 
rURB  ACH,  George,  a  learned  German,  emi- 
nent as  a  divine  aud  philssopher  died  in  1462 


PURCELL,  Henry,  a  very  eminent  English 
musician  and  composer,  born  in  1658,  and  died 


in  1695. 

PUKCHAS,  Samuel,  a  learned  English  divine, 
and  compiler  of  a  valuable  collection  of  voy- 
ages ;  he  died  in  1028,  aged  51. 

PURVER,  Antony,  an  Englishman,  an  extra- 
ordinary character,  whose  parents  w ere quakers. 
He  made  a  translation  of  the  Bible  Irom  the 
(iriginal,  after  a  labour  of  30  years.  He  was 
liighlv  respected  as  aquaker  preacher,  and  died 
in  1777. 

PUTEANUS,  Erycius,  properly  VANDE- 
PUTTE,wa3  born  in  Guelderlaiid,  and  an  enii 
nent  scholar,  lie  succeeded  his  master  in  the 
professors'  chair  at  Lou  vain,  and  died  in  1646. 
PUTNAM,  Israel,  a  major-general  in  the 
American  army,  during  the  revolution,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  daring  intrepidity  in  the  early 
wars  with  the  French  and  Indians,  and  during 
the  whole  revolutionary  struggle.  He  died  in 
1790.  His  reputation  as  an  officer,  was  beyond 
suspicion,  and  his  services  were  highly  appre- 
ciated bv  Washington  and  his  countrymen. 

PUTSCHIUS,  Elias,  an  eminent  grammarian, 
of  Antwerp,  died  in  1606. 

PUTTENHAM,  George,  born  about  1530, 
was  one  of  the  gentlemen  pensioners  to  queen 
Elizabeth.  He  died  about  1600,  leaving  among 
other  works  "  The  Art  of  Poesie." 

PUY,  Peter  de,  a  very  learned  French  anti- 
quary and  historian  ;  he  died  in  1652,  aged  CD. 

PUY  SEGUR,  James  de  Chastenet,  lord  of,  a 
celebrated  French  general,  who  served  his  coun- 
try 43  vears,  and  died  in  1682. 

"PYE,  Henry  James,  born  in  London,  in  1745, 
was  appointed  poet  Laureate,  in  1790,  and  in 
1792,  one  of  the  police  magistrates  ;  lie  died  in 
1813  ;  and  left  many  poems. 

PYLE,  Thomas,  M.  A.,  a  learned  divine, 
born  in  1674 ;  he  wrote  much  esteemed  para- 
phrases on  various  parts  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testament.     He  died  in  1757. 

PYM,  John,  a  celebrated  English  republican, 
distinguished  for  his  virulence  against  Charles  1. 
He  died  in  ]643.< 

PYNAKER,  Adam,  a  celebrated  Dutch  paint- 
er, died  in  1673. 

PYRRHO,  an  eminent  philosopher,  born  at 
Elis,  flourished  in  the  time  of  Alexander,  about 
the  llOth  Olvmpiad  ;  he  was  a  sceptic. 

PYRRHUS,  a  king  of  Epirus,  celebrated  as 
the  friend  and  ally  of  the  Tarentines.  He  was 
killed  at  Argos,  272  B.  C. 

PYTHAGORAS,  one  of  the  greatest  philoso- 
phers of  antiquity,  born  at  Samos,  about  590, 
and  died  497  B.  C.  His  "  Golden  Verses"  are 
well  known,  and  have  been  frequently  pub- 
lished. 

PYTHF.AS,  a  Greek  philosopher,  in  tlie  age 
of  Aristotle.  His  discoveries  about  the  difler- 
ent  length  of  the  days  in  various  climates,  ap- 
peared astonishing  io  the  philosophers  of  his 
age. 

PYTHEUS,  a  rhetorician,  of  Athens,  knowm 
as  the  rival  of  the  great  Demosthenes. 

a 


QUADRATUS,  a  disciple  of  the  Apostles,  and 
bishop  of  Athens,  who  composed  an  "  Apology- 
tor  the  Christian  Faith."  and,  presenting  it  to 
the  emperor,  stopped  the  persecution  against  the 
Christians,  A.  D.  125. 

aU  ADRIO,  Francis  Xavier,  a  Jesuit,  who  be- 
came a  secular  priest  by  consent  of  the  pope, 
died  in  1756, 
30  349 


QU 

Q,UAI\I,  Lewis,  an  Italian  painter,  died  in 
1717. 

Q.UARLES,  Francis,  an  English  poet,  born 
in  159-2,  and  died  in  1M4.  lie  wrote  a  comedy 
called  "  The  Virgin  Widow,"  and  several  other 
worki^. 

QUATROMANIjSertorio.an  Italian  writer, 
of  respectable  abilities  and  learning,  died  in 
160G. 

QUEIiLIiV,  Erasmus,  an  eminent  painter, 
and  disciple  of  Rubens,  was  born  at  Antwerp, 
in  1607,  and  lived  to  a  very  old  age. 

QUENSTEDT,  John  Andrew,  a  Lutheran 
divine,  author  of  several  theological  works. 
He  died  in  1G88. 

ai'ENTAL,  Bartholomew  du,  a  Portuguese 
catholic  priest,  distin'.juisiied  for  his  piety  and 
learnhig;  he  died  in  1608. 

aUERENGIlI,  Anthonv,an  Italian  poet.died 
in  1G33. 

QUERLOX,  Anne  Gabriel  Meusnier  de,  an 
eminent  scholar  of  Nantes,  and  a  noted  periodi- 
cal writer,  died  in  1780. 

QUERNO,  Camillo,  an  Italian  poet,  and  buf- 
foon to  Leo  X.  ;  he  died  in  J5U8. 

QUESNAY,  Francis,  a  French  physician, 
who,  from  obscurity,  rose  to  emiu»nce  in  his 
profession ;  lie  published  several  medical  works, 
and  died  in  1774. 

QUESNE,  Abraham,  marquis  du,  of  Nor- 
mandy. He  entered  into  the  naval  service  of 
France,  where  he  distinguished  himself  by  a 
series  of  valorous  and  successful  engagements; 
lie  died  in  36S-3. 

QUESNEL,  Pasquier,  a  celebrated  priest  of 
the  oratory,  in  France,  born  at  Paris,  in  1634  ; 
he  became  the  head  of  the  sect  of  Jansenists  ; 
wrote  many  polemical  books,  and  died  at  .Am- 
sterdam, in  1719. 

aUESNOy,  Francis,  an  eminent  sculptor, 
died  in  1644. 

aUEVEDO  DE  VILLEGAS,  Francisco  de, 
an  eminent  Spanish  author,  born  in  1570,  and 
died  in  1G45.  He  was  one  of  the  best  writers 
of  his  age,  and  e.xcelled  equally  in  prose  and 

QlilEX  DE  LA  NEUFVILLE,  James  le,  a 
French  author,  whose  death,  in  1723,  was  caus- 
ed bv  excessive  application  to  study. 

dtriEN,  Michael  de,  a  French  Dominican. 
He  was  an  able  scholar,  and  well  versed  in  ori- 
ental literature,  and  died  in  1733. 

atTTLLET,  Claudius,  a  French  physician, 
and  ingenious  Latin  poet,  born  in  1G02,  and  died 
in  1661. 

QUIN,  James,  a  very  celebrated  English  co- 
median, born  in  London,  in  1'503,  and  died  in 
1766.  The  prince  of  Wales,  father  to  George 
III.,  appointed  him  to  instruct  his  children  in 
the  true  pronunciation  of  their  mother  tongue. 

aUINAULT,  Philip,  a  celebrated  French 
dramatic  poet,  born  at  Paris,  in  16.35,  and  died  in 
1688. 

ttUINCY,  marquis  de,  a  French  officer  and 
engineer,  author  of  "  The  Military  History  of 
Louis  XIV."     He  died  in  1720. 

aUINCY,  Dr.  John,  an  eminent  English  phy- 
sician and  medical  author,  died  in  172;J. 

aUINCY,  Edmund,  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  colony  of  Massachusetts,  and  agent 
for  that  colony  at' the  court  of  St.  James,  died 
U>  London,  in  1738. 

ClUINCY,  Josiah,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
Massachusetts,  distinguished  for  his  zeal  and 
exertions  in  support  of  the  rights  of  the  colo- 
nies ;  be  died  in  1775. 
^50 


•       RA 

Q.UINCY,  Edmund,  of  Boston,  author  of  an 
agricultural  treatise,  died  in  1788. 

Q.UINTILIAN,  Marcus  Fabius,  an  illustrious 
Roman  lawyer,  rlietorician,  and  critic,  born  at 
Rome,  A.  D.  4'2,  and  died  at  89  years  of  age. 

QUf.NTIN.     Pee  M.VTSYS. 

dUlNTINIE,  John  de  la,  a  famous  French 
gardener.  He  stuilied  law,  and  practised  with 
great  reputation,  but  soon  devoted  himself  en- 
tirely to  agricultural  pursuits.  He  died  after 
1700. 

aUINTrS  CALABAR,  a  Greek  poet,  who 
wrote  a  large  "  Supplement  to  Homer's  Iliad,* 
In  which  a  relation  is  given  of  the  Trojan  war, 
from  the  death  of  Hector  to  the  destruction  of 
Trov. 

QUINTIIS  CURTIUS,  Q.  Curtius  Rufus, 
author  of  a  Latin  history  of  Alexander  the 
Great,  which  has  at  once  immortalized  the  he- 
ro and  the  historian.  He  lived  A.  D.  380,  and 
was  probably  a  Roman. 

CiUlRINI,  Ang'-lo  Maria,  a  Venetian  cardi- 
nal. He  was  no'iced  and  caressed  by  the  learn- 
ed and  good  of  the  age,  and  respected  for  bis 
benevolence,  liberality,  and  learning,  and  died 
in  1755.    His  works  are  numerous. 

QUIROS,  Fcrnand  de,  a  Spanish  navigator, 
who  discovsrcfi  tne  Society  Islands,  in  1605. 

aurSTORP,  John,  a  Lutheran  divine,  the 
friend  of  the  great  Grotius,  died  in  1646. 

R 

RAB.\N-MATJR,  Magnentius,  a  French  di 
vine,  of  noble  birth.  His  works  on  theology  are 
nunieiou.s  ;  he  died  in  856. 

RAB.YIID  ST.  ETINNE,  John  Paul,  a  pro- 
testant  minister.  He  was  bold  and  eloquent  in 
defence  of  Lewis  XVI.,  and,  for  those  senti- 
ments, was  guillotined  in  1793. 

li.\BEL,  John,  an  eminent  French  portrait 
painter,  died  in  1603. 

RABEL.MS,  Francis,  a  celebrated  French 
phvsician  and  satirist,  died  in  1553,  aged  70. 

RAEIRIUS,  a  Latin  poet,  who  celebrated  the 
victory  of  Ausustus  at  Actium. 

RABURN,  William,  governor  of  the  state  of 
Georgia,  died  in  iS19. 

RABUTIN.     See  BUSSY. 

RACAN,  Honorat  de  Bueil,  marquis  of,  com 
mended  for  his  pastoral  poetry;  he  died  ui  1670 

RACCHETTI,  Bernard,  an  Italian  painter 
died  in  1702. 

RACIXE,  John,  an  illustrious  French  dra 
m.itic  poet ;  he  nied  in  1699,  aged  60. 

RACIXE,  Lewis,  son  of  the  poet,  an  cccle 
siastic  and  author ;  he  died  in  1763. 

RACK.  Edmund,  an  English  author  and  poet, 
died  in  1787. 

R.\CLE,  Leonard,  a  French  architect,  of  con- 
siderable distinction,  died  in  1792. 

RADCLIFFE,  Alexander,  an  English  militaiy 
officer,  known  as  the  writer  of  some  poetic 
works  of  low  humour,  died  in  1700. 

R.\DCLIFFE,  Dr.  John,  an  English  physi- 
cian, of  uncommon  eminence,  born  in  1650 
and  died  in  1714.  To  him  the  university  of  Ox- 
ford is  indebted  for  the  library  and  infirmary 
which  bear  his  name,  and  for  an  annual  in- 
come of  600Z.  sterling,  for  two  travelling  fellow- 
ships. 

R.\DEGONDE,  St.,  a  German  princess,  re- 
nowned for  her  personal  charms,  and  devotcd- 
ness  to  religious  duties.  At  the  age  of  10,  she 
renounced  paganism  for  the  Christian  faith,  by 
direction  of  Clouire,  who  afterwards  married 


RA 

her,  and  then,  yielding  to  iier  wishes,  permitted 
Iter  to  retire  to  the  seclusion  of  a  luonastery 
.slio  died  in  587. 

R  A  OKMAKER,  Gerard,  a  Dutcli  painter,  died 
in  ITil,  aged  38. 

RA(JOTZKr,  Francis  Leopold,  prince  of 
Transylvania,  wrote  an  interesting  memoir  on 
the  revolutions  of  Hungary,  and  died  in  l~i5. 

RAGUEAU,  Francis,  prdlo^sor  of  jurispru 
dence  at  Roiirges-,  nnd  an  aiitlior,  died  in  1005. 

RAGUENET,  Franci?,  a  learned  ecclesiastic, 
of  Rouen,  contended  tor  llie  t^uperiority  of  tlie 
Italian,  ovi  r  Fiencli  music,  died  in  17?2. 

RAIKF.f, Robert, a  printer  and  philanthropist, 
born  in  1735.  In  1781  he  planned  the  institution 
of  Punday  Schools,  and  died  at  Gloucester,  his 
native  place,  in  1811. 

RAINALDI,  Oderic,  a  priest  of  the  oratory, 
died  in  1C70. 

RATNAUD,  Theophilus,  a  Jesuit,  who  taught 
belles  lettres  and  theology,  died  in  1603. 

RAINE,  Matthew,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
master  of  tile  Char'er-house  school,  died  in  1810 

RAINOLDS,  John,  an  English  divine,  and 
dean  of  Lincoln,  died  in  1607.  He  was  one  of 
the  divines  employed  in  the  translation  of  the 
Bible  under  James  I. 

RAI-RFGII,  sir  Walter,  an  illustrious  English 
navigator  and  historian,  born  in  1.5.'i2.  He  did 
eminent  services  for  queen  Elizabeth,  particu- 
larly in  the  discovery  of  the  country  now  called 
Virginia,  and  in  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish  Ar- 
mada, and  lived  in  full  happiness  and  honour 
during  her  reign;  but  his  sun  set  at  her  death. 
He  was  much  persecuted  on  the  accession  of 
James,  and  accused  of  high  treason.  Though 
reprieved,  he  remained  long  a  i>risoner  in  the 
.Tower.  He  was  afterwards  commissioned  by 
the  king  to  go  and  explore  the  golden  mines  of 
Guiana.  But  the  Spaniards  killed  his  eldest 
son,  and  prevailed  on  James  to  condenm  sir 
Walter.     He  was  beheaded  in  1C18. 

RALPH,  James,  a  voluminous  writer,  in  po- 
etry, politics  and  history.  He  was  an  American 
by  birth,  but  went  over  to  England  about  1729, 
and  died  in  176'2.  He  wrote  a  history  of  Eng- 
land, commencing  with  the  reign  of  the  Stuarts, 
and  many  other  works. 

RAMAZZIM,  Bernardin,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician and  medical  professor  at  Padua,  a  station 
filled  by  him  with  great  applause  though  Wind  ; 
he  died  in  1714. 

RAMEAU,  John  Philip,  an  illustrious  mu- 
sician, and  writer  on  the  principles  of  that  art ; 
he  died  in  1767,  aged  84. 

RAMELLI,  Felix,  a  native  of  Asti,  an  eccle- 
siastic, who  became  an  eminent  miniature  por- 
trait painter.     He  died  in  1740. 

RAMSAY,  Charles  Lewis,  a  Scotchman,  au- 
thor of  a  Treatise  on  Short-hand  writing,  1681. 

RAMSAY,  Andrevi'  Michael,  a  Scots  histo- 
rian, and  political  and  moral  philosophy  writer, 
born  in  1686,  and  died  in  1743. 

RAMSAY,  Allan,  a  celebrated  Scots  pastoral 
poet,  born  in  16%,  and  died  in  1763. 

RAMSAY,  David,  M.  D.,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, liistorian  and  statesman,  of  South  Caroli- 
na, and  a  member  of  congress  from  that  state, 
died  in  1815.  He  was  distinguished  for  his  pa- 
triotism during  the  revolution,  no  less  than  for 
his  writings  in  after  life.  He  published  a  Histo- 
ry of  the  Revolution  in  South  Carolina ;  a  Histo- 
ry of  the  American  Revolution;  a  Life  of  Wash- 
ington, and  several  other  valuable  historical 
works. 

RAMSAY  Martha  L,  wife  of  tbe  preceding. 


RA 

and  daughter  of  Henry  Laurens,  preeiUenl  of 
jcongress;  she  died  iu  1811. 

RAMSDEN,  Jesse,  an  English  artist,  tlour- 
islied  in  1786.  His  iinprovomcnts  in  various 
mathematical  and  optical  instruments  were  very 
•important  to  science. 

RAMUS,  Peter,  an  eminent  French  professor 
)l  philosophy,  eloqucsice  and  mallicniaiics,  born 
in  1515,  and  fell  in  the  massacre  of  Paris,  in 
l.'i7-2. 

RAjruSIO,  John  Baptist,  a  Venetian,  am- 
bassador to  France,  &.c.,  and  an  author,  died  in 
1557. 

RANC,  John,  admired  as  a  painter  iu  Spain, 
died  in  1735. 

RANCE,  Armand,  John  le  Boutillicr  de,  a. 
French  ecclesiastic,  well  skilled  in  Grecian  liter 
ature.  In  early  life,  an  iibandoiied  sensualist, 
but  reformed,  and  died  respected,  in  1700. 

RANDOLPH,  Thomas,  an  able  diplomatist 
in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizalielh,  died  in  1590. 

RANDOLPH,  Thomas,  an  English  dramatic 
poet,  born  in  1605,  and  died  in  1634.  His 
"  Muse's  Looking  Glass,"  a  comedy,  is  wel' 
known,  and  much  admired. 

RANDOLPH,  Edward,  an  agent  of  Great 
Britain  to  the  American  colonies,  and  a  violent 
enemy  to  their  interests,  died  in  1695. 

RANDOLPH,  Peyton,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
Virginia,  and  first  president  of  the  American 
congress  in  1774,  died  suddenly  in  1775. 

Pv  ANDOLPH,  Edmund,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
Virginia,  and  an  active  friend  of  the  revolution, 
was  a  member  of  congress  in  1779,  afterwards 
governor  of  the  state  of"  Virginia,  attorney-gen- 
eral, and  secretary  of  state  of  the  United  States. 
In  the  last  office,  he  lost  the  confidence  of 
Washington,  and  resigned  in  1795.  He  aied  ii) 
1813. 

RANNEQ.UIN,  N.,  a  celebrated  engineer,  oi 
Liege,  died  in  1708. 

RANS,  Bertrand  de,  of  Rheims,  a  hermit  in 
1226,  who  imposed  liimself  upon  the  people  of 
Flanders,  as  the  emperor  Baldwin  I.,  and  suffer- 
ed death  for  it. 

RANTZAN,  Josias,  a  Danish  nobleman  in 
the  French  service,  died  in  1645.  Chiefly 
known  as  the  active  agent  by  whom  the  pro- 
testant  religion  was  established  in  Denmark. 

RAOUX,  John,  of  Montpellier,  eminent  as 
a  historical  and  portrait  painter,  died  in  1734. 

RAPHAEL,  d'Arezz.io,  an  Itahan  painter, 
whose  historical  pieces  and  portraits  are  ad- 
mired, died  in  1580. 

RAPHAEL,  Sanzio,  an  illustrious  painter  and 
architect,  of  Italy,  born  in  1483,  and  died  in  1520. 
By  the  general  consent  of  mankind,  he  is  acknow- 
ledged to  have  been  the  prince  of  modern  paint- 
ers, and  is  often  styled  "  the  divine  Raphael." 
As  Raphael  was  the  best  painter  iu  the  world, 
so  was  he  perhaps  the  best  architect  also ;  he 
was  at  le.ast  so  admirable  a  one,  that  Leo  X. 
charged  him  with  the  building  of  St.  Peter's 
church  at  Rome. 
RAPHELENGIUS,  Francis,  a  learned  Flem- 
g,  was  Greek  professor  at  Cambridge,  and 
afterwards  professor  of  Hebrew  and  Arabic,  at 
Leyden,  died  in  1597. 

RAPIN,  Nicholas,  a  French  poet,  whose 
works  were  elegantly  written,  and  who  was 
the  favourite  of  Henry  III  ;  he  died  in  1609. 

RAPIN,  Renatus,  a  French  Jesuit  and  critic, 
famous  for  his  skill  in  classical  learning,  born 
in  1621,  and  died  in  1687. 

RAPIN  DE  THOYRAS,  Paul  de,  an  eminent 
liistoriographer,  bor^  in  Languedoc,  in  166J, 
351 


RA 


RE 


fled  to  England  soon  after  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Naiitz.  He  went  afterwards  to  Hol- 
land, and  entered  into  the  military  service, 
T)ul  returned  to  England  with  king  William, 
under  whom  he  served  and  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  in  Ireland,  and 
at  the  siege  of  Limerick.  He  alierwards  spent 
17  years  in  writing  his  "  History  of  England, 
down  to  the  accession  of  William  and  Mary,  in 
1689."     Hedied  ill  1725. 

RASLES,  Sebastian,  a  French  Jesuit,  who 
was  a  missionary  among  the  Indians,  and  ac- 
quired great  influence  over  them.  He  was  a 
man  of  learning,  and  wrote  "  A  Dictionary  of 
the  Indian  Language,"  which  is  sliU  preserved. 
He  died  in  17'i4.  „      .  ^      . 

RASTAL,  John,  an  eminent  English  printer 
and  author,  died  in  1536. 

K.\STA[i,  William,  an  eminent  English 
judge,  in  the  16th  century,  who  published  "An 
Abridgment  of  the  Statutes  of  England." 

RATER,  Anthony,  an  eminent  architect,  of 
I.vons,  died  in  1794. 

RATRAMNUS,  a  monk  of  the  9th  century, 
who  wrote  on  predestination,  and  on  transub- 
stantiation,  wa.smuch  quoted  by  the  calvinists. 

R.\TTE,  Stephen  Hyacinth  de,  an  eminent 
French  astronomer,  and  an  associate  of  the 
French  National  Institute  ;  he  died  in  1805. 

RAULLN,  Joseph,  a  French  physidan  and 
medical  author  of  some  note,  died  in  1784. 
RHAWOLFE.    See  RAWWOLF. 
R.WAILLAC,  Francis,  of  Angouleme,  tlie 
delil)er.iie  murderer  of  Henry  IV.,  in  1610. 

RAVENi\.A.S,  Agnellus,  or  Andreas,  an  au- 
thor, who  lived  in  the  9th  century. 

RAVENSCROFT,  Edward,  a  dramatic  wri- 
ter, in  the  reigns  of  Charles  II.  and  James  II. 

RAVESTEYN,  John,  a  Dutch  painter,  who 
flourished  about  1360. 

RAVIUS,  Christian,  of  Berlin,  was  one  of 
the  learned  correspondents  of  queen  Christina, 
and  a  professor  of  oriental  languages  at  Utrecht, 
&c. ;  hedied  in  1667. 

RAWLET,  John,  B.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
died  in  1686. 

RAWLEY,  William,  D.  D.,  chaplain  to 
Charles  I.  and  II.,  and  also  to  the  great  Bacon, 
and  the  editor  of  his  works ;  he  died  in  1667. 

RAWLINS,  Thomas,  an  English  engraver, 
and  author  of  dramatic  pieces,  died  in  1670. 

RAWLINSON,  Thomas,  was  sheriff,  and  in 
1706,  mayor  of  London  :  he  rendered  his  name 
memorablp,  by  beautifying  the  Guildhall. 

RAWLINSON,  Thomas,  a  learned  English 
antiquary,  died  in  1723. 

RAWLINSON,  Christopher,  an  eminent 
English  antiquarian,  and  critical  writer,  born  in 
1677,  and  died  in  1732. 

RAWLINSON,  Richard,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish antiquary,  died  in  1755,  aged  65. 

RAWSON,  Grindull,  a  very  benevolent  mi- 
mister,  of  Blendon,  Mass.,  died  in  1715. 

RAWWOLF,  Leonard,  of  Augsburg,  who 
travelled  into  Syria,  Judea,  and  other  e.tstern 
countries,  engaged  in  botanical  researches,  died 
in  1606.  „      .  , 

RAY,  or  WRAY,  John,  an  eminent  English 
divine,  natural  philosopher,  natural  historian 
and  critic;  hedied  in  1705. 

R.'XY,  Benjamin,  an  ingenious  and  learned 
English  curate,  but  ignorant  of  the  world;  he 
died  in  1760. 

RAYMOND,  Robert,  lord,  chief  justice  of 
the  king's  bench,  and  an  eminent  law  reporter, 
died  in  1733. 

352 


RAYNAL,  William  Francis,  a  French  Jesuit, 
who  distinguished  himself  as  a  historian  and 
political  writer,  but  is  chiefly  known  by  his  "  His- 
tory of  the  European  Settlements  in  the  East 
and  West  Indits." 

RAYNARD,Theophilu3,ofSospello,  ajesuit, 
profes.jor  of  belles  lettres  and  theology,  died 
in  1663. 

RAYSSIGUIER,  N.,  a  French  dramatic  wri 
ter,  of  about  1730. 

READ,  Alexander,  an  eminent  Scotch  phy 
sician.  He  wrote  on  anatomical  and  medical 
subjects,  and  died  in  1()80.  « 

KEAD,.lohn,adistinguished  lawyer,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, died  in  1749. 

READ,  George,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of  Dela- 
ware, was  a  member  of  congress  from  that 
state,  and  one  of  the  signers  of  the  declaration 
of  American  Independence  He  was  afterwards 
a  member  of  the  senate  of  the  United  States; 
and  died  in  1708. 

REAL,  Cajsar  Richard  de  St.,  a  celebrated 
French  writer  on  Roman  lilstory,  philosophy, 
politics  and  morals,  died  in  1602. 

REAL,  Gasper  de,  seigneur  de  Curban,  au- 
thor of  a  valuable  work  on  the  Science  of  Go- 
vernment ;  he  died  in  1752. 

REAUMUR,  Rene  Anthony  Ferchault  sieur 
de,  a  French  philosopher,  born  in  1683,  and  died 
in  1757.  He  wrote  a  great  number  of  pieces 
upon  the  various  branches  of  natural  philoso- 
phy ;  and  gave  a  new  construction  to  the  ther- 
mometer, which  bears  his  name. 

REBOULT,  Simon,  of  Avignon,  a  historical 
writer,  died  in  1752. 

RECORDO,  Robert,  tlie  first  English  writer 
on  algebra,  died  in  1558. 

REDE,  William,  bishop  of  Chichester,  io 
1369  ;  was  eminent  as  a  mathematician. 

REDI,  Thomas,  a  Florentine  painter  of  erai 
nence,  died  in  1728. 

REDI,  Francis,  an  Italian  physician,  natural 
philosopher,  and  poet,  born  in  1626,  and  died  in 
1697. 

REDMAN,  John,  M.  D.,  a  distinguished  physi- 
cian, and  lirst  president  of  the  college  of  physi 
cians  in  Philadelphia,  died  in  1808. 

REDWOOD,  Abraham,  of  Newport,  known 
as  a  patron  of  learning,  died  in  1788. 

REED,  Joseph,  a  dramatic  writer  of  consid_er 
able  merit,  was  born  in  1723,  and  died  in  1787. 

REED,  Joseph,  a  patriot  of  the  revolution,  an 
aid  to  general  Washington,  and  afterwards  ad- 
jutant general  of  the  army  ;  afterwards  president 
tof  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  died  in  1781.  In 
1778,  an  attempt  was  made  by  a  British  oflicer 
to  bribe  him,  to  whom  he  nobly  replied  ■'  That 
he  was  not  worth  purchasing  ;  but  poor  as  he 
was,  the  king  of  Great  Britain  was  not  rich 
enough  to  buy  him." 

REED,  Isaac,  an  ingenious  English  miscella- 
neous writer,  for  many  years  editor  of  the  Euro- 
pean magazine,  died  in  1807.  He  published  lady 
Montasue's  poems,  an  edition  of  Shakspeare, 
and  several  other  works. 

REESE,  Thomas,  an  eminent  American  cler- 
syman,  author  of  an  "  Essay  on  the  Influence  of 
Relision  on  Civil  Society."  was  pastor  of  a 
church  in  South  Carolina,  and  died  in  1796. 

REEVE,  Clara,  a  lady  of  considerable  literary 
talents,  died  at  Ipswich  in  1807,  aged  70.  Sh» 
wrote  many  works. 

RF.EVE,  Tapping,  LL.D.  an  eminent  law- 
yer, of  Connecticut,  for  many  year?  a  judge,  an4 
chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  that  state  , 
he  died  in  1898. 


RE        

REGA,  Henry  Joseph,  professor  of  medicine, 
at  Loiivain,  and  aiiilior  of  various  treatises  of 
merit ;  lie  died  in  1754. 

KKCilOMONTANl'S,  an  illustrious  German 
astronomer,  wliase  real  name  was  John  Mulle- 
ru^,  died  in  1176,  aged  40. 

RKGIS,  Peter  Sylvian,  a  French  philosopher, 
of  ilie  Des  Cartes  school,  in  16C5.  He  was  a 
popular  lecturer  of  that  system,  and  published 
several  pliilosopliical  works. 

REGIUS,  Urban,  or  LE  ROY,  a  German,  pro- 
fessor 01  poetry  and  rhetoric,  was  a  convert  to 
Luther's  opinions ;  he  founded  a  reformed  church 
at  Augsburu,  and  died  in  1541. 

REGNARD,JolinFrancis,a celebrated  French 
traveller,  and  one  of  the  best  comic  writers  af- 
ter Moiiere,born  at  Paris, in  lf>47,and  died  in  1709. 

REGNAULT,  Noel,  a  learned  Jesuit,  of  Ar- 
ras, died  in  1762. 

REGNIER,  Mathurin,  a  French  satirical  poet, 
and  the  first  among  the  French  who  succeeded 
in  satire  ;  he  died  in  161.3,  ased  40. 

REGNIER  DES  MARETS,Seraphin,a  French 
abbe,  and  an  eminent  Spanish,  Italian,  and  La- 
tin poet  and  translator,  born  in  1632,  and  died  in 
1713. 

REGULUS,  Marcus  Atlilius,  a  renowned  Ro- 
man general  and  admiral ;  he  was  put  to  death 
251  B.  C. 

REID,  Dr.  Thomas,  professor  of  moral  philo- 
sophy m  the  university  of  Glasgow,  and  highly 
distinguished  as  amalhematicianand  metaphy- 
sician, born  in  1709,  and  died  171K5. 

REIHING,  James,  of  .Augsburg,  who,  after 
violently  ojipoEing  the  tenets  of  Luther,  warm- 
ly embraced  them,  and  bucame  professor  of  the- 
ology at  Tubingen.     He  died  in  1628. 

REINBECK,  John  Gustavus,  a  protesfant 
minister,  of  Germany,  and  author  of  treatises 
on  Redemption,  MarHage,  Sermons,  &c. ;  he 
died  in  1741. 

REINECCIUS,  Reiniei ,  professor  of  belles 
lettres,  at  Frankfort,  where  he  died  in  1595. 

REINER,  Wenceslaus  Laurence,  a  painter, 
of  Prague,  whose  landscapes  and  battles  were  ti- 
nished  in  a  very  striking  style  ;  he  died  in  1743. 

REINESIUS,  Thomas,  a  learnef'  German 
physician  and  antiquary,  born  in  1586,  and  died 
in  1667. 

REINHOLD,  Erasmus,  an  eminent  astrono- 
mer and  mathematician,  of  Germany,  and  pro- 
fessor at  Wittemberg;  he  died  in  1553. 

REI3K,  John,  rector  of  the  collese  of  Wolf 
fenbuttel,  and  an  author,  died  in  1701. 

REISKE,  John  James,  of  Leipsic,  eminent 
as  a  critic  ;  he  died  in  1774. 

REL AND,  Hadrian,  a  learned  orientalist,  and 
professor  at  Utrecht,  died  in  1718. 

REMBRANDT,  Van  Rein,  a  Flemish  painter 
and  engraver  of  great  eminence,  born  in  1C06, 
and  died  in  1668. 

REM  I,  or  REMIGIUS,  St.,  archbishop  of 
Rheims,  the  prelate  who  converted  Clovis  to 
Christianity;  he  died  before  535. 

RE.MI,  Joseph  Honore,  of  France.  He  was 
author  of  several  valuable  works,  and  acquired 
celebrity  by  his  learning. 

REMIGiO  FLORENTINO,  a  learned  Domi- 
nican, of  Florence,  died  in  1580. 

REMOND  DE  ST.  MARD,  Toussaint,  a 
French  writer,  who  died  in  1757. 

RENAU  D'ELISAGARAY,  Bernard,  a  ma- 
thematician, of  France,  who  obtained  distinc- 
tion in  the  improving  of  the  construction  of 
vessels ;  he  died  in  1719. 

RENAUDOT,  Theophrastus,  a  physician. 


RE 

distinguished  by  being  the  first  author  of  newa- 
papers  in  France,  in  1631 ;  iie  died  in  1653. 

RENAUDOT,  Eusebius,  a  celebrated  French 
writer  on  oriental  history  and  languages,  born 
in  lf4C,  died  in  1720. 

RENNKLL,  Thomas,  .in  Englishman,  famed 
as  a  limner,  and  wrote  poetry;  he  died  in  1788. 

REPTON,  Humphrey,  a  disiinguished  Eng- 
lish wriicr  on  landscape  gardening,  burn  in  1752, 
and  died  in  1818. 

RESENIUS,  Peter  John,  couuKellnr,  and  pro- 
fessor of  moral  philosophy,  at  Copenhagen  ;  he 
died  in  ISftS. 

RESSIUS,  Rutger,  a  learned  Greek  professor, 
at  Louvain,  highly  commended  by  Erasmus; 
died  in  1545. 

REPTnUT,  Peter,  a  respected  advocate,  at 
Paris,  died  in  1764.  He  was  distinguished  by 
his  learning  and  integrity. 

RESTOUT,  John,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Rouen,  died  in  1708. 

RETZ,  John  Francis  Paul  de  Gondy,  cardinal 
de.    See  GONDY. 

REUCHLIN,  John,  a  learned  German,  born 
in  1450,  died  in  1522,  was  the  first  who  intro- 
duced the  study  of  the  Hebrew  among  modern 
Christians,  and  author  of  the  celebrated  work 
entitled  "  KpistolKObscnroriim  Virorum." 

REUVEN,  Peter,  a  Dutch  painter,  died  in 
1718. 

REVELY,  Willey,  a  very  ingenious  English 
architect,  vihn  published  a  collection  of  draw- 
ings, whicl)  are  universally  known  to  the  lovers 
of  art,  and  admirers  of  classic  antiquity.  He 
was  also  the  editor  of  the  posthumous  volume 
of  Stuart's  "Antiquities  of  Greece,"  and  died 
in  1799. 

REVET,  Edward,  a  comic  writer,  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  II. 

REY,  William,  of  Lyons,  eminent  as  a  pliy- 
sici;n,  died  in  175G. 

RRYBR.AC,  Francis  Philip  de  Laurens  de,  a 
learned  and  amiable  French  prelate,  and  also  a 
puet ;  he  died  in  1782. 

REYHER,  Samuel,  professor  of  mathematics 
and  jurisprudence,  at  Kiel,  died  in  1714.  He 
translated  Euclid  into  German. 

REYLOP',  Oliver,  of  Ghent,  eminent  as  a 
Latin  poet ;  he  died  in  1742. 

REYN,  John  de,  of  Dunkirk,  a  pupil  of  Van- 
dyke, died  in  1G50. 

REYN  A,  Cassiodorus,  a  Spaniard,  who  trans- 
lated the  Bible  into  Spanish,  in  1569. 

REYNE.AU,  Charles  Rene,  an  eminent  French 
mathematician,  and  distinguished  by  two  popu- 
lar productions  ;  he  died  in  1728 

REYNER,  Edward,  an  English  non-conforgj- 
ist  and  author,  in  1627.  ~ 

REYNOLDS,  Edward,  was  a  member  of  tht 
Westminster  assembly,  and  one  of  the  presbyte- 
rian  ministers  at  the  Savoy  conference,  yet  he 
became  bishop  of  Norwich.  He  was  a  strong 
calvinist,  and  died  in  1676. 

REYNOLDS,  sir  Joshua,  a  most  eminent 
English  painter,  and  many  years  president  of 
the  Royai  Acadimy,  born  in  1723  The  lecturea 
that  he  delivered  on  the  subject  of  his  art  will  be 
preserved  to  latest  posterity,  as  models  of  cora- 
pn.sition  His  most  famous  paintings  were  "  The 
Infant  Hercules,"  "  Count  Ugolino,"  "  Garrick 
between  Tragedy  and  Comedy,"  and  "  Mrs.  Sid- 
dons  as  the  Tragic  Mu&e."    He  died  in  1792. 

REYNOLDS,  John,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Georgia  in  1754. 

REYS,  Antony  dos,  was  cbronologer  of  Por- 
tugal, and  an  ercl«siaatic :  he  died  in  1738. 


Yy 


.■^o*' 


353 


RI 

RHADAMISTUS  of  Iberia,  married  Zenobia, 
and  was  put  to  death  A.  D.  52. 

RHAZIt?,  Slohaimiied  Ebn  Zacliaria  Abube- 
Irial,  a  Cflebriited  physician  of  the  lOih  cen- 
tury, the  Galen  of  the  Arabians,  and  the  first 
writer  on  the  sinall-pox,  born  in  85'2,  and  died 
in  935. 

RHE.NANUS,  Beatus,  author  of  a  history  of 
Germany,  and  a  Life  of  Erasmus,  died  in  1547. 

RflENFERD,  James,  professor  of  oriental 
languages  and  divinity  at  Francker,  died  in  1712. 

RIIESE,  John  David,  of  Anglesea,  master  of 
the  Itahan  language;  he  died  in  1609. 

RHETICUS,  George  Joachim,  a  German  as- 
twnomer,  died  in  1570. 

RHOOIGINUS,  Ludovicus  Ccelius,  author  of 
Antiqua:  Lecliones,  and  other  works,  died  at 
Padua,  in  ]5:i5. 

RHODlUSjJohn,  an  eminent  physician,  author 
of  several  medical  works,  died  at  Padua,  in  1059. 

RHODIUS,  John,  a  Danish  phpician,  and 
medical  writer,  born  in  1587,  and  died  in  1631. 

RHODIUS,  Ambrose,  professor  of  physic  and 
rnathematica,  at  Anglo,  in  Norway,  died  in  1633. 

RHODOMAN,  Laurentius,  liistorical  pro- 
fessor at  Wittemberg,  and  a  writer  of  some 
celebrity  ;  he  died  in  1606. 

RHOTENAMER,  Jolm,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Munich,  in  1564.  The  time  of  his  death 
is  unknown. 

RIBADENEIRA,  Peter,  a  Jesuit,  of  Toledo, 
an  elegant  but  superstitious  writer,  and  professor 
of  rhetoric  at  Palermo ;  he  died  at  Madrid,  in 
1611. 

RIBERA,  Anastasius  Pantaleon  de,  a  Span- 
ish satirical  poet,  who  flourished  about  1630. 

RIBERA,  Joseph,  called  also  Espagnolet,  an 
eminent  Spanish  painter,  died  in  1656. 

RICARD,  John  Marie,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  who  died  in  1678. 

RICARD,  Dominic,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Tou- 
louse, who  settled  at  Paris,  where  he  published 
an  elegant  translation  of  Plutarch,  and  wrote 
the  Sphere,  a  poem,  in  8  cantos.  He  died  in 
1803. 

RICAUT,  or  RYCA17T,  sir  Paul,  an  eminent 
English  pohtical  writer  and  critic,  but  chiefly 
known  by  "  The  Present  State  of  the  Ottoman 
Empire,"  and  a  continuation  of  Knoll's  "His- 
tory of  theTurlis,"  from  1623  to  1700,  when  he 
died. 

RICCATI,  Vincent,  a  Jesuit,  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Bologna,  until  the  suppression 
of  his  order ;  he  died  in  1775. 

RICCI,  Matthew,  a  Jesuit,  who  went  as  a  mis- 
sionary to  China,  where,  by  his  address,  he 
gained  the  favour  of  the  emperor,  and  leave  to 
build  a  church  ;  he  died  there  in  1610. 

RICCI,  Michael  Angelo,  a  cardinal,  born  at 
Rome,  and  distinguished  as  an  able  mathemati- 
cian ;  he  died  in  1682. 

RICCI,  Lawrence,  an  illustrious  Florentine, 
who  embraced  the  order  of  the  Jesuit.?,  of  which 
lie  was  general  at  the  time  of  its  suppression. 
He  was  imprisoned  by  order  of  Clement  XIV., 
and  died  in  confinement  in  1775. 

RICCI,  Sebastian,  a  distinguished  Italian 
painter,  who  died  at  Venice,  in  1734.  His  ne- 
phew, Mark,  was  eminent  also  as  a  landscape 
and  historical  painter ;  he  died  in  1730. 

RICCIO,  Dominico,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Verona,  died  in  1517. 

RICOIOLI,  John  Baptista,  an  Italian  astrono- 
mer and  mathematician,  and  teacher  of  rheto- 
ric and  philosophv,  died  in  IG71. 

RICCORO.NI,  Lewis,  of  Modena,  a  celebra- 
35'1 


RI 

led  actor,  dramatic  writer,  and  critic,  bora  i» 
1674,  and  died  in  1753. 

RI(;HAUD  I.,  king  of  England,  surnames' 
CtBur  de  Lion,  succeeded  his  father,  Henry  II., 
in  1189.  In  the  beginning  of  his  reign  he  leti 
England  for  a  crusade  to  the  Holy  Land,  where, 
after  displaying  great  bravery,  he  defeated  tlie 
linfidels  under  Saladin,  and  embarkt  d  for  Eu- 
rope. In  his  return  he  was  sbipw.'cckeu,  taken 
prisoner,  and  held  in  cajitivity  by  the  emptor 
Henry  VI.,  until  he  was  discovered  and  ran- 
somed by  his  subjects.  He  was  killed  whilo 
besieging  Ciialus,  in  1199. 

RICHARD  II.,  succeeded  his  grandfather 
Edward  III.,  on  the  throne  of  England,  in  1377. 
His  reign  was  disturbed  by  the  rebellimis  of  Wat 
Tyler,  andal'lervvardsof  his  nobles,  under  Hen- 
ry of  Lancaster,  who  defeated  him  and  took 
liim  prisoner.  He  was  deposed  by  parliament, 
and  killed  in  Poniofract  castle,  in  1400. 

RICHARD  III.,  duke  of  Gloucester,  and 
brother  to  Edward  IV.,  obtained  the  throne  by 
murdering  his  nephews,  Edward  V.  and  Richard 
duke  of  York.  He  was  defeated  and  slaiu  in 
he  battle  of  Bosworth  field,  by  Henry,  earl  of 
Richmond,  his  rival,  in  1485. 

RiCH.\RD  I.,  surnamed  the  Fearless,  duke 
of  Normandy,  succeeded  his  father  William, 
in  942  ;  he  died  in  996. 

RICHARD  II.,  surnamed  the  Good,  son  of 
the  preceding,  succeeded  his  father  as  duke  of 
Normandy  ;  lie  died  in  1027. 

RICHARD,  Thomas,  a  Benedictine  monk  in 
the  abbey  of  Tavistock,  known  as  the  transla- 
tor of  '-Boethius'  Consolations  of  Pliilosophy," 
about  1525. 

RICHARD,  Martin,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
although  born  with  only  a  left  arm,  became  a 
painter  of  eminence.  He  died  in  1636.  His 
brother  David  was  also  a  painter  of  merit. 

RICHARD  DE  ST.  VICTOR,  a  Scotchman, 
prior  of  St.  Victor's  monastery,  at  Paris,  died 
in  1173. 

RICHARD,  N.,  a  native  of  Dundalk,  arch- 
bishop of  Armagh,  died,  universally  respected, 
in  1359. 

RICH.ARD,  John,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Paris, 
died  in  1580. 

RICH.\RD,  Rene,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  dean 
of  St.  Opportune,  at  Paris,  died  in  1727. 

RICHARD,  Charles  Louis,  a  Benedictine 
aulrror  of  sermons,  &.C.,  died  about  1790. 

RICHARDS,  Nathaniel,  a  dramatic  writei 
and  a  poet,  in  the  reign  of  king  Charles  I. 

RICHARDS, James,  an  .American  missionary 
at  the  island  of  Ceylon  ;  he  died  in  1822. 

RICHARDSON,  John,  an  English  clergyman- 
educated  at  O.xford,  afterwards  bishop  of  Ardab, 
in  Ireland,  died  in  1654. 

RICHARDSON,  Jonathan,  born  about  16C5, 
became  a  celebrated  painter  of  heads,  and  wrote, 
in  conjunction  with  his  son,  several  works.  He 
died  in  1745.     His  son  died  in  1771. 

RICHARDSON,  Joseph,  an  English  lawyer, 
poet,  and  dramatic  writer,  born  in  1756,  and 
died  in  1803. 

RICHARDSON,  Samuel,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish printer,  and  inventor  of  a  pecuUar  species 
of  moral  romance,  which  restored  the  lost  credit 
of  novel  writing.  He  wrote  "  Pamela,"  "  Cla- 
rissa," and  "Grandison,"  and  many  other 
books  on  different  subjects.  He  was  born  in 
1689,  .ind  died  in  1761. 

RICHARDSON,  William,  a  native  of  Scot 
land,  and  professor  of  classical  literature  3t 
Glasgow,  died  in  181 1. 


RI 


RI 


RICHEr^jrr,  Cmsar  Peter,  a  French  writer, 
author  of  a  Dictionary  of  the  French  language, 
Uied  in  1698. 

RICHELIEU,  John  Armand  du  Plessis  de,  a 
great  cardinal  and  minister  of  state  in  France, 
born  at  Paris,  in  1585,  and  died  in  1642.  lie 
showed  himself  a  patron  of  men  of  letters,  and 
causal  the  arts  and  sciences  to  flourish  in  the 
kingdom . 

RICHER,  Edmund,  an  eminent  French  Ihco- 
lORical  writer,  possessed  of  great  powers  of 
mind  and  of  a  lively  imagination.  His  writings 
drew  on  him  the  censures  of  the  pope's  legate, 
and  persecutions,  which  ruined  liis  health  ;  he 
died  in  1631. 

RICHER,  John,  a  bookseller,  of  Paris,  known 
as  the  first  compiler  of  the  Mercure  Francois  ; 
he  died  in  1605. 

RICHER,  Henry,  a  nati^'e  of  Longneil,  who 
devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits  at  Paris ;  he 
died  in  1748. 

RICHER  D'  AUBE,  Francis,  author  of  an 
Essay  on  the  Principles  of  Right  and  Morals, 
died  at  Paris,  in  1752. 

RICHER,  N..  a  French  philosopher,  who 
first  observed  the  shortening  of  the  pendulum, 
in  1672 ;  a  discovery,  wliich,  in  the  hands  of 
Newton  and  Heygens,  led  to  the  most  astonish- 
ing truths. 

RICINIER,  a  Roman  senator,  who  acquired 
prcal  power  as  a  general.  He  put  to  death 
iiajorian,  raised  Severustothe throne,  and  after- 
wards dethroned  Anthemius,  his  father-in-law. 
RICIUS,  Paul,  a  converted  Jew,  professor  of 
philosophy,  at  Paris,  and  afterwards  physician 
to  the  emperor  Maximilian.  He  was  highly 
esteemed  by  Erasmus  and  other  learned  men. 

RICOBONI,  Antony,  of  Revigo,  professor  of 
eloquence,  at  Padua,  and  died  there  in  1599. 

RIDER,  William,  B.  A.,  curate  of  St.  Faith's, 
and  many  years  under-master  of  St.  Paul's 
school,  published  a  "  History  of  England,"  a 
"  Commentary  on  the  Bible,"  and  other  works, 
and  died  in  1785. 

RIDGBLV,  Thomas,  an  eminent  dissenting 
clergyman,  author  of  a  Commentary  on  the 
Assembly's  larger  Catechism,  died  in  1737. 

RIDLEY,  Nicolas,  bishop  of  London,  one  of 
tlie  principal  instruments  of  the  reformation, 
who  sulTered  martyrdom  for  it  in  the  reign  of 
ijueen  Mary,  was  born  in  1500,  and  burnt  at 
Oxford,  in  1555. 

RIDLEY,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  English 
civilian,  was  knighted,  made  masterin  chancery, 
and  vicar-general  to  the  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury ;  he  died  in  1026. 

RIDLEY,  Gloster,  an  English  divine,  dra- 
matic and  theological  writer,  born  on  board  the 
Gloster  Indiaman,  at  sea,  in  1702,  died  at  Poplar, 
in  1774. 

RIDLEY,  James,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
author  of  "  The  Tales  of  the  Genii,"  and  some 
other  literary  performances ;  he  died  in  1765. 

RIDOLFI,  Claudio.a  historical  and  portrait 
painter,  of  Verona,  died  in  1644. 

RIDPATH,  George,  aScotchman,  distinguish- 
ed for  his  attachment  to  protestantism,  and  for 
his  bold  opposition  to  the  religious  innovations 
of  James  II. ;  he  died  in  1717. 

RIEDESEL,  John  Herman,  baron  de,"  a 
learned  German,  ambassador  from  the  Prussian 
court  to  Vienna,  died  in  1785. 

RIEGLES,  M.,  a  native  of  Denmark,  author 
of  a  valuable  history  of  his  country,  died  in  1802. 
RIELEY,  Henry,  a  physician,  author  of  the 
"  Anatomy  of  the  Brain,"  published  in  1095. 


RIENZI,  Nicolas  Gabriiii  de,  a  man  wIkj,    . 
from  a  low  situation,  raised  himself  to  sovereign 
authority  in  Rome,  in  the  14th  century,  was 
murdered  in  1354. 

RIGALITIUS,  Nicolas,  an  ingenious  French- 
man, distinguished  for  his  great  learning  and 
industry  ;  he  was  librarian  to  the  king,  and  coun- 
sellor of  the  parliament  of  Metz ;  he  died  in 
1654. 

RIGAUD,  Hyacynth,  an  eminent  French 
p.iinter,  called  the  Vandyck,  of  France,  born  in 
1G63,  and  died  in  1743. 

RILEY,  John,  an  English  portrait  painter, 
horn  in  1646.  On  sir  Peter  Lely's  death  he  was 
made  state  painter,  and  died  in  1691. 

RliMINALDI,  Orazio,  an  eminent  historical 
painter,  of  Pisa,  died  in  1638. 

RlNAI,DO,  Oderic,  a  native  of  Treviso  ;  he 
continued  "Baronius'  Annals,"  and  published, 
in  Italian,  an  nbi  idgment  of  the  entire  work. 

RINCON,  Antonio  del,  an  admired  Spanish 
painter,  died  in  1500. 

RINGELBERGIUS,  Joachim  Furtius,  an 
eminent  writer  oti  mathematics,  born  at  Ant- 
werp. His  German  name  was  Storck  ;  he  died 
in  France,  about  1536. 

RINUCCINI,  Ociavia,  an  Italian  poet,  boru 
at  Florence,  went  to  France,  and  is  said  to  have 
there  invented  the  opera  ;  he  died  in  1621.  Hia 
poetry-  and  operas  are  deservedly  admiicd. 

RIOLAN,  John,  a  physician,  at  Paris,  author 
of  several  works  on  anatomy  and  medicine,  died 
in  1605.  His  son  John  was  also  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, and  professor  of  anatomy  and  botany. 

RIPLEY,  George,  an  eminent  English  mathe- 
matician and  alchymist,  died  in  1496. 

RIPPERDA,  John  William,  baron  de,  a  na- 
tive of  Groningen,  who,  when  ambassador  at 
Madrid,  so  pleased  Philip  V.,  of  Spain,  that  he 
persuaded  him  to  settle  there,  created  him  a 
duke  and  peer  of  the  kingdom,  and  intrusted 
him  with  the  departments  of  war,  finance,  and 
marine.  Being  afterwards  disgraced,  he  went 
to  Morocco,  wliere  he  became  a  favourite  of  the 
emperor,  and  a  Mahometan  ;  he  died  in  1747. 

RISBECIK,  Gaspard,  a  German  writer,  au 
thor  of  Travels  through  Germany,  and  a  Histo- 
ry of  Germany  ;  he  died  in  1786. 

RISDON,  Tristram,  author  of  a  History  of 
Devonshire,  died  in  1640. 

RISLEY,  Thomas,  an  English  dissenting 
clergyman,  died  in  1716. 

RITSON,  Joseph,  an  English  lawyer  and  an- 
tiquary, born  in  1752,  and  died  in  1803.  He  wrote 
ongs,  metrical  romances,  and  some  other 
books. 

RITTENHOUSE,  David,  an  American  phi- 
losopher, who,  in  the  early  part  of  his  life,  min- 
gled the  pursuits  of  science  with  the  active  em- 
ployments of  a  farmer  and  a  watch-maker.  In 
1769  he  was  invited  by  the  American  philoso- 
phical society  to  join  a  number  of  gentlemen 
who  were  then  occupied  in  making  some  astro- 
nomical observations,  when  he  particularly  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  the  accuracy  of  his  cal- 
culations, and  the  comprehension  of  his  mind. 
He  afterwards  constructed  an  observatory, 
which  he  superintended  in  person,  and  which 
was  the  source  of  many  important  discoveries, 
as  well  as  greatly  tending  to  the  general  difiu- 
sion  of  science  in  the  western  world.  He  suc- 
ceeded the  illustrious  Dr.  Franklin  in  the  office 
of  president  of  the  philosophical  society,  and 
died  in  1796,  aged  04. 

RITTERSHUSIUS,  Conradus,  a  German 
civilian,  and  law  writer,  born  in  1560,  and  di<.d 
35f 


RO 

in  1613.  He  was  a  man  of  consummate  learn- 
ing, greatly  skilled  in  the  Greek  and  Latin  lan- 
guages, and  is  said  to  have  had  Homer  and  He- 
eiod  so  perfectly  by  heart,  as  once,  in  a  conver- 
sation with  a  learned  young  gentleman,  to  have 
expressed  in  the  verses  of  Homer,  all  that  he 
had  occasion  to  say. 

RIVALZ,  AjiHiony,  a  painter,  of  Toulouse, 
whose  portraits  and  historical  pieces  were  much 
admired;  he  died  in  1735. 

RIVAKD,  Francis,  an  eminent  professor  of 
mathematics  ai  Beauvais,  and  an  author,  died 
in  1778. 

RIVARD,  Anthony  de,  a  French  writer,  emi- 
nent as  a  man  of  genius  and  information,  the 
friend  of  V'oltaire,  d'Alembert,  and  Buflbn 
He  died  in  Germany,  in  1801.  His  writings  are 
numerous. 

RIVET  DE  LA  GRANGE,  Anthony,  a  Be- 
nedictine, of  Poitou,  author  of  a  History  of 
France,  died  in  1749. 

RIVIERE,  Henry  Francis  de  la,  a  native  of 
France,  who  embraced  the  profession  of  arms, 
but  on  account  of  an  unfortunate  marriage,  re 
tired  to  a  monastery,  where  he  died  in  1743.  He 
wrote  two  volumes  of  Letters. 

RIVINUS,  Andrew,  a  physician,  and  profes 
sor  of  poetry  and  philosophy  at  Leipsic,  died  in 
1656. 

RIVINUS,  Augustus  Quirinus,  a  professor  of 
medicine,  and  a  distinguished  physician  at  Leip- 
sic, died  in  1722. 

RIZZIO,  or  RIZZI,  David,  an  Italian  must 
cian,  attending  the  Piedraontese  ambassador  iu 
to  Scotland,  got  into  the  queen's  favour,  and  wasj 
made  her  secretary,  and  soon  arrived  at  a  very 
high  degree  of  royal  favour.  However,  in  1500, 
certain  nobles  conspired  against  him,  and  dis- 
patched him  with  great  brutality  in  the  queen's 
presence,  with  56  wounds. 

ROBBINS,  Chandlei,  D.  D.,  of  Plymouth 
Mass.,  was  eminent  in  the  ministry;  be  died  in 
1799. 

ROBERT  DE  COURTENA Y,  French  empe 
ror  of  the  East,  in  whose  reign  the  empires  of 
Trebizoud  and  Thessalonica  were  established : 
he  died  in  1228. 

ROBERT,  elector  palatine,  chosen  emperor 
of  Germany,  in  1400.  He  died,  just  as  a  pow- 
erful combination  had  been  formed  to  deprive 
him  of  the  crown,  in  1410. 

ROBERT,  king  of  France,  surnamed  the 
Wise,  or  the  Devout,  succeeded  iiis  father  Hueli! 
Capet,  in  996.  He  refused  the  crown  of  thel 
empire,  and  of  Italy,  preferring  to  reigi;  over  his 
native  dominions,  and  to  devote  himself  to  the 
happiness  of  the  French  people.  He  died  in 
1031. 

ROBERT  of  France,  count  d'Artois,  brother 
of  St.  Louis,  refused  the  empire  of  Germany, 
ofTered  him  by  pope  Gregory  IX.,  and  accompa- 
nied his  brother  to  the  Holy  Land,  where  he 
behaved  with  great  valour  :  he  was  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Massourah,  in  1250. 

ROBERT,  count  d'.'Vrtois,  called  the  Good, 
or  the  Noble,  son  of  the  preceding,  distinguished 
himself  in  an  African  expedition,  and  against 
the  English  and  the  Flemings.  He  was  killed  in 
a  baitle  with  the  latter,  in  1302. 

ROBERT  of  Anjou,  succeeded  his  father 
Charles  the  Lame,  on  the  throne  of  Na|iles,  in 
1309.  He  died  respecJed  by  his  subjects,  and  by 
foreim  powers,  in  1343. 

ROBERT  the  Magnificent,  duke  of  Norman 
dy,  was  poisoned  on  his  return  from  a  pilgrim 
»ge  to  the  Holy  Land,  at  Nicola,  in  Biihyaia, 
356 


_      RO 

!  He  was  succeeded  by  his  son  William  the  Con- 
queror, in  1035. 

ROBERT,  surnamed  Short  Shanks,  son  of 
William  the  Conqueror,  duke  of  Normandy, 
displayed  great  valour  in  the  Holy  Wars,  but 
on  his  return,he  found  himself  deprived  not  on- 
ly of  the  throne  of  England,  but  of  Normandy, 
by  his  brother  Henry,  who  detained  him  a  pri- 
soner until  his  death,  in  1134 

ROBERT  BRU(JE,  a  Scotch  nobleman,  who 
♦iisputod  the  throne  with  John  Baliol.  By  the 
aid  of  England  he  was  deposed;  but  afterwards 
appearing  among  his  countrymen,  he  was  una- 
nimously elected  king,  and  maintained  his  ele- 
vation by  his  valour.  He  defeated  the  English 
at  the  famous  battle  of  Bannuckburn,  and  died 
in  1329. 

ROBERT,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Langres.whose  birds  and  plants  on  vellum,  were 
much  admired  ;  he  died  in  1084. 

ROBERT  DE  VAUGONDY,  N.,  a  Frencl" 
geographer  of  eminence,  died  in  1766. 

ROBERTELLO,  Francis,  professor  of  rheto- 
ric and  philosophy,  at  Padua,  and  author  of 
Commentaries  on  the  Greek  and  Latin  poets, 
died  in  1507. 

ROBERTS,  Barre  Charles,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish scholar,  died  in  1810. 

ROBERTS,  Peier,  an  English  divine,  emi 
nent  as  a  writer  on  theological  and  other  sub- 
jects, died  in  1819. 

ROBERTS,  Charles,  of  Virginia,  remarkable 
for  longevity  ;  he  died  in  1796,  aged  116. 

ROBERTSON,  William,D.  D.,aneminentdi- 
vine,  born  in  Dublin,  afterwards  settled  in  Scot- 
land, and  died  in  1783. 

ROBERTSON,  George,  an  eminent  English 
landscape  painter,  died  in  1788. 

ROBERTSON,  Dr.  William,  principal  of  the 
university  of  Edinburgh,  and  historiographer 
to  his  majesty,  of  Scotland,  boni  in  1721,  and 
died  in  1793.  His  histories  of  "  Charles  V.," 
of  "  America,"  and  of  "  Scotland,"  will  long 
continue  to  be  read  with  pleasure,  aud  impress 
future  ages  with  respect  for  the  memory  of  the 
writer. 

ROBERTSON,  Joseph,  an  eminent  English 
clergyman,  author  of  a  translation  of  Telema- 
chus,  and  other  works,  died  in  1802. 

ROBERVAL,  Gilles  Personne,  sieur  de,  au- 
thor of  a  Treatise  on  P.Ieclianics,  was  professor 
of  mathematics  at  Paris,  and  died  iu  1675. 

ROBESPIERRE,  aiaxiinilian  Isidore,  a  revo- 
lutionary monster,  of  France,  was  born  at  Arra?, 
of  a  poor  family,  in  1759.  At  an  early  period 
of  the  French  revolution  he  became  the  chief 
of  the  jacobins,  and  at  length  obtained  the  su- 
preme command  in  France.  A  confederacy  was 
formed  against  him,  and  he  was  arrested  in  the 
national  assembly,  and  executed  in  July,  1794. 

ROBIN  HOOD,  captain  of  a  notorious  band 
of  robbers,  who  infested  the  forest  of  Sherwood, 
in  Nottinghamshire,  and  from  thence  made  ex 
cursionsto  many  parts  of  England  in  search  of 
booty.     He  died  in  1247. 

ROBINS,  Benjamin,  an  English  mathemati- 
cian of  great  genius  and  eminence,  born  in  1707, 
and  dieJ  in  1751.  He  was  engineer-general  to 
the  East  India  Company  ;  wrote  "  New  Princi- 
ples of  Gunnery ;"  and  is  considered  as  the  real 
narrator  of  lord  Anson's  "  Voyage  round  the 
World." 

ROBINSON,  Tankred,  a  distinguished  phy 
siciaii,  author  of  an  Essay  on  Natural  History 
died  in  1748. 

ROBINSON,  Anaatasia,  an  eminent  gtaje 


RO 

kinger,  wlio  became  afterwards  countess  of  Pe- 
lerborougli,  by  marrying  the  earl,  and  died  in 
1750. 

ROBINSON,  Robert,  an  Englisli  divine,  who 
jmblislied  a  translation  of"  Saurin's  Sermons," 
and  an  "  Essay  on  the  Composition  of  a  Her- 
niou,"  was  born  in  1735,  and  died  in  17!i0. 

RODINSON,  Mary,  an  elegant  English  poet, 
dramatist,  and  novelist,  was  born  in  1758,  and 
died  in  1800. 

ROBINSON,  Richard,  a  native  of  Yorksliire, 
prebendary  of  York,  afterwards  bishop  of  Kil- 
)ala,  and  archbishop  of  Armagh,  in  Ireland,  and 
created  a  peer,  by  the  title  of  baron  Rokeby  ;  he 
died  in  1794. 

ROBINSON,  Moses,  a  member  of  tlie  United 
States  senate,  from  Vermont,  and  governor  of 
tliat  state  ;  hn  died  in  1813.  | 

ROBINSON,  Jonathan,  chief  justice  of  the 
stale  of  Vermont,  and  afterwards  a  senator  in 
congress  from  that  state  ;  he  died  in  1619. 

ROBINSON,  John,  a  distinguished  English 
clergyman,  pastor  of  the  Enjjiish  church  at  Am- 
sterdam, and  afterwards  at  Leyden,  and  died 
there,  in  1025. 

ROBINSON,  Dr.John.aniathemaiician,  pro- 
fessor of  natural  philosophy,  and  afterwards  of 
chymistry,  at  Edinburgh,  was  born  in  1739.  He 
wrote  "  Elemenis  of  Mechanical  Philosophy," 
and  died  in  Edinburgh,  in  1805. 

ROCHEFORT,  William  de,  a  distinguished 
French  writer,  died  in  1788. 

ROCHEFOUCAULT,  Francis,  duke  of,  an 
ingenious  French  writer,  born  in  1C13,  and  died 
iHi  1680. 

ROCHESTER,  John  Wilmot,  earl  of,  a  very 
licentious  wit  and  poet,  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
11.,  horn  in  1648,  and  died  in  1680. 

ROCHON  DE  CHABANNES,  Mark  Anthony 
James,  a  French  dramatic  writer  of  merit,  died 
at  Paris,  in  1800. 

RODGERS,John,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished  Ame- 
rican clergyman,  pastor  of  a  presbyterian  church 
ia  New-York,  died  in  1811. 

RODNEY,  George  Brydges,  a  most  brave  and 
successful  English  admiral,  born  in  1718,  and 
died  in  1792. 

RODNEY,  Ca!sar,  of  Pennsylvania,  one  of 
the  sijiners  of  the  declaration  of  Independence 

RdDOLPH,  duke  of  Swabia,  was  elected 
king  of  Germany,  in  1077,  by  some  German  in 
surgents.     He  was  soon  after  killed  in  battle. 

RODOLPll  I.,  of  Hapsburg,  surnamed  the 
Clement,  emperor  of  Germany,  made  war  with 
the  king  of  Bohemia,  and  obtained  with  victory, 
the  ci^ssion  of  several  of  his  provinces;  lie  died 
in  1291. 

RODOLPH  11.  son  of  Maximilian  II.,  king  of 
Bohemia,  Hungary,  and  the  Romans,  and  elect- 
ed emperor  in  1576.  He  was  a  weak  and  irreso- 
lute monarch,  and  suffered  his  kingdom  to  be 
invaded  by  the  Turks,  and  afterwards  divided 
by  his  brother,  without  courage  to  oppose  the 
one,  or  spirit  to  repress  the  other.  He  died  in 
1612. 

ROE,  sir  Thomas,  an  eminent  statesman,  sent 
as  ambassador  by  James  I.,  to  the  court  of  thej 
great  mogul,  to  that  of  the  grand  signior,  and  af- 
terwards to  Sweden  ;  during  his  absence,  he 
made  valuable  collections  of  MSS.  in  the  orien  1 
tal  languages,  which  he  presented  to  the  Bod- 
leian library.  He  vi'as  afterwards  a  member  of, 
parliament  and  a  privy  counsellor,  and  died  in 
1644. 

ROEMER,  Olaus,  a  Danish  astronomer,  who| 
was  appointed  teacher  of  mathematics  to  thej 


RO 

Dauphin  of  France,  afterwards  professor  of  as- 
tronomy at  Copcuhageu,  and  engaged  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Christian  V. ;  he  dird  in  1710. 

ROENTGEN,  N.,  a  German  artist,  who  was 
employed  by  Catherine  of  Russia,  in  erecting  the 
palace  of  Petersburg,  died  at  the  close  of  the  18th 
century. 

ROEPEL,  Conrad,  a  painter,  born  at  the 
Hague,  whose  fruit  trees  and  flowers  were  much 
admired  ;  he  died  in  1748. 

ROESi'RATEN,  Peter,  an  eminent  portrait 
painter,  of  Haerlem,  flourished  about  1698. 

ROGER,  lirst  king  of  Sicily,  conquered  Apu- 
lia, Calabria,  and  alterwards  waged  successful 
war  against  the  Eastern  empire  ;  he  died  in 
ll.')4. 

ROGER,  Charles,  an  eminent  printer  at  Paris, 
in  the  Kith  century. 

ROGER,  Joseph  Louis,  a  physician,  of  Strae- 
burg,  died  in  1761. 

ROGER,  prior  of  He.vham,  author  of  a  His- 
tory of  the  Campaign  of  the  Scotch  Army  unde' 
king  David,  about  1138. 

ROGERS,  John,  an  eloquent  and  zealous 
English  divine,  who  sulTered  martyrdom  at  the 
stake,  at  Sniithfield,  in  1555,  in  the  persecuting 
reign  ol  Mary. 

ROGERS,  John,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished  Eng- 
lish divine  and  controversial  writer,  canon  and 
sub  dean  of  Wells,  and  afterwards  promoted  to 
the  living  of  St.  Giles,  London  ;  he  died  in  1729. 
ROGERS,  Woods,  an  English  circumnaviga- 
tor, and  writer  of  his  voyages  round  the  globe  ; 
he  died  in  1732 

ROGERS,  Nathaniel,  a  descendant  of  the 
martyr,  was  minister  at  Ipswich,  Mass. ;  he  died 
in  1655. 

ROGERS,  Ezekiel,  first  minister  of  Rowley, 
Mass.,  died  in  1661. 

ROGERS,  John,  a  native  of  England,  came 
to  America  when  young,  and  in  1682  was  chosen 
president  of  Harvard  college  ;  he  died  in  1684. 

ROGERS,  William,  D.  D.,  a  baptist  clergy- 
man, professor  of  English  and  oratory  in  the 
University  ofPennsylvania  ;  he  died  in  1821. 

ROGHMAN,  Roland,  a  distinguished  land- 
scape painter,  of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1686. 

ROHAN,  Henry,  duke  of,  peer  of  France, 
born  in  1579.  He  distinguished  himself  as  a 
warrior  against  Lewis XIII.,  and  also  as  apoliti- 
cal writer  ;  he  died  of  wounds  received  in  bat- 
tle, in  1638. 

ROHAULT,  James,  a  French  philosophical 
and  polite  writer,  born  in  1620,  and  died  in  1675. 
ROLAND  DE  LA  PLATIERE,  I.  M.,  a  na- 
tive of  Villefranche,  removed  early  in  life  to 
Rouen,  where  he  was  soon  noticed  for  his  know- 
ledge of  commerce  and  political  economy,  and 
for  his  writings.  He  was  afterwards  a  minister 
of  Lewis  XVI.,  and  a  favourite  of  the  people  for 
a  time,  but  was  at  length  proscribed  and  fled 
from  Paris.     He  committed  suicide  in  1793. 

ROLAND,  Mary  Jane  Philipon,  wife  of  the 
preceding,  was  a  woman  of  strong  mind,  and 
eminent  for  her  knowledge  of  the  arts,  her  wit 
and  learning.  During  her  husband's  elevation 
she  assisted  him  in  the  transaction  of  his  busi- 
ness, and  her  house  was  the  resort  of  the  learn- 
ed, the  powerful,  and  the  intriguing.  She  was 
guillotined  as  an  accomplice  of  the  Girondists, 
in  1793. 

ROLAND  D'ERCEVILLE,  B.  G.,  a  learned 
and  popular  man,  and  president  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  fell  a  victim  to  the  revolution, 
in  1794. 
ROLE,  Michael,  an  eminent  French  mathft- 
357 


RO 

matician,  author  of  a  treatise  on  Algubra,  and 
died  in  1719. 

ROLLIN,  Charles,  a  Frenchman,  famous  for 
eloquence  and  skill  in  the  belles  lettres,  and  as 
an  author,  was  born  in  IGGl,  and  died  in  1741. 

ROLLINS,  Reinhold  Henry,  a  German  plii- 
Inlogisl,  author  of  Lives  of  Philosophers,  Poets, 
&c.,  published  in  1709. 

ROLLO,  a  Norvegian  chieftain,  who  obtained 
the  sovereignty  of  Normandy  with  the  title  of 
dulie  of  Normandy,  in  912  ;  he  was  the  ancestor 
of  William  the  Conqueror,  and  died  about  932. 

ROLLOCK,  Robert,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
appointed  by  king  James  VI.,  the  first  principal, 
and  profe.ssor  of  divinity,  in  the  university  of 
Edinburgh  ;  he  died  in  1601. 

ROLT,  Richard,  a  miscellaneous  and  dra- 
matic writer,  died  in  1770. 

ROMAINE,  Rev.  William,  an  eminent  and 
very  learned  Ensjiish  divine,  born  in  1714,  and 
died  in  179.5,  having  published  many  valuable 
theological  works. 

ROMANELLI,  John  Francis,  a  painter,  born 
at  Viterbo,  patronised  by  the  pope,  and  elected 
head  of  the  academy  of  St.  Luke,  died  in  1062. 
His  son  Urban,  was  also  eminent  as  a  painter, 
and  died  in  1682. 

ROMANO,  Julia,  an  eminent  Italian  his- 
torical painter,  and  architect,  and  disciple  of 
Raphael ;  he  was  born  at  Rome,  in  149'J,  and 
died  ill  1546. 

ROMANUS  I.,  emperor  of  Hie  East,  was 
raised  to  distinction,  by  saving  the  life  of  the 
emperor  Basil.  He  afterwards  married  a  daugh- 
ter of  Constantine  X.,  who  raised  him  as  his 
associate  to  the  throne.  After  exhibiting  great 
military  talents,  united  with  humanity  and  be- 
nevolence, he  was  banished  to  a  monastery,  by 
his  son  Stephen,  and  died  in  948. 

ROiM.ANUS  II.,  the  Younger,  emperor  of  the 
East,  a  worthless,  and  effeminate  prince,  who 
died  in  consequence  of  his  debaucliery  and  in- 
temperance, in  963. 

RO.M.ANUS  III.,  emperor  of  the  East,  raised 
himself  to  the  throne,  by  marrying  the  daughter 
of  Constantine  the  Younger,  in  1028.  He  was 
poisoned,  and  strangled  at  the  instigation  of  his 
wife,  in  1034. 

ROMANUS  IV.,  surnamed  Diogenes,  was 
taken  prisoner,  by  a  Turkish  general,  in  1071, 
and  generously  set  at  liberty  by  him.  On  his 
return  to  Constantinople,  ho  found  his  throne 
usurped  by  Michael,  the  son  of  his  predecessor 
who  defeated  him  in  a  subsequent  battle,  took 
him  prisoner,  and  put  out  his  eyes,  which  caused 
his  death,  in  1071. 

ROMANZOFT,  N.,  marshal  de,  a  Russian 
general,  distinguished  as  one  of  the  greatest 
warriors  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived.  He 
defeated  the  Turks  at  the  battle  of  Ruth,  leav- 
i.ng  100,000  of  their  army  on  the  field ;  he  died 
about  1787. 

ROMBOUTS,  Theodore,  a  successful  histori- 
cal painter,  of  Antwerp,  died  in  1637. 

ROME,  DE  L'lSLE,  John  Baptist,  a  native 
of  France,  distinguished  by  bis  devotion  to  the 
study  of  mineralogy  and  natural  history,  and  by 
his  writings  on  those  subjects  ;  he  died  in  1790. 

ROMEYN,  Theodoiicus,  an  eminent  Ameri- 
can clergyman,  settled  at  Schenectady,  New- 
York,  and  professor  of  theology  in  the  reformed 
Dutch  church  ;  he  died  in  1804. 

ROMEYN,  John  B.,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, pastor  of  apreabyterian  church  in  New- 
York,  where  he  died  In  1825. 

ROMLLLY,  John,  an  ingeoious  mechanic  and 
3S8 


^O 

clockmaker,  of  Geneva,  author  of  the  articles 
in  the  Encyclopedia,  on  clockmaking,  and  other 
writings,  died  in  1796.  His  son,  John  Edme, 
was  a  Calvinistic  minister  at  Geneva  and  Lou- 
don, and  the  friend  of  d'Alenibert,  Rousseau, 
and  Voltaire ;  he  died  in  1779. 

ROMILLY,  Sir  Samuel,  a  learned  English 
pleader  at  the  chancery  bar,  and  a  most  enlight- 
ened and  effective  member  of  the  house  of  com- 
mons, was  born  in  1757.  On  the  death  of  his 
wife,  he  became  delirious,  and  destroyed  him- 
self in  1818. 

ROMNEY,  George,  a  celebrated  English  paint- 
er, was  born  in  1734,  and  died  in  1802. 

ROMULUS,  the  founder,  and  first  king  of 
Rome,  died  715  B.  C,  after  reigning  38  years. 

RONCALLI,  Christofano,  a  historical  painter, 
of  Pomeraiia.  died  in  1626. 

RONDELET,  Wiliiara,a  distinguished  French 
physician  and  anatomist,  died  in  1566. 

RONSARD,  Peter  dc,  a  French  elegiac  and 
epigrammatic  poet,of  a  noble  family,died  in  1585, 
aged  fil. 

RONSIN,  Charles  Philip,  an  active  and  vio- 
lent partisan  of  the  French  revolution,  minister 
of  war,  and  commander  of  the  revolutionary 
army,  he  was  guillotined  in  1794. 

ROODSEUS,  John  Albert,  an  eminent  por- 
trait painter,  of  Holland,  died  in  1674. 

ROOKE,  sir  George,  a  brave  English  admiral, 
died  in  1708. 

ROOKE,  Laurence,  a  distinguished  English 
astronomer  and  geometrician,  was  professor  of 
astronomy,  and  afterwards  of  geometry,  at  Gre- 
sjiam  college,  where  he  died  in  1062. 

ROOME,  Edward,  an  English  dramatic  wri- 
ter, died  in  1729. 

ROORE,  James,  a  native  of  Antwerp,  distin- 
guished as  a  historical  painter,  died  in  1747. 

ROOS,  John  Hendrick,  an  eminent  portrait 
and  landscape  painter,  of  Ottenburg,  born  in 
1631.  His  two  sons  and  his  brother,  were  also 
respectable  artists. 

ROOT,  Jesse,  a  member  of  congress  from 
Connecticut,  and  an  officer  in  the  revolutionary 
army,  was  afterwards  chief  justice  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  that  state.  He  published  two 
volumes  of  Law  Reports,  and  died  in  1822. 

ROGUE,  John  de  la,  author  of  travels  in 
Arabia  Felix,  Palestine,  Syria,  &c.,  died  at 
Paris,  in  1745. 

RORENMULLER,  John  George,  a  German 
divine  and  critic,  professor  of  divinity  at  Er- 
langen  ;  he  died  in  1815. 

ROSA,  Abba  Cariera,  a  Venetian  lady,  cele- 
brated for  her  talents  in  crayon  painting  and 
miniature,  died  in  1755. 

ROSA,  Salvator,  a  painter.  SeeS.ALVATOR. 

ROSAMOND,  daughterof  Walter  de  Clifford, 
lord  Hereford,  known  in  history  as  the  beau- 
tiful mistress  of  Henry  II.,  was  poisoned  by  his 
queen. 

ROSCIUS,  Quintus,  a  Gaul  by  birth,  a  cele- 
brated comedian,  died  61  B.  C. 

ROSCOMMON,  Wentworth  Dillon,  earl  of, 
an  English  poet  and  critic,  died  in  1684,  aged  51. 
He  possessed  the  merit  of  being  the  only  moral 
writer  in  the  days  of  Charles  II. 

ROSE,  George,  an  English  statesman,  presi- 
dent of  the  board  of  trade,  and  treasurer  of  the 
navy,  was  distinguished  for  his  great  industry 
and  application  to  business,  and  for  his  writings 
on  various  subjects ;  he  died  in  1818. 

ROSE,  Samuel,  an  English  lawyer,  author  of 
a  Life  of  Goldsmith,  and  editor  of  Comyn's  Re- 
ports and  Digest ;  be  died  in  1804. 


RO 


RO 


ROSEWELL,  Thomas,  an  eminent  dissent 
ing  clergyman  in  England,  was  educated  at 
Oxford  ;  ho  died  in  1691. 

ROSINUS,  John,  a  learned  German  author, 
and  preacher  of  the  cathedral,  at  Naumberg,  in 
Saxony,  died  in  IB'JC 

ROHOI,  Barnaby  Firmin  du,  a  French  dra- 
matic writer,  distinguished  himself  at  the  revo- 
lution, by  his  writings  in  favour  of  the  unfortu- 
nate king,  for  wliicli  he  was  condemned  and 
executed  in  1792. 

ROSS,  Alexander,  teacher  of  an  English 
grammar  school,  and  chaplain  to  Charles  I.,  and 
author  of  some  religious  tracts,  died  in  1654. 

ROSS,  Alexander,  a  Scottish  bishop  and  vol- 
uminous writer.  He  wrote  "A  View  of  all 
Religions,"  and  died  in  17'20,  aged 80. 

ROSS,  David,  an  eminent  English  actor,  died 
in  1790,  aged  62. 

ROSS,  John,  D.  D.,  bishop  of  Exeter,  died 
in  1792. 

ROSS,  George,  a  member  of  congress  from 
Pennsylvania,  in  1776,  and  a  signer  of  the  de- 
claration of  Independence. 

ROSSI,  John  Victor,  or  JANUS  NICIUS, 
ERITHKiEUS,  a  Roman,  of  noble  birth,  who 
devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits ;  he  died 
in  1647.     His  writings  were  voluminous. 

ROSSI,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Ravenna,  physi- 
cian to  Clement  Vlll.,  died  in  1607. 

ROSSI,  Bernard  Marie  de,  a  theological  pro- 
fessor to  the  dominicans  of  Venice  ;  he  wrote 
on  historical  and  antiquarian  subjects,  and  died 
in  1775. 

ROSSLYN,  Alexander  Wedderburn,  earl  of, 
an  eminent  English  lawyer,  appointed  solicitor 
and  attorney  general,  and  created  baron  Lough- 
borough, and  made  chief-justice  of  the  connnon 
pleas,  afterwards  one  of  tlie  ministry,  and  chan- 
cellor ;  lie  died  in  1805. 

ROSSO,  Le,  or  WASTER  ROUX  a  self- 
taught  artist,  of  Florence,  who  acquired  cele- 
brity as  a  painter,  ditd  in  1541. 

ROTARI,  Peter,  a  celebrated  portrait  and  his- 
torical painter,  of  Verona.  He  was  patronised 
by  the  imperial  family  at  St.  Petersburg,  in  1756 
The  time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

ROTGANS,  Luke,  a  native  of  Amsterdam, 
who,  after  being  engaged  two  years  in  the  wars 
of  Holland,  retired  to  his  country  seat,  to  devote 
himself  to  poetry.  His  epic  poem  in  eight  books 
is  admired  by  the  Dutch  ;  he  died  in  1710. 

ROTHENAMER,  John,  an  eminent  historical 
painter,  of  Munich,  patronised  by  the  emperor 
Rodolph  n. ;  he  died  in  1604. 

ROTHERAM,  Dr.  John,  an  English  physi 
cian,  and  experimental  philosopher,  died  in  1787 

ROTHERAM,  John,  an  English  divine  and 
theological  writer,  died  in  1788. 

ROTHMAN,  Christopher,  astronomer  to  the 
landgrave  of  Hesse,  died  in  1592. 

ROTRON,  John  de,  a  distinguished  poet,  dra- 
matic writer,  and  magistrate  of  Dreux,  who  lost 
his  life  in  consequence  of  administering  to  the 
necessities  of  the  poor,  during  the  prevalence  of 
an  epidemic  disease,  in  1650. 

ROUBILLAC,  Francis,  a  most  eminent  sculp- 
tor, whose  chief  works  are  in  Westminster  Ab 
bey.  He  was  born  at  Lyons,  in  France,  but  went 
over  to  England.  He  had  also  a  turn  for  poetry, 
and  wrote  satires  in  French  verse,  died  in  1762. 

ROUGHER,  J.  A.,  a  distinguished  French 
poet,  born  at  Montpellier,  was  guillotined  for 
the  freedom  with  which  he  spoke  of  the  atroci 
ties  of  the  French  revolution,  in  1794. 

ROUELLE,  William  Francis,  lecturer  on 


chymistry,  in  the  royal  botanical  garden  at  Puria 
died  in  1770. 

ROUILLE,  Peter  Julian,  a  Jesuit,  of  Tours, 
professor  of  theology  and  philosophy  to  his  order, 
died  at  Paris,  in  1740. 

ROUS,  Francis,  a  violent  fanatic  of  the  com- 
monwealth, speaker  of  Barebone's  parlii  :ncnt, 
and  a  favourite  of  Cromwell,  who  made  him  pro- 
vost of  Eton  ;  he  died  in  IG59. 

ROUSE,  John,  author  of  a  Chronicle  of  the 
Kings  of  Er.gh'.id,  and  other  works,  died  in  149). 

ROUSSEAU,  James,  a  distinguished  French 
painter,  born  at  Paris,  in  1630,  and  died  in  Lon- 
don, in  1693. 

ROUSSEAU,  John  Baptist,  an  illustrious 
French  poet,  born  at  Paris,  in  1609,  died  in  1741. 

ROUSSEAU,  John  James,  a  celebrated  phi- 
losopher, and  most  eccentric  genius,  born  at  Ge- 
neva, in  1711,  and  died  in  1778. 

KOUSSEL,  William,  a  Benedictine,  of  Cou- 
ches, in  Normandy,  who  devoted  himself  to 
literary  pursuits  at  Rheinis,  died  in  1717. 

ROUSSEL,  Peter,  a  distinguished  writer  and 
physician, ofFrance,  died  atChateaudun, in  1803. 

ROUX,  Augustin,  a  native  of  Gascony,  who 
took  his  degrees  in  medicine  at  Bourdeaux,  au- 
thor of  Memoirs  of  Chymistry,  &c. ;  he  died  in 
1776. 

ROWE,  Nicholas,  an  English  dramatic  poet 
and  translator,  born  in  1673,  died  in  1718.  He 
wrote  8  plays,  and  gave  the  public  an  edition  of 
Sliakspeare's  works,  to  which  he  prefixed  an 
account  of  that  great  man's  life. 

ROWE,  Elizabeth,  an  English  lady,  famous 
for  her  fine  parts  and  writings,  in  verse  and 
prose,  bom  in  1764,  died  in  1737.  She  is  chiefly 
celebrated  for  her  "  Friendship  in  Death,  in  20 
Letters  from  the  Dead  to  the  Living  ;"  and  lier 

Letters  Moral  and  Entertaining." 

ROWE,  Thomas,  the  husband  of  the  preced- 
ing, died  in  1718,  in  the  28th  year  of  his  age.  He 
commenced  a  translation  of  Plutarch's  Lives, 
which  he  did  not  live  to  finish. 

ROWE,  Thomas,  educated  at  Oxford,  min- 
ister of  Litcliet,  in  Dorsetshire,  afterwards  a 
dissenting  clergyman,  died  in  1698. 

ROWE,  John,  a  popular  English  preacher, 
ettled  in  Staffordshire,  and  afterwards  in  Lon- 
don, died  in  1677. 

ROWLAND,  Henry,  author  of  a  History  of 
the  Island  of  Anglesey,  died  in  1722. 

ROWLAND,  David  S.,  an  American  divine, 
pastor  of  a  congregational  church  at  Windsor, 
Conn.  ;  ho  died  in  1794. 

ROWLEY,  Samuel,  a  dramatic  writer,  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.  of  England. 

ROWLEY,  William,  an  eminent  dramatic 
writer,  and  an  actor,  cotemporary  and  in  friend- 
ship with  Shakspeare,  Jonson,  &c. 

ROWLEY.     See  CHATTERTON. 

ROWLEY,  Dr.  William,  a  physician,  and  a 
copious  writer  on  medical  subjects,  unfortu- 
nately opposed  himself  to  vaccination.  He  died 
in  1806,  aged  63. 

ROWNING,  John,  an  able  mathematician, 
author  of  a  compendious  system  of  Natural 
Philosophy,  died  in  London,  in  1771. 

ROXANA,  the  daughter  of  Oxyartes,  a  Per- 
sian prince,  and  a  prodigy  of  beauty,  was  mar- 
ried to  Alexander  the  Great,  and  had  a  son  after 
his  death ;  both  mother  and  son  were  put  to 
death  by  Cassander,  323  B.  C. 

ROXBURG,  William,  M.  D.  an  eminent 
botanical  writer,  of  Ayrshire,  went  to  India, 
where  he  became  keeper  of  the  Botanical  Gar- 
den, at  Calcutta.  He  died  at  Edinburgh,  in  1815. 
359 


RU 

ROY,  Julian  Ic,  a  native  of  Tours,  dislin 
guielicd  for  tiis  great  mechanical  knowledge 
died  ill  1759. 

ROYSE,  George,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  EnRli.-li 
divine,  ctiaplaiii  to  king  William,  provost  of 
Orial  colit^gc,  and  dean  of  Bristol,  died  in  1709. 

UOYSE,  John,  A.  RI.,  a  popular  preacher, 
under  Cromwell,  died  in  1663. 

ROZEE,  N.,  a  lady  of  Leyd-'n,  who  e.xcelled 
in  the  use  of  her  pencil,  but  finished  her  pictures 
with  silk  floss,  instead  of  colours  ;  she  died  in 
1C82. 

ROZIER,  Francis,  D.  D.,  an  ecclesiastic,  prior 
of  Nanteuil,  distinguished  for  his  attachinenl 
to  the  study  of  agriculture,  botany,  chymistry, 
and  natural  history.  Killed  during  the  siege  of 
Lvoiis,  by  the  bursting  of  a  bomb,  when  in  bed, 
in  1793. 

RUBENS,  sir  Peter  Paul,  prince  of  the  Flem- 
ish painters,  born  in  1577.  He  was  sent  by 
Isabella,  ambassador  to  England,  to  negotiate  a 
peace  with  Charles  I.,  in  1630.  The  king  knighted 
him  for  painting  the  banqueting-house.  He  died 
in  1640. 

RUBENS,  Albert,  son  of  the  preceding,  go- 
vernor of  the  Low  Countries,  died  in  1657. 

RUCCELLAI,  John,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Flo- 
rence, of  illustrious  birth,  ambassador  from  pope 
Leo  X.,  to  Francis  I.,  afterwards  governor  of 
St.  Aiigelo ;  he  died  in  15-26. 

RUCCELLAl,  Bernard,  a  native  of  Florence, 
in  the  loth  century,  author  of  "  Bellum  Itali- 
cum." 

RUDBECK,  Olaus,  professor  of  medicine  at 
Upsal,  died  in  1702. 

RUDDIMAN,  Thomas,  an  eminently  learned 
Scotchman,  author  of  a  Latin  grammar,  with 
valuable  notes  ;  he  was  born  in  1674,  and  died 
in  1757. 

RUDING,  Rogers,  an  English  divine,  author 
of  "  Annals  of  the  coinage  of  Britain  and  its 
dependencies;"  he  died  in  1820. 

RUE,  Charles  de  la,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  Greek  and  He- 
brew, died  in  17.39. 

RUE,  Charles  de  la,  a  French  orator  and  po- 
et, born  at  Paris,  in  1643,  and  died  in  1725. 

RUFFHE.\D,  Owen,  an  English  law  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  and  biographer  of  Pope, 
died  in  1769. 

RUFFI,  Anthony  de,  a  learned  counsellor, 
of  Marseilles,  of  which  place  he  wrote  a  Histo- 
ry ;  he  died  in  1689. 

RUFINUS.afatherof  the  church,  the  friend, 
and  afterwards  the  antagonist  of  St.  Jerome, 
died  in  410. 

RUFU3,  Epiiesius,  an  ancient  Greek  anato- 
mical writer,  whose  works  are  lost,  and  an  able 
physician. 

RUGENDAS,  George  PhiJip,  a  celebrated 
painter,  of  Augsburg,  died  in  1742. 

RUGGLE,  George,  an  English  writer,  author 
of  acomedv,  in  Latin,  performed  before  James 
L,  in  1614  ;'  he  died  in  1040. 

RUGGLES,  Timothy,  a  native  of  Massachu- 
setts, wasabrigadier-general  under  general  Am- 
herst, and  a  brave  and  meritorious  officer.  At 
the  revolution  he  joined  the  British,  and  died  in 
Nova  Scotia,  in  1793. 

RUHNKEiVIUS,  David,  a  native  of  Pomera- 
nia,  professor  of  belles  letlres  and  history,  and 
librarian  in  Leyden  university,  died  in  1798. 

RUfNART,  Thierry,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
born  at  Rheims,  died  in  1709. 

RULE,  Gilbert,  professor  of  philosophy,  at 
Aberdeen,  and  principal  of  his  college,  and  af- 
:160 


RU 

terwards  of  the  university  at  Edinburgh,  diei 
m  1705. 

RULIERES,  N.  de,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
author  of  an  Account  of  the  Revolution  ill  Po- 
land, and  other  works,  died  in  1791. 

RULL.\Nf),  Martin,  professor  of  medicine, 
at  Lawiiigpn,in  Swabia,  and  physician  to  Ro- 
dolpli  II.,  died  at  Prague,  in  1602. 

RUMFORD,  count.  See  THOMPSOxV,  Ben- 
jamin. 

RUMPHIUS,  George  Everard,  a  doctor  of  me- 
dicine in  Hanau  university,  distinguished  as  a 
botanist  :  the  time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

RUM3EV,  James,  an  ingenious  mechanic,  of 
Virginia,  who  invented  a  mode  of  propelling 
boats  by  steam,  in  1782.  The  experiments 
which  were  made,  however,  were  not  success- 
ful.   He  died  at  Philadelphia,  about  1790. 

RUNDLE,  Thomas,  bishop  of  Derry,  and  an 
excellent  theological  writer,  died  in  1748. 

RUNNINGTON,  Charles,  an  English  ser- 
geant at  law,  died  in  1821.  He  published  Hale's 
History  of  the  common  law,  and  several  other 
valuable  professional  works. 

RUPERT,  Prince,  a  brave  German  general, 
died  in  16S2,  aged  63. 

RUREMOXD,  John  William  de,  a  French 
fanatic,  who  thought  himself  inspired  and  com- 
missioned by  heaven,  to  restore  the  tenets  of  the 
anabaptists  of  Munster,  was  burnt  about  1580. 

RUSCELLI,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Vilerbo, 
eminent  for  his  learning,  died  in  1565. 

RUSH,  Benjamin,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  a  distin- 
guished American  physician  and  statesman, 
was  professor  of  chymistry,  and  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine,  and  of  clinical  medi- 
cine, in  the  medical  school  in  Philadelphia.  He 
was  also  a  member  of  congress,  in  1776,  and  a 
signer  of  the  declaration  of  Independence,  and 
physician-general  of  the  middle  department  of 
the  revolutionary  army.  Few  men  have  been 
greater  ornaments  to  the  country  than  Dr.  Rush, 
and  very  few  have  acquired  greater  reputation 
both  at  home  and  abroad.  His  writings,  par- 
ticularly on  professional  subjects,  are  highly 
valued.     He  died  at  Piiiladelphia,  in  1813. 

RUSH  WORTH,  John,  an  English  gentleman, 
editor  of  some  very  useful  historical  collections, 
died  in  1690,  aged  83. 

RUSSEL,  Alexander,  physician  to  tlie  Eng- 
lish factory  at  Aleppo,  distinguished  for  his 
abilities  and  learning  both  there  and  in  England; 
died  in  1770. 

RUSSEL,  lord  William,  an  eminent  English 
patriot,  was  beheaded  in  1683. 

RUSSEL,  Francis,  duke  of  Bedford,  an  Eng 
lish  iiobleiiian,  distinauished  for  his  endeavours 
to  improve  every  branch  of  agriculture.  He 
died  in  1802,  aged  37. 

RUSSEL,  Richard,  an  eminent  English  phy 
sician,  died  in  1708. 

RUSSEL,  Elizabeth,  lady,  wife  of  lord  John, 
was  distinguished  by  a  well  cultivated  mind,  anil 
a  taste  for  literature  ;  she  died  about  1600. 

RUSSEL,  Patrick,  M.  D.,  and  F.  R.  S.,  au- 
thor of  a  valuable  treatise  on  the  plague,  anJ 
of  some  estimable  works  on  natural  history  ;  he 
died  in  1805. 

RUSSEL,  William,  LL.  D.,  born  in  Scot- 
land, in  1746,  and  died  in  1793,  having  published 
several  works 

RUSSELL,  Chambers,  a  judge  of  the  suprema 
c  mrt  of  the  colony  of  Massachusetts,  and  of  the 
admiralty  court  of  the  province,  died  in  Eng- 
land, in  1766. 

RUSSELL,  James,  of  Maisachu setts,  be  sus- 


SA 


(ained  various  civil  offices  in  tliat  state,  wUli 
great  reputation,  a'.id  died  in  1790. 

RUSSKLL,  Tlioinas,  an  eminent  merchant, 
of  Bosmn,  died  in  1790. 

RUST,  (Jeorge,  dean  of  Connor,  and  bishop 
of  lirouiore,  Ireland,  died  in  1670. 

FiUTH,  a  woman  of  Moab,  mentioned  in  the 
Scriptuips,  who  by  marrying  Boaz,  became  tlie 
profreniior  of  the  royal  race  of  liavid. 

RUTHKRFORTII,  Thomas,  an  l^nglish  di- 
vine, and  writer  on  natural  philosophy,  morals, 
and  mathematics,  died  in  1771,  aged  59. 

KUTILIA,  a  Roman  lady,  wife  of  M.  Anna 
Cotta,  celebrated  as  a  woman  of  great  virtue. 

RUTILIUS  RUFUS,  Publins,  a  Roman  con- 
sul, banished  through  envy,  about  105  B.  C. 

RUTILIUS,  Claudius,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
in  the  5th  century,  wrote  in  elegiac  verse. 

RUTLEDGE,  John,  a  member  of  congress  in 
J774,  and  afterwards  governor  of  the  state  of 
South  Carolina,  was  distinguished  tor  his  zeal 
and  firmness  in  support  of  the  rights  of  the 
colonies,  during  the  revolution.  He  died  in 
J800. 

RUTLEDGE,  Edward,  an  eminent  lawyer 
and  patriot,  of  South  Carolina,  was  a  member 
of  congrea'i  from  that  state,  in  1774  and  1776, 
and  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of  Inde|)eMdence. 
He  was  afterwards  governor  of  South  Carolina, 
and  died  in  1800. 

RUYbCH,  Frederic,  a  very  eminent  Dutch 
anatomist,  born  in  W.iS,  and  died  in  1731. 

RU  YSDALL,  Jacob,  a  celebrated  Dutch  land- 
scape painter,  died  in  1081,  aged  4.5. 

RUYTER,  Micliael  Adrian,  a  famous  Dutch 
■admiral,  died  in  1676,  aeed  09. 

RYAN,  Lacy,  an  English  dramatic  writer, 
but  more  eminent  as  an  actor,  born  in  1694.  and 
died  in  1700. 

KYCKHAERT,  Martin,  an  eminent  Dutch 
landacapt  painter,  died  in  1636. 

RYCQUIUS,  Justus,  of  Ghent,  professor  of 
eloqi'.cnre  at  Bologna,  where  he  died  in  ltJ27.  He 
wrote  "  Capitolio  Romano,"  a  valuable  work. 

RYER,  Peter  dii,  a  French  dramatic  writer, 
died  in  10.58,  aged  .53. 

RYKIUS,  Theodore,  professor  of  history  at 
Levden,  died  in  1690. 

RYLAND,  John,  a  distinguished  baptist 
prea';her  in  England,  author  of  "  Elements  of 
Mechanics,"  "Sermons,"  &c. ;  he diedin  1792. 
R*YLAND,  William  Wynne,  an  eminent 
English  engraver.  He  committed  forgery,  for 
which  he  suffered  death  in  1783. 

RYMER,  Thomas,  an  excellent  antiqilary  and 
Jiistorian,  died  in  1713. 

EYSBRAC,  John  Michael,  an  eminent  statua 
ry,  who  died  in  London,  in  1770. 

RYSBRAECK,  Peter,  an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  of  Antwerp,  born  in  1657.  Tlie  time 
of  his  death  is  uncertain. 

RYVES,  sir  Thomas,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
miscellaneous  writer  in  Latin,  died  in  1051. 

UYVES,  Bruno,  a  celebrated  preacher,  chap- 
tain  to  Cliarles  L  ;  he  died  in  1677. 

RYVES,  Eliza,  an  Irish  lady,  celebrated  as  a 
fioetess  and  miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  1797. 


SA,  or  SAA,  Emamiel,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit, 
was  professor  of  theology  at  Coimbra  and  at 
Rome ;  he  wrote  several  valuable  works,  and 
died  in  1.506. 

S.'i  DE  MIRANDA,  Francis,  a  native  of  Co- 
imbra, and  proiesaot  of  .iurisprudcncc  at  the 
3i 

Zz 


university.     He  wrote  satires,  comedies,  &c. 
and  died  in  15.58. 

SAADAS  (;A0N,  a  Jewish  rabbi,  author  of 
a  book  on  the  Belief  of  the  Jews,  and  other 
theological  works,  died  in  943. 

SA  AS,  John,  a  canon  of  the  church  of  Rouen, 
and  librarian,  died  in  1774.  He  wrote  an  Abridg- 
ment of  the  French  Historical  Dictionary,  and 
other  books. 

SAAVEDRA,  Michael  de  Cervantes,  a  cele- 
brated Spanish  writer,  died  in  1616,  aged  67. 

SAAVEDRA  FAJARDO,  Diego,  a  noble 
Spaniard,  ambassador  to  Switzerland.  He 
wrote  "Idea  of  a  Pnlite  Prince,"  and  other 
works,  and  died  in  1770. 

SAB.VS,  a  famous  sectarist,  flourished  about 
310. 

SABATEI-SEVI,  a  Jewish  impostor,  born 
at  Smyrna,  in  1026.  He  presented  himself  at 
Jerusalem,  as  the  promised  Messiah,  and  in- 
vited the  Jews  to  salute  their  deliverer.  Mul- 
titudes were  so  infatuated  as  to  believe  liis 
declarations,  and  receive  him  as  the  King  of 
Kings.  He  was  seized  on  his  way  to  Constan- 
tinople, and  imprisoned,  and  after  embracing 
Alahometanisni,  died  there  in  1675. 

SABBATHIEK,  Francis,  a  French  miscella- 
neous writer,  whose  works  are  numerous ;  he 
died  in  1807. 

SABBATiiriU,  Peter,  a  native  of  Poitiers,  of 
the  order  ol  .')(  nedictines,  wiio  was  employed 
rbr  twenty  yiurs  in  making  a  collection  of  the 
Latin  versions  of  the  Bible,  which  was  publish- 
ed in  1743,  under  the  titleof  "  Bibliorum  Sacro- 
ruMi  Latinee  Vcrsiones  Antiqua.' ;"  he  died  in 
1742. 

SABELIilCUS,  Mark  Antony  Cocceius,  a 
learned  Italian,  professor  of  belles  letlres  at 
Udina,  and  librarian  to  St.  Marks  at  Venice, 
died  in  1500. 

SABELLIUS,  a  noted  African,  founder  of  a 
sect  in  the  3d  century,  which  denied  distinc- 
tion in  tlie  Trinity. 

SABEO,  Faustus,  a  native  of  Bresse,  in  the 
Venetian  territory,  distinguished  as  a  poet,  died 
tibout  1558. 

SABINA,  Julia,  wife  of  the  emperor  Adrian 
At  the  request  of  her  husband  she  took  poison, 
that  she  might  not  survive  him,  and  died  in  13d. 

SABIN.'V,  Anlna,  a  Latin  poet  in  the  age  of 
Ovid.  His  works,  which  have  all  perished, 
were  said  to  possess  some  merit. 

SABINUS,  Francis  Floribus.  a  polite  and 
learned  Italian  writer,  author  of  Interpretations 
of  tlif  Civil  Law,  &c.,  died  about  1547. 

SABINUS,  George,  an  excellent  modem  La- 
tin poet.  He  settled  at  Frankfort  on  the  Oder, 
whore  he  was  patronised  by  the  elector  of  Bran- 
denburg, and  the  emperor  Charles  V. ;  he  died 
in  1500. 

SABLIF.R,  N.,  an  eminent  French  writer, 
who  published  "  Essai  sur  les  Languages,"  and 
other  works,  and  died  at  Paris,  in  1785. 

SABLIERE,  Anthony  de  Rambouilletde  la,  a 
French  poet,  died  in  1680. 

SACCHI,  Andrea,  an  illustrious  Italian  his- 
torical painter,  died  in  1661,  aged  62. 
1     SACCHINI,  Antoine  Mnrie  Gasper,  a  very 
eminent  musician,  born  at  Naples,  in  1735,  and 
died  at  Pari.---,  in  1786. 

1  SACHEVERELL,  Dr.  Henry,  a  divine  of 
'great  celebrity  in  Eng'and,  died  in  1724,  aged  52. 
1  SACHTLEVEN,  Herman,  a  native  of  Rot- 
terdam, distinguished  as  a  landscape  painter, 
I  died  in  1685.  His  relative,  Cornelius,  was  also 
ran  eminent  lard.scape  painter. 

361 


SA  

SACKVILLE,  Tiiomas,  lord  Bucklmrst,  and 
earl  of  Dorset,  was  celebrated  as  a  poet,  and 
died  in  1008,  aged  72. 

SACKVILLE,  Cliarlcs,  carl  of  Dorset  and 
Middlesex,  a  celebrated  wil  and  poet,  died  in 
1706.  aged  09. 

SACKVILLE,  Edward,  earl  of  Dorset,  an 
Englisli  soldier,  and  au  ambassadur  from  Eng 
land  to  tlie  Frcncli  court.  He  was  afterwards 
president  of  the  council,  and  lord  privy  seal, 
under  Charles,  and  died  in  lO.W. 

SACKVILLE,  George,  viscount,  a  lieutenant- 
general  in  the  British  service,  and  afterwards 
secretary  of  state  for  the  colonial  department, 
and  tirst  lord  of  the  board  of  trade,  in  the  British 
cabinet,  died  in  1785. 

SACY,  Lewis  de,  an  advocate  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  author  nf  a  French  translation 
of  Pliny's  Letters,  and  other  works,  died  in  17'27. 

SADE,  N.  de,  abbot  of  Ebreuil,  and  author 
of  '•  Memoirs  of  tlic  Life  of  Plutarcli,"  died  in 
1780. 

SADELER,  John,  an  eminent  designer  and 
engraver,  of  Brussels,  patronised  by  the  duke 
of  Bavaria,  lived  about  1550.  His  brother  and 
a  nephew  were  also  eminent  artists. 

S.\DLEIR,  sir  Ralph,  a  statesman,  born  in 
1507,  and  died  in  1587. 

SADLER,  John,  an  English  law  writer,  died 
in  lu74. 

SADLER,  Anthony,  an  English  clergyman, 
chaplain  to  Charles  11.  after  the  restoration, 
died  in  1G80. 

SADOE,  a  famous  Jew  rabbi,  and  founder  of 
the  sect  of  the  Sadducees ;  he  flourished  2-.J0 
B.  C. 

SADOLET,  James,  a  polite  and  learned 
Italian  writer  andcardinal,  died  in  1547,  aged  70. 

SAGE,  David  le,  a  French  poet,  wrote  epi- 
grams, sonnets,  elegies,  &,c.,  and  died  about 
IGSO. 

SAGE,  Allan  Rene  le,  an  ingenious  French 
dramatic  poet  and  novelist,  died  in  1747,  aged 
80.  He  wrote  "  The  Devil  on  two  Sticks"  and 
"Gil  Bias." 

SAGE,  John,  a  Scotch  clergyman,  bishop  of 
Edinburgh,  died  in  1711. 

SAGITTARIUS,  Gaspard,  professor  of  his- 
tory in  the  university  of  Halle,  and  historian  to 
tlie  duke  of  Saxony,  an  able  supporter  of  the 
doctrines  of  the  reformation,  and  a  writer.  He 
died  in  1604. 

SAGREDO,  John,  a  noble  Venetian,  ambas- 
sador to  various  courts,  and  doge  of  Venice, 
wrote  a  "History  of  the  Ottoman  Empire," 
in  1(>77. 

S.\1LLANT,  N.  du,  a  French  officer,  distin- 
guished at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution,  for 
his  etforts  in  support  of  the  monarchy.  He  was 
murdered  with  his  followers  at  Vans. 

S\INT  A.M.\ND,  Mark  Antony  Gerard  de,  a 
French  traveller  and  poet,  died  in  1060.  His  best 
piece  is  an  Ode  on  Solitude. 

SAINT-ANDRE,  Nathaniel,  a  Swiss,  who 
went  to  England,  and  practised  surgery  and 
anatomv ;  he  died  in  1773. 

SAINT- AULAIRE,  Francis  Joseph  de  Beau- 
poil,  marquis  de,  a  French  poet,who  lived  to  near 
100  years,  and  wrote  his  best  verses  at  90  ;  he 
died  in  1742. 

SAINT- CLAIR,  Arthur,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, came  to  America,  in  17.j5,  and  served  in 
the  British  army  under  general  Wolfe.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  revolution,  he  joined  the  Ame- 
ricans, and  was  appointed  successively  a  bri- 
gadier and  major-general  in  their  army,  in 
362 


&A 

which  he  served  with  reputation  and  success, 
lie  was  afterwards  a  member  and  president  of 
congress,  and  governor  of  the  United  States 
ti;rriti)ry  north-west  of  the  Ohio.  He  died  in 
1313. 

SAINT-CYR,  Tannequil  de  Bouchet,  a  brave 
French  otiicer  under  Charles  IX.  He  was  made 
governor  of  Orleans,  and  was  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Monconlour,  in  1509. 

SAINT-CYRAN,  John  du  Verger  de  Hou- 
ranne,  abbot  ot",  born  at  Bayonne,  in  1581 ;  he 
wrote  many  books,  and  died  in  1G43. 

SAINT-EVREMOND.     Sec  EVREMOND. 

SAINT  FOIX,  Germain  Francis  PouHain 
de,  a  Frencii  writer,  born  in  1703.  He  wrote 
"Turkish  Letters,"  "Historical  Essays," 
"Comedies,"  &c.,  and  died  in  1770. 

SAINT-GELAIS,  Octavian  de,  a  French  di- 
vine and  poet,  bishop  of  Aiigouleme,  died  iu 
1502. 

SAINT-GELAIS,  Melin  de,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  distinguished  French  poet,  died  in  1559. 

SAINT-GENNIEZ,  John  de,  a  clergyman, 
of  Avignon,  and  author  of  some  poetical  pieces 
of  great  merit,  died  in  1063. 

SAINT-GERMAIN,  Robert,  count  de,  a  dis- 
tinguished olficer  in  the  service  of  France  and 
of  Denmark.  He  was  made  a  field  marshal  of 
Denmark,  and  was  afterwards  at  the  head  of 
the  French  war  department  under  Lewis  XVI 
He  died  in  1777. 

SAINT-GERMAIN,  N.,  count  de,  an  im- 
postor, who  pretended  to  have  lived  2000  years, 
and  to  have  set  at  the  side  of  our  Saviour  at  the 
marriage  of  Cana.     He  died  in  1784. 

SAINT-HYACINTHE,  Themiseul  do,  a 
French  writer,  known  by  his  quarrel  with  Vol- 
taire, and  author  of  some  romances,  and  other 
works,  died  in  1746. 

SAINT-JOHN,  Henry,  lord  viscount  Boling- 
broke,  a  famous  English  philosopher,  and  poli- 
tician, born  in  1672,  and  died  in  1751.  He  was 
secretary  of  war,  and  of  state,  to  queen  Anne. 

SAINT-JUST,  Louis  Leon  de,  one  of  the 
most  violent  and  cruel  of  the  French  revolu- 
tionists, the  associate  of  Robespierre.  He  gain 
ed  the  friendship  of  that  monster  by  advocating 
and  supporting  his  sanguinary  measures,  and 
deservedly  perished  with  him  on  the  scaffold,  in 
1794.  He  wrote  "  Esprit  de  la  Revolution." 

SAINT-LAMBERT,  Charles  Francis  de,  a 
French  poet  and  dramatic  writer,  the  friend  of 
Voltaire,  died  in  1802.  He  wrote  the  "  Seasons," 
a  poem,  "  Oriental  Fables,"  &c. 

SAINT-MARK,  Charles  Hugh  le  Fevre  de, 
a  French  miscellaneous  writer,  died  at  Paris, 
in  1763. 

SAINT-MARTIN,  N.,  a  French  soldier  and 
writer,  author  of  a  book  "on  Error  and  Truth," 
and  a  "  Picture  of  Natural  Order ;"  he  died  in 
1304. 

SAINT-NECTAIRE,  Magdalen  de,  a  French 
heroine,  famous  for  the  defence  of  her  castle 
against  the  superior  forces  of  the  enemy,  in  the 
wars  of  the  profestants. 

SAINT-NON,  John  Claude  Richard  de,  a 
counsellor  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  au- 
thor of  a  "  Voyage  to  Naples  and  Sicily,"  and 
"  Julia,"  a  comedy ;  he  died  in  1791. 

SAINT-PAVIN,  Denys  Sanguin  de,  a  French 
ecclesiastic  and  poet,  author  of  epigrams,  son- 
nets, &.C.,  died  in  1670. 

SAINT  PHALIER,  Frances  Theresa  Aumele 
de,  a  French  lady,  who  wrote  the  "  Confident 
Rival,"  a  comedy,  and  some  poetical  piece* 
died  in  1757 


SA 

SAINT-PIERRE,  Charles  Ireiiaius  Castel  de 
a  French  ecclesiastic,  distinguished  aa  a  politi 
ciaii,  and  as  a  man  of  letters,  author  of  a  "  Pro 
ject  for  Universal  Peace  among  the  European 
Powers,"  and  other  works,  died  In  1743. 

SAINT- PIERRE,  Eustace  de,  a  famous  pa 
triotic  citizen  of  Calais,  who,  in  1347,  oflered 
himself,  the  first  of  six,  of  the  principal  inhabi 
tants,  required  by  Edward  III.  lo  be  given  up  to 
his  discretion,  as  victims  for  their  obstinacy  ii 
holding  out  the  siege.  By  the  entreaties  of  Ed 
ward's  queen  lie  spared  their  lives,  and  made 
tliera  presents. 

SAINT-PIERRE,  Jacques  Henri  Bernaidin 
de,  a  very  pleasing  French  writer,  died  in  1814, 
aged  77.  His  "  Studies  of  Nature,"  is  deserv- 
edly a  popular  work. 

SAINT  PREUIL,  Francis  de  Jussac  d'Em- 
bleville  de,  a  dislingui.shed  French  olficer,  and 
governor  of  Arras,  died  in  11141. 

SAINT-SIMON,  Louis  de  Rouvroi,  duke  of, 
a  French  statesman,  and  ambassador  to  Spain, 
in  1721.  His  works  have  been  published  in  13 
vols. 

SAINT- VINCENT,  John  Francis  Fauris  de 
president  of  the  parliament  of  Provence,  died 
in  17(18. 

SAINT- YVES,  Charles,  a  skilful  French  oc- 
ulist, author  of  a  valuable  Treatise  on  the  Dis- 
orders of  the  Eyes,  died  in  173G. 

SAINTE-ALDEGONDE,  Philip  de  Marnix, 
lord  du  Mont,  an  eminent  German  statesman 
and  patriot,  and  divinity  and  civil  lav/  writer ; 
he  died  in  1598,  aged  GO. 

SAINTE-BEUVE,  James  de,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, and  professor  of  divinity  at  the  Sorbon- 
ne,  died  in  1677. 

SAINTE-MARTHE,  in  Latin,  Sammartha- 
nus,  the  name  of  a  family  in  France,  which, 
from  1536  to  the  end  of  the  17th  century,  was 
fruitful  in  men  of  letters. 

SAINTE-PALAYE,  John  Baptist  de  la  Curne 
de,  a  French  antiquary,  author  of  a  valuable 
work  on  "  Ancient  Chivalry,"  and  of  a  "  Uni- 
versal French  Glossary,"  In  40  volumes,  died 
in  1781. 

S  ALADIN,  or  SALAHEDDTN,  a  famous  sul- 
tan of  Egypt,  equally  renowned  as  a  warrior 
and  legislator  ;  he  died  in  1193,  aged  57. 

SALARIO,  Andrew,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Milan,  in  1487,  died  at  Florence,  in  1559. 

SALDEN,  William,  a  native  of  Utrecht,  was 
minister  of  the  Hague  church,  and  di<!tiiiguisli- 
ed  as  a  theological  writer  ;  he  died  in  1694. 

SALE,  George,  a  learned  Englishman,  who 
died  at  London,  in  1736.  He  translated  the  Ko- 
ran, from  the  original,  with  notes. 

SALERNE,  Francis,  a  French  physician,  who 
devoted  iiiniself  to  the  elucidation  of  natural 
history.  He  wrote  the  "  Natural  History  of 
Animals,"  &;c.,  and  died  in  1760. 

SALESBURY,  William,  author  of  a  Welch 
Dictionary,  poems,  and  other  works ;  he  lived' 
In  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century.  I 

SAl  JAN,  James,  a  Jesuit,  of  A»'ignon,  rectori 
of  the  college  of  Besancon,  died  in  1640.  He! 
■wrote  several  theological  works.  } 

SALIMBENI,  Venuri,  a  distinguished  histo-; 
rical  painter,  of  Sienna,  died  in  1613. 

SALINAS,  Francis  de,  a  native  of  Burgos, 
who,  although  destitute  of  sight,  was  distin- 
guished for  his  knowledge  of  mathematics, 
Greek,  Latin,  and  music.  He  wrote  a  Treatise 
on  Music,  and  died  in  1590. 

SALINGUERRA,  a  chief  of  the  Ghibelins, 
who  seized  upon  Ferrara,  in  1195,  and  defied 


SA 

the  power  of  the  popeTand  of  the  duke  of  Este 
He  was  afterwards  taken,  and  died  in  prison,  in 
1240. 

SALIH,  Ulysses  de,  a  noble  Swiss,  who  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  an  officer  in  the  Venetian 
and  French  armies,  and  in  aid  of  his  native 
country.     He  died  in  1674. 

SALISBURY,  John,  an  English  divine,  in  the 
leign  of  Stephen.  His  writings  on  subjects  of 
antiquity  and  criticism,  are  curious  and  valua- 
ble. 

SALISBURY,  Robert  Cecil,  earl  of,  an  emi- 
nent English  Btatestiian,  the  son  of  lord  Bur- 
leigh, was  born  in  1550.  He  was  chancellor  of 
Lancaster,  principal  secretary  of  slate,  and 
prime  minister  of  England,  under  Elizabeth  ;  in 
which  stations,  as  well  as  that  of  high  treasurer, 
he  beliaved  with  uncommon  prudence  and  saga- 
city.    He  died  ill  1012. 

SALLENGRE,  Albert  Henry  de,  a  learned 
writer,  born  at  the  Hague,  in  1694.  He  became 
an  advocate  of  the  court  of  Holland,  and  com- 
missary of  the  finances  of  the  states-general, 
and  died  in  1723. 

I  SALLO,  Dennis  de,  a  French  writer,  famous 
I  as  the  inventor  of  literary  journals,  born  in  1626, 
land  died  in  1669. 

I  SALLUST,  CaiuB  Crispus,  a  most  celebrated 
I  Roman  historian,  born  85  B.  C,  and  died  at  the 
age  of  .50. 

SALMANASARj  king  of  Assyria,  who  put 
an  end  to  the  kingdom  of  Israel,  by  invading  the 
country,  and  carrying  the  people  into  captivity. 
He  died  about  714  B.  C. 

SALMASIUS,  Claudius,  or  SAUMAISE,  a 
French  historian  and  critic,  of  most  uncommon 
abilities,  and  immense  erudition,  born  in  1.588, 
and  died  in  1653,  leaving  works  very  numerous 
and  various. 

SALMERON,  Alphonsus,  of  Toledo,  a  zeal- 
ous follower  of  Ignatius  Loyola,  the  founder  of 
the  Jesuits,  distinguished  for  his  learning.  He 
wrote  Coninienlaiies  on  the  Scriptures,  &c.,  and 
died  in  1.5-<8. 

SALMON,  William,  an  eminent  empiric,  au- 
thor of  the  "  Complete  Physician,"  and  other 
works,  died  about  1700. 

S.\LMON,  Nathaniel,  an  English  divine,  bio- 
grapher, and  antiquary,  died  in  1742. 

SALMON,  Thomas,  an  English  writer,  who 
published  a  "  Geographical  Grammar,"  of  some 
reputation,  and  died  in  1743. 

SALOMON,  J.  P.,  the  greatest  performer  on 
the  violin  in  Europe,  was  born  in  Cologne,  in 
1745,  and  died  in  London,  in  1815.  He  brought 
into  England  the  immortal  Haydn,  the  most 
original,  brilliant,  and  fertile  musical  genius  the 
world  ever  produced. 

SALONINA,  wife  of  Gailienus,  distinguished 
as  a  literary  and  benevolent  prince.=s  ;  she  was 
murdered  with  her  husband,  in  268. 

SALTER,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  English  , 
divine,  prebendaiy  of  Norwich,  died  in  1778. 
He  was  distinguished  for  his  eloquence,  piety, 
and  learning. 

SALTER,  John,  major-general  of  the  English 
forces,  and  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  first  regi- 
ment of  foot.  He  was  originally  a  private  in 
the  guards,  and  was  commissioned  by  the  great 
duke  of  Cumberland.  He  died  in  1787,  aged  78. 
SALTONSTALL,  Gurdon,  an  American 
clergyman,  afterwards  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Connecticut,  a  man  of  genius,  and  of  strong 
discriminating  powers  of  mind ;  he  died  at  New- 
London,  in  1724. 

SALTONSTALL,  Richard,  a  distinguished 
363 


SA 

magistrate,  and  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Massachuseus,  dii;diii  1756. 

SALVATOH,  Koaa,  an  eminent  Italian  pain- 
ter, engraver,  and  poet,  buru  in  Itilj,  and  died 
in  1673. 

SALVI,  John,  an  eminent  historical  painter, 
born  near  Urbino,  dit'd  in  1590.  \ 

SALVI,  iNicholaa,  a  celebrated  architect,  of 
Rome,  died  in  1751. 

SALVl.ANI,  llippolitus,  a  physician  at  Rome, 
author  of  a  Treatiseon  Fishes,  and  other  werks, 
including  poems  and  comedies,  died  in  1752. 

SALVIA NUS,  a  clear,  eie;;,'ant,  and  beautiful 
writer,  and  one  of  the  fathers  of  the  church. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  culled  "De  Providentia  Dei," 
in  eight  books.     He  lived  in  the  5th  century. 

SALVI.\TI,  Francis,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Florence,  died  in  1503. 

SALVIATI,  Joseph,  a  distinguished  Venetian 
painter,  whose  designs  and  colouring  werp  much 
admired  ;  he  died  in  1585. 

SALVINI,  Anthony  Marie,  an  eminent  Ita 
lian  scholar,  professor  of  Greek  at  Florence, 
died  in  1729.  He  translated  the  works  of  many 
distinguished  Greek  and  Latin  writers  into 
Italian,  and  wrote  soma  elegant  sonnets,  &c. 

S.\MBUCUS,  John,  counsellor  of  state,  and 
historiographer  of  the  German  empire,  under 
Maximilian  H.  and  Rodoiphus  II.  He  wrote 
"  Lives  of  the  Roman  Emperors,"  "  History  of 
Hungary,"  and  other  works,  and  died  in  1584. 

SAMMARTHANUS.  See  SAINTE-MAR- 
THE. 

SAMPSON,  William,  an  English  dramatic 
writer  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I. 

SAMPSON,  Henry,  M  A.,  an  English  non- 
conformist divine,  and  afterwards  a  distin- 
guished physician  at  London,  died  in  1705. 

SAMSON,  son  of  Manoah,  of  the  tribe  of 
Dan.  He  is  celebrated  in  Scripture  for  his  e.t- 
traordinai7  strength,  which  he  exerted  against 
the  enemies  of  his  country.  Being  betrayed 
and  taken  prisoner,  he  perished  with  3000  of 
the  Philistines,  in  the  temple  of  Dagon,  1117 
B.  C. 

SAMUEL,  a  prophet  in  Israel,  celebrated 
for  his  piety  and  devotion  to  the  service  of 
God.  He  anointed  Saul,  and  afterwards  Da- 
vid, as  kings  over  Israel,  and  died  about  1057 
B.C. 

SAMWELL,  David,  surgeon  on  board  the 
Discovery,  at  the  time  of  capt.  Cook's  death, 
and  author  of  a  minute  account  of  tliat  event, 
alco  of  some  Welsh  poems ;  ho  died  in  1799. 

S.\N.\DON,  Noel  .Stepiien,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
horn  at  Rouen,  in  lG7ti,  and  died  in  1733.  He 
wrote  a  translation  of  Horace,  with  notes. 

SANCHEZ,  Antonio  N'uncsRibeiro,  an  emi- 
nent Portuguese  phvsician  and  writer,  born  in 
ir,99,  and  died  in  17i)3. 

SANCHEZ,  Thomas,  an  illustrious  Jesuit,  of 
Spain,  was  born  in  1551,  and  died  in  1610.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  learning. 

SANCHEZ,  Peter  Anthony,  a  Spanish  divine 
and  theolocical  writer,  professor  of  divinity  at 
Vigo,  in  Gallicia,  died  in  1800. 

S.\NCHO  II.,  surnamed  the  Strong,  king  of 
Castile.  He  dethroned  and  banished  his  brothers 
from  the  kingdoms  of  Gallicia  and  Leon,  and 
afterwards  deprived  his  sisters  of  their  patri- 
mony.    He  was  assassinated  in  1072. 

SANCHO,  Ignatius,  an  extraordinary  negro, 
born  In  1729,  on  board  a  ship  in  the  slave  trade, 
and  died  in  1780.  He  lived  under  the  patronasje 
of  the  late  duke  of  Montague.  He  was  a  man 
«l'  great  talents,  and  was  in  habits  cf  the  most 
364 


SA 

fatniliar  literary  intimacy  with   Garricit  and 

Sterne. 

SANCHONIATHON,  an  ancient  Phoenicii'it 
piiilosoplier  and  historian,  llourishtd  760  B.  C. 

SANCROF'J',  Dr.  William,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  born  in  l(il6,  and  died  in  1693. 

SANCTORR'S,  a  celebrated  medical  pro 
essor,  of  Padua,  who  flourished  in  the  bcgi.t 
ning  of  the  17lli  century. 

SANDRY,  Paul,  an  English  artist,  distin- 
guished for  his  aquatinta  drawings,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  royal  academy ;  he  died  in  1809. 

SANDRY,  Thomas,  brother  to  the  preceding, 
was  professor  of  architecture  in  the  royal  aca- 
demy, and  died  in  1798. 

SANDE.MAN,  Robert,  a  Scotchman,  who,  af- 
ter preaching  his  peculiar  doctrines  in  London, 
came  to  America,  and  founded  a  sect,  called 
Sandemaniana.  He  died  in  Connecticut,  in 
1772. 

S.\NDERS,  Robert,  an  English  writer,  author 
of  the  "  Complete  English  Traveller,"  the 
"  Newgate  Calendar,"  and  other  works,  died  iii 
1783. 

SANDERS,  Nicolas,  professor  of  divinity  at 
Louvain,  and  afterwards  nuncio  from  Gregory 
XUI.  to  Ireland.     He  died  in  1581. 

SANDERSON,  Dr.  Robert,  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
a  polemic  writer  and  casuist,  born  in  15W7,  and 
died  in  1663. 

SANDERSON,  Robert,  F.  A.  S.,  an  English 
writer,  distinguished  as  the  continuator  of 
Rymer's  Foedera,  from  the  16th  to  the  20lh  vo 
lume,  died  in  1741. 

SANDRART,  Joachim,  a  famous  German 
painter,  died  in  1676,  aged  70. 

S.\NDY9,  Edwin,  archbishop  of  York,  born 
in  1519,  and  died  in  1588.  He  was  one  of  the 
nine  protestant  divines  appointed  by  queen  F,li- 
zabeth,  who  were  to  hold  a  disputation  against 
so  many  of  the  Romish  persuasion  before  both 
houses  of  parliament  at  Westminster,  in  1559. 

S.\NDYS,  sir  Edwin,  second  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  an  author,  was  born  in  1561,  and  died 
in  1629. 

SANDYS,  George,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
born  in  1577,  became  a  great  traveller,  and  in 
1615,  published  an  account  of  his  travels.  He 
was  called  by  Dryden  the  best  versifier  of  the 
age.     He  died  in  1643. 

SANNAZARIUS,  James,  an  excellent  Latin 
and  Italian  poet,  born  at  Naples,  in  1458,and  died 
in  1.530. 

SANSON,  Nicolas,  a  celebrated  French  geo- 
grapher, wa.s  born  in  1600,  and  died  in  1667. 

SANSOVINO,  James,  an  eminent  sculptor 
and  architect,  of  Florence,  died  at  Venice,  in 
1570.  His  son,  Francis,  distinguished  for  hia 
attainments  in  polite  literature,  wrote  a  chrono- 
logy of  the  world  to  1582,  and  several  other 
works,  and  died  in  1536. 

S.ANTEl.'L,  John  Baptist  de,  a  celebrated 
French  poet,  died  in  1697,  aged  67. 

SANTI  DI  TITI,  an  eminent  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  of  Florence,  died  in  1603. 

SAPOR  I.,  king  of  Persia,  in  238.  He  ex- 
tended his  dominions  by  conquest,  but  was  at 
last  defeated  and  put  to  death  in  273. 

S.-VPOR  H.  succeeded  his  father  Hormlsdas, 
as  kinc  of  Persia.  He  was  a  brave  and  success- 
ful warrior  against  the  Romans,  but  a  violent 
opposer  of  the  Christians.     He  died  in  380. 

S.VPPHO,  a  famous  poetess  of  antiquity,  who, 
for  excellence  in  her  art,  has  been  called  the 
tenth  muse,  was  born  at  Mitylene.  in  the  isle  of 
Lesbos,  CIO  B.  C.    Site  loved  Phaon,  who  waa 


( 


SA 


so  cruel  to  her,  tliat  she  threw  herself  into  the 
sea, 

SARASIN,  John  Francis,  a  French  writer, 
born  in  1004,  was  secretary  to  the  prince  of  Con- 
ti,  and  autlior  of  "  Tlie  History  of  tlie  Siege  ol 
Dunkirli,"  Sec. ;  he  (lied  in  1654. 

SAKAVIA,  Adrian,  a  protestant  professor  of 

divinity  at  Leyden,  went  to  England,  where  he 

became  canon  of  Canterbury,  and  died  in  Kill. 

SARBIEWSKI,  Matthias  Casimir,  a  Jesuit 

See  CASIMIR. 

SARDANAPALUS,  a  dissolute  king  of  As- 
tyria,  who,  on  a  revolt  of  his  subjects,  set  tire 
to  his  palace,  and  perished  in  the  flames,  820 
B.C. 

SAROEANT,  Nathaniel  Peurlce,  chief-jus- 
Hice  of  Massachusetts  in  1789,  died  in  1791. 

S.A.RGENT,  Winthrop,  a  soldier  of  the  revo- 
lution, afterwards  governor  t>(  Mississippi  Ter 
ritory,  died  in  1820. 

SARISBURY,  John,  a  famous  English  histo- 
rian, critic,  and  philosopher,  born  in  1110,  died 
in  1181. 

SAKJEANT,  John,  an  English  secular  priest 
who  went  to  Lisbon,  where  he  became  a  catho 
Sic,  and  wrote  against  liis  former  faith ;  he  died 
about  1670. 

SARPt.   See  PAUL. 

SARTO,  Andrea  del,  a  famous  Italian  paint- 
er, born  in  Florence,  in  1478,  and  died  in  1520. 

SATURNINIJS,  a  heretic  of  the  2d  century 
He  supposed  the  world  was  created  by  angels, 
and  regarded  the  connexion  of  the  sexes  as  cri 
-tninal. 

SATURNINTTS,  Pnblius  Sempronius,  a  Ro- 
man general,  who  assumed  the  imperial  purple 
in  2f)i?,  and  was  murdered  by  his  soldiers  in  267. 
Another  of  the  same  name  was  proclaimed  em- 
peror by  the  Alexandrians,  and  soon  al'ter  killed 
himself. 

SAUL,  son  of  Cish,  of  the  tribe  of  Benjamin, 
was  anointed  king  of  Israel,  bv  the  prophet 
Kamuel,  1095  B.  C.  He  killed  himself  after  an 
wnf'ortunate  battle  at  Gilboah. 

SAUNDERS,  Charles,  a  dramatic  writer,  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  II.  The  time  of  his  death 
is  not  known. 

SAUNDERS,  Richard,  author  of  "  Astrolo- 
gical Judgment  and  Practice  of  Physic,"  and 
other  works  ;  he  died  in  1C80. 

SAUNDERS.sirEdmund,  chief  justice  of  the 
«ing's  bench,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  was 
©riginally  a  strolling  beggar  about  the  streets. 
He  was  noticed  and  taught  to  write  by  an  attor- 
ney's clerk  ;  and  in  a  few  years  became  an  able 
attorney,  and  a  very  eminent  counsel ;  he  died 
in  1683. 

SAUNDERS,  John  Cunningham,  a  very  emi- 
nent and  successful  English  oculist ;  he  died 
suddenly  in  1810,  at  the  early  age  of  37. 

SAUNDERS,  WilHam,  a  distinguished  Eng- 
lish physician,  author  of  several  valuable  medi- 
tal  works,  died  in  1817. 

SAUNDERSON,  Dr.  Nicolas,  an  illustrious 
professor  of  the  mathematics  in  the  university 
of  Cambridge,  born  in  1C82.  At  12  months  old 
lie  lost  his  eyes  by  the  small  pox  ;  nevertheless 
he  became  a  great  mathematician  ;  he  died  in 
1739. 

SAURIN,  James,  an  eminent  Flemish  divine, 
theological  and  controversial  writer,  born  in 
1G77,  and  died  in  1730.  He  was  possessed  of 
great  talents,  to  which  were  added,  a  fine  ad- 
dress, a  harmonious  voice,  and  a  most  eloquent 
unaffected  style. 
SAURIN,  Josepl],  a  French  raathematician, 

31* 


SA 

born  in  1659.  He  was  a  member  of  the  academy 
of  sciences,  and  received  a  pension  Iroin  llie 
king.     He  died  at  Paris,  in  1737. 

SAURIN,  Bernard  Joseph,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  an  advocate  of  tlie  parliament  of 
Paris,  a  distinguished  dramatic  writer,  and  the 
friend  of  Voltaire  and  Helvetius.  He  died  in 
1781. 

SAUSSURE,  Nicolas  de,  a  distinguished 
French  writer  on  agriculture,  died  in  1790. 

SAUSSURE,  Horace  Benedict  de.  a  cele- 
brated naturalist,  was  born  at  Geneva,  in  1740, 
and  died  in  1799. 

SAUVAGES,  Francis  Eoissier  de,  a  French 
physician,  professor  of  botany  and  medicine,  at 
Montpellier,  died  in  1767.  He  wrote  several 
medical  and  botanical  works,  and  his  reputa 
tion  was  so  great,  that  he  was  called  the  Boei- 
haave  of  Langutdoc. 

SAUVAL,  Henry,  an  advocate  in  the  parlia 
inent  of  Paris,  and  author  of  a  work,  entilkfl 
'  The  History  of  the  Antiquities  of  Paris," 
died  in  1676. 

SAUVEUR,  Joseph,  a  French  mathemati- 
cian, born  in  1653.  He  was  honoured  by  the 
royal  family,  had  prince  Eugene  among  his 
pupils,  at  the  age  of  20,  and  was  made  professor 
of  mathematics  to  the  royal  college.  He  died 
in  1716. 

SAVAGE,  Richard,  a  celebrated  English  poet. 
He  was  the  son  of  Anne,  countess  of  Maccles- 
field, by  the  earl  of  Rivers.  His  mother  was 
his  enemy  till  his  death,  which  was  in  1743,  in 
a  jail  at  Bristol.  His  indiscretion  was  his  ruin. 
SAVARY,  James,  an  eminent  French  writer 
upon  the  subject  of  trade,  died  in  1692,  aged  70. 
SAVARY,  N.,  a  celebrated  French  vvriter,_ 
author  of  "Travels  in  Egypt,"  a  translation  of 
the  "  Koran,"  with  a  "  Life  of  Mahomet,"  and 
a  "Dictionary  and  Grammar  of  the  Arabian 
Language  ;"  he  died  in  1788. 

SA  VERY,  Roland,  a  celebrated  French  land- 
scape painter,  he  died  in  1639. 

SAVILE,  sir  George,  baronet ;  he  acquired 
the  deserved  encomium  of  beine  an  independent 
English  patriot ;  and  died  in  1784,  aged  59. 

SAVILE,  sir  Henry,  a  most  learned  Engli.sli 
divine,  historian  and  critic,  born  in  1549,  and 
died  in  1622.  He  was  tutor  in  the  Greek  tongue 
to  queen  Elizabeth. 

SAVILE,  sir  George,  marquis  of  Halifax,  an 
eminent  statesman,  and  political  and  moral 
writer,  died  in  1695,  aged  65. 

SAVONAROLA,  Jeroni,  a  famous  Italian 
monk,  born  in  I4."i2,  and  died  in  1498. 

SAVOT,  Lewis,  a  French  physici.in  and  an- 
tiquarian. He  was  physician  to  Lewis  XIH., 
and  wrote  a  "  Discourse  on  Ancient  Medals," 
and  other  works,     fie  died  in  1640. 

SAWV3'".i;,  sir  Robert,  an  eminent  English 
lawyer,  anrl  attorney-iireneral.  He  was  removed 
from  his  nftice,  for  opjiosing  the  arbitrary  mea- 
sures of  king  James,  and  died  in  1(592. 

SAXE,  Maurice,  count  de,  marshal-general 
of  the  French  armies,  born  at  Dresden,  in  1696, 
and  died  in  1750.  He  was  one  of  the  greatest 
and  most  succes.sful  generals  of  the  age. 

SAXO,  Grammaticus,  a  Danish  historian, 
who  flourished  in  the  12th  century,  and  died  in 
1208. 

SAY,  Samuel,  an  English  dis.»eming  minister, 
and  poetical  critic,  successor  to  Dr.  Calamy,  at 
Westminster,  died  in  1743. 

SAYLE,  William,  first  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Carolina,  died  the  year  after  his  arrival  in 
the  country,  in  1071. 

365 


'  {~Cyt-A  OLA,  Mutiiis,  suriiaintd  Cdicliis,  ai 
young  Roina!!,  lamous  for  his  courape  and  in- 
trepidity in   the  lime  of  Tarfjuin  tlie  Proud. 

SCALA,  Bartholomew,  an  Italian  slatfBman 
pindtiistorian,  born  in  1424,  and  died  in  1497. 

SCALA,  Alexander,  daughter  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  distinguished  for  lier  beamy,  her 
private  virtirt-s,  and  her  knowledge  of  classical 
literature.     She  died  in  1506. 

SCALIGER,  Julius  Cwsar,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician, and  eminent  Latin  poet  and  critic,  born 
in  1484,  and  died  in  1558. 

SCALIGER.  Joseph  Justus,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  great  critical  and  historical  writer,  and 
rlirontiloger,  born  in  1.540,  and  died  in  1609.  He 
was  perfectly  skilled  in  13  languages. 

SCAMOZ'ZI,  Vincent,  a  native  of  Vincenza, 
the  most  celebrated  architect  of  his  time.  He 
wrote  in  Italian,  "  Ideas  on  Universal  Archi- 
tecture," in  10  hooks,  and  died  in  IClfi. 

SCANDERBEG,  or  GEORGE  CA3T-RI0T, 
king  of  Albania,  a  province  of  Turkey,  in 
Europe,  dependent  on  tlic  Ottoman  empire.  He 
was  born  in  1404,  and  died  in  1467. 

SCAPULA,  John,  a  lexicograplior,  who  was 
employed  in  tlie  priming  house  ot  Henry  Ste- 
phens, at  Lyons,  acquired  a  considerable  sura  by 
publishing  'an  abridgment  of  a  work  his  em- 
ployer was  preparing  for  the  press,  in  1580.  The 
time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

SCARBOROUGH,sirCharles,aneminentEng- 
li.sh  physician  and  mathematician.  He  was  phy 
sician  to  Charles  II:  and  his  two  successors,  and 
succeeded  Dr.  Harvey  as  lecturer  on  the  subjects 
of  anatomy  and  surgery.     He  died  in  1698. 

SCARELLA,  John  Baptist,  an  ecclesiastic,  of 
Brescia,  distinguished  as  the  advocate  of  New 
toil's  system,  and  as  a  writer  on  philosophical 
and  theological  subjects.     He  died  in  1779. 

SCARRON,  Paul,  an  eminent  French  comic 
or  rather  burlesque  writer  and  satirist,  born  in 
1610,  and  died  in  1669.  He  was  deformed,  and 
of  very  irregular  manners. 

SCHAAF,  Charles,  a  learned  German  pro- 
fessor of  oriental  languages  at  Duisbourg,  and 
afterwards  at  Leyden.     He  died  in  1729. 

SCHACHT,  Christian  Paul,  professor  of  me- 
dicine, botany,  chymistry,  and  natural  history 
at  Harderwvck,  in  Holland,  his  native  p  ace 
died  in  1600,"  aged  32. 

SCHAGEN,  Giles,  a  celebrated  portrait  and 
historical  painter.  He  resided  for  some  time  at 
Paris,  and  died  in  1668. 

SCHAICK,  Gonseu  Van,  was  a  brigadier-ge 
neral  in  the  United  States  array ;  he  rendered 
important  service  by  an  attack  upon  some  In- 
dian settlements,  in  1779,  and  died  at  Albany, 
in  1789. 

SCHALKEN,  Godfrey,  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter,  born  in  1643,  and  died  in  1706. 

SCHATEN,  Nicholas,  a  German  Jesuit,  au 
thorof  a  "  History  of  Westphalia,"  and  other 
works  ;  he  lived  at  the  close  of  the  17th  century. 
SCHEELE,  Charles  William,  an  eminent 
chvmist,  born  at  Stralsund,  in  1742,  and  died  in 
1786.  He  wrote  a  valuable  Treatise  on  Air  and 
Fire. 

SCHEELSTRATE,  Emanuel  de,  canon  of  St. 
John  Lateran,  and  of  St.  Peter  at  Rome,  died  in 
1692.  He  wrote  "  Antiquitates  EccleslEe  Mus 
traise,"  and  other  works. 

SCHEFFER,  John  a  German  critic  and  anti 
quary,  born  in  1621,  and  died  in  1679.  He  pub- 
lished several  valuable  works. 

SCHEGKINS,  James,  professor  of  philosophy 

and  medicine,  at  Tubingen,  died  in  1587.    Al- 

36G 


»SC 

i}uugh  blind,  he  pursued  his  studies  and  wrote 
otvrra!  works. 

SCHEINER,  Christopher,  an  eminent  Ger- 
man mathematician  and  astronomer,  memora 
ble  for  havmg  first  discovered  the  spots  on  the 
the  sun'ij  disc,  was  born  in  1575,  and  died  in 
1650. 

SCHELHAM.MER,  Gouthier  Christopher, 
professor  of  medicine,  at  Helmstadt,  at  Jena, 
and  at  Kiel,  and  pliysician  to  the  duke  of  Hol- 
stein,  died  in  1716. 

SCHELLINKS,  William,  a  native  of  Am- 
sterdam, eminent  as  a  painter  of  landscapes, 
history,  and  sea  views ;  he  died  in  1678.  His 
brother  Daniel  excelled  as  a  landscape  painter ; 
he  died  in  1701. 

SCHENCK  DE  GRAFFENBERG,  John,  a 
physician  and  medical  writer,  of  Friburg,  died 
in  1598.  His  son,  John  George,  was  also  a  phy- 
sician, at  the  Hague ;  he  wrote  some  medical 
works,  and  died  about  1620. 

SCHENCKIUS,  John  Theodore,  professor  of 
medicine  at  Jena,  and  a  medical  writer,  died  in 
1671. 

SCHERTLIN,  Sebastian,  a  distinguished  ge- 
neral and  soldier,  in  the  service  of  several  sove- 
reigns of  Europe,  particularly  of  Charles  V., 
emperor  of  Germany,  died  in  1577,  aged  82. 

SCHEUCHZER,  John  James,  a  physician, 
of  Zurich,  and  profes.5or  of  mathemalics  and 
medicine  there.  His  reputation  was  so  great, 
that  Peter  of  Russia  made  him  liberal  offers  to 
settle  in  th.tt  country  His  writings  were  nume- 
rous and  valuable;  he  died  in  1733.  John,  his 
brother,  was  also  professor  of  medicine  at  Zu- 
rich, and  died  in  1738. 

SCHIAVONE,  Andrea,  a  Venetian  painter, 
born  in  1522,  and  died  in  1.582. 

SCHIAVONETTI,  Lewis,  born  at  Bassona, 
in  Venice,  in  1765.  He  at  first  studied  painting, 
but  afterwards  took  to  engraving,  in  which  he 
greatly  e.tcelled  ;  he  went  to  England,  and  died 
in  1810. 

SCHICK  ARD,  William,  professor  of  Hebrew 
at  Tubinsen,  died  in  1635. 

SCniDONE,Bartholomew,  an  eminent  paint- 
er, of  Modena,  died  in  1616. 

SCHILLER,  Frederic,  a  very  distinguished 
German  dramatist  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
born  in  1759,  and  died  in  1805. 

SCHILLING,  Drebold,  authorof  a  "  History 
of  the  Wars  of  the  Swiss  against  Cliarles,  duke 
of  Burgundy,"  lived  in  the  15th  century. 

SCHLTCTINGIUS,  Jonas  de  Bukowic,  a  na- 
tive of  Poland,  who  was  banished  by  the  diet 
of  Warsaw,  on  account  of  his  Socinian  princi- 
ples. His  writings  are  chiefly  theological.  Ha 
died  in  1661. 

SCHMIDT,  George  Frederic,  an  eminent  en- 
graver, of  Berlin,  died  iu  1775. 

SCHMIDT,  Erasmus,  professor  of  mathema- 
tics and  of  Greek,  at  Wittemberg,  died  in  1637. 

SCHMIDT,  Sebastian,  professor  of  oriental 
languages  at  Strasburg,  died  in  1697. 

SCHMIDT,  John  Andrew,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
and  professor  of  theology,  at  Mariendal,  died  in 
1726. 

SCHNEBBELIE,  Jacob,  born  in  Westmin- 
ster, in  1760,  was  bred  a  confectioner,  but  quit- 
ted it  for  tlie  study  of  drawing,  in  which  he  ex- 
celled: he  died  in  1792. 

SCHOEPFLIN,  John  Daniel,  an  eminetit 
German  philosopher,  historiographer,  and  anti- 
quary, born  in  1694,  and  died  in  1771. 

SCHOMBERG,  Henry  de,  governor  of  la 
Marche,  and  a  distinguished  French  officer  un- 


sc 


sc 


der  Charles  IX.,  died  in  1599.  His  son  of  the 
same  name,  also  succeeded  iiim  in  tlie  govern- 
ment of  la  Marclic,  and  for  his  distingiiislied 
military  services,  was  made  a  marshal  of  France, 
governor  of  Langiiedoc,  and  sent  as  ambassador 
to  England  and  Ucrinany.     He  died  in  1()31. 

SCHOMBERG,  Frtderick  Armand  de,  duke 
of,  a  distinguislied  German  general,  born  in 
1603,  and  was  shot  in  battle,  in  1690. 

SCHOMBERG,  Dr.  Isaac,  an  English  phy- 
sician and  medical  writer,  died  in  1T61. 

SCHOMBERG,  Alexander  Crowcher,  an  emi- 
nent English  writer  on  juridical  antiquities,  &c., 
born  in  1756,  and  died  in  1792. 

SCHONER,  John,  a  German  philosopher, 
and  professor  of  mathematics,  at  Nuremburg, 
wrote  several  mathematical  works,  and  died  in 
1547. 

SCHOOKirs,  Martin,  professor  of  languages 
and  philosophy  at  Utrecht,  Groningen,  Dtven- 
ter,  and  Frankfort  on  the  Oder,  died  in  1669. 

SCHOOINFIELD,  Jolm  Henry,  an  eminent 
German  painter,  died  in  1689. 

SCHOOLJANS,  Anthony,  a  native  of  An- 
twerp, distinguished  as  a  painter,  died  in  1726. 

SCHOREL,  John,  a  celebrated  Flemish  paint- 
er, died  in  15G2,  aged  76. 

SCHOTTUS,  Gaspard,  a  learned  German  Je- 
suit, who  resided  at  Palermo,  and  at  Rome,  died 
in  1CG6.  His  writings  on  various  subjects  were 
numerous  and  valuable. 

SCHOTTUS,  Andreas,  a  very  learned  Greek 
critic,  of  Germany,  born  in  1552,  and  died  in 
1629. 

SCHREVELIUS,Cornelius,  a laboriouscritic, 
and  Greek  lexicographer,  of  Holland,  died  in 
1667,  aged  52. 

SCHULEMBOURG,  Matthias  John,  count 
of,  a  distinguished  general  in  the  service  of  the 
king  of  Poland,  and  afterwards  of  the  Vene- 
tians, died  at  Venice,  in  1743. 

SCHULTENS,  Albert,  a  German  divine, 
greatly  distinguished  as  a  Hebrew  critic  and 
orientalist ;  he  died  in  1741,  aged  70. 

SCHUP.ZE,  John  Henry,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, and  professor  of  medicine  at  Halle,  au- 
thor of  a  "'History  of  Medicine  from  the  Crea- 
tion to  the  year  of  Rome  535,"  and  other 
works  ;  he  died  in  1745. 

SCHURMAN,  Anna  Maria,  a  most  extraordi- 
nary German  lady,  a  prodigy  of  her  sei,  born  at 
Cologne,  in  1607,  and  died  in  1676. 

SCHURTZFLEISCH,  Conrad  Samuel,  pro- 
fessor of  history,  poetry,  and  Greek,  at  Wit- 
temberg,  and  counsellor  and  librarian  to  the 
duke  of  Saxe  Wieniar,  died  in  1708. 

SCHUT,  Cornelius,  a  distinguished  painter, 
of  Antwerp,  the  disciple  of  Rubena,  died  in 
1660. 

SCHl'UR,  Theodore  Vander,  an  eminent 
painter,  born  at  the  Hague,  in  1628,  and  died  in 
1705. 

SCHUYLER,  Peter,  distinguished  for  his  in- 
fluence over  the  five  nations  of  Indians,  in  the 
stale  of  New- York,  was  mayor  of  the  city  of 
Albany,  and  in  1719,  as  the  oldest  member  of 
the  council,  was  at  the  head  of  the  government 
of  New- York. 

SCHUYLER,  Philip,  a  major-general  in  the 
American  army,  during  the  revolution,  was  a 
member  of  congress,  and  a  senator  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  from  the  state  of  New- York.  He  died 
in  1804. 

SCHWARTZ,  Bertholct,the  inventor  of  gun 
powder,  was  a  monk  of  the  order  of  Cordeliers, 
in  the  13ih  century,  born  at  Friburg.    He  was 


an  able  chymisi,  and  is  said  to  have  made  the 
important  discovery  while  trying  experiments 
on  nitre.  Roger  Bacon  is  thought  by  some  to 
have  made  the  discovery  previously,  but  to  have 
concealed  it  from  ihe  world. 

SCHWARTZ,  Christopher.an  emlnentpaint- 
er,  of  Ingoldstadt,  who  was  called  the  Raphael 
of  Germany  ;  he  died  in  1594. 

SCHVt'EKIN,  Christopher,  count  of,  govern- 
or of  Nicss  and  Bricg,  and  a  field  marshal  hi  the 
Prussian  service,  rose  to  the  liighe.-t  honours  by 
his  merit.  He  fell  at  the  battle  of  Prague  in 
1757.  ' 

SCHYNDAL,  Bernard,  an  admired  Dutch 
painter,  born  at  Haerlem,  died  in  J716. 

SCIOPPIUS,  Caspar,  a  learned  German  wri- 
|tcr  of  the  17th  century,  called  the  Granmialical 
Cur,  on  account  of  his  calumniating  all  men  vf 
eminence  in  learning  ;  he  died  in  1019,  aged  73. 

SCIPIO,  Pnblius  Cornelius,  a  renowned  Ro- 
man general,  surnanied  Africanus,  for  his  con- 
questsin  that  country.  He  was  valiant,  and  ge- 
nerous to  his  prisoners.    He  died  IfiO  B   C. 

SCIPIO,  Liicius  Cornelius,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, obtained  the  surname  of  Asiaticus,  from 
his  conquests  in  Asia. 

SCIPIO  NASICA,  of  the  same  family  as  the 
preceding,  was  distinguished  for  his  success  in 
Spain,  and  for  his  virtues. 

SCIPIO,  Publius  oEmilianus,  olHained  tlie 
isurname  of  th'i  second  Africanus,  from  the  final 
|Conquest  of  Carthage,  147  B.  C.  He  afterw  ards 
destroyed  Nuniantia,  and  enlarged  the  Reman 
dominions  in  Spain,  and  was  found  dead  in  his 
bed,  128  B.  C. 

SCIPIO,  Publius,  fatber-in-Iaw  of  Pompey, 
was  defeated  in  Africa  by  Julius  Caesar. 

SCLATER,  William,  D.  D.,  an  English  di- 
vine and  poet,  died  in  1647.  Another  of  the 
same  name,  was  vicar  of  Pitminster,  and  a  the- 
ological writer ;  he  died  in  1626. 

SCOPAS,  a  sculptor  and  architect,  of  Paros, 
430  B.  C.  His  most  admired  works  were  a  sta- 
tue of  Venus,  and  the  Mausoleum  of  Artemisia. 

SCORZA,  Sinibaldo,  a  Genoese  painter  and 
engraver,  who  e.xcelled  in  landscapes  and  ani- 
mals.    He  died  in  1631. 

SCOT,  Reynolds,  a  learned  English  gentle- 
man, born  in  1545,  and  died  in  1599. 

SCOTT,  Dr.  John,  a  learned  and  pious  Eng- 
lish divine,  wrote  "  The  Christian  Life,"  and 
other  works ;  he  was  born  in  1638,  and  died  in 
1694. 

SCOTT,  Daniel,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  English 
writer,  chiefly  on  theological  subjects,  died  in 
1759. 

SCOTT,  Thomas,  brother  of  the  preceding,  a 
distinguished  dissenting  minister,  died  in  1740. 

SCOTT,  Thomas,  B.  D.,  an  English  clergy- 
man, for  many  years  preacher  to  the  English  aT 
Utrecht,  was  assassinated  in  1626. 

SCOTT,  Samuel,  a  distinguished  Englisli 
painter,  died  in  1772. 

SCOTT,  sir  Michael,  a  brave  soldier  and  offi- 
cer, in  the  service  of  Alexander  III.,  of  Scot- 
land, died  in  1291.  He  was  distinguished  for 
his  learning. 

SCOTT,  David,  a  Scotchman,  author  of  a 
■'  History  of  Scotland,"  a  work  of  no  great  me- 
rit ;  he  died  in  1742. 

SCOTT,  John,  a  quaker,  called  the  poet  of 
Arawell,  was  born  in  1730,  and  died  in  1783, 
He  published  manv  poems. 

SCOTT,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
chaplain  to  the  Loch  hospital,  and  rector  of  As- 
ton Sanford,  Bucks,  distioguiebed  for  his  Com 
367 


SE 

inentary  on  tin:  Bible,  and  other  works ;  iie  died 
in  1821. 

SCOUGAL,  Henry,  M.  A.,  professor  of  moral 
philosophy  and  theology  at  Aberdeen,  died  in 
1078,  ased  28. 

SCREVEN,  James,  a  brigadier-general  of 
the  militia  ol"  the  state  of  Georgia,  was  killed 
by  an  invading  party  from  Florida,  during  the 
revolutionary  war,  iu  1778. 

SCRIBONIUS  LARGUS,  an  eminent  Roman 
physician,  in  the  age  of  Augustus,  and  of  Ti 
berius.    Some  of  his  works  are  still  extant. 

SCRIVERIUS,  Peter,  a  poet  and  philologer, 
of  Haerlera,  died  in  1653. 

SCROGGS,  sir  William,  an  English  officer 
during  the  civil  wars,  afterwards  knighted,  and 
made  chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench.  He  died 
in  lfi83. 

SCUDDER,  Henry, a presbyterian clergyman, 
of  England,  author  of  "The  Christian's  Daily 
Walk."     He  died  before  the  restoration.^ 

SCUDEIUS,  George  de,  a  French  dramatic 
writer  and  poet,  died  in  1665. 

SCUDERl,  Madeleine  de,  sister  of  the  pre- 
ceding, bom  at  Havre  de  Grace,  in  1G07,  became 
very  eminent  for  her  wit  and  her  writings ;  she 
died  in  1701. 

SCULTETUS,  Abraham,  professor  of  the 
ology  at  Heidelberg,  and  a  deputy  from  the 
university  to  the  Svnod  of  Dort.  He  died  in 
1026. 

SCYLAX,  a  geographer,  of  Caria,  who  was 
employed  by  Darius  in  visiting  and  making  ob 
servations  in  India,  522  B.  C.  The  invention 
of  geographical  tables  is  attributed  to  him. 

SEABURY,    Samuel,    D.    D.,   an  episco 
clergyman,  bishop  of  Connecticut,  and  the  hist 
diocesan  in  the  United  States,  published  two 
volumes  of  his  sermons,  and  died  in  1796. 

SEAMAN,  Lazarus,  D.  D.,  an  English  cler- 
gyman, distinguished  for  his  exertions  in  favour 
of  the  parliament,  during  the  civil  wars.  He 
was  one  of  the  divines  of  the  Westminster 
assembly,  and  died  in  1675. 

SEBA,  Albert,  author  of  a  valuable  work  ou 
Natural  Historv,  was  born  in  East  Friesland 

SEBASTIAN,  king  of  Portugal,  succeeded 
his  grandfather  John  HI.  on  the  throne,  in  ISS" 
lie  was  unfortunate  in  his  wars,  and  was  finally 
killed  in  the  battle  with  the  king  of  Morocco, 
in  1578. 

SEBASTIANO,  called  del  Plombo,  from  an 
office  given  him  by  pope  Clement  VII.  in  the 
lead  mines,  was  an  eminent  painter,  born  at 
Venice,  in  1485,  and  died  in  1547. 

SECKENDORF,  Guy  Lewis  de,  a  very  learn- 
ed German,  born  in  1026,  and  died  in  1092.  He 
wrote  several  books. 

SECKER,Tliomas,archbishopof  Canterbury, 
born  in  1693,  and  died  in  1768.  tlis  catechetical 
lectures  and  sermons,  published  after  his  death, 
are  masterly  compositions. 

SECONDAT  DE  MONTESaUIEU,  John 
Baptist,  Bon  of  the  celebrated  Montesquieu,  was 
a  counsellor  in  the  parliament  of  Bourdcanx,  and 
devoted  himself  to  study  and  agriculture.  He 
wrote  a  "  Memoir  on  Electricity,"  &c.,  and  died 
in  1796. 

SECOUSSE,  Denys  Frauds,  a  French  writer, 
author  of"  Memoirs  for  the  History  of  Charles 
the  Bad,"  "Memoirs  of  Conde,"  &c.,  died  in 
1754. 

SECUNDUS,  John,  a  celebrated  Latin  poet, 
born  at  the  Hague,  in  1511,  and  died  in  1536. 

SECORIS,  John,  an  English  physician  and 
medical  writer,  died  about  1570: 
368 


SB 

SEDAINE,  Michael  John,  a  dramatic  writer, 
and  an  architect,  born  at  Paris,  in  1719,  and  died 
in  1797. 

SEDGWICK,  Obadiah,  an  English  clergy- 
man, distinguished  for  his  attachment  to  repub- 
lican principles,  died  in  1657. 

.SEDG  WICK , Theodore,  LL.  D. ,  a  distinguish- 
ed jurist  of  Massachusetts,  was  a  representative 
and  senator  in  Congress  from  that  slate,  and 
afterwards  a  judge  of  the  supreme  judicial  court 
of  the  state  ;  he  died  m  1813. 

SEDLEY,  sir  Charles,  an  English  wit  and 
poet,  born  in  1639,  anddied  inl703. 

SEDULIUS,  Ciecilius,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  the 
5th  century,  author  of  a  poem  on  the  life  of 
Christ. 

SEED,  Jeremiah,  an  Eiiglish  divine,  and  the- 
ological writer,  died  in  1747. 

SEE-MA-KOANG,  a  Chinese  mandarin  and 
philosopher,  in  the  11th  century,  who  relin- 
quished all  his  public  employments  for  solitude, 
where  he  devoted  liimseli'  to  study.  He  wrote 
a  History  of  China,  commencing  with  the  year 
403  B.  C,  and  other  works. 

SEGAR,  sir  William,  garter  king  at  armsi, 
and  author  of  "  Honour,  Civil  and  Military," 
and  some  heraldic  MSS  ;  he  died  in  1633. 

SEGHERS,  Gerard,  an  eminent  Dutch  paint- 
er, of  Antwerp,  died  in  1641.  His  brother  Da- 
niel, w.^io  was  a  Jesuit,  painted  insects  and  flow 
ers  inimitably  ;  he  died  in  1060. 

■^EGNERI,  Paul,  a  popular  preacher  and  ac- 
tive missionary  of  the  society  of  Jesuits.  Hit 
w.is  chaplain  to  pope  Innocent  XII.,  and  died 
ill  1694.     His  writings  were  chiefly  theological. 

SEGRAIS,  John  Renaud  de,  a  celebrated 
French  poet  and  novelist,  died  in  1701.  aged  77. 
Ho  was  patronised  by  Mad.  de  la  Fayette,  in 
whose  society  he  was  treated  with  honourable 
di>tinction. 

SEGUI,  Joseph,  a  French  clergyman,  distin 
tinguished  as  a  poet ;  he  was  abbot  of  Genlis, 
and  canon  of  Meaux  cathedral.  He  died  in 
1761. 

SEGUIER,  John  Francis,  a  distinguished 
French  botanist,  and  president  of  the  academy 
of  Nismes,  died  in  1784.  His  writings  on  bota- 
nical and  other  subjects,  are  numerous. 

SEJANUS,  jElius,  the  son  of  Seius  Strabo, 
a  Roman  knight ;  he  aspired  to  the  imperial  pur- 
ple, but  failed,  and  was  strangled  in  prison, 
A.  D.  31. 

SELDEN,  John,  an  English  antiquary,  histo- 
rian, aoJ  '".w  writer,  of  most  e.xtensive  learning; 
he  diea  in  1654,  aged  70.  Grotius  styles  him 
"  The  glory  of  the  English  nation." 

SELEUCUS  NICANOR,  a  king  of  Syria,  at 
the  division  of  the  provinces  after  the  death  of 
■Meiander.    He  was  assassinated  280  B.  C. 

SELIM  I.,  son  of  Bajazet  II.,  ascended  the 
throne  of  Turkey,  after  poisoning  liisfatlier,  and 
destroying  his  elder  brother.  He  marched  asainst 
Egypt,  and  destroyed  the  power  of  the  Mame- 
lukes, and  was  equally  successful  against  the 
PersiaiLs,  but  died  while  preparing  to  make  war 
against  the  Christians,  in  1520. 

SELIM  II.,  grandson  of  the  preceding,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Solyman  II.,  on  the  throne,  in 
1,566.  He  addicted  himself  to  the  pleasures  of 
the  seraglio,  and  died  little  respected,  in  1574. 

SELIS,  Nicholas  Joseph,  a  distinguished 
French  poet,  born  in  1737,  died  in  1802.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  "  Translation  of  Persius,"  "  Re- 
lation of  Voltaire's  Disorder,  Confession,  and 
Death,"  and  other  works. 

SELKIRK,  Alexander,  a  Scotch  adventurer, 


i 


sa 


6E 


born  about  1680.  He  made  several  voyages  to 
the  South  Seas,  in  oue  ol  which,  having  a  quar- 
rel with  the  commander,  the  latter  set  him  on 
shore  on  the  island  ol  Juan  de  Fernandez,  with 
a  few  necessaries,  where  he  lived  3  years,  wlien 
in  1709,  he  was  taken  off  hy  captain  Woods 
ttosers,  of  Bristol. 

SELLER,  Abednepo,  an  English  divine,  and 
writer  on  religions  subjects,  died  about  1720. 

SELLIUS,  Giidfrcy,  a  native  of  Dantzic,  dis- 
(inguished  as  a  geographical  and  historical  wri- 
ter, died  in  I7ii7. 

SEMIRAiMlS,  queen  of  Assyria,  famous  for 
lier  extensive  conquests.  Herson  Ninyas  caus- 
ed her  to  be  put  to  death,  and  ascended  the 
tlirone.     She  flouri?hed  about  1^15  B.  C. 

SENA€,John,  physician  tothe  king  of  France, 
counsellor  of  state,  and  superintendent  of  the 
mineral  waters  of  the  kiiiedom,  died  in  1770. 
He  wrote  several  books  on  the  subjects  of  an- 
atomy and  medicine. 

SENAUDT,  John  Francis,  a  native  of  An- 
twerp, became  a  member  and  afterwards  r^upe- 
rior  of  the  oratory,  died  in  11)7^.  He  wrote  a 
"Treatise  on  tiic  Use  of  the  Passions,"  "Lives 
of  Saints  and  Illustrious  persons,"  &c. 

SENECA,  Lucius  Anna  us,  a  native  of  Cor- 
duba,  celebrated  as  a  pleader  and  orator  in  the 
Roman  forum. 

SENECA,  LuciusAnnsEUs,  a  celebrated  Stoic 
philosopher  and  tragic  poet,  born  al  Corduba, 
in  Spain,  A.  T>.  12.  He  was  preceptor  to  the 
ivrant  Nero,  by  whom  he  was  putto  death  A.  D. 

e"5. 

SENECAI,  or  SENECE,  Anthony  Eauderon 
de,  a  French  poet,  died  in  1737,  a^ed  94. 

SENNACHERIB,  a  Syrian  king,  whose  army, 
when  besieging  Jerusalem,  was  struck  with  a 
pestilence  and  destroyed.  He  escaped,  and  was 
afterwards  killed  by  his  sons,  710  B.  C. 

SENNERTUS,  Daniel,  an  eminent  physician 
and  medical  writer,  of  Germany,  died  in  1637, 
ayed  65. 

SENNERTUS,  Andrew,son  of  the  preceding, 
professor  of  oriental  literature  at  Wiltembeig, 
died  in  1619,  aged  84. 

SEPULVEDA,  John  Genes  de,  a  Spanish 
writer,  historiographer  to  Charles  V.,  known 
for  his  attempted  vindication  of  the  cruelties  of 
the  Spaniards  against  the  Indians,  in  answer  to 
de  la  Casas,  died  in  1572. 

SERAPION,  John,  an  Arabian  physician  and 
medical  writer,  flourished  about  8'JO. 

SERENUS  SANMONICUS,  the  preceptor 
of  Gordian,  was  a  physician  and  poet,  of  the 
3d  century.  He  was  put  to  death  by  Caracella. 
Another  of  the  same  name,  wrote  a  Treatise 
on  Conic  Sections. 

SERGARPI,  Lewis,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Sien 
iia,  author  of  some  elegant  Latin  poems  andsa 
tire^,  died  in  1726. 

SERGEANT,  John,  an  American  clergyman, 
and  a  missionary  among  the  Indians,  at  Slock- 
biidcp,  Mass.,  died  in  1749. 

SERGEANT,  Jonathan  Dickinson,  an  emi 
rent  lawyer,  and  ineujber  of  congress  during 
the  revolutionary  struggle,  died  at  Philadelphia, 
in  1792. 

SERGIUS,  a  Syrian,  patriarch  of  Constanti- 
no|)le,  and  head  of  a  sect  called  the  Monothe- 
litfs,  died  in  038. 

SEllLK ),  Sebastian,  an  eminent  architect,  of 
Boloiriia,  died  in  1552. 

f^i^RRANUS,  orDE  SERRES,  John,  a  learn 
III  Frencls  historical  and  theological  writer,  died 
Jii  1598,  aged  50. 

A  aa 


^  SERRARIUS,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Jesuit,  and 
teacher  of  philosophy  at  W'uri/biirp,  died  in 
1010.  He  wrote  "  Commentaries  on  the  Bible," 
&;c. 

SERRES,  Oliver  de,  a  celebrated  French  agri- 
ciilturi.st,  and  superintendent  of  the  plantaliou.'j 
of  Henry  IV.  He  was  the  first  who  imrndiiced 
the  white  mulberry  into  France,  and  wrote  a 
fri'alise  on  that  tree,  and  on  silk.  He  died  in 
1619. 

SERTORIUS,  Quintiis,  a  Roman  geiiera), 
who,  alter  serving  under  ^?arillsand  Cinna,  re- 
tired to  Spain,  and  declared  tiimself  independ- 
ent. He  was  defeated  hy  Ponipey,  and  killed 
by  some  of  liis  ofiicers,  73  B.  V. 

SERVANDONI,  John  Nicolas,  a  distinguish- 
ed painler  and  architect,  of  Florence,  died  in 
1766. 

SERVETUS,  Michael,  a  most  ingenious  and 
learned  Spaniard,  was  burnt  at  the  stake,  in 
1553,  aged  44.  He  was  first  a  physician  and 
then  a  divine. 

SERVR'S,  Honoratus  Maurns,  a  Latin  gram- 
marian, author  of  a  Commentary  on  Virgil  in 
the  4th  century. 

SKRVIUS  i'ULLIUS,  sixth  king  of  Rome, 
celebrated  for  his  laws,  on  the  subjects  of  rank 
and  property.  He  was  murdered  hy  his  son-in- 
j  law,  the  second  Tanjuin,  534  B.  C. 

SESOSTKiS,  a  fabulous  king  of  Egypt,  who 
is  said  to  liav  ;•  extended  his  conquests  over  va- 
rious parts  of  the  world.  He  is  supposed  to 
have  destioved  himself,  when  oppressed  with 
age  and  infirmity. 

SESSA,  an  Indian  philosopher,  who  is  said 
to  be  the  inventor  of  the  game  of  chess  The. 
king  of  India  was  so  pleased  witli  his  wisdom, 
that  he  conferred  on  him  the  highest  honours  of 
his  kingdom. 

SESTO,  Ca~sare  de,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Milan,  flourished  about  the  beginning  of  the 
16th  century. 

SETTLE,  Elkanah,  an  English  dramatic 
poet,  died  in  1724,  agpd  76. 

SEVERl^S.  Lucius  Septimiiis,  a  Roman  em- 
peror after  Pertinax  ;  he  died  in  Britain,  in  211. 
Two  other  emperors  of  the  same  name  perished 
by  tile  hands  of  their  enemies. 

SEVERUS,  Cassius,  a  Roman  orator,  banish- 
ed by  Augustus,  on  account  of  the  severity  of 
His  satirical  declamalione. 

SEVEKUS,  Suipitius,  a  historian,  author  of 
"Ilistoria  Sacra,"  and  called  the  Christian  Sal- 
lust ;  he  died  in  420. 

SEV FBI'S,  L.  Cornelius,  a  Laiiu  poet,in  the 
age  of  Augustus. 

SEVERUS,  a  heretic  of  the  2d  century,  who 
maintained  the  existence  of  a  good  and  an  evil 
principle. 

SEVIER,  John,  an  ofiicerof  the  revolutionary 
army,  afterwards  a  member  of  congress,  and 
governor  of  Tennessee  died  in  1815. 

SEVIGNF,  Marie  de  Rabiilin,  marquise  de, 
a  French  lady,  celebrated  for  her  wit,  and  her 
witdom.  She  left  letters  on  various  subjects, 
wiitten  in  an  inimitable  style,  and  died  in  1696, 
a^-ed  70. 

SEVIN,  Francis,  keeper  of  the  MSS.  in  the 
library  of  the  king  of  France,  wrote  several 
works,  and  died  in  1741. 

SEWALL,  Samuel,  a  native  of  England, 
came  to  America  in  1661,  and  after  holding 
several  important  offices  in  Massachusetts,  wag 
made  chiel-jiistice  of  the  colony,  in  1718 ;  he 
died  in  1730. 

SE\V.\LL,  Joseph,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  pre- 
36-9 


SH 

SFORZA,  Callicrine,  a  natural  daughter  of 
the  preceding,  was  distinguished  for  her  bravery 
and  presence  ol'  mind.  Alter  heroically  defend- 
ing her  dominions,  from  rep«ated  attacks,  she 
was  taken  prisoner,  and  died  about  1500. 

SFORZA,  Isabella,  of  tlie  same  family  aa 
the  preceding,  was  distinguished  for  her  learn- 
ing ;  she  lived  in  the  16lh  century. 

SilADVVELL,  Thomas,  un  English  dramatic 
writer,  historiographer,  and  poet  laureat,  born 
in  16-10,  and  died  in  169-2. 

SH.ADVVELL,  Charles,  a  dramatic  writer, 
in  Ireland,  of  considerable  talents,  died  in  1726. 

SMAKSPEARE,  William,  the  father  of  the 
English  theatre,  the  great  poet  of  nature,  and 
the  glory  of  the  British  nation,  was  descended 
from  a  reputable  family  at  Stratford-on-Avon  ; 
he  died  i;i  161(5,  aced  52. 

SHARP,  Granville,  a  very  learned  and  pious 
man,  born  at  Durliam,  in  1735,  and  bred  to  the 
trade  of  a  linen  draper,  lie  was  the  zealous 
and  effeciive  advocate  for  the  abolition  of  Negro 
slavery  ;  promoted  the  distribution  of  the  Scrip- 
tures ;  and  was  critically  conversant  with  the 
Greek  and  Hebrew  languages.    He  died  in  1813. 

SHARP,  James,  archbishop  of  St.  Andrew's, 
born  in  1618,  and  was  assassinated,  for  his 
zeal  in  the  cause  of  episcopacv,  in  Scotland,  in 
J  679. 

SH.ARP,  Dr.  .lohn,  archbishop  of  Yorh,  and 
en)inent  as  a  theological  writer ;  he  died  in  1713, 
aged  69. 

SHARP,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  son  ofthe  preceding, 
sophcr,  preceptor  to  tiie  omperor  Antoninus.  His  !  was  prebendary  of  Durham,  and  archdeacon  of 
ffllowers  have  received  from  him  the  name  of  j|!S'ortlnimberland.  He  died  in  1753.  His  writings 
Empyrics.    Two  of  his  compositions  are  extant. rare  on  bibhcal  literature. 

SEXTUS,  a  Stoic  philosopher,  preceptor  toil     SHARPE,  Gregory,  D.  D.,  F.  R.  A.  S.  S  .,  an 
Iiucius  Verus,  and  to  Marcus  Aurelius.    He  was|eminent  English  divine,  died  in  1771.      He  was 


SF 

ci  ding,  minister  in  Ruston,  of  respectable  attain- 
ments, died  in  1769. 

SEVVALL,  Stephen,  born  in  Mas.sachusetts, 
in  1702,  was  a  judge  and  chief-justice  of  the 
colony ;  be  died  in  1760. 

SEW.\LL,  Sanniel,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent  law- 
yer, of  Massachusetts,  was  a  member  of  con- 
gress from  that  state,  and  chlel"-jusiire  of  the 
sujireme  court,  and  died  in  IS14. 

SEVVAiiL.,  Stephen,  professorof  the  Hebrew 
language  in  Harvard  collcgo-,  died  in  1804.  He 
wrote  ri  Hebrew  Grammar,  and  a  Dictionary  of 
the  Chaldee  Tongue. 

SEW.'VLL,  Samuel,  brother  ofthe  preceding, 
was  distinguished  as  an  ingenious  architect.  He 
died  in  1815. 

SEW.ARD,  Thomas,  an  F.nglish  divine  of 
most  p.Tcellent  character,  born  in  1708,  and  died 
In  1790. 

SEWARD.  Anna,  an  excellent  English  poetess, 
died  in  1809,  aged  66. 

SEWARD,  William,  an  English  gentleman, 
who  had  a  peculiar  taste  for  making  biographi 
ral  sketches  of  eminent  characters  in  dirt'erentl 
ages  and  countries.     He  died  in  1799.  aged  .52. 

SEWELI>,  William,  a  Dnlch  quaker,  bornj 
In  1654,  and  died  in  1720.  He  wrote  a  Historyi 
of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  People  called 
Quakers,  and  other  hooks.  I 

SEWELL,  Georpe  an  English  dramatic  poet, 
physician,  and  mibcullaneous  writer,  died  in 
1726. 

SEXTUS  EMPYRICUS,  a  Pyrrhonian  philo- 


nephew  to  Plutarch 

SCYDLITZ,  Frederic  William,  baron  de, 
one  of  the  famous  generals  of  Frederic  the 
Great.  After  distinguishing  himself  in  several 
battles,  he  died  in  1773,  and  was  honoured  by 
the  king  with  a  statue  at  Berlin. 

SEY.MOUR.  Edward,  viscount  Beauchamp, 
and  duke  of  Somerset,  uncle  and  guardian  of 
Edward  VI.,  and  protector  of  the  kingdom  of 
Great  Britain,  was  executed,  on  a  false  charge 
of  hich  treason,  in  1552.  His  brother  Thomas, 
admiral  of  England,  had  suffered  on  the  same 
charge,  three  years  before. 

SEYMOITR,  Anne,  Margaret,  and  Jane,  dis- 
tinguished for  their  poetical  talents,  were  the 
daughters  of  Edward,  duke  of  Somerset. 

SEYMOUR,  lady  Arabella,  daughter  of  the 
earl  of  Lennox  ;  she  married  William  Seymour, 
without  the  consent  of  the  king,  who  caused 
them  both  to  be  conveyed  to  the  tower ;  her 
husband  made  his  escape,  but  she  died  in  prison, 
in  1615. 

SFONDRATI,  Francis,  a  senator  of  Milan, 
and  state  counsellor,  and  ambassador  of  Charles 
v.,  afterwards  took  orders,  and  became  a  car- 
dinal. He  wrote  the  "  Rape  of  Helen,"  and 
died  in  1550.  One  of  his  sons  became  pope  un- 
der the  name  of  Gregory  XIV. 

SFORZ.A,  James,  styled  the  Great,  count  de 
Conignola,  a  renowned  warrior,  born  in  1369 ; 
he  was  drowned  in  14SM.  j 

SFORZA,  Francis,  natural  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, an  able  statesman,  and  renowned  gene-l 
lal,  died  in  1466.  ] 

SFORZA,  Galeas-Marie,  succeeded  his  father 

Francis,  as  duke  of  Milan,  in  1466.     By  his| 

ferocity  and  debauchery,  he  rendered  himself; 

■npopular  and  was  assassinated  in  1476 

370 


distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  oriental  litera- 
ture, and  for  his  numerous  writings. 

SHARROCH,  Robert,  an  eminent  English 
divine,  prebendary  and  archdeacon  of  Win- 
chester, &c.,  died  in  1661.  His  w^ritingson  dif- 
ferent subjects  were  much  esteemed. 

SHAW,  Dr.  Thomas,  au  English  divine  and 
antiquary,  and  author  of  travels  or  observa- 
tions relating  to  several  parts  of  Barbary  and 
the  Levant ;  he  died  in  1751,  aged  59. 

SHAW,  Dr  Peter,  an  Eiiglif^h  physician,  and 
editor  of  Bacon's  philosophical  works,  died  in 
1703. 

SH.\W,  Cuthbert,  an  English  poet,  of  very 
humble  origin,  but  of  superior  attainments,  and 
inferior  to  no  writer  of  ancient  or  modern 
times;  he  died  in  1771. 

SHAW,  John,  an  English  clergyman,  died  in 
1089. 

SHAW,  Samuel,  an  English  non-conformist 
divine  and  teacher,  author  of  some  religious, 
dramatic,  and  other  works,  died  in  1696. 

SH,\W,  Stebbing,  an  English  divine,  born  in 
1762,  and  died  in  1803.  He  published  several 
books. 

SHAW,  George,  an  eminent  English  natu- 
ralist, and  principal  keeper  of  natural  history  in 
the  British  Museum,  died  in  1813.  He  tvrote 
several  books,  on  Zoology,  &.c. 

SHEBBEARE,  Dr.  John,  a  native  of  Eng- 
land, bred  an  apothecary,  and  became  eminent 
as  a  political  writer,  and  died  in  17?^,  aged  79. 

SHEFFIELD,  John,  duke  of  Buckingham,  a 
celebrated  general,  critic,  and  poet,  born  in  1650, 
and  died  in  1721. 

SHELDON,  Gilbert,  archbishop  of  Canterbu- 
ry, born  in  1598,  and  died  in  1677.  It  app"  -ed 
by  his  private  accounts,  that  in  14  years  u^  jjm* 


SH 

bestowed  60,000  pounds  sterling,  in  public  and 
private  charities. 

SHELLEY,  George,  a  celebrated  English 
penman  and  writing  master,  died  in  173fi. 

SHENSTONE,  William,  an  eminent  flnglisl 
elegiac  and  pastoral  poet,  and  a  miscellaneoui 
writer,  died  in  17(j.1,  aged  49. 

SHEl'ARD,  Thomas,   an   English   non-con 
forniist  divine,  bpcame  minister  of  (-'ambridge, 
Mass.,  and  was  auttior  of  many  useful  work 
Ixe  died  in  IWi). 

SHEPARD,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding, 
luinister  at  Charlestown,  Mass.,  died  in  1077, 

SHEPREVE,  John,  an  eminent  English 
scholar  and  poet,  was  professor  of  Hebrew  ui 
Oxford;  he  died  in  15452. 

SHERARD,  or  SHERWOOD,  William,  an 
eminent  botanist  and  antiquarian,  of  England, 
who  spent  the  greater  part  of  his  life  abroad  i 
pursuit  of  his  private  studies,  and  founded  a 
professorship  of  botany  at  Oxford  ;  he  died  in 
i728. 

SHERBURNE,  sir  Edward,  an  English  wri 
ter,  and  a  distinguished  loyalist  in  the  civil  wars, 
died  in  170*2. 

SHERBATOF,  prince,  a  Russian  nohleman, 
author  of  the  "  Russian  History,"  a"  Journal," 
and  the  "  Life  of  Peter  the  Great,"  and  other 
works. 

SHERIDAX,  Dr.  Thomas,  an  Irish  divine 
and  schdolmaster,  died  in  1738. 

SHERIDAN,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding, 
an  eminent  actor,  a  lecturer  on  oratory,  and  an 
orthoepist,  died  in  1788,  aged  67. 

SHERIDAN,  Et.  Hon.  Richard  Brinsley,  son 
Bf  the  preceding,  distinguished  as  a  dramatist, 
a  wit,  and  an  orator,  died  in  1810,  aged  65. 

SHERIDAN,  Frances,  mother  of  the  preced- 
ing, an  ingenious  novelist  and  dramatic  writer, 
died  in  1767,  aged  43. 

SHERLOCK,  Dr.  William,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish divine  ;  he  wrote  many  controversial  books 
and  pamphlets,  and  died  in  1707,  aged  66. 

SHEELOt.'K,  Dr.  Thomas,  bishop  of  London, 
son  01  the  preceding,  a  controversial  writer,  died 
in  1761,  aced  83. 

SHERLOi 'K ,  Richard,  an  Englith  divine  and 
tiieological  writer,  died  in  I08'J. 

SHERMAN,  John,  a  naiiveof  England,  who 
•,arae  to  America  in  1034,  was  a  distinguii^hed 
preacher  and  mathematician;  he  died  in  1C85. 

SHERMAN,  Roger,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
Connecticut,  was  a  member  of  the  first  Ameri- 
can congress,  one  of  the  committee  that  drew 
tip  the  declaration  of  Independence,  and  a  sign- 
er of  that  instrument.  He  was  also  a  judge  of 
the  superior  court,  and  a  senator  in  congress, 
from  Connecticut.    He  died  in  1793. 

SHERRINGIIAM,  Robert,  an  able  divine,  au- 
tlior  of  the  "  King's  Supremacy  Asserted,"  and 
other  works,  died  soon  after  the  restoration. 

SHERWIN,  John  Keyse,  an  English  engraver 
of  uncommon  abilities,  died  in  1790. 

SHlPLEy,Jonathan,  an  English  prelate,  dean 
of  Winchester,  and  bishop  of  St.  Asaphs.     H 
was  the  author  of  some  poems,  particularly  on 
the  deathof  queen  Caroline, some  sermons,  &c., 
and  died  in  1788. 

SHIPPEN,  Edward,  the  first  mayor  of  Phila 
delphia,  and  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  the  stale 
of  Peimsylvania. 

SHIPPEN,  Edward,  LL.  D.,  a  disthiguished 
lawyer  of  Philadelphia,  was  a  judge  and  after 
wards  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Pennsylvania  ;  he  died  in  1806. 

SfUPPEN,  William,  M.  D.,  professor  of  ana 


SI 

tomy  in  the  Pennsylvania  university,  died  in 
1808.  During  the  revolutionary  war,  ho  was 
appointed  director-general  of  the  medical  de- 
partment in  the  army. 

SHIRLEY,  sir  Anthony,  a  native  of  England, 
whoj  after  travelling  in  tlie  Low  Countries,  and 
visituig  America,  went  to  Spain,  where  he  be- 
came a  grandee  of  the  kingdom,  and  admiral 
of  the  Spanish  fleet.  He  was  the  author  of  se- 
veral volumes  of  Travels,  and  died  in  U)40. 

SHIRLEY,  Robert,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
went  with  sir  Anthony  into  Persia,  where  he 
settled,  and  became  a  favourite  of  the  emperor, 
who  gtive  him  his  niece  in  marriage,  and  sent 
liim  as  his  ambassador  to  Poland  and  England. 
He  died  in  1627. 

SHIRLEY,  Thomas,  of  the  same  family  as 
the  preceding,  was  physician  to  Charles  U., and 
a  philosophical  writer ;  he  died  in  1678. 

SHIRLEY,  James,  an  English  drtintatic  wri- 
ter and  poet  of  eminence,  born  in  1594,  and  died 
in  ](i<J9.  In  l(i46he  published  a  volumeof  poems 
and  37  plays. 

SHIRLEY,  William,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Massachusetts, and  afteivvardsof  the  Bahama 
islands,  died  near  Boston,  in  1771. 

SHORE,  Jane,  the  wife  of  a  goldsmith,  in 
London,  and  known  in  history  as  the  beaut)ful 
and  accomplished  mistress  of  the  vfjluptuous 
Edward  IV.  She  outlived  her  beauty  and  po- 
pularity, and  died  in  poverty,  obscurity,  and 
wretchedness,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VHI. 

SHOVEL,  sir  Ciovidcsley,  a  gallant  English 
admiral,  born  about  1650,  and  perished  by  ship- 
wreck, in  1705. 

SHOWER,  John,  an  English  non-conformist 
divine,  author  of  Sacramental  Sermons,  and 
other  works,  died  in  1718. 

SHREWSBURY,  Elizabeth,  countess  of,  for 
17  yf  ars  keeper  of  the  unfortuiiate  Mtiry,  queen 
of  Scots,  dird  in  1607. 

SHUCKFORD,  Samuel,  an  English  clergy- 
man, was  chaplain  to  the  king,  and  wrote  a 
"  History  of  the  World,  Sacred  and  Profane," 
and  other  works ;  he  died  in  1754. 

SHI'TE,  Josias,  an  eloi;ueut  and  admired 
English  preacher,  died  in  l(i43. 

SHVI'E,  Samuel,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
Massuchusetts,in  1716.  He  retu-rned  to  England, 
and  diet!  there,  in  1742. 

SHUTE,  Daniel,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Hingham, 
Mass.,  and  a  member  of  the  convention  that 
adopted  the  constitution  of  the  United  States  , 
he  died  in  1802. 

fc^HUTER,  Edward,  an  excellent  low  come- 
dian on  the  London  stage,  died  in  177f>. 

SIBBAU),  sir  Robert,  an  eminent  Scoth  phy- 
sician, was  professor  of  medicine  at  Edinburgh, 
and  projector  of  the  college  of  physicians,  and 
of  the  botanical  garden  at  that  place.  He  died 
in  1720. 

,SIBRECHTS,  John,  an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  of  .Antwerp,  died  in  1703. 

SIETHORPE,  Robert,  pi ebendary  of  Peterbo- 
rough cathedral,  distinguished  tor  his  zeal  in  fa- 
vour of  Charles  I.,  died  in  1662. 

SIBTHORPE,  Dr.  John,  a  very  learned  natu- 
ralist, and  regius  professor  of  botany  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  died  in  1796. 

SICINIUS  DENTATUS,  a  warrior,  surnam- 
ed,  for  his  valour,  the  Roman  Achilles.  He 
fought  and  won  121  battles,  and  was  murdered 
by  Appius  Claudius,  405  B.  C. 

SICIOLANTE,Gtrolamo,a  distinguished  Ita- 
lian landscape  and  biatorical  painter,  died  in 
1558. 

371 


SI 

SIDNEY,  Hoiiry,  an  Knglisli  statubinan,  ihe 
favourite  of  Edward  VI.,  aiul  lii.s  ambassador 
to  France, and  alVerwards  eniplnycd  in  llie  reigiid 
of  Alary  and  Eliz;ibetli;  he  tlied  in  lodti 

SIDiVEY,  sir  Pliilip,  an  eminent  Knglisli 
8taies(nan,  -(eMeral,  and  poet,  burn  in  I5.)4,  and 
died  in  J58ti,  of  a  wound  received  in  battle.  As 
he  lay  bleeding  on  tlie  field,  and  was  about  to 
drink  some  wine  which  his  attendants  had 
brought  him,  he  saw  a  wouniled  soldier,  who 
was  cairied  by,  look  wislil'niiy  at  it,  he  ininnidi- 
ately  ordered  it  to  he  given  to  him,  adding  "  Poor 
fellow  ;  thy  neces.sity  is  greaiijr  than  mine." 

SIDNEY,  Algernon,  an  Enslisli  patriot  and 
political  writer,  was  beheaded  in  16d:i,  aj;ed  liS. 
He  left  behind  him,  "  Discourses  upon  Govern- 
ment," a  valuable  work. 

SlDONIU.SAPOLLINARIS,a  Roman, raised 
to  the  see  of  Auvergne  against  his  will.  He 
was  a  pious  and  cvemplary  prelate,  wrote  somej 
epistles,  pomns,  &^.,  and  died  in  1488.  i 

SIDONIUS,  C.  Collins  Apollinaris,  a  very 
ingenious  and  learned  ecclesiastic  and  epistolary 
Writer  on  sacred  and  profane  history,  born  at 
Lyons,  in  400,  and  died  in  487. 

SIGEBERT,  king  of  tiie  East  Angles,  was  a 
munificent  prince,  and  is  mentioned  with  great 
praise  by  the  venerable  Bede,  for  his  learning 
and  piety.  He  abdicated  his  throne,  and  was 
afterwards  assassinated,  in  542. 

SIGEBERT,  son  of  Clotairc  I.,  inherited  the 
kingdom  of  .\ustrasia.  He  was  a  valiant  prince, 
and  was  successl'ul  against  the  Huns  and  other 
enemies.     He  was  assassinated  in  575. 

SIGEBERT  the  Younger,  son  and  successor 
of  Dagobert,  in  the  kingdom  of  Austrasia,  diedi 
io  650,  aged  '20.  !         .    .  . 

SIGISJIUND,  king  of  Burgundy,  was  taken  came  governor  of  St.  liUke's  hospital,  and  after- 
prisoner  by  Clodonjir,  a  son  of  Clovis,  who  I  wards  physician  to  the  king;  he  died  in  1811. 
threw  him,  with  his  wife  and  family,  into  ajHe  wrote  a  Treatise  on  Consumptions,  and 
well,  to  perish,  in  323.  'other  work.^. 

SIGISMUND,  son  of  Charles  IV.,  king  of  I  SIMON  MACC.\B^US,  high-priest  and  ruler 
Hungary,  in  13Sf),  and  emperor  of  Germany,  in  lof  the  Jews,  143  B.  C.  After  displaying  his 
1410.  He  prevailed  upon  the  pope  to  call  the!  valour  in  ropellingtheTyriansandSidonians,in 
council  of  Constance,  in  1414,  to  settle  the  dilli-lnbiaining  a  confirmation  of  the  independence 
cultiesof  the  church,  at  which  he  presided,  and  of  his  iiation  from  the  king  of  Syria,  and  da- 


81 

He  was  author  of  a  Treatise  ou  Bleeding,  aixl 
oilier  works. 

SlIiVEf<TER  I.,  was  made  pope  in  314.  He 
laboured  to  establish  order  and  tranquillity,  in 
the  church,  and  died  in  'or*'>. 

SILVESTER  i;.,  Gerbeit,  a  native  of  Au- 
veigne,  distinguished  for  his  learning,  was  tu- 
tor to  Otho  III.,  and  to  Robert,  the  eon  of  Hugh 
Capet,  became  archbishop  of  Rlieiins  and  of 
Ravenna,  and  pope,  after  Gregory  V.,  in  999. 
He  died  in  1003. 

SILVESTER,  I.srael,  an  eminent  French  en- 
graver, died  at  Paris,  in  WJl. 

Silvester,  LouIs,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  ennobled  by  the  king  of  Poland,  died  in 
Paris,  in  HiiO. 

kSLMEON  STYLITES,  the  founder  of  a  sect 
of  devotees,  called  Stylites.  He  died  in  461, 
awd  69,  after  having  spent  47  years  on  the  top 
of  a  column  GO  feet  high,  e.vposed  to  the  incle- 
mencies of  the  air  and  the  seasons,  and  often 
supporting  himself  for  days  on  one  foot. 

SIMEON  METAPHRASTES,  secretary  of 
state  to  Leo,  and  to  Constantine  Porphyrogeni- 
tns,  in  the  10th  century,  and  author  of  the 
"  Lives  of  the  Saints,"  &c. 

S[MI,\NE,  Charles  John  Baptist  de,  marquis 
of  Pianeze,  died  in  1677.  He  wrote  a  Treatise 
on  the  Truth  of  the  Christian  Religion. 

SIMLEIl,  Josias,  an  eminent  and  able  pro- 
testant  divine,  of  Switzerland,  author  of  an 
"  Abridgment  of  Gesner's  Bibliotheca,"  and 
other  works,  died  at  Zurich,  in  1576.  John,  of 
the  same  family,  distinguished  as  a  portrait 
painter,  died  in  1748. 

SIMMONS,  Samuel  Foarf,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish physician,  settled  in  London,  where  he  be- 


at which  were  present  18,000  ecclesiastics,  and 
36,000  nobles;  he  sutfered  that  council  to  burn 
John  Huss,  and  Jerome  of  Prague,  alter  he  hadj 
given  them  a  safe  passport. 

SIGIS.MUND  I.,  king  of  Poland,  surnamedthel 
Great,  was  elected  to  the  throne  in  1507.  Afterl 
restoring  the  ancient  glory  of  Poland,  and  es- 
tablishing order,  he  defeated  the  Muscovites,] 
and  the  Teutonic  knights,  and  died  in  1548, 
aged  82. 

SIGISJIUND  II.,  son  and  successor  to  the 
preceding,  surnained  Augustus,  died  in  J572, 
without  issue,  and  was  the  last  of  the  race  of 
Jagellons. 

SIGISMUND  IlL,  son  of  John  III.,  king  of 
Sweden,  ascended  the  throne  in  1.578.  He  died| 
after  a  long  but  troublesome  reign,  in  1632. 

SIGNORELLl,  Luca,  a  very  fine  FloreiUine| 
painter,  died  in  1.5-31,  aged  82. 

SIGONIfJS,  Carolns,  a  learned  Italian  histo- 
rian and  antiquary,  died  in  1584,  aged  59. 

SILHUNEfTE,  Stephen  de,  comptro'Ier- 
general,  and  private  minister  of  France,  died  in 
1767.  He  wrote  "General  Ideas  on  the  Chinese 
Government,"  and  some  other  works. 

SILHJS  ITALICIJS,  Cains,  a  Roman  author 
of  an  indifferent  poem  on  the  2d  Punic  war,  died: 
A.  D.  74,  aged  75. 


feaiing  the  troops  of  Antiochus  Soter,  he  was 
murdered  135  B.  C. 

SI.MON,  surnained  Zelotes,  an  apostle  of  our 
Saviour,  suffered  martyrdom  in  Persia. 

SIMON,  called  the  brother  of  Christ,  was 
made  bishop  of  Jerusalem,  A.  D.  62.  He  was 
crucified  under  Traian,  in  107. 

SI.MON  MAGUS,  or  the  MAGICIAN,  a 
.Samaritan  impostor,  who  pretended  that  he 
was  the  Son  of  God  sent  to  the  Jews,  and  the 
Holy  Ghost  to  the  Gentiles.     He  died  A.  D.  66. 

SIMON,  Cliiiide  Francis,  a  painter,  of  Paris, 
author  of  "  The  Knowledge  of  Mythology," 
and  some  comedies,  died  in  1767. 

SIMON,Thomas,  an  eminent  English  engraver 
in  the  aae  of  Charles  I.  His  brother  Abraham, 
was  celebrated  as  a  modeller  in  wax. 

SIMON,  Richard,  a  French  critic,  and  his- 
torian, born  in  1638.  and  died  in  1712. 

SI.MON  of  Durham,  a  monk  of  vVliitbv,  and 
afterwards  of  Durham,  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
III.  He  wrote  a  Chronicle,  which  was  published 
by  Hearne,  and  died  about  13.53. 

SI.MON RT,  Edmund,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Lan- 
gres,  in  1662.  was  profe.ssor  of  philosophy  and 
theology  at  Rheims,  and  at  Pont-a-Mousson  ;  lie 
wrote  Institutes  of  Theology  for  the  use  of 
School*,  and  died  in  1733. 

SlMiXVIDES,  a  Greek  poet  and  philosopher, 


SILV.\,  John  Baptist,  a n.itive of  BourJeaiis, 
and  an  eminent  physician  of  Paris,  died  iu  1744.1  who  flouiished  about  4801}.  C, 
372 


SK 

SIMOA'NEAsr,  Charles,  a  Freiidi  engraver, 
of  some  ot'lehriiy,  died  at  Paris,  in  17'28. 

SIMONNEAII,  Lewis,  an  eminent  engraver, 
aulliurol'tlie  lijawry  of  Priming  and  Engraving, 
anil  the  liistory  of  otlier  Arts. 

SIMPLICIUS,  a  peripatetic  philosopher,  of 
Pliry?ia,  who  flourished  about  4.50,  and  wrote 


jof  Henry  Vlll.,  and  rector  of  Diss,  in  Norfolk. 

iJe  xvas  learned  and  ingenious,  and  died  in  l.'j'iS). 

SKEI/J'UN,  Philip,  an  eninient  Irish  divine, 

distingnished  lor  Ins  piety,  learning,  eloquence, 

jand  benevolence.  lie  is  said  to  have  sold  hi3 
library,  in  a  linn^  oi'  famine,  to  snpply  his  indi- 
gent parishioners  with  bread.      Ue  wrote  scve- 


commentaries  upon  several  parts  of  Aristotle's  I  ral  tlnjolngical  works,  and  died  in  178' 


works. 

SIMPSON,  Edward,  D.  D.,  an  English  di- 
vine, author  of  "  Universal  Cliroimlogy"  in 
Latin,  died  in  ir)5iJ. 

SIMPSON,  Christopher,  author  of  a  "Com- 
pendium of  Practical  Music,"  died  in  1(HJ2. 

SIMl'SON,  Thomas,  an  eminent  professor  of 
mathematics  in  the  academy  at  Woolwich,  and 
F   R.  a.,  died  in  1761,  aged  .51. 

SIMPSON,  John,  a  Scottish  divine,  and  di- 
vinity professor  at  Glasgow  ;  he  was  deposed 
and  exconimuuicated  for  denying  the  doctrine  of 
the  Trinity,  and  died  at  Edinburgh,  in  1744. 

SIMPSON,  Robert,  a  distinguished  mathe- 
matician, was  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Glasgow.  He  published  a  Treatise  on  Conic 
Sections,  a  valuable  edition  of  Euclid,  and 
other  works,  and  died  in  17G5. 

SINGLIN,  Anthony,  a  French  ecclesiastic, 
distinguished  for  his  piety  and  learning,  died  in 
1604.     His  writings  were  on  theology. 

SIRANI,  John  Andrew,  an  eminent  painter, 
of  Bologna,  was  a  pupil  of  Guido ;  he  died  in 
1670.  His  daughter  Elizabeth  excelled  as  a  his- 
torical painter  ;  she  died  in  1664. 

SIRl,  Vittorio,  an  Italian  writer,  who  settled 
at  Paris,  and  became  historiographer  to  the  king 
of  France,  died  in  l(if?5. 

SIRIES,  Violante  Beatrice,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, who  acquired  opulence  and  celebrity  by 
her  portraits,  died  about  1700. 

SIRLET,  Flavins,  a  celebrated  engraver  on 
precious  stones,  died  at  Rome,  in  17.37. 

SIRMOND,  James,  a  French  Jesuit,  and  a 
voluminous  theological  writer,  born  in  15.'^D, 
and  died  in  1051. 

SITGREAVES,  John,  an  officer  in  the  revo- 
lutionary army,  afterwards  attorney,  and  judge 
of  tlie  district  court  of  the  United  States  for 
North  Carolina  ;  he  ilii'd  in  1801. 

SIXTUS  I.,  pope  after  Alexander  I.,  in  119, 
died  in  127. 

SIXTUS  II.,  an  Athenian,  pope  after  Stephen, 
in  267.  He  suflfered  martyrdom,  in  the  reign  of 
Valerian. 

SIXTUS  III.,  pope  after  Celestinus  I.,  in  432. 
He  attempted  to  eflect  a  reconciliation  among 
the  churches  of  the  East,  and  died  about  440. 

SIXTUS  IV.,  Francis  Albecnla,  son  of  a  fish- 
erman, of  Genoa,  professor  of  divinity  at  Pa- 
dua, provincial  of  the  order  of  Cordeliers,  a 
cardinal,  and  pope  after  Paul  II.  He  was  a 
patron  of  learning,  and  an  author,  and  died  in 
1482. 

SIXTUS  v.,  Felix  Beretti,  pope,  born  in  1521 ; 
his  father,  Francis  Beretti,  a  poor  vine-dresser, 
unable  to  maintain  him,  put  him  out  to  a  farm- 
er ;  in;  was  noticed  by  a  Franciscan  friar,  for 
his  conversation  and  behaviour,  and  admitted 
as  a  lay-brother.  He  rose  by  degrees  to  be  in- 
quisitor at  Venice,  but  qtiarrelling  with  the  se- 
nate, he  wasobliged  toquit  the  territories  of  the 
republic.  He  was  afterwards  made  pope,  and 
died  in  1.590. 

SIXTUS,  a  Cordelier  of  Sienna,  was  an  able 
divine,  and  a  favourite  with  Pius  V.  He  died 
in  1569. 


SKELTON,  John,  noet-laureat,  in  the  reign  quitics;  he  died  in  1715 
32 


SKELTON,  Saiimcl,  minister  in  Salem,  Mass., 
died  in  10:i4. 

SKINNER,  Stephen,  an  eminent  English  anti- 
quary, and  etymologist,  died  in  1067,  aged  4.5. 

Sl^EIOAN,  John,  an  excellent  (iermaii  his- 
torian, and  political  writer,  died  in  1.5.56,  aged  50. 

SLINGELANU,J3hn  Peter  Van,  a  celebrated 
Dutch  painter,  died  in  IG'Jl. 

SLOANK,  sir  Hans,  baronet,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  nnluralisl,  born  at  Killileagh,  in  Ire- 
land, in  1000,  and  died  in  1752,  having  formed 
a  valuable  nmseum  cf  the  rarest  productions  of 
n.-iture  and  art. 

SLODTZ,  Rene  Michael,  an  eminent  French 
sculptor,  member  of  the  French  academy,  and 
sculptor  to  the  king,  died  at  Paris,  in  1764. 

SLOUGIITER,  Ilemy,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  New-York,  died  shortlyafter  his  arrival  in  the 
country,  in  1091. 

SLUYS,  James  Vander,  a  Dutch  painter, 
born  at  Leyden,  in  1660,  and  died  in  17r!S. 

SMALBROKE,  Richard,  bishop  of  St.  Da- 
vid's, and  aftf  rwards  nf  Litchfield  and  Coven- 
try, died  in  1749.  He  wrote  a  "  Vindication  of 
our  Saviour's  Miracles,"  a  work  of  great  merit. 

SMALClUS,Va!enline,  a  celebrated  Socinian 
writer,  died  at  Cracow,  in  1023. 

SMALLEY,  John,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  Ameri- 
can clergyman,  settled  at  Berlin,  Connecticut, 
died  in  \&iO,  a^ed  80. 

SMALL  WOOD,  William,  a  brigadier-gene- 
ral in  the  American  army,  during  the  revolution, 
and  afterwards  a  member  of  congress,  and  go- 
vernor of  the  state  of  Maryland  ,  he  died  in  1092. 

SMALRIDGE,  Dr.  George,  bishop  of  Bristol, 
and  a  very  elegant  theological  writer,  born  in 
1606,  and  died  in  1719. 

SMART,  Christopher,  an  Enelish  poet  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  born  in  1722,  and  died  in 
1771.  He  published  a  translation  of  Horace  in 
prose,  and  other  works. 

SMEATON,  John,  a  celebrated  English  me- 
chanic and  engmeer,  died  in  1792,  aged  68. 

SMELLIE,  Dr.  William,  a  Scotch  physician, 
and  writer  on  midwifery,  died  in  1763. 

SMELLIE,  William,  a  Scottish  printer,  F.  R 
S  E.,  secretary  to  the  society  of  Scottisil  anti- 
quaries, and  an  author,  died  in  1795. 

SMIBERT,  John  of  Boston,  an  eminent  por- 
trait iiaintcr,  in  the  18th  century. 

SMITH,  sir  Thomas,  a  learned  English  states- 
man, historian  and  critic,  and  secretary  of  state 
in  the  reigns  of  Edward  VI.  and  Elizabeth  ;  he 
died  in  1.597,  aged  65. 

SMITH,  Miles,  a  learned  English  divine, 
bishop  of  Gloucester,  died  in  1624.  He  was 
well  skilled  in  oriental  languages,  and  assisted 
in  translating  the  Bible,  to  which  he  wrote  the 
preface. 

SMITH,  John,  an  English  divine,  and  a  man 
of  great  learning,  died  in  1652. 

SMITH,  John,  an  excellent  mezzotinto  en 
graver,  in  the  reign  of  William  of  England. 

SMITH,Dr.Thomas,  a  learned  English  divine, 
historian, biographer,  and  critic,  died  in  1710. 

SMITH,  John,  an  English  divine,  particularly 
versed  in  septentrional  literature,  and  in  anlj- 


373 


SM 


SMITH,  Edmund,  an  English  poet,  and  au- 
thor, died  in  1710 

SMITH,  William,  an  able  scholar  and  divine, 
dean  of  Chester,  died  in  1787.  He  publislicd  an 
elejiant  traiislalion  ol' Thucydides,  and  ofLon- 
gftius,  besides  other  works. 

SMITH,  .\dam,  LL.  D.,and  F.  R.S.,  of  Lon- 
don and  Edinburgh,  one  of  the  commiasioners 
of  the  cusloms  in  Scotland,  and  formerly  pro- 
fessor of  moral  philosophy,  in  the  university  of 
Glasgow  ;  he  died  in  17il0,  aged  67. 

SMITH,  Charlotte,  an  excellent  English  po- 
etess, and  a  writer  of  novels  of  distinguished 
merit,  died  in  180tj,  aged  CS. 

SMITH,  George,  a  distinguished  landscape 
painter,  of  Chichester,  and  an  author,  died  in 
1776,  an'.A  62. 

SMll  H,  .lohn,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
Virginia,  and  for  some  time  at  the  head  of  the 
colony,  was  distinguished  for  the  variety  of  his 
adventures  and  employments,  and  for  his  bra- 
very as  a  soldier.  He  was  eminently  s^vice 
able  in  protecting  and  defending  the  settlement 
of  Virginia  from  destruction  by  the  Indians, 
and  was  only  saved  himself,  when  taken  pri- 
soner by  the  timely  interference  of  Pocahontas  ; 
he  died  in  1631. 

SMITH,  Thomas,  was  for  a  short  time  go-l 
vernor  of  South  Carolina,  about  1693. 

SMITH,  Wiiliam,  an  eminent  lawyer,  and 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  province  of 
Mew- York,  died  in  1769. 

SMITH,  William,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
also  distinguished  as  a  lawyer.  He  became 
chief  justice  of  New- York,  and  afterwards  held 
the  sanit  office  in  Canada. 

SMITH,  Tliomas,  minister  of  Portland,  Mass., 
died  in  1795. 

SMITH,  Josiah,  of  South  Carolina,  a  distin- 
guished divine,  died  at  Philadelphia,  in  1781. 

SMITH,  Samuel,  an  American  historian,  au- 
thor of  a  "  History  of  the  Colony  of  New  Jer- 
sey," died  in  1776. 

SMITH,  Isaac,  a  patriot  and  officer  of  the 
American  revolution,  and  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  New  Jersey,  died  in  1807. 

SMITH,  William,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, and  provost  of  the  College  of  Philadelphia, 
died  in  1803. 

SMITH,  Robert,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  clergy- 
man of  Pennsylvania,  died  in  1785. 

SMITH,  John  Blair,  a  distinguished  Ameri- 
can clergyman,  settled  at  Philadelphia,  was  af- 
terwards, the  first  president  of  Union  College, 
Schenectady,  N.  Y.;  he  died  in  1799. 

SMITH,  Samuel  Stanhope,  D.  D.  LL.  D., 
an  eminent  presbyterian  clergyman,  who  was 
the  founder,  and  first  president  of  Hampden 
Sidney  college,  Virginia,  and  afterwards  pro 
fessor  of  moral  philosophy  and  theology  at 
Princeton  college,  and  president  of  that  institu- 
fion  ;  he  died  in  1819. 

SMITH,  Israel,  a  representative  and  senator 
in  congress  from  Vermont,  chief  justice  of  the 
supreme  court,  and  subsequently  governor  of 
that  state,  died  in  1810. 

SMITH,  Robert,  D.  D.,  an  episcopal  clergy- 
man, and  first  bishop  of  the  episcopal  church  in 
South  Carolina,  died  in  1801. 

SMITH,  Nathaniel,  an  eminent  lawyer,  was 
a  member  of  congress  from  Connecticut,  and  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  that  state ;  he 
died  in  18-22. 

SMITH.  John,  T).  D.,  professor  of  Greek  and 
the  orici'.tal  languages,  in  Dartmouth  college. 
New  flaiiipshire,  died  in  1809. 
374 


SO _^ 

SMITH,  George  William,  lieutenant  gover»- 
or  and  alli;rwar(ls  governor  of  the  state  of  Viir- 
ginia,  died  in  1811. 

SMITH,  Elihu  H.,  a  distinguished  physician 
and  poet,  of  New- York,  died  in  1798,  aged  27. 
SMITH,  James,  a  lawyer,  of  Pennsylvania 
member  of  the  memorable  congress  of  1776. 
and  one  of  the  signers  of  the  declaration  of  In 
dependence. 

SMITH,  EHzabeth,  an  English  lady,  of  distin- 
guished talents  and  learning,  died  in  1806. 

SMITZ,  Lewis,  an  eminent  painter,  of  Dort, 
died  in  1675. 

SMITZS,  Caspar,  a  Dutch  portrait  painter, 
died  at  Dublin,  in  1689. 

SMOLLETT,  Dr.  Tobias,  a  physician,  his 
torian,  novelist  and  poet,  born  in  Scotland,  in 
1730,  and  died  in  1771. 
SMYTH,  James.    See  MOORE. 
SNELT,,   Rodolphns,   professor  of  Hebrew 
and  mathematics,  at  Leydeii,  and  a  writer  on 
mathematical  and  philosophical  subjects,  died 
in  1613.     His  son  Willebrord,  who  succeeded 
him  in  the  chair  of  mathematics,  in  1613,  first 
discovered  the  true  laws  of  refraction  of  light, 
and    attempted  to  measure  the  earth   in  the 
mode  since  adopted  by  Picard  and  Cassini ;  he 
died  in  IS'iB. 
SNORRO,  Sterlesonius,  a  native  of  Iceland, 
inister  of  state  to  one  king  of  Denmark,  and 
to  three  kinj.-jof  Norway ;  was  killeil  by  an  en- 
my,  in  1241.  He  wrote  a  Chronicle  of  the  Kings 
of  Norwav,  &c. 

SNOY,"Renier,  a  Dutch  physician,  and  am- 
baiisador  to  Denmark,  and  Scotland,  wrote  » 
"  History  of  Holland,"  and  died  in  1537. 

SNOY,  Lambert,  author  of  a  Gencalogica? 
History  of  the  Low  Countries,  died  in  1638. 

SNYDER,  Simon,  governor  of  the  state  of 
Pennsvlvania,  died  in  1819. 

SNYDERS,  Francis,  a  famous  Flemish  paint- 
er, died  in  1657,  aged  78. 

SOANEN,  John,  an  eminent  French  eccle- 
siastic, was  bishop  of  Senez ;  he  was  after- 
wards deposed  by  the  pope,  and  died  in  exile, 
in  1740. 

SOBIESKI,  John  IIL,  king  of  Peland,  the 
most  renowned  warrior  of  his  lime.  His  victo- 
ries obtained  over  the  Tartars,  and  the  Turks, 
procured  him  the  crown.  He  was  a  friend  of 
learning,  and  of  learned  men,  and  died  in  1696, 
aged  66. 

SOCINUS,  La;liiis,  founder  of  the  Socinian 
sect,  born  at  Sienna,  in  1525,  and  died  in  1562. 
SOCINUS,  Frustus,  nephew  of  La>lius,  and 
liead  of  the  sect  which  goes  by  his  name,  was 
born  at  Sienna,  In  1539,  and  died  in  1604. 

SOCRATES,  the  greatest  of  all  the  ancient 
philosophers,  born  <it  Attica,  407  B.  C,  was 
put  to  death  by  the  Athenians,  on  a  false  charge 
of  Atheism,  400  B.  C. 

SOCR.'iTES,  a  native  of  Constantinople, 
wrote  an  Ecclesiastical  History  to  the  year  400. 
SOLANDER,  Dr.  Daniel  Charles,  an  emi- 
nent naturalist,  who  went  round  the  world  with 
capt.  Cook,  was  born  in  Sweden,  in  1736,  and 
died  in  1782. 

SOLE,  Anthony,  an  eminent  landscape  paint- 
er, of  Bologna,  died  in  1677.  His  son  Joseph, 
was  also  an  eminent  landscape  and  historical 
painter,  and  died  in  1719. 

S0LU;N.\C,  Peter  Joseph  delaPimpie,  che- 
valier of,  the  secretary  and  friend  of  Stanielaus, 
king  of  Poland,  and  author  of  a  "  History  of 
Poland,"  died  in  1773,  aged  86. 
SOLIMENE,  Francis,  an  illustiious  Italian 


so 


SP 


painter  and  poet,  torn  at  Naples,  iii  lt)57,  and 
died  ill  ]747. 

SOLIN'US,  Caius  Julius,  a  Latin  gramma 
riaii,  born  at  Konie,  about  tlie  middle  of  the 
3d  century. 

SOI, IS,  Antonio  de,  an  ingenious  Spanish 
liistoriau  and  dramatic  poet,  died  in  1080. 

SOLOMON,  son  of  David,  was  kinir  of  Israel 
after  Iiis  father.  He  is  celebrated  fur  his  wisdom, 
for  his  piety  in  early  life,  and  the  temple  which 
he  erected  at  Jerusalem,  in  honour  of  the  C.'od 
of  Israel.  He  wrote  the  books  ol  Proverbs,  and 
Kcclesiastes,  and  the  Canticles,  and  died  9';.'5 
B.  C,  aged  58. 

SOLOMON  BEN  VIRGA,  a  Spanish  physi- 
cian, and  rabbi,  of  the  Kith  century,  author  of 
a  History  of  the  Jews,  from  the  destruction  of 
the  temple  to  his  own  time. 

SOLOMON,  Ben  Job  Jalla,  a  native  of 
Africa,  son  of  a  priiiceof  the  country,  who  was 
taken  and  brought  to  Americ.i  as  a  slave.  He 
was  ransomed  by  general  Oglethorpe,  sent  to 
England,  and  from  thence  to  his  own  country. 
While  in  Great  Britain  he  was  employed  in 
translating  Arabic  MSS.  and  was  much  noticed 
by  the  great. 

SOLON,  one  of  the  seven  sages  of  Greece, 
born  at  Athens,  about  the  35th  Olympiad,  and 
died  in  Cy|)rus,  558  B.  C,  aged  80.  He  distin 
guished  himself  early,  by  the  greatness  of  his 
courage,  and  the  brightness  of  his  parts,  which 
advantages  raised  him  to  the  government  of  iiis 
country. 

SOLYMAN  r.,  emperor  of  the  Turks,  in  1402. 
He  was  a  brave  prince,  but  addicted  to  pleasure, 
which  hastened  his  end.  He  was  dethroned  and 
assassinated  by  his  brother,  in  1410. 

SOLYMAN  IL,  surnamed  the  Magnificent, 
succeeded  his  father  Selim  L,  in  J520.  His  reign 
was  useful,  splendid,  and  victorious,  and  was 
rendered  so  by  his  bravery  and  valour.  He  died 
in  1560,  aged  76. 

SOLYMAN  IIL,  emperor  of  Turkey,  was  an 
Indolent,  superstitious  prince,  and  died  in  1091. 

SOMBREUIL,  Francis  Charles  Virot  de,  a 
French  general,  who  perished  on  the  scaffold, 
together  with  his  eldest  son,  in  1793,  on  account 
of  his  attachment  to  Lew-is  XVL  Hi:;  second 
son,  Charles,  escaped,  and  after  distinguishing 
himself  in  the  Prussian  armies,  was  taken  pri- 
soner, and  shot,  in  1795. 

SOMERS,  John,  lord-chancellor  of  England, 
an  able  and  eloquent  jilcader  at  the  bar,  an  ho- 
nest statesman,  and  a  patriot  of  the  noblest  and 
most  extensive  views.  He  was  born  in  1652,  and 
died  in  1716. 

SOMERVILLE,  William,  an  English  poet, 
died  in  1743,  aged  51. 

SOMMERY,  N.  Fontette  de,  a  French  lady, 
distinguished  for  her  talents  and  writings,  died 
in  1792.  Her  house  was  the  resort  of  philoso- 
phers and  learned  men,  who  sought  her  society 
and  conversation. 

SOMMIER,  John  Claude,  a  French  ecclesi- 
astic, author  of  a  "  History  of  the  Holy  See," 
for  which  he  was  made  archbisliop  of  Ctesarea, 
died  in  1737. 

SOMNER,  William,  an  eminent  English  an- 
tiquary, bom  in  1606,  and  died  in  1669. 

SOPHOCLES,  an  ancient  Greek  tragic  poet, 
horn  at  Athens,  500  B.  C,  and  died  410  B.  C. 
He  was  arclinn,  or  chief  magistrate  of  Athens. 

SOPHONISBA,  daughter  of  Asdrubal,  and 
wife  of  king  Syphax.  On  his  death  she  married 
Massinissa,and  being  compelled  to  abandon  him 
by  Scipio,  she  poisoned  herself,  293  B.  C. 


SOKAAUS,  an  Ei.liesian  physician,  who  set- 
tled at  Rome,  under  the  emperors  Trajan  and 
Adrian.^    Sonx-  of  his  w  orl.s  aie  e-xtnnt. 

SORB  A  IT,  Paul,  imperial  pliysician,  and  pro- 
fessor of  medicine  at  Vienna,  wrote  "  Commen- 
taries on  the  Aphorisms  of  Hippocrates,"  ami 
othor  works,  and  died  in  1691. 

SORBIERE,  Samuel,  a  French  medical  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  born  in  1615,  ai;d  died  in 
1670. 

SORBONNE,  Robert  de,  an  eminent  French 
divine,  and  founder  of  a  college  fir  diviniiy  and 
philosophy,  at  Paris  ;  he  died  in  1274,  aged  73. 

SOREL,  Agnes,  the  mistress  of  Charles  Vlt., 
of  France,  was  distiiigui.shed  for  her  beauty, 
strength  of  mind,  ana  the  influence  she  possess- 
ed over  her  lover,  whom  sl;e  incited  to  deeds  of 
glory.     She  died  in  U'lO. 

SORGH,  Hendrick,  an  eminent  Dutch  painter, 
died  in  16S4. 

SOREI,  Peter,  an  Italian  painter,  who  died  in 
1022. 

SOSIGENES,  a  famous  Egyptian  astronomer, 
inventor  of  the  Julian  calendar,  flourished  about 
46  B.  C. 

SOSTRATES,  an  architect,  of  Cnidos,  who 
built  the  celebrated  tower  of  Pharos,  flourished 
about  273  B.  C. 

SOTADES,  a  Grecian  poet,  of  Maron.ra,  in 
Thrace,  was  thrown  into  the  sea  in  a  leaden 
chest,  for  ridiculing  Philadeiphus,  of  Egypt,  in 
a  satirical  pocn). 

SOTIIEL,  Seth,  a  proprietor  and  governor 
of  North  Carolina,  and  afterwards  governor  of 
South  Carolina,  died  in  1094. 

SOTO,  Dominic,  a  learned  Dominican,  con- 
fessor to  Charles  V.,  died  in  1500.  He  wrote 
several  theological  works. 

SOUBISE,  John  de  Parthcnai,  lord  of,  a  dis- 
tinguished leader  of  the  protestants,  and  cele- 
brated for  his  brave  defence  of  Lyons,  died  in 
1566. 

SOUBISE,  Benjamin  de  Rohan,  duke  of,  a 
distinguished  leader  of  the  protestants,  in  the 
religiottswarsof  France,  died  in  1640. 

SOUCHAI,  John  Baptist,  a  French  ecclesi- 
astic and  writer,  canon  of  Rodez,  counsellor  to 
the  king,  and  professor  of  eloquence  in  the 
royal  college,  died  in  1746. 

SOUCIET,  Stcpiien,  a  French  Jesuit,  librarian 
to  the  college  of  Louis  the  Great,  and  author  of 
"  AstronorHical  Observations  in  China  and  In- 
dia," and  other  works,  died  in  1744.  His  bro- 
ther Stephen  Augustin,  who  died  about  the 
same  time,  was  professor  of  theology,  in  the 
college  of  Lonis  the  Great,  and  a  poet. 

SOUFFLOT,  James  Germain,  an  eminent 
French  architect,  died  in  1780. 

SOUTH,  Dr.  Robert,  an  English  divine,  and 
theological  writer,  of  great  learning,  died  in 
1716.  aged  83. 

SOUTHERN,  Thomas,  an  eminent  English 
dramatic  wriler,   died  in  1746,  aged  84. 

SOZOMEN,  Herinias,  an  ecclesiastical  histo- 
rian of  the  5th  century,  boin  in  Palestine,  and 
died  about  450. 

SPAGNOLETTO,  Joseph  Fibcra,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  born  near  Valentia,  in  1589.  He 
settled  at  Naples,  where  he  was  patronised  by 
the  great,  ami  died  in  1656. 

SS'AGNOLI,  Baptist,  a  general,  of  the  Car- 
melites, distinguished  for  the  wisdom  of  the  re- 
gulations he  introduced  into  his  order,  for  lus 
studious  habits,  and  for  his  poetical  writings, 
died  in  1516. 

SPAIGHT,  Eichard  Dobbs,  a  member  ofcon- 
375 


SP 

erops,  ajid  or  tlic  convuniion  which  foriiiPii  thp 
frdtjrai  roiijtitution,  and  afterwards  guveruor  of 
North  Carolina,  killrd  in  a  duel,  i>i  1802. 

Si'ALLANZAXI,  Lazarus,  an  Iiahan  writer, 
considered  a«  one  of  tlie  greatest  naluialists  of 
the  age ;  he  died  In  1709. 

SPAA'HEIM,  Frederic,  professor  of  divinity, 
at  Gcit'va,  and  afterwards  at  Leyden,  and  a 
distinguished  preacher,  died  in  ir>49. 

SPAXHEIM,  Ezt;l<icl,  an  eminent  writer  on 
iiistoiy  and  antiquities,  born  at  Geneva,  in  1020, 
and  died  in  1710. 

SPANHEIM,  Frederic,  brother  to  tlie  pre- 
ceding, was  a  celebrated  preacher  at  Utrecht, 
professor'of  divinity  at  Heideiherg,  and  after- 
wards of  divinity  and  sacred  liistory,  at  Leyden. 
He  died  in  5701." 

SP.ARROW,  Anthony,  a  pious  and  learned 
English  divine,  made  archdeacon,  of  Lndbury, 
and  ajierwards  bishop  of  Exeter  and  Norwich  ; 
lie  died  in  V.iS,'). 

SPARTACITS,  a  Thracian  shepherd,  tlie  con 
queror  of  some  of  the  Eoman  armies,  was  de 
IV.aled  by  Crassus,  71  B.  C. 

!»rA.RTI.\XI -S,  /Elius,  a  Latin  historian,  au 
thor  of  tl.c  '■  Lives  of  the  Roman  Emperors, 
from  Ca.sar  to  Diocletian." 

SPEED,  John,  an  Englisli  chronologist,  histo- 
rian, and  antiquary,  died  in  1029,  agi  d  74 

SPELM.-VN,  sir  Henry,  an  eminent  Englisli 
liistorian  and  aniiquary,  died  in  1641,  aged  80. 

SPEiN'CE,  Ferrand,  an  English  writer,  ot  the 
17th  century. 

SPENCE  Joseph,  an  English  poet  and  critic 
of  eniinencp,  was  drowned  in  a  canal  in  his 
garden,  in  17rl8. 

SPEX'CER,  William,  an  English  writer,  pub- 
lished an  edition  of  Origen  against  Celsus,  In 
1658,  with  annotations,  and  a  Latin  version. 

SPENCER,  Dr.  John,  a  very  ingenious  and 
learned  English  divine  and  critic,  bom  in  1630, 
and  died  in  1095. 

SPENCER,  Joseph,  a  brigadier  and  major 
general  of  the  American  army,  during  the  rrvo- 
luiion,  and  a  member  of  congress  in  1779,  died 
in  1789. 

SPENER,  Philip  James,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
founder  of  the  sect  called  Pietists,  held  someec- 
ciesiastical  dignities  at  Berlin,  and  died  in  1705, 
ascd  76. 

'gPENSER,  Edmund,  a  celebrated  English 
poet,  died  in  1593,  aged  45. 

SPERLING,  Otto,  a  distinguished  physician, 
of  Hamburgh,  went  to  Copenhagen,  as  physician 
to  the  king  of  Denmark.  He  wrote  a  "Catalogue 
of  tlie  Plants  of  Denmark,"  and  died  in  pri- 
son, in  1G81. 

SPERLING,  John,  professor  of  medicine,  at 
Wittomberg,  and  a  writer  on  medical  subjects, 
died  in  16.58 

SPERONE,  Speron,  an  Italian  dramatic  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  1588,  aged  88. 

SPIELiM.A.\,  Jauies  Reinhold,  an  eminent 
physician,  and  professor  of  medicine  and  chy- 
ini.stry  at  Strasburg,  died  in  1782.  He  publish- 
«1  Elements  of  Chymistry,  and  other  works. 

SPIERiNGS,  Henry,  an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  of  Antwerp,  horn  in  1033. 

SPIERS,  Albert  Van,  an  admired  historical 
painter,  of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1718,  aged  52. 

SPIGELIUS,Adrian,a  native  of  Brussels,pro- 
fcssor  of  surgery  and  anatomy  at  Padua,  died 
in  1625.  His  works  were  published  at  Amster- 
dam, in  lfvl5. 

SPILBERG,  John,  an  eminent  portrait   and 
historical  painter,  of  Dusseldorf,  died  in  1G91. 
376 


ST 

His  daughter,  Adriana,  excelled  as  a  painter 
in  crayons. 

SPILBERG,  George,  a  Dutch  admiral,  who 
defeated  the  Spaniards  in  the  South  Seas,  about 
1616. 

SPINCKES,  Nathaniel,  of  Northamptonshire, 
an  eminent  non-juring  divine,  died  in  1727,  aged 
73. 

SPINELLO,  Aretino,  a  Tuscan  painter  of 
great  repule,  born  in  1328,  and  died  in  1420. 
His  son  Paris  was  also  an  eminent  pamter,  and 
is  said  to  have  painted  Lucifer,  in  his  picture  of 
the  fallen  angels,  in  so  hideous  a  form,  that  he 
was  frightened  at  his  own  work,  and  affected  in 
his  senses  ever  after.     He  died  in  1422,  aged  56. 

SPIXOLA,  Ambrose,  a  faiiKJUS  Spanish  ge- 
neral, died  in  1630,  aged  61. 

SPINOZA,  Benedici  de,  born  af  Amsterdam, 
in  16;!8,  was  first  a  Jew,  then  a  Christian,  and 
lastly  an  atheist.    He  died  in  1677. 

SPIR.\,  Francis,  an  eminent  Venetian  law- 
yer, in  the  16th  century.  He  was  supposed  to 
favour  the  tenets  of  tiie  reformation,  and  com- 
pelled to  make  a  recantation  to  save  his  life, 
which  had  such  an  effect  upon  his  spirits,  as  to 
hasten  his  end.     He  died  in  1548. 

SPON,  Charles,  an  ingenious  and  learned 
French  pnysician,  diid  at  Lyons,  in  1684.  He 
wrote  Latin  verses  with  ease  and  elegance,  and 
corresponded  with  most  of  the  learned  men  of 
Europe. 

SPON,  James,  son  of  the  preceding,  a  cele- 
brated physician,  historian,  and  antiquary,  born 
at  Lvons.  in  1647,  and  died  in  1696. 

SPONDANUS,  John,  or  DE  SPONDE,  a 
learned  man,  born  in  Biscay,  in  1557,  author  of 
a  Commeniary  on  Homer's  Writings,  and  other 
works,  died  in  1595. 

SPONDANT'S,  Henry,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  French  civilian  and  annalist,  died  io 
16 13,  aged  75. 

SPOtSU  COD,  .John,  archbishop  of  St.  An- 
drews, and  an  author,  was  born  in  Scotland,  in 
1565,  and  died  in  1639. 

SPOT.^WOOD,  Alexander,  governor  of  the 
colonv  of  Virsinia.  died  in  1740. 

SPi?AGG,  Edward,  a  valiant  English  naval 
officer,  who  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars 
with  the  Dutch,  and  with  the  Algerines,  was 
drowned  in  an  engagement  with  Van  Tromp, 
about  1673. 

SPRANGHER,  Bartholomew,  an  eminent 
painter,  of  Antwerp,  was  patroiiised  at  Rome, 
by  Pius  v.,  and  in  Germany,  by  the  emperor 
Rodolphus,  by  whom  he  was  ennobled.  He  died 
in  If 23. 

SPRAT,  Dr.  Thomas,  bishop  of  Rochester,  a 
historian  and  poet,  died  in  1713,  aged  77.  He 
wrote  the  "  History  of  the  Royal  Society,"  and 
other  works. 

SPRING,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished 
American  clerffyman,  pastor  of  a  presbyteriaa 
church,  in  Newburvport,  Mass..  died  in  1819. 

SPROAT,  James",  D.  D  ,  an  able  and  exem- 
plary clersvman,  of  Philadelphia,  died  in  1793. 

SPURStOW,  William,  D.  D.,  an  English 
divine,  and  a  member  of  the  Westminster  as- 
sembly of  divines,  died  in  1666. 

SQUARCIGNE,  Francis,  an  ItaUan  painter 
of  great  celebrity,  died  in  1474. 

saUIRE,  Dr.  Samuel,  bishop  of  St.  David's, 
a  poetical,  historical,  and  antiqnarian  writer, 
died  in  1766. 

i  STAAL,  madame  de,  a  French  lady  of  great 
jwit,  wife  of  an  officer  of  the  horse  guards,  and 
J  author  of  comedies,  memoirs.  Sec,  died  in  1750. 


ST 

STABEiV,  Henry  a  celebrated  Flemish  histor 
ical  paiiitrr,  dii'd  in  1058. 

STACKHUUSE,  Thomas,  a  learned  and  pi 
ous,  but  necessitous  Knglisb  divine,  wlio  first 
became  noticed  by  a  treatise  "  On  llie  Miseries 
of  the  Interior  Clergy."  He  died  in  175-2,  aged 
72,  leaving  many  other  worlcs. 

STADI&S,  John,  professor  of  history  at  Lou- 
vain,  and  afterwards  of  mathematics  and  his- 
tory at  Paris,  died  in  1579. 

STAEL,  Anne  Louisa  Germaine  Necker, 
baroness  de,  was  daughter  of  M.  Necker,  the 
celebrated  French  tinancier,  born  in  Paris  in 
1706.  She  wrote  several  books,  and  died  in 
1817. 

STAFFORD,  Antony,  a  learned  English  wri- 
ter, author  of  the  "  Life  and  Death  of  Diog 
enes,"  and  many  other  works;  he  died  in  1041. 

STAHL,  George  Ernest,  an  eminent  Germai 
cliymist,  and  professor  of  ciiymistry  at  Halle 
went  to  Berlin,  where  he  was  physician  to  the 
king,  and  counsellor  of  state;  he  wrote  many 
valuable  works,  and  died  in  1734. 

STAHREMDERG,  Conrad  Balthasar,  count 
de,  governor  of  Vienna,  celebrated  for  his  brave 
defence  of  that  city  against  the  Turks,  in  1083 
He  died  at  Rome,  in  1087. 

STAHREMBERO,  Guido  Balde,  count  de, 
an  Austrifui  general  of  great  gallantry  and  merit, 
died  at  Vienna,  in  1737. 

STALBENT,  Adrian,  a  distinguished  pain- 
ter, of  Antwerp,  died  in  1060. 

STAMP.ART,  Francis,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Antwerp,  and  settled  in  Vienna,  died 
there  in  1750. 

STANDISH,  Miles,  one  of  the  little  band  of 
Pilgrims,  who  first  came  to  New  England,  and 
captain  of  the  military  forces  of  the  infant  col- 
ony of  Plymouth,  ill  the  wars  with  the  Indians, 
he  died  in  ]ti50. 

STANHOPE,  George,  an  English  divine  and 
tlicological  writer,  died  in  17'28,  aged  68. 

STANHOPE,  James,  earl  of,  born  in  1673, 
distinguished  himself  in  the  army,  and  was  af- 
terwards made  .secretary  of  state  under  George 
I.,  ambassador  to  Vienna,  first  lord  of  the 
treasury,  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer ; 
he  died  in  1721. 

STANHOPK,  Philip  Dormer,  earl  of  Chester- 
field, one  of  the  most  celebrated  wits  of  his  age, 
an  eminent  statesman,  political,  epistolary,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  1773,  aued  79. 

STANHOPE,  Charles,  Earl,  born  in  17.13, 
was  a  man  of  science  and  ingenuity;  he  died 
In  1SI6.     His  inventions  were  valuable. 

STANISLAUS,  Leczinski,  king  of  Poland 
and  elector  of  Sa.tony,  a  most  unfortunate,  buc 
virtuous  prince.  He  wrote  several  books,  and 
died  in  1760. 

STANISLAUS  AUGUSTUS  PONIATOW- 
SKI,  was  the  sou  of  a  Polish  nobleman,  born 
in  1732,  died  in  1798.  He  was  elected  king  of 
Poland,  in  1764,  and  dP[iosed  by  Catherine,  em- 
press of  Russia,  in  1795. 

STANLEY,  sir  Thomas,  an  elegant  English 
writer,  author  of  some  ])oems,  &c. 

STANLEY,  Thomas,  an  En^'lish  gentleman 
of  prodigious  learning,  son  of  the  preceding, 
born  1644,  and  died  in  1678,  leaving  several  val 
liable  books. 

STANLEY,  John,  an  English  musician,  who 
was  blind  from  the  age  uf  2  years.  He  was 
organist  of  several  churches,  and  at  last  mas- 
ter of  the  King's  band.  He  died  in  1786,  aged 
73. 

STANNINA,  an  eminent  historical  paiiiter,| 

Bbb 


ST 

of  Florence,  was  patroni.sed  by  the  king  of 
Spain  and  died  in  1403. 

STANYHURST,  Richard,  a  nativeof  Dublin, 
distinguished  as  a  divine,  philosopher,  poet, 
and  historian.  He  was  chaplain  to  the  arch- 
duke Albert  of  Austria,  and  died  at  Brussels, 
in  1618. 

STAPLETON,  Walter,  an  English  prelate, 
was  bisiiop  of  Exeter,  and  treasurer  of  England. 
He  founded  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  and  was 
beheaded  during  an  insurrection  in  London,  in 

132n. 

STAPLETON,  Thomas,  an  Englisli  clergy 
man,  prebendary  of  Chichester,  in  the  reign  of 
Mary,  and  afterwards  regius  profes.sor  of  di- 
vinity at  Louvain,  and  canon  of  St.  Peter's,  died 
in  151)8. 

STAPYLTON,  sir  Robert,  an  English  dra- 
matic writer,  died  in  1069. 

STARK,  John,  a  general  in  the  American 
army,  during  the  revolution,  distinguished  for 
his  activity,  enterprise  and  courage,  and  for  his 
important  services  in  the  war,  died  in  1822, 
aged  94. 

STAROVOLSKI,  Simon,  author  of  a  Geo- 
raphical  Account  of  Poland,  and  of  the  lives 
of  100   illustrious  Polish  writers,  lived  in  the 
17th  century. 

STATIRA,  daughter  of  Darius,  and  wife  of 
Alexander.  She  was  murdered  by  Roxana, 
323  B.  C. 

STATIUS,  Publius  Rapinius,  an  ancient  Ro- 
man poet,  born  at  Naples,  abaut  the  beginning 
of  the  reign  of  Claudius ;  he  lived  91  years. 

STAUNTON,  sir  George  Leonard,  was  born 
at  Galway,  in  Ireland,  and  bred  to  surgery  and 
physic.  He  went  to  the  West  Indies,  took  to 
the  law,  and  got  rich.  He  was  afti;r\vards  attor- 
ney-general at  Grenada,  secretary  to  lord  Ma- 
cartney, when  governor  of  Madras ;  atnd  at 
length  was  created  a  baronet  by  the  king.  He 
died  in  1801. 

STAVELY,  Thomas,  an  English  lawyer  and 
writer,  authorof  the  "  History  of  the  Churches," 
&c.,  died  in  1*583. 

STEBBING,  Dr.  Henry,  an  English  divine, 
and  thcoligical  writer,  died  in  1763. 

iTEDMAN,  John  Gabriel,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, born  in  1745,  became  an  author,  and  aied 
in  1797. 

STEELE,  sir  Richard,  an  English  writer,  and 
politician,  was  horn  in  Ireland,  but  educated  at 
London  with  Addison ;  he  wrote  many  fine 
books,  and  died  in  1729. 

STEi-N,  John,  a  Dutch  painter,  born  at  Ley- 
den,  died  in  ire9. 

STEENVVICK,  Henry,  an  eminent  Flemish 
painter,  died  in  1003. 

STEEVENS,  George,  an  ingenious  critic  and 
clasical  scholar,  was  born  at  Stepney,  in  1735, 
and  died  in  1800. 

STEFANESCHI,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent 
historical,  and  miniature  painter,  of  Florence, 
died  in  10,59. 

STElNUflCK,  Magnus,  an  illustrious  Swede, 
who  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars,  under 
('liarlesXII..  by  his  valour.  In  the  absence  of 
his  master  from  Sweden,  he  governed  the  king- 
dom with  uncommon  wisdom  ai.d  moderation. 
He  died  in  1717. 

STELLA,  James,  an  eminent  French  paint- 
er, born  at  Lyons,  in  1.596,  and  died  at  Paris,  in 
1647. 

STELLINI,  James,  an  Italian  ecclesiastic, 
(listingnislied  for  his  learning,  was  professor  of 
divinity  at  Padua,  and  died  in  ]770. 

?.?7 


ST 

STKNO,  Nicholas,  a  distinguished  Danish 
anatomist,  bucaine  an  ecclesiastic  in  Italy,  and 
was  appointed  by  the  pope,  aposiohcal  vicar  of 
Germany,  and  bishop  of  Titiopolis,  in  Greece  ; 
heditd  in  IG86. 

STEPHANIJSBYZANTINUS.an  able  Greek 
grammarian  and  lexicographer,  who  lived  in  the 
5th  or  tith  century. 

STEPHEN,  St.,  the  first  Christian  martyr. 
He  was  stoned  to  death  by  the  Jews,  .'\.  D.  33, 
on  a  charge  of  blaspheming  God  and  Moses. 

STEPIJEN  I.,  succeeded  to  the  papal  chair 
after  Lucius,  in  2.53.  He  suffered  martyrdom  in 
the  persecution  of  Valentinian,  in  257. 

STEPHEN  II.,  was  chosen  pope  in  752.  Be- 
ing attacked  by  the  king  of  Lombardy,  he  ap- 
pealed for  assistance  to  Pepin,  king  of  France, 
who  defeated  the  I>ombards,  and  took  from  them 
25  towns,  which  he  gave  to  the  pope,  and  thus 
laid  the  foundation  of  the  temporal  power  of  the 
Holy  See.     Stephen  died  in  757. 

STEPHEN  nr.,  succeeded  to  the  papaty  in 
768,  and  died  in  772. 

STEPHEN  IV.,  was  elected  pope  after  Leo 
III.,  in  816,  and  died  the  next  year. 

STEPHEN  v.,  pope  after  Adrian  III.,  in  885, 
died  in  891 . 

STEPHEN  VI.  was  elected  pope  in  896.  He 
caused  the  dead  body  of  his  predecessor,  For- 
mosus,  to  be  dug  up,  dressed  in  the  pontifical 
robes,  tried,  and  decapitated,  for  having  been 
his  enemy,  which  so  disgusted  the  Romans,  that 
they  revolted,  and  strangled  him,  in  897. 

STEPHEN  VH.,  successor  to  Leo  VI.,  died 
after  a  pontificate  of  two  years,  in  933. 

STEPHEN  Vllt.,  was  elected  pope  in  939. 
He  was  insulted  and  disfigured  by  the  Romans, 
and  died  in  942. 

STEPHEN  IX.,  brother  of  Godfrey,  d\ike  of 
Lorraine,  was  chosen  pope  in  1057,  and  died 
the  following  year. 

STEPHEN  of  Muret,  Saint,  devoted  himself 
to  religious  solitude,  for  50  years,  on  the  moun- 
tains of  Muret,  where  he  founded  a  monastery, 
and  died  in  1124. 

STEPHEN  I.,  St.,  king  of  Hungary,  suc- 
ceeded his  fathei,  Geisa,  in  097.  He  introduced 
Christianity  into  his  kingdom,  made  wise  and 
wholesome  laws  for  the  benefit  of  his  people, 
and  died  respected  and  regretted,  in  1038. 

STEPHEN,  a  waivode  of  Moldavia,  who  in 
the  16th  century  expelled  the  lawful  sovereign, 
of  that  country,  and  usurped  his  throne ;  he  was, 
in  consequence  of  his  tyranny,  murdered  in  his 
tent,  with  2000  of  his  followers. 

STEPHEN,  king  of  England,  usurped  the 
throne  from  Matilda,  the  lawful  sovereign,  who 
opposed  him  with  various  success;  and  after 
distracting  the  kingdom  with  civil  wars,  for  a 
long  time,  he  made  an  agreement  by  which  he 
reigned  peaceably  the  residue  of  his  life,  and 
left  the  crown  toHenry,  the  son  of  Matilda,  to 
the  exclusion  of  his  own  son.     He  died  in  1154. 

STEPHENS,  Henry,  a  celebrated  French 
printer,  the  founder  of  the  family  of  that  name, 
was  born  at  Paris,  and  died  at  Lyons,  in  1520. 

STEPHENS,  Robert,  son  of  the  preceding, 
one  of  the  best  printers  of  his  time,  was  born 
at  Paris,  in  1503,  lived  in  intimacy  at  Geneva, 
with  Calvin  and  others,  whose  works  he  printed, 
and  died  there  in  1559. 

STEPHENS,  Henry,  son  of  Robert,  born  at 
Paris,  in  1528,  and  died  in  1598.  He  was  also 
a  printer,  and  considered  the  most  learned  of  all 
his  learned  family. 

STEPHENS,  Paul,  son  of  Henrv,  distinguish 
378 


ST 

ed  as  a  man  of  learning,  continued  his  father'* 
business  at  Geneva,  and  died  in  1627. 

STEPHENS,  John,  an  English  catholic,  who 
espoused  the  cause  of  theexiled  James  II.  After 
an  act  of  amnesty  had  passed,  he  returned  to 
London,  where  he  distinguished  himself  as  a 
writer.     He  died  about  1726. 

STEPHENS,  Robert,  an  emiicnt  English  an- 
tiquary, died  in  1732. 

STEPNEY,  George,  an  English  poet,  states- 
man, and  political  writer,  died  in  1707,  aged  44. 

STERNE,  Lawrence,  an  eminent  writwr,  horn 
in  Ireland,  in  1713,  author  of  "Tristram  Shan- 
dy," "  Sentimental  Journey,"  and  other  works. 
He  died  in  London,  in  1768. 

STERN  HOLD,  Thomas,  an  English  poet, 
celebrated  for  his  version  of  king  David's 
Psalms,  in  conjunction  with  Hopkins;  he  died 
in  1549. 

STESICHORUS,  a  Greek  poet  and  statesman, 
born  in  the  37th  Olympiad,  and  lived  above  80 
years. 

STEUBEN,  Frederic,  William  baron  de,  one 
of  the  distinguished  foreigners,  who  volunteered 
their  services  in  the  cause  of  liberty,  during  the 
American  revolution,  was  a  major-general  in 
the  American  army,  during  that  period,  and  a 
brave,  skilful,  and  valuable  officer.  He  had 
been  an  aid-de-camp  of  Frederic  the  Great,  of 
Prussia,  his  native  country,  and  possessed  a 
knowledge  of  the  military  tactics  of  Europe, 
highly  serviceable  to  the  revolutionary  army. 
He  died  at  Steubenville,  N.  Y.,  in  1794. 

STEVENS,  William  Bagshaw,  an  English 
clergyman,  author  of  "  Retirement,"   a  poem, 

Indian  Odes,"  &c.,  died  in  1800. 

STEVENS.  George  Alexander,  an  English 
dramatic  writer,  died  in  1784. 

STEVENS,  Alexander,  an  emir.ent  architect, 
died  in  1796.  The  bridge  over  the  Liffey,  the 
aqueduct  at  Lancaster,  and  the  locks  in  the 
grand  canal  of  Ireland,  are  lasting  monuments 
of  his  skill  and  ingenuity. 

STEVENS,  Paiamedes,  an  English  painter 
of  considerable  merit,  died  in  1638.  His  brother 
Anthonv,  was  a  celebrated  portrait  painter,  and 
died  in  1690. 

STEVENS,  Joseph,  minister  of  Charlcstown, 
Mass.,  died  in  1713. 

STEVENS,  Benjamin,  D.  D.,  an  able  minister 
of  Kittery,  Mass.,  died  in  1791. 

STEVIN,  Simon,  a  distinguished  Dutch  ma- 
thematician, and  mathematical  writer,  died  in 
1635. 

STEWART,  sir  James,  a  Scotch  baronet,  au- 
thor of  a  valuable  "  Treatise  on  Political  Eco- 
nomv,"  and  other  works,  died  in  1789. 

STEWART,  Matthew,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  Edinburgh,  and  a  mathematical  writer, 
died  in  1785. 

STIFELIUS,  Michael,  a  protestant  divine, 
of  Germany,  author  of  a  Treatise  on  Algebra," 
and  another  on  the  calendar,  died  in  1567.  He 
predicted  that  the  destruction  of  the  world  would 
happen  in  I5.'>3,  but  lived  to  witness  the  fallacy 
of  his  calculations. 

STILES,  Ezra,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  American 
clergyman  and  classical  scholar,  for  many  years 
president  of  Yale  college,  died  in  1795. 

STILL,  John,  bishop  of  Bath  tind  Wells,  a 
verv  early  dramatic  writer,  died  in  1607,  aged  32. 

STILLINGFLEET,  Dr.  Edward,  bishop  of 
Worcester,  born  in  17.35,  and  died  in  1099,  great 
ly  distinguished  by  numerous  polemic  writings, 
particularly  "Origines  Sacree:"  a  book  of  in 
estimable  value. 


ST 

STILLINGFLEET,  Benjamin,  grandson  of 
tho  preceding,  a  distinguislied  naturalist  and 
poet,  born  in  1702,  and  died  in  1771. 

STll.LMAN,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished 
baptist  minister,  settled  at  Boston,  Mass..  died 
in  1807. 

STCni,  William,  an  American  historian, 
president  of  the  college  of  William  and  Mary, 
Virginia,  until  about  1740. 

STOBiEUS,  John,  a  learned  Greek  writer, 
who  lived  in  tlie  5th  century. 

STOCK,  Christian,  a  German  orientalist,  of 
great  learning,  was  a  professor  at  Jena;  He 
died  in  17:);). 

STOCKADE,  Nicholas  de  Helt,  an  eminent 
portrait  and  historical  painter,  of  Nimeguen, 
lived  about  1614. 

STOCKTON, Richard, an  eminent  lawyer,  and 
judge  of  New-Jersey,  was  a  member  of  con- 
gress from  that  state  in  1776,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence  ;  he 
died  in  1781. 

STODDARD,  Solomon,  an  eminent  clergy- 
man, of  New-England,  settled  for  nearly  60 
years  at  Northampton,  Mass.,  and  died  in  1729. 

STOFFLER.John,  an  eminent  teacherof  ma- 
thematics at  Tubingen,  wrote  some  books  on 
that  science  and  on  astrology,  and  died  in  1531. 

STOFFLET,  Nicholas,  a  French  private  sol- 
dier, who  at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution, 
armed  himself  and  his  followers,  in  support  of 
royalty,  and  supported  liimself  against  the  for- 
ces of  the  convention.  During  two  years  he 
fought  150  battles,  and  his  bravery  generally  en- 
sured success.  He  was  at  last  prevailed  on  to 
lay  down  his  arms,  and  afterwards  on  some 
frivolous  pretext  taken  and  shot,  in  1796. 

STONE,  John, an  eminent  Engli.sh  [lainter,  in 
•he  reigns  of  the  two  Charles'.   He  died  in  1653, 

STONE,  Edmund,  a  selftaught  mathemati- 
cian, author  of  a  "Treatise  on  Flu.\ions"  and 
ether  mathematiial  works ;  he  died  about  1750. 

STONE,  Nicholas,  a  distinguished  English 
statuary,  died  in  1647. 

STONE,  Samuel,  an  English  divine  who 
came  to  this  country  to  escape  persecution.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  ministers  in  Hartford,  Con. 
and  died  there  in  1033. 

STONE,  John  Haskins,  a  brave  and  zealous 
officer  of  the  revolution,  afterwards  governor 
of  the  State  of  Maryland,  died  in  1804. 

STONE,  Thomas,  a  member  of  congress  in 
1776,  from  Maryland,  and  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  Independence,  died  in  1787. 

STONE,  David,  a  representative  and  senator 
in  congress  from  North  Carolina,  and  after- 
wards a  judge  and  governor  of  tliat  state.  He 
-died  in  1818. 

STONEHOUSE,  sir  James,  an  eminent  En- 
glish physician,  and  afterwards  a  popular  and 
eloquent  preacher,  died  in  1795.  In  the  early 
part  of  his  life,  he  was  an  inlidel ;  but  he  re- 
nounced and  wrote  against  his  sceptical  opin- 
ions. 

STORAGE,  Stephen,  a  distinguished  musi- 
cian and  composer  for  the  English  theatre,  was 
born  in  17C3,  and  died  in  1790. 

STORCK,  Nicholas,  a  naliveof  Sa.\-ony,  who 
in  connexion  with  Muncer  founded  the 'sect  of 
the  Anabaptists  in  Moravia ;  he  died  at  Munich 
about  1530. 

STORCK.     See  RINGELBERGIUS. 

STORCK,  Abraham,  a  Dutch  painter,  whose 
Bca  pieces  and  marine  views  were  much  admi- 
red ;  he  died  in  1708.  His  brother  was  a  good 
landscape  painter. 


ST 

STOUFFACIIFU,  Werner,  one  of  llie  illus- 
trious band  of  Swiss  lieroes,  who  overturned 
the  Austrian  government  of  Switzerland,  and 
restored  their  country  to  its  original  Independ- 
ence. 

STOUGHTON,  William,  chief  justice,  and 
afterwards  lieutenant  governor  of  the  colony  of 
Massachusetts,  died  in  1701. 

STOW,  John,  an  eminent  English  historian 
and  antiquary,  died  in  1605,  aged  80. 

STIlABO,a  native  of  Cappadocia,  celebrated 
as  a  geographer  and  historian,  died  at  the  be 
ginning  of  the  emperor  Tiberius'  reign. 

STRADA,  Famianus,  a  very  ingenious  and 
learned  Italian  Jesuit,  died  in  1049. 

STRADA,  John,  or  STRADANUS,  a  Flem- 
ish painter,  born  in  1536,  and  died  in  1604.  Hig 
hunting  and  historical  pieces  are  much  admired. 

STRAETEN,  N.  Vander,  a  celebrated  Dutch 
landscape  painter,  born  in  1680. 

STRAFFORD,  Thomas  Wentworth,  earl  of, 
See  WENTWORTH. 

STRAHAM,  William,  a  very  eminent  print- 
er, was  born  at  Edinburgh,  in  1715,  and  died  rn 
1785. 

STRAIGHT,  John,  an  English  divine  and 
poet,  was  prebendary  of  Salisbury  cathedral; 
he  died  in  1740. 

STRANGE,  sir  Robert,  a  celebrated  histori- 
cal engraver,  born  in  the  island  of  I'omona,  in 
Orkney,  in  1721,  and  died  in  1792. 

STRAUCHIUS,  Giles,  professor  of  divinity 
at  Wittemberg,  and  afterwards  profes.sor  of  the- 
ology and  rector  of  the  university  of  Dantzic, 
died  in  1682. 

STREATER,  Robert,  an  en^inent  English 
historical  painter,  died  in  H5F0. 

STRE"EK,  Jurian  Van,  an  admired  Flemish 
painter,  died  in  1678.  His  son.  Henry,  excelled 
as  a  historical  painter  ;  he  died  in  1713. 

STRIGEEIUS,  Victorius,  a  teacher  of  theo- 
logy, and  afterwards  a  professor  of  morality  at 
Heidleberg,  died  in  1569. 

STROBELBERGER,  John  Stephen,  an  emi- 
nent German  physician  and  medical  writer,  died 
in  1630. 

STRONG,  Josoph,  a  native  of  Carlisle,  who, 
although  blind  from  his  infancy,  was  dislin- 
uislied  for  uncommon  skill  in  mechanics.    He 
died  in  1798. 

STRONG,  Nalhan,  D.  D.,  an  eminent  Ame- 
rican clergyman,  pastor  of  a  congregational 
church  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  distinguished  for  his 
talents,  eloquence,  piety,  and  learning,  died  in 
1816. 

STRONG,  Caleb,  LL.  D.,  a  native  of  Massa- 
chusetts, was  born  in  1744.  He  was  distinguish- 
ed in  early  life  for  his  energy  and  zeal  in  defence 
of  the  rights  of  the  colonies,  and  after  n  variety 
of  public  employments,  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  senate  of  the  United  States,  and  govern- 
or of  the  state  of  Massachusetis.  He  was  con- 
picuous  for  the  vigour  of  his  intellect,  the  de- 
cl;«:on  and  energy  of  his  character,  and  for  his 
>atriotism  and  integrity,  and  died  in  1820. 

STRONG,  Simeon,  LL.  D.,  a  judge  of  the 
iupn^me  court  of  the  state  of  Massachusetts, 
iied  in  1805. 

STROZZI,  Titus  and  Hercules,  father  and 
son,  were  Latin  poets,  at  Fcrrara.  The  father 
died  in  1502,  llie  son,  in  1508. 

STROZZI,  Cyriaco,  aperipatetic  philosopher, 
horn  at  Florence,  in  1504,  and  died  in  1565. 

STROZZI,  Julitis,  an  Italian  i)uet,  author  of 
a  poem  on  tho  origin  of  Venice,  and  another 
lieroic  poem  ;  he  died  In  1680. 

379 


ST  

STROZZI,  Nicholas,  a  distinguished  poet  and 
dramatic  writer,  ol"  Florence,  died  in  1654. 

STRUDKLt,  Peter,  an  eminent  German 
painter,  died  in  1717. 

STRUENSEE,  count,  a  physician,  who  by 
his  abilities,  became  the  favourite  and  prime 
minister  of  the  king  of  Denmark.  He  was 
ruined  by  the  intrigues  of  the  queen  mother, 
and  perished  on  the  scaffold,  in  1772. 

STRUTT,  .Joseph,  an  Kn(;lish  artist,  well 
known  fur  the, assiduity  wiili  which  he  traced 
aniii|uity  ;  he  died  in  1787,  ajtd  53. 

STRUVIUS,  George  Adam,  professor  of  ju- 
risprudence at  Jena,  aiid  counsellor  to  the  duke 
of  Saxony,  died  in  1692. 

STRUVIUS,  Burcard  Gotthelf,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  employed  at  Jeua,  in  his  father's 
profession,  ai>d  was  equally  esteemed.  He 
wrote  a  "  History  of  Germany,"  and  numerous 
other  works,  and  died  in  1738. 

STRUYS,  John,  a  Dutchman,  celebrated  as  a 
traveller.  He  wrote  an  account  of  his  travels, 
and  died  about  li)80. 

STRYPE,  John  an  industrious  English  di 
vine,  biographer,  and  historian,  died  m  1737 
aged  94. 

STU.4RT,  Robert,  lord  Casitlereagh,  marquis 
of  Londonderry,  an  eminent  English  statesman 
and  minister,  for  many  years  at  the  head  of  the 
British  cabinet,  and  the  representative  of  the 
nation  at  the  continental  meetings  of  the  allied 
sovereigns ;  died  in  Ireland,  in  1822. 

STU.\RT,  Gilbert,  an  eminent  historian,  of 
Scotland,  born  in  1742,  and  died  in  1786. 

STUART,  James,  commonly  called  .\Ihenian 
Stuart,  a  very  celebrated  traveller,  and  delinea- 
tor of  Athenian  architecture,  died  in  1788, 
aged  76. 

STUBBE,  Henry,  a  learned  English  contro- 
versial writer,  and  physician,  was  drowned 
near  Bath,  in  1676. 

STUBBS,  George,  an  English  divine,  and 
able  writer,  author  of  the  "  .New  Adventure  of 
Telemachus,"  and  some  elegant  verses,  lived 
about  1720. 

STUBBS,  George,  a  celebrated  painter  and 
anatomist,  died  in  1806. 

STUCKIUS,  John  William,  a  native  of  Zu 
rich,  dislinguished  as  an  antiquary,  and  as  a 
writer  on  antiquuies,  died  in  1607. 

STUDLY,  John,  an  English  poet,  and  soldier 
killed  at  the  siege  of  Breda,  while  serving  un- 
der prince  Maurice,  in  1.537. 

STUKELY,  William, an  English  divine  and 
antiquary,  of  much  celebrity,  died  in  1765 

GTUVICV,  James  Lopez,  a  Spanish  divine, 
and  philologer  in  the  university  of  Alcala,  died 
at  Naples,  in  1530. 

STUHGES,  Jonathan,  LL.  D.,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  and  a  strong  advocate  for  the  rights  ol 
the  colonies ;  he  was  a  member  of  the  first 
congress  in  1774.  and  afterwards  a  judge  of  the 
Bupreine  court  of  the  state  of  Connecticut,  and 
died  in  1819. 

STUllMIUS,  James,  a  learned  German,  who 
was  employed  as  ambassador  to  the  imperial 
court  and  to  England.  He  contributedlo  the 
reformation  in  Strasburg,  and  died  in  1553. 

STURMIUS,  John  an  eminent  German  gram- 
marian and  rhetorician,  called  the  Cicero  of 
Germany,  died  in  1589. 

STURMIUS,  Leonard  Christopher,  an  emi 
rent  architect,  of  Altorf,  published  a  course  of 
architecture,  and  died  in  1719. 

STURMIUS,  John  Christopher,  professor  ot 
philosophy  and  matbemaiics,  at  Altorf,  died  in 


SU 

1703.    IliA  mathematical  and  philosophical  wri- 
tings are  very  numerous. 

STUVEL,"  Ernest,  an  admired  painter,  of 
Uaniburgh,  died  in  1712. 

STl'YVKSANT,  Peter,  the  last  governor  of 
the  colony  of  New- York,  while  in  the  posses- 
ion of  the  Dutch,  he  surrendered  the  colony  to 
the  English,  in  1664. 

SUARD,  J.  B.  Anthony,  a  French  writer,  and 
editor  of  a  journal  opposed  to  the  revolution, 
was  distinguished  particularly  for  his  transla- 
tions from  the  English  ;  he  died  in  1817. 

SUAREZ,  Francis,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  was  pro- 
fessor at  Alcala,  Salamanca,  and  Rome,  and  af- 
terwards professor  of  divinity  at  Coimb.a,  in 
Portugal.  He  wrote  on  metaphysics,  morality, 
and  theology,  and  died  in  1C17. 

SUBLEYRAS,  Peter,  a  portrait  and  histori- 
cal painter,  of  Langucdoc,  died  in  1759. 

SUUTERMANS,  Justus,  a  celebrated  paint- 
er, of  Antwerp,  died  in  16^1. 

SUCKLING,  sir  John,  an  English  poet  and 
dramatic  writer,  died  in  1641. 

SUE,  John,  a  celebrated  French  surgeon  and 
medical  writer,  died  ai  Paris,  in  1782. 

SUE,  John  Joseph,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  professor  of  anatomy  at  Paris,  and  a  writer 
on  aiMtomy  and  surgerv.     He  died  in  1792. 

SUETONIUS,  Caius  Tranquillus,  a  historian 
and  biographer,  born  at  Rome,  and  flourished 
in  the  reign  of  Vespasian. 

SUETT,  Richard,  an  English  comedian  of 
merit,  died  in  1805. 

SUEUR,  Nicholas  le,  or  SUDORIUS,  coun- 
sellor and  president  of  the  parliament  of  Paris, 
was  assassinated  by  robbers,  in  1.t94. 

SUEUR,  Thomas  le,  of  the  order  of  IMiiiims, 
was  a  celebrated  teacher  of  theiilngV:  philoso- 
phy, and  mathematics  at  Rome,  and  preceptor 
to  the  duke  of  Parma,  was  born  in  Champagne, 
in  1703.  and  died  at  Rome,  in  1770. 

SUEUR,  Eustache  le,  one  of  the  bestFrench 
historical  painters  of  his  time,  died  in  1655. 

SUFFRE.N,  John,  a  French  Jesuit,  confessor 
to  Mary  de  Medicis.  He  wrote  "  Annee  Chre- 
tienne,"  a  work  of  great  merit,  and  died  in  1641. 
A  French  admiral  Suffrcn,  of  the  same  family, 
died  in  1789. 

SUGER,  Abbe,  abbot  of  St.  Denis,  and  min- 
ister under  Lewis  VII.,  and  Le\vis  the  Gros,  was 
distinguished  for  his  talents  ;  he  died  in  1152. 
SUICER,  John  Gaspard,  a  most  learned  di- 
ine,  and  author,  born  at  Zurich,  in  1620  and 
died  in  1705. 

SUIDAS,  author  of  a  useful  Greek  Lexicon, 
flourished  between  975  and  1025;  his  native 
country  is  not  known. 

SULLIVAN,  sir  Richard  Joseph,  an  English 
writer,  and  member  of  parliament,  and  author 
of  an  Analysis  of  the  "  Political  History  of  In- 
dia," and  several  otl»er  works,  died  in  1806. 
SULLIVAN,   John,   LL.  D.,  a  distinguish- 
d  patriot  and  soldier  of  the  revolution,  was  p 
major-general  in  the  American  army  during  that 
period,  and  afterwards  a  member  of  Congress, 
:ind  a  judge  of  the  United  States  district  court 
tor  New  Hampshire.     His  services  as  aii  oificer 
were  numerous  and  important,  he  died  in  1795. 
SULLIVAN,  James,    LL.  D.,    brother  of 
the  preceding,  was  an  eminent  lawyer,  and  a 
judge  in  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  and  after- 
^vards  a  member  of  congress,  and  governor  of 
hat  state ;  he  died  in  IBOS. 

SULLY,  Maximilian  de  Bethune,  baron  of 
^•(sni,  duke  of,  a  marshal  of  France,  prime 
ininister  to  Henry  IV.^  aad  one  of  the  aWesi  and 


3W       

most  honest  statesmen  tliat  France  ever  had 
He  died  in  Ui41,agraH2. 

SULPICIA,  a  Koman  poetess,  who  lived  un 
der  the  reign  of  Doniilian,  and  has  been  called 
the  Roman  Sappho. 

SULPICIUS,  Sevcnis,  an  eminent  ecclesias- 
tical historian,  bora  in  Aquitaxnc,  in  the  5tb  cen- 
tury. 

SULZER,  John  George,  an  eminent  Swiss 
philosopher  and  ecclesiastic,  professor  of  niath- 
emalics  at  Berlin,  died  in  1T79.  lie  wrote 
"Moral  Contemplations  on  the  Works  of  Na- 
ture," &c. 

SUMMERFIELD,  John,  A.  M.,  a  very  elo- 
quent and  popular  preacher  oi  the  methodist 
episcopal  chnrch,  died  at  New- York,  in  1825, 
aged  27,  having  been  a  preacher  8  years. 

SUMNER,  Increase,  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court,  and  governor  of  the  state  of  Massachu- 
setts, died  in  1797. 

SUMOROKOF,  Alexander,  the  founder  of 
the  Russian  theatre,  and  a  poet.  He  died  in 
1777,  aged  .50. 

SUPERVILLE,  Daniel  de,  a  protestant  min- 
ist«r  at  the  Walloon  church,  in  Rotterdam,  and 
a  theological  writer,  died  in  1728. 

SURRNHUSIUS,  William,  professor  of  He- 
brew at  Amsterdam,  in  the  18th  century. 

SURIAN,  John  Baptist,  a  pious  and  benevo- 
lent prelate,  and  an  eloquent  preacher,  of  Prov- 
ence, became  bishop  of  Vence,  and  died  in  1754. 

SURIUS,  Lawrence,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Co- 
logne, and  a  theological  writer,  died  in  1578. 

SURVILLE.  Margaret  Eleanor  Clotilde  de, 
a  French  poetess  of  the  15th  century.  Her  lan- 
guage is  now  almost  obsolete,  but  her  writings 
display  great  vigour  of  mind,  and  a  fertile  ima- 
gination. 

SUTCLIFFE,  Matthew,  a  learned  English 
divine,  and  controversial  writer,  was  dean  of 
Exeter,  and  founder  of  Chelsea  college ;  he  died 
about  1610. 

SUTTON,  Thomas,  a  patriotic  English  gen- 
tleman, died  in  1611,  aged  79. 

SUTTON,  Samuel,  an  English  soldier  and 
ingenious  mechanic,  died  in  1752. 

SUWAROFF,  Ale.xander,  count  Riminiski, 
a  Russian  general,  celebrated  for  his  inhumani- 
ty, was  born  in  1730,  and  died  in  1800. 

SUZE,  Henriette  de  Coligne,  countess  de  la, 
a  celebrated  French  elegiac  poetess,  died  in 
1673. 

SWAMMERDAM,  John,  an  eminent  Dutch 
naturalist,  died  in  1G80. 

SWANEFELD,  Herman,  an  eminent  Flemish 
landscape  painter,  whose  works  are  scarce  and 
valuable,  died  in  1(380. 

SWEDENBORG,hon.  Emanuel,  an  eminent 
mathematical, philosophical, and  mystical  writer, 
died  in  1772,  aged  84.  He  was  the  founderof  a 
sect  which  has  become  very  numerous,  and  is 
called  the  New-Jerusalem  churcii. 

SWIETEN,  Gerard  Van,  an  eminent  German 
physician  and  medical  author,  died  in  1772, 
aged  72. 

SWIFT,  Dr.  Jonathan,  dean  of  St.  Patrick's, 
in  Dublin,  an  illustrious  poliucal,  satirical,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  and  poet,  died  in  1745, 
aged  78.  He  was  author  of  several  singular 
books. 

SWIFT,  Deane,  a  near  relation  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  author  of  an  "  Essay  on  the  Life, 
Writings, and  Character  of  Dr.  Jonathan  Swift," 
died  in  1783. 

SWIFT,  Job,  D.  D.,  a  congregational  minis- 
f^r,  of  Bennington,  Vermont,  died  in  1804. 


6Y 

SWIFT,  Zephaniah,  LL.  D.,  a  distinguished 
lawyer,  of  Connecticut,  was  a  member  of  con- 
gress from  that  state,  and  afterwards  a  judge 
and  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court.  He 
published  a  "  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  Connecti- 
cut," and  other  valuable  prolcssioiial  works, 
and  died  in  Ohio,  in  1823. 

SWINBURNE,  Henry,  a  judge  of  the  prero- 
gative court  of  the  archbishop  of  York,  author 
of  a  "  Treatise  on  Testaments  and  Last  Wills," 
&.C.,  died  ill  lf)20 

SWINBURNE,  Henry,  an  English  traveller, 
author  of  "Travels  in  Spain,"  and  "Travels 
in  the  Two  Sicilies,"  died  in  1803. 

SWINDEN,  Tobias,  an  English  divine,  au- 
thor of  a  curious  "  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  and 
Place  of  Hell,"  died  about  1720. 

SWINNOCK,  George,  an  eminent  English 
non-conformist  divine,  and  writer,  died  in  1673. 

SWINTON,  John,  B.  D.,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
lish antiquarv,  died  in  1777. 

SYBRECHT,  John,  a  Flemish  landscape 
painter,  died  in  1703. 

SYDENHAM,  Thomas,  an  exc-ellcnt  English 
physician,  and  medical  writer,  died  in  1G89. 

SYDENHAM,  Floyer,  a  learned  and  diligent 
man,  but  for  want  of  patronage,  he  lived  lonj; 
in  indigence,  a  disgrace  to  English  opulence  and 
humanity,  and  died  in  1787.  His  fate  is  con- 
nected with  the  literary  fund  of  Great  Britain, 
which  has  since  risen  to  great  celebrity. 

SYDNEY.    See  SIDNEY. 

SYLBURGIUS,  Frederick,  a  learned  German, 
born  in  1546.  He  wrote  some  Greek  poems 
published  editions  of  Herodotus,  Aristotle,  &c., 
and  died  in  159C. 

SYLLA,  Lucius  Cornelius,  a  renowned  Ro- 
man general  and  dictator,  but  the  scourge  of  his 
country,  died  78  B.  C. 

SYLVESTER,  Matthew,  an  English  dissent- 
ing clergyman,  settled  in  London,  and  died  there 
in  1708. 

SYLVESTER,  Joshua,  an  English  poet,  died 
in  1618. 

SYLVIUS,  Francis,  professor  of  eloquence, 
and  principal  of  the  college  of  Tournay,  at  Paris, 
died  in  1530. 

SYLVIUS,  Lambert,  or  VANDER  BOSCH, 
a  Dutch  writer,  author  of  the  "  Theatre  of 
Illustrious  men,"  "History  of  his  age,"  and 
other  works,  died  in  1688. 

SYLVIUS,  Francis  de  le  Boe,  professor  of 
medicine,  at  Leyden.  In  his  lectures,  he  ably 
demonstrated  the  truth  of  Harvey's  discovery 
of  the  circulation  of  the  blood.  He  died  in  1672. 

SYLVIUS,  James,  or  DUBOIS,  an  eminent 
French  physician  and  professor,  died  in  1555. 

SYMMACHUS,  Q.  Aur.  Avianus,  a  citizen 
and  senator  of  ancient  Rome,  and  consul  in 
the  year  391.  He  was  a  pagan,  and  a  warm 
opposer  of  the  Christian  religion. 

SYMMES,  William,  D.  D.,  a  minister,  of  An- 
dover,  Mass.,  died  in  1807. 

SYMNUS,  Thomas,  a  minister,  of  Bradford, 
Mass.,  and  author  of  sermons,  died  in  1725. 

SYNCELLUS,  a  monk,  of  Constantinople, 
in  792,  author  of  a  chronography  in  Greek  and 
Latin. 

SYNESIUS,  of  Cyrene,  an  ancient  father  and 
bishop  of  the  Christian  cliurch,  who  flourished 
at  the  beginning  of  the  5th  century.  He  wrote 
about  150  epistles  on  philosophical  and  polemi- 
cal subjects,  which  are  in  high  esteem  with  the 
learned. 

SYNGE,  Edward,  an  eminent  Irish  prelate, 
bishop  of  Raplioe,  and  archbishopof  Tuam;  he 
381 


TA 

dicil  in  1741.    His  father,  uncle,  and  two  Bonit 
were  bishops  in  Ireland. 

SYI'HAX,  a  l<ing  of  Nuiiiidia,  who  revolted 
from  the  Romans  to  tlic  (Jartha<,'iiiiiin!j,  and  i<> 
Af3drubal,  whose  daughter  lie  had  married.    1! 
was  defeated  by  Massinissa,  and  died  in  prison, 
201  B.  C. 


TABOR,  John  Otho,  a  native  of  Lusatia,  be 
came  counsellor  to  the  I  andgrave  of  Hesse  Darm- 
stadt ;  he  wrote  several  ivorks  on  law,  and  died 
at  Frankfort,  iji  1674. 
-  TABOUROT,  Stephen,  called  Sieur  des  Ac- 
cords, a  French  writer,  born  in  1549,  and  died 
in  1590. 

TACCA,  Peter  James,  a  native  of  Carrara, dis- 
tinfiuislied  as  an  eminent  sculptor,  died  at  Flo 
rence,  in  1640.  His  son,  Ferdinand,  was  also 
an  excellent  sculpior. 

TACMAED,  Guy,  a  French  Jesuit,  sent  as  a 
missionary  to  Siani,  in  1686.  He  wrote  an  ac 
count  of  his  voyages  to  that  place,  and  died  in 
161)4. 

TACITUS,  Caius  Cornelius,  a  celebrated  Ro 
man  historian,  orator,  and  statesman,  who  flour 
ished  under  Vespasian,  Titus,  and  Domilian 
He  was  born  A.  IK  56,  but  tlie  time  of  his  death 
is  uncertain. 

TACITUS,  Marcus  Claudius,  emperor  of 
Rome,  iu  275,  was  a  wise,  benevolent,  and  pa 
triotic  monarch,  and  died  in  276. 

TACKANASH,  John,  an  Indian  minister,  of 
Martha's  Vineyard,  cotemporary  and  colleague 
with  Haacoomcs,  died  in  11384. 

TACONNET,  Touissant  Gaspard,  an  eccen 
trie  character,  of  Paris,  Icnown  as  a  player  and 
dramatic  writer,  died  in  1774. 

TACaUET,  Andrew,  a  Dutch  je.suit,  emi 
nent  for  his  knowledge  of  luathematics,  died  in 
1660. 

TAFFI,  Andrew,  an  artist,  of  Florence,  emi 
nent  for  his  designs  in  Mosaic,  which  he  learned 
and  introduced  from  some  Greeks.  He  died  in 
1204. 

TAI.BERT,  Francis  Xavier,  an  ecclesiastic 
and  canon  of  Besancon,  autlior  of  several  ele- 
gies, and  some  poetical  pieces;  he  died  in  1803 

TALBtDT,  Jolin,  earl  of  Shrewsbury,  a  brave 
and  warlike  Englishman,  wlio  distinguished  turn 
self  in  Ireland,  and  in  the  wars  with  France.  He 
was  called  the  Achilles  of  England,  and  died  in 
1453. 

TALBOT,  Peter,  a  native  of  Ireland,  almo 
ner  to  Catherine,  wile  of  Charles  II.,  and  arch 
bishop  of  Dublin,  died  in  1682. 

TALBOT,  Richard,  earl  of  Tyrconnel,  bro 
tlier  to  the  preceding,  was  made  viceroy  of  Ire 
land  by  James  II.,  and  died  in  1692. 

TALBOT,  Charles,  earl  and  duke  of  Shrews- 
bury, was  distinguished  as  the  warm  promoter 
of  the  revolution.  He  was  afterwards  viceroy 
of  Ireland,  and  high-treasurer  of  England,  and 
died  in  1717. 

TALBOT,  William,  an  English  divine,  was 
dean  of  Worcester,  and  successively  bishop  of 
Oxford,  Saruni,  and  Durham  ;  he  died  in  1730. 

TALBOT,  Charles,  lord,  son  of  the  preceding, 
an  eminent  lawyer  and  statesman,  was  lord 
ehancellor  of  England  ;  he  died  in  1737. 

TALHAIARN,  a  Welsh  bard  of  the  6th  cen- 
tury, who  retired  to  the  solitude  of  a  hermitage, 
where  he  was  visited  and  reverenced  as  a  saint. 

TALIAOOTIUS,  Caspar,  or  TAGLIACO- 

0EI,  a  professor  ef  medicine  and  surgery,  at 

382 


TA  1 

Bologna,  famous  as  an  anatomist,  and  chiefly 
celebrated,  by  his  skill  in  restoring  lost  [larts  of 
the  face,  particularly  the  nose.  He  died  in  1553, 
aged  64. 

TALIE9IN,  a  celebrated  Welsh  bard  of  the 
6th  century.  Some  of  Jiis  compositions  are  still 
preserved. 

TALLARD,  Camille  D'Hostum,  count  de, 
usually  styled  marshal  Taliard,  a  brave  French 
general,  who  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  duke 
of  Marlborough,  in  1704.  He  died  in  1728,  aged  76. 

TALLIS,  Thomas,  one  of  the  greatest  mu- 
sicians that  England  ever  bred,  died  in  1585. 

TAMERLANE,  or  TIMURBEG,  or  TIMUR 
the  Lame,  chani  of  the  Tartars,  who  became 
formidable  toward  the  end  of  the  14th  century. 
He  was  the  sou  of  a  shepherd,  and  raised  him- 
self by  his  courage  and  prudence.  He  obtained 
so  many  victories,  that  he  boasted  that  he  had 
three  parts  of  tlie  world  under  his  power.  He 
died  in  1405. 

TANAQUIL,  wife  of  Tarquin  the  Elder, 
persuaded  her  husband  to  settle  at  Rome,  where 
he  was  elected  king. 

TANEVOT,  Ale.\ander,  first  commissary  of 
the  fiiia.nces  of  France,  died  iu  1773.  He  wrote 
two  tragedies,  besides  fables,  songs,  epistles,  &c. 

TANNER,  Thomas,  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  and 
a  learned  antiquary,  died  in  1735,  aged  61,  leav- 
ing a  very  valuable  work,  which  employed  him 
40  years. 

TANSILLO,  Luigi,  an  eminent  Italian  poet, 
author  ol  "  Tears  of  ot.  Peter,"  and  other  works, 
died  about  1596. 

TANUCCI,  Bernard,  marquis  de,  a  native 
of  Tuscany,  was  professor  of  jurisprudence  at 
the  university  of  Pisa,  and  prime  minister  of 
Naples.  For  50  years,  he  sustained  that  office 
with  dignity,  ability,  and  integrity,  after  whicll 
he  resigned,  and  died  in  1783. 

TAPLIN,  William,  a  veterinary  surgeon, 
and  author  of  several  publications  connected 
vv'ith  his  profession ;  he  died  in  1807. 

TAPPAN,  David,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished 
American  clergyman,  and  professor  of  theology 
in  Harvard  college,  Mass.,  died  in  1803. 

T."»RGE,  I.  B.,  professor  of  mathematics,  and 
author  of  a  General  History  of  Italy,  and  other 
works,  died  at  Orleans,  in  1788. 

TARIN,  Peter,  a  French  physician,  and  me- 
dical writer,  whose  works  are  nmch  esteemed, 
died  in  1761. 

TARLETON,  Richard,  a  celebrated  English 
jester  and  actor,  and  a  dramatic  writer,  died  in 
1589. 

TARPA,  Spurius  Moctius,  a  learned  Roman, 
who  was  appointed  with  others,  by  Augustus,  to 
examine  the  compositions  of  cotemporary  poets. 

TARPEIA,  daughter  of  Tarpeius,  the  go- 
vernor of  Rome  under  Romulus;  she  betrayed 
the  city  to  the  Sabines,  and  was  killed  by  the 
bucklers  of  the  enemy,  which  were  thrown  upon 
her  as  thev  entered  the  city. 

TARQUIN  the  Elder,  fifth  king  of  Rome, 
was  elected  on  the  death  of  Ancus  Martius. 
He  was  a  benevolent  prince,  highly  distinguished 
for  his  improvements  of  the  city,  and  for  the 
dignity  and  importance  he  attached  to  the  sen- 
ate and  magistrates.  He  was  assassinated  578 
B.  C. 

TARQUIN  the  Second,  or  the  Proud,  king 
of  Rome,  a  tyrant  and  usurper,  died  at  the  age 
of  90. 

T  ARRAKANOFP,  N.,  princess  of,  daughter 
of  Elizabeth,  empress  of  Russia.  She  was  seized 
at  the  age  of  12,  carried  tu  Rome,  and  after 


• TA 

wards  brought  back  to  Si.  Petersburg  in  chains, 
and  confined  in  a  prison,  where  she  was  drown 
ed  by  the  sudden  rise  of  the  Neva,  in  1777. 

TARRAM'IUS,  Lucius,  a  Roman,  the  friend 
©f  Cicero. 

TARTAGUA,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  mathe 
raatician,  of  Brescia,  and  author  of  an  Itahan 
translation  of  EucUd,  &e.:  lie  died  in  1557. 

TARTtNI,  Joseph,  an  admirable  musician, 
di.stinguished  for  his  performances  on  the  violiu 
died  at  Padua,  in  1T70. 

TARUFFl,  Emilins,  a  distinguished  land 
Bcape  painter,  of  Bologna,  died  in  1G'J4. 

TASKER,  William,  an  Enghsh  divine  and 
poet,  died  in  1800,  aged  00.  He  was  author  of 
several  works. 

TASMAN,  N.,  a  Dutch  navigator,  who  dis- 
covered New  Holland  and  New  Zealand,  in 
1642. 

TASSO,  Rernardo,  an  Italian  poet,  author  of 
Amadis,  in  100  cantos,  and  some  letters  which 
are  hi^'hly  regarded  by  the  Italians  ;  he  died  in 
1575 

TASSO,  Torquato,  the  prince  of  Italian  po- 
ets, son  of  the  preceding,  died  in  1.595,  aged  51. 
His  works  show  him  to  have  been  a  philosopher, 
orator,  logician,  critic,  and  poet,  and  excel- 
lent in  every  kind  of  composition.  His  life  was 
a  chain  of  miseries  and  woes. 

TASSONI,  Alexander,  a  distinguished  Italian 
poet,  author  of  "  the  Rape  of  the  Bucket,"  a 
mock  heroic  poem,  admired  in  Italy  for  !ts  ele- 
gance and  delicate  humour.     He  died  in  11)35. 

TATE,  Nahum,  a  dramatic  poet,  born  at 
Dublin,  in  l(i52,  succeeded  Shadwei!  as  poet- 
laureai,  and  died  in  1715.  He  and  Dr.  Brady 
wrote  a  version  of  the  Psalms. 

TATIAN,  a  native,  of  Assyria,  a  writer  in 
defence  of  the  Christians  of  the  primitive 
church,  flourished  A.  D.  170. 

TATISCIIEF,  Vassili,  a  Russian  historian, 
who  was  employed  thirty  years  in  collecting 
materials  for  the  history  of  his  country,  and 
died  before  his  labours  were  completed,  in  1750.1 

TATIUS,  king  oftheSahines,  took  possession! 
of  the  Roman  capital,  but  afterwards  shared  the 
kingdom  with  Romulus.  He  was  murdered  at 
Lanuvium,  742  B.  C. 

TATIUS,  Achilles,  an  ancient  Greek  writer 
on  mathematics,  and  author  of  a  romance. 

TAUBMAN,  Frederick,  professor  of  belle 
lettres  and  of  poetry  at  Wittemberg,  and  a 
favourite  of  the  prince  of  Saxony,  died  in  1013. 

TA  VANES,  Gaspard  de  Sauly  de,  a  French 
general,  who  became  an  ornament  to  the  mili- 
tary profession,  and  particularly  distinguished 
himself  at  the  battle  of  Rentis,  and  at  the  victo- 
ries of  Jarnac  and  Mnncontour.  He  saved  the 
king  of  Navarre  and  the  prince  of  Conde  from 
the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  and  died  in 
1573.  His  son,  William,  was  governor  of  Bur- 
gundy, and  died  in  1633. 

TAVARONE,  Lazarus,  a  distinguished  Ge- 
noese painter,  died  in  1031. 

TAVERNER,  William,  an  English  dramatic 
writer,  died  in  1731. 

TAVERNIER,  John  Baptist,  a  Frenchman, 
famous  for  his  travels,  died  in  1689,  aged  84. 

TAYLOR,  John,  an  eminent  English  critic 
and  divine,  died  in  17GG.  His  works  are  nume- 
rous and  respectable. 

TAYLOR,  Dr.  Jeremy,  bishop  of  Down  and 
Connor,  in  Ireland,  and  a  very  eminent  theolo- 
gical writer  and  controversialist,  died  in  1667, 
aged  54. 

T.WLOR,  John,  usually  called  the  water 


2^^^ 

poet,  from  his  being  bjed  a  waterman,  wrote 
eighty  books,  and  died  in  JG34. 

TAYLOR,  Ur.  IJrook,  a  very  able  English 
mathematician,  died  in  1731,  .aged  10. 

TAYLOR,  Dr.  John,  a  learned  dissenting 
divine,  who,  among  other  works,  published,  a 
"  Hebrew  and  English  Concordance,"  a  valua- 
ble work  ;  he  died  in  1761. 

TAYLOR,  John,  a  learned  English  divine, 
a  writer  on  civil  law,  and  an  antiquary.  He 
died  in  1706. 

TAYLOR,  William,  of  North  Carolina,  re- 
markable only  for  longevity  ;  he  died  in  17U4, 
aged  114. 

TAYLOR,  George,  a  member  of  congress 
from  Pennsylvania,  and  one  of  the  sigtiers  of 
the  declaration  of  Independence. 

TEILO,  a  British  saint  in  the  .5th  century. 
It  is  said  that  he  erected  the  church  at  Landalf 
into  a  bishopric,  and  founded  a  college  at  that 
place. 

TEISSIER,  Anthony,  a  French  writer,  who 
left  France  for  Russia  at  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes;  he  died  at  Berlin,  in  1715, 
leaving  numerous  and  valuable  writings. 

TEKELI,  Emmeric,  a  noble  Hungarian,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  brave  and  continued  oppo- 
sition to  the  encroachments  of  Austria,  died  in 
I7a5. 

TELFAIR,  Edward,  a  revolutionary  patriot, 
and  governor  of  the  state  of  Georgia,  died  in 
1807. 

TELL,  William,  an  illustrious  Swiss  patriot, 
and  chief  instrument  of  the  revolution  which 
delivered  the  Swiss  cantons  from  the  German 
yoke,  in  1307.  He  shot  an  apple  oil'  the  head 
of  his  son  with  an  arrow,  and  soon  alter  shot 
the  tyrant  who  compelled  him  to  do  it.  He  died 
in  1354. 

TELLIER,  Michael  le,  an  eminent  French 
lawyer,  and  secretary  of  state  under  Lewis 
XIH.,  and  afterwards  chancellor  of  the  king- 
dom. He  is  known  as  a  zealous  enemy  of  the 
proteslants,  and  by  his  influence  caused  the  re- 
vocation of  the  edict  of  Nintes,  and  the  violent 
measures  that  followed.     He  died  in  1085. 

TELLIER,  Francis  Michael  le,  marquis  de 
Louvois,  son  of  the  chancellor  of  France,  was 
made  minister  of  war  at  the  age  of  23,  and 
afterwards  secretary  of  state.  He  was  a  states- 
man of  splendid  talents,  who  devoted  himself  to 
tne  glory  and  prosperity  of  France,  and  died  in 
1691. 

TFLLIER,  Adrian  le,  a  French  Knvyer,  and 
member  of  the  national  assembly  and  conven- 
tion. He  was  sent  to  Chartris,  in  1795,  to  en- 
courage a  more  free  circulation  of  corn,  but 
met  with  such  indignities  from  the  populace, 
that  he  shot  himself  soon  after. 

TELLIER,  N.  le,  a  faithful  servant  and 
constant  attendant  of  the  minister  Barthelemy, 
in  his  exile  and  misfortunes,  during  the  French 
revolution. 

TEMPESTA,  Antonia,  an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  of  Florence,  died  in  1630. 

TEMPLE,  sir  William,  an  eminent  English 
talesman,  and  political  and  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter, died  in  1700. 

TEMPLEMAN,  Dr.  Peter,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  medical  writer,  died  in  1769. 

TEMPLEMAN,  Thomas,  an  English  writing 
master,  who  published  engraved  tables  con- 
taining calculations  of  the  number  of  square 
feet  and  population  in  the  several  kingdoms  of 
the  world. 

TENOIN,  Peter  Gucrin  de,  a  French  ccclesi- 
383 


TE 

astic,  who  was  grand  vicar  of  Sens,  the  envoy 
of  France,  at  Rome,  archbishop  of  Ernbrun, 
and  of  Lyons,  a  cardinal,  and  prime  minister  of 
France;  he  died  in  1738. 

TENCIN,  Claiidine  Alexandrine  Guorsi  dc, 
sister  of  the  preceding,  was  a  member  of  the 
monastery,  of  Monttieuri.  She  exchanged  tlie 
convent  lor  the  dissipations  of  Paris,  and  died 
in  1749.  Slie  wrote  tlie  "Siege  of  Calais,"  a 
romance,  &c. 

TEMEKS,  David,  a  much  admired  Flemish 
jiainter,  died  in  1649 

TENISON,  Dr.  Thomaa,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury,  and  a  celebrated  polemic  writer  against 
)>oprrv,  died  in  1715. 

TENXENT.  John,  a  physician,  of  Virginia, 
author  of  an  Essay  on  Pleurisy,  and  the  Vir- 
tues of  the  Snake  Koot,  lived  about  1736. 

TENN'ENT,  William,  a  distinguished  divine, 
of  Ireland,  died  in  Pennsylvania,  in  1743. 

TENNENT,  Gilbert,  a  native  of  Ireland,  son 
of  the  preceding,  wlio  came  to  America,  "when 
young,  and  became  a  highly  distinguished  and 
useful  clergvniau  ;  he  died  in  1765. 

TENNENT,  William,  brother  to  the  prece- 
ding, wns  also  a  respectable  and  useful  clergy- 
man in  New  Jersey ;  he  died  in  1777. 

TENTZELIUS,  Andrew,  an  eminent  Ger- 
man physician,  in  tlie  17th  century. 

TENTZELIUS,  William  Ernest,  an  eminent 
writer,  of  Tharingia,  author  of"  Sa.xoniaNumis- 
matica,"  and  "  Supplirnentum  Historian  Gotli- 
an;i>,"  both  works  of  great  merit,  died  in  1707. 

TEUBURGH,  Gerard,  a  Dutch  painter,  and 
a  niasjistrate  of  Deventer,  died  in  1681. 

TERENCE,  Publius,  a  dramatic  writer  among 
the  Romans,  born  at  Carthage,  in  the  year  of 
Rome  .5f;0.  Being  brouglit  early  to  Rome  among 
other  slaves,  he  fell  into  the  hands  of  a  generous 
master,  Terentius  Lucanus,  who  gave  him  a 
pood  education  and  his  liberty.  He  was  drowned 
i59  R   C. 

TER PANDER,  a  poet  and  musician,  of  Les- 
bos, who  added  three  to  the  four  strings  of  the 
lyre,  675  B.  C. 

TERR  ASSON,  John,  a  French  writer,  author 
of  a  critical  dissertation  on  Homer's  Iliad,  died 
in  1750,  with  the  reputation  of  having  been  one 
of  the  best  practical  philosophers  of  his  age. 

TERRASSON,  Anthony,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  also  a  distinguished  advocate,  and  professor 
to  the  royal  college.  He  wrote  a  "  History  of 
Roman  Jurisprudeiice,"  and  other  works,  and 
died  in  1782. 

TERRAY,  Joseph  Marie,  comptroller-general, 
minister  of  state,  and  director-general  of  build- 
ings, in  France ;  and  was  a  man  of  great  in 
tegrity,  loyally  and  patriotism.  He  retired  from 
office,  in  1774,"  with  the  respect  of  the  virtuous, 
and  died  in  1778. 

TERTRE,  Francis  Joachim  Duport  du,  a 
French  writer,  and  professor  of  the  learned 
languages  among  the  Jesuits,  died  in  1759.  He 
wrote  a  "History  of  Famous  Conspiracies," 
and  several  other  works. 

TERTRE,  John  Baptist,  a  Frenchman,  who 
after  serving  as  a  soldier  and  sailor,  joined  the 
Dominicans,  and  came  to  America  as  amission 
ary.  He  died  in  1678,  leaving  a  "  History  of 
Die  Antilles,  belonging  to  the  French." 

TERTULLIAN,  auintus  Septimius  Flo- 
rus,  a  cp'ebrated  father  and  deliiidi;r  of  the 
primitive  Christian  church,  who  flourished  un 
Uer  the  reigns  of  the   emperors  Severiis  and 

^  "TERWESTEN,  Augustin,  an  eminent  Dutch 
384 


TH  

painter, died  in  1711.  His  two  brothers,  Matthew 
and  Elias,  alao  excelled  as  painters. 

TESTA,  Peter,  an  Italian  painter  and  engra- 
ver, who  was  drowned  in  the  Tiber,  in  1650. 

TESTELIN,  Lewis,  an  eminent  French  his- 
torical painter,  died  at  Pari=,  in  1055.  His  bro- 
ther Henry  also  excelled  as  a  painter,  and  died 
in  169fi. 

TESTI.FuIvio,  an  Italian  poet,  and  prime  mi- 
nister to  Francis,  duke  ot  Modena,  died  in  1646. 

TESTZELL.John,  a  Dominicaii,  ol  Gern^any. 
He  was  commissioned  to  publish  ihe  indulgences 
of  the  holy  see;  and  the  zeal  with  which  be 
.executed  the  duties  of  the  oflice,  caused  the  ani- 
madversions of  I.,utlier,  and  consequently,  the 
reformation.  When  charged  with  being  the 
cause  of  the  di.^asters  of  the  church,  lie  was  so 
afflicted  with  the  imputation,  that  he  died  of  a 
broken  lieart,  in  1519. 

TEXTOR.     See  TEXIEI. 

THACHER,  Thomas,  a  minister  in  Boston, 
and  eiuineiit  as  a  Hebrew  scholar,  died  in  1678. 

TH  ACHER,  Peter,  minister  of  Jlilion,  Mass., 
and  author  of  sermons,  died  in  1727.  There 
were  two  other  clergymen  of  the  same  name  , 
one  minister  in  Bostoji,  in  1723,  the  other  af 
Mid(lleb,4.roush,  Mass.,  in  1709. 

THACHER,  Oxenbridge,  a  learned  man,  and 
an  aiitlior,  died  at  Boston,  in  1765. 

THACHFR,  Peter,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  minister  of  great  celebrity  in  Boston, 
and  author  of  sermons,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1802. 

THAIS,  a  celebrated  courtezan,  of  Corinth, 
who  persuaded  Alexander  the  Great  to  set 
Pcrsepolis  on  fire.  She  afterwards  married 
Ptolemy,  king  of  Egypt. 

TH,^LES,"the  chief  of  the  seven  sages  of 
Greece,  born  at  Rliletus,  <J40  B.  C,  founded  the 
Ionic  sect  of  philosophers,  and  died  545  B.  C. 
I  THELLl'SSON,  Peter,  a  native  of  France." 
who  sc'tled  as  a  merchant  in  London,  where  lie 
made  an  immense  fortune.     He  died  in  1797. 

THEAMSIUS,  a  Paphlagonian  philosopher, 
prefect  of  Constantinople,  died  in  410. 

THEMISON,  a  pliysiciari,  who  lived  before 
the  Christian  era,  and  founded  a  sect  called  Me- 
thodists in  Meiiicine. 

THEMISTIUS,  a  Greek  orator,  Peripatetic 
philosopher,  and  critic,  died  in  386. 

THEMISTOCI.ES,  a  renowned  Athenian 
general,  admir.il  and  patriot,  who  gained  the 
battle  of  Salamine  against  the  Persians,  wa^. 
horn  in  530  B.  C.  Being  banished  by  his  ufl- 
rateful  fellow  citizens,  he  fled  to  Artaxerxes, 
king  of  Persia  ;  but  to  avoid  taking  up  arms 
against  his  country,  he  slew  himself  465  B.  C. 

THEt^BALD,  Lewis,  an  Englisii  dramatic 
poet  and  critic,  ilit-d  in  1742. 

THEOCRITUS,  a  Greek  pastoral  poet,  bom 
at  Svracuse,  and  flourished  about  260  B.  C. 

THEODATH'S.  king  of  the  Goths,  was  de- 
feated by  Btlisarius,  and  put  to  death  by  his 
own  soldiers,  in  536. 

THEODORE  I.,  king  of  Corsica.  See  NEVV- 
HOFF. 

THEODORET,  bishop  of  Cyprus,  an  ilhistri- 
ous  ecclesiastical  historian,  died  in  457,  aged  71. 

THEODORIC,  king  of  the  Goths  in  Italy, 
a  renowned  warrior  and  legislator,  died  in  5iW, 
aeed  71. 

"THEODORUS,  a  bishop  of  Cilicia,  who  died 
in  428.  His  works,  some  of  which  are  extant, 
were  condemned  as  heretical  by  a  general  coun- 
cil. 

THEODOSIUS  the  Great,  the  last  Romau 
emperor,  a  convert  to  Christianity,  and  a  re- 


TH 

tiowneu  general  and  legislator,  died  in  395.  His 
Bons  Ar':a(lius  and  Hoiiorius,  made  a  division 
of  the  enipiio  into  east  and  west ;  Arcadiiis  bv. 
jng  tbc  first  emperor  of  tlic  Kast,  and  Honorius 
of  tlih  West. 

Tin:onoyiUS  tlie  Younger,  son  of  Arcadi- 
iis, wiiom  be  succeeded  In  the  empire  of  the 
I'asi,  and  famous  for  a  code  of  laws  styled  the 
Tlicodocian  codo,  died  in  450. 

'i'lUOODOTUS,  a  tanner,  of  Byz.anlium,  who 
apiisiatizcd  from  the  Christian  faiih,  to  save  liis 
life,  and  founded  a  new  sect,  winch  denied  the 
divinity  of  Christ.  Another  of  the  same  name, 
was  the  head  of  a  sect,  which  maintained  that 
the  Messiaii  was  iufcrior  to  Melchisedeck. 

TllEOGNIS,  an  eminent  Greek  poet,  who 
flourished  about  550  B.  C. 

TUEO-N,  a  Greek  sophist,  author  of  a  Trea- 
tise on  Rhetoric. 

THEON,  a  mathematician,  of  Alexandria,  in 
the  age  of  Theodosius,  wrote  a  Commentary  on 
Euclid. 

TKEOPHANES,  George,  a  historian  and 
ecclesiastic,  of  Constantinople,  who  was  ban- 
ished into  Samothracf,  and  died  there  in  818. 

THEOPHANES.Prokopowitch,  metropolitan 
of  Russia,  and  a  historian  ;  he  died  in  1736. 

THEOPHILUS,  a  writer,  and  bishop  of  the 
primitive  church,  born  and  educated  a  heathen, 
and  afterwards  converted  to  Ciiristianity ;  he 
died  in  182.  He  was  the  first  who  applied  tlie 
term  Trinity,  to  express  the  three  persons  in 
the  Godhead. 

THEOPHRASTUS,  a  Greek  Peripatetic  phi- 
losopher, and  moral  writer,  of  Lesbos,  died  288 
B.  C. 

TFIEOPHYLACT,  a  native  of  Constanlino- 
plfc,  metropolitan  ofBuIgaria  in  the  11th  century. 
lie  wrote  a  "  Commentary  on  the  Gospols,"  &c. 

THERAMENES,  an  Athenian  philosophei-, 
one  of  the  30  tyrants  appointed  by  Sparta  over 
Athens.  He  refused  his  assent  to  the  cruel  acts 
of  his  colleagues,  for  which  he  was  condemned 
to  death,  and  took  poison,  403  B.  C. 

TflERME?,  Paul  de  la  Berthe,  lord  of,  a 
celebrated  French  general,  who  distinguished 
himself  in  the  wars  of  his  country.  He  was 
ambassador  to  England,  and  died  in  1562. 

THEPPIS,  a  famous  Greek  tragic  poet,  and 
the  first  representor  of  tragedy  at  Atliens.  He 
carried  his  troop  from  village  to  village  in  a 
wagon,  from  which  they  performed  their  pieces 
Aicastus  was  the  first  tragedy  they  performed 
at  Athens,  536  B.  C. 

THEVEKOT,  John,  a  French  traveller.  It 
is  said  that  he  was  the  first  person  who  brought 
coflee  into  Paris.     He  died  in  1667. 

THEVENOT,  Melchisedeck,  librarian  to  the 
king  of  France,  and  a  celebrated  writer  of 
travels,  died  in  1691. 

THIELIN,  John  Philip,  anobleman  of  Mech- 
lin, distinguished  as  a  painter,  was  born  in  1618. 

THIENY  I.,  king  of  France,  ascended  the 
throne  in  670,  and  died  in  691,  aged  39. 

THIERRY  II.  or  IV.,  son  of  Dagobert  HI., 
was  taken  from  a  cloister  to  ascend  the  throne 
of  France ;  he  died  in  737,  aged  25. 

THIERRY  I.,  son  of  Clovis  I.,  king  of  Aus- 
trasia,  his  reign  was  disturbed  by  invasions  of 
the  Danes,  and  quarrels  with  his  brother ;  he 
died  in  534,  after  a  reign  of  23  years. 

THIERRY  II.,  king  of  Burgundy  and  Aus- 
trasia,  and  son  of  Childebert,  was  engaged  in 
quarrels  with  his  brother,  whom  he  suftered 
to  be  put  to  death.  He  was  poisoned  by  his 
uwthea-in-Iavf,  in  CI  3. 


THIERRY,  of  Niein,  secretary  to  Several  of 
'.he  popes,  and  author  of  a  "  History  of  the 
.Schisms  of  the  Popes,"  died  in  1417. 

THIERRY,  Henry,  an  eminent  printer,  of 
Paris,  in  the  15tli  century.  His  family,  for 
several  generations,  were  celebrated  as  printers. 

THIERS,  John  Baptist,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  and  proleesor  of  belles  lettres  at  Paris, 
died  in  1703. 

THlRLIiY,  Dr.  Styan,  a  very  ingenious  and 
learned  English  critic,  and  editor  of  the  works 
of  Justin  Martyr,  died  ui  1753,  agf-d  61. 

TIKJMAS,  St.,  Burnamed  Uidynms,  was  a 
(ialilean,  and  one  of  the  apostlesof  our  Pavinup. 
It  is  said  that  he  suflered  martyrdom  in  India. 

THOMAS,  an  obscure  individual,  who  from 
a  conuiion  soldier,  obtained  the  conmiand  of 
the  troops  of  Leo,  the  Armenian,  and  on  hia 
death,  caused  himself  to  be  proclaimed  empe- 
ror, hut  was  e.xecuted  in  823. 

THOMAS,  James  Ernest,  an  eminent  land- 
scape painter,  of  Haglestfin,  died  in  1C53. 

THOMAS,  William,  D.  D  ,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish prelate,  bishop  of  Worcester,  died  in  lliSU. 
He  wrote  an  "  Apology  for  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land," and  other  works. 

THOMAS,  William,  an  English  clergyman, 
grandson  of  tlie  preceding,  distinguished  as  a 
man  of  learning,  a  writer,  and  an  antiquary, 
died  in  1738. 

THOMAS,  Anthony  Leonard,  professor  in 
the  collefre  at  Bouvais,  was  distinguished  as  a 
writer  and  poet.  He  was  secretary  to  the  duke 
of  Orleans,  and  died  in  1785. 

THOMAS,  Elizabeth,  an  English  poetess, 
known  to  the  world  by  the  name  of  Corinna, 
died  in  1730. 

THOMAS,  John,  an  Indian,  of  Natich,  one  of 
ihe  first  converts  to  Christianity  from  that  tribe, 
died  in  1727,  aged  110. 

THOMAS,  sir  George,  governor  of  the  col- 
ony of  Pennsylvania,  and  afterwards  of  the 
Leeward  West  India  islands,  died  in  London, 
in  1775. 

THOMAS,  John,  a  distinguished  American 
ofiicer,  in  the  wars  with  the  French  and  Indi- 
ans, afterwards  a  major-general  in  the  revolu- 
tionary army,  died  soon  after  his  appointment 
to  that  office,  in  1770 

THOIMAS,  Josiah,  an  English  divine,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  1820. 

THOMASIUS,  James,  professor  of  elo- 
quence, belles  letters  and  philosophy,  atLeipsic, 
(!':pd  in  1084.  His  son  Christian,  professor  of 
law  at  Halle,  died  in  1728. 

THOMPSON,  Edward,  an  English  naval  offi- 
cer and  poetical  writer,  author  of  "  The  Sol- 
dier," "  The  Courtezan,"  and  other  licentious 
poems,  died  in  1786. 

THOMPSON,  Benjamin,  count  Rumford, 
was  born  in  New-Hampshire,  liecaine  a  coUme; 
in  the  British  army,  and  after  peace,  receive*! 
the  honour  of  knighthood.  In  the  Bavarian  ser- 
vice he  was  lieutenant-general,  and  a  count  of 
the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  and  died  near  Paris, 
in  1814.  He  was  a  member  of  many  scientific 
institutions,  and  did  nnich  to  promote  com- 
fort and  convenience  by  his  mechanical  inven- 
tions and  pliil(j«iiphical  discoveries. 

THOMPSON,  William,  a  minister,  of  Brain- 
tree,  Mas^  ,  died  in  1066. 

THOMSON,  .fames,  an  excellent  British  dra- 
matic ard  pastoral  poet,  born  at  Ednam,  in  1700, 
and  died  in  1748.  His  "  Seasons,"  and  other 
works,  are  justly  admired. 

THOMSON,  Dr.  William,  a  miscellaneous 


33 
C    c    c 


585 


^ 'n 

writer  and  editor,  of  Scotland,  died  in  1817, 
leaving  several  valuable  books. 

THOBESIiY,  Ealpli,  an  eminent  English  to- 
pographer and  antiquary,  died  in  1725. 

THOUIUS,  Raphael,  an  eminent  French 
physician  and  medical  writer,  died  of  the 
plague  in  London,  in  l(i29. 

THORNDIKE;  Herbert,  an  English  divine, 
prebendary  of  Weplminster,  and  author  of 
a  Treatise  on  Weights  and  Measures,  &c.,  died 
in  1672. 

THORMIILL,  sir  James,  an  English  histor- 
ical painter,  died  in  1732. 

THORN!  Oi\,  Bonnel,  an  ingenious  English 
poet,  essayist,  miscellaneous  writer,  and  trans- 
lator of  Plautus,  died  in  1768. 

THORKTON,  Mathew,  a  judge  of  the  su 
creme  coiwt  of  Ke\v-Han)pshire,  was  a  nieni- 
IJer  of  congress  from  that  state,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence  ;  he 
died  in  1803. 

TIIOU.    See  THUANUS. 

TliOYNARD,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Ft'ench- 
nian,  emiufnl  for  his  knowledge  of  history  and 
medals,  (lied  in  1706. 

THRASYBULUS,  arenowned  Athenian  gen- 
eral and  pal  riot,  who  delivered  his  country 
from  the  yoke  of  the  .30  tyrants,  was  killed 
304  B.  C. 

THUANUS,  Jacobus  Augustus,  or  THOU, 
an  eminent  magistrate  and  historian,  of  France, 
died  in  1617,  leaving  behind  him  a  "  General 
History  of  the  World,"  written  in  very  clear 
and  excellent  Latin. 

THUCYDIDES,  a  celebrated  Greek  historian, 
of  Athens;  he  wrote  a  "History  of  Grecian 
Aflairs  in  his  own  Times,"  and  died  391  B.  C 

THUILLJER,  Dom.  Vincent,  a  celebrated 
French  preaclier,  author  of  "  Letters  on  the  Bull 
Unigenitus,"  &c.,  died  in  1736. 

THUNBERG,  Charles  Peter,  an  eminent 
Swedish  botanist,  the  friend  and  pupil  of  Lin- 
naeus. After  spending  several  years  in  Japan, 
Ceylon,  and  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  in  mak- 
ing botanical  researches,  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  botany  at  Upsal,  and  died  about  1799. 

THURLOE,  John,  secretary  of  state  to  the 
two  protectors,  Oliver  aiid  Richard  Cromwell, 
died  in  1668.  He  was  a  man  of  very  amiable 
character,  and  exercisf-d  all  possible  moderation 
toward  persons  of  every  party. 

THURLOW,  Edward  lord,  an  eminent  En- 
glish lawyer,  was  attorney  anil  solicitor  general 
to  the  king,  a  member  of  parliament,  and  lord 
high  chancellor  of  England.  He  possessed  a 
vigorous,  and  active  mind,  added  to  close  api)!i- 
cati(m,  which  gave  him  a  high  rank  among  the 
prolessional  men  of  liis  day.  He  died  in  1806. 

THYSIl'S,  Anthony,  aDulch  philologer,  pro- 
fessor of  poetry  and  eloquence  at  Leyden,  and 
librarian  to  the  univi  isily,  died  in  1670. 

TIAKINI,  Alexander,  an  eminent  portrait 
and  historical  painter,  ot  Bologna,  died  in  1668. 

TIBALDI,  Pelegrino,  an  eminent  painter, 
sculptor,  and  arctiiiect,  of  Bologna,  was  enno- 
bled by  the  king  oi  Spain  for  his  merit,  and  died 
in  1592.  His  son  Duminico,  was  also  distin 
guished  as  an  architect,  and  died  in  1583. 

TIBERIUS,  Claudius  Nero,  emperor  of  Rome, 
after  Augustus.  He  disgraced  himself  by  de- 
bauchery and  cruelty,  and  died  A.  D.  37. 

TIBERIUS,  Constantino,  raised  by  his  merit 
to  the  throne  of  the  Eastern  empire,  became  the 
father  of  his  people,  and  is  equally  extolled  for 
his  valour,  his  love  of  juBtice,  and  Lis  clemency ; 
be  died  in  Sc2. 
386 


Tl 

TIBULLUS,  AnlusAlbius,  a'-elebratedLatin 
elegiac  poet  and  critic,  died  A.  D.  17. 

TICK  ELL,  Thomas,  an  English  poet,  and 
oneol  ihe  writers  in  the  Spectator,  died  in  17'J0. 

TICKELIy,  Richard,  grandson  of  the  former, 
a  distinguished  wit  and  poet,  and  author  of 
several  works,  dii'd  in  1793. 

TIDEMAN,  Philip,  a  painter,  of  Hamburg, 
died  in  1705. 

TIEl)EMANN,Dietrir.h,analiveof  Brenrrn, 
was  professor  of  Greek  and  Latin  at  Cassel, 
and  afterwards  of  philosophy  at  Warj)urg.  His 
writings  possess  great  merit,  and  indicate  deej) 
erudition.     He  died  in  !?03. 

TIGNY,  G.  de,  a  French  naturalist,  author 
|0f  a  valuable  "Natural  History  of  Insects," 
died  in  1803. 

TIGEANES,  king  of  Armenia,  who  was  con- 
quered l)y  the  Romans,  but  pre.'-ervtd  his  domi- 
nions by  a  bribe.  Pompey  al  terwards  coiiquered 
him,  and  sent  him  in  chains  to  Rome. 

TlLINGirS,  Matlhias,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, and  medical  writer,  of  Westjihalia,  died 
in  iG15. 

TILLEMANS,  Peter,  a  distinguished  land- 
scape painter,  of  Antwerp,  who  went  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  was  patronised  by  the  great, 
and  died  there  in  1734. 

TILLEMONT,  Sebastian  de  Kain  dc,  a 
French  writer,  bom  in  1037,  author  of"  Histoire 
ides  Empereurs,  et  Ecclesiastique ;"  ht  died  m 
1698. 

TILLET,  N.  du,  a  distingtiished  French  agri- 
culturalist. He  wrote  several  valuable  works  ok 
agriculture,  and  died  in  1791. 

TILLI,  Jolm  Tzerclaes,  count  dc,  a  German 
officer,  who  distmguished  himself  in  the  wars 
with  the  Turks,  and  with  Denmark.  He  was 
at  the  Iiead  of  the  imperial  armies,  and  was 
mortally  wounded  at  Ingoldstadt,  in  1632. 

TlLLl, Michael  Angclo, physician  to  the  grand 
duke,  and  professor  in  the  university  of  Pisa, 
difd  in  1740. 

TILLOTSON,  Dr.  John,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, was  the  son  of  a  clothier,  and  died  in 
1094.  "He  published  many  valuable  sermons. 

TIMiTX'S,  a  pliilosopher,  of  Locris,  the  pupil 
of  Pythagoras  and  author  of  a  Treatise  on  the 
Nature  ol  the  Soul. 

TIMAGENES,  a  historian,  of  Alexandria. 
He  was  a  slave,  in  the  service  of  Augustus,  ana 
burnt  bis  history  of  the  reign  of  that  emperor, 
vvhen  discarded  from  hisprv-'pction. 

TIMOLEON,  arenowned  Corinthian  general, 
and  the  deliverer  of  Syracuse  from  the  yoke  of 
Dionysius  the  tyrant,  died  337  B.  C. 

TIM  ON,  an  Athenian  misanthrope,  who  de- 
clared himself  the  enemy  of  the  human  race, 
and  said  beloved  Alcibiades,  because  he  would 
one  day  prove  the  ruin  of  Athens. 

TIWOTFO,  da  Urhino,an  eminent  landscape, 
historical,  and  portrait  painter,  of  Urbino,  diel 
in  1524. 

TIMOTHEUS,  a  musician,  of  Miletus,  ati 
thor  ol  a  poem  in  honour  of  Diana  of  thi 
Ephisians,  died  557  B.  C 

TIMOTHY,  the  disciple  of  St.  Paul,  and  on* 
of  the  primitive  heralds  of  the  cross.  He  wa» 
made  first  bishop  of  Ephesus,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  stoned  to  death  for  opposing  the  worship 
of  Diana,  A   D.  97. 

TIN  DAL,  Dr.  Matthew,  a  most  celebrated 
English  polemical  writer,  died  in  1733. 

TIN  DAL,  Nicholas,  nephew  to  the  preced- 
ing, chaplain  to  Greenwich  ho.spital,  a  miscc! 
laneous  writer,  &c,  died  in  l<i4.. 


■>■ 


TO 

TINDALI^,  William,  an  English  divine  and 
antiquary,  and  a  miscellaneous  writer,  died  in 
l&H. 

TINELLI,  Tiberio,  an  eminent  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  of  Venice,  made  a  knijjht  of  St, 
ftlicliai.'l,  bv  Louis  XII.,  aiuldied  in  1638. 

TINTOURTTO,  James,  so  called  bwaiisehe 
was  a  dier's  son,  for  his  real  name  was  Ciaco- 
ino  Robusli,  a  famous  Venetian  historical  paint 
er,  died  in  15'J4. 

TIPPOO  SAIB,  succeeded  his  father  Hyder- 
Ally,  as  king  of  Mysore,  and  of  the  Mahrattas, 
disiinguislifd  by  his  licstility  and  opposition  to 
the  (Jreat  Wo;ul,  and  to  the  English.  He  was 
the  patron  of  literature  ^.iid  the  arts,  and  was 
killed  by  the  Uritisb,  in  the  storming  of  Seringa- 
pataiii,  about  1799. 

TIRABOSCIU,  Jerome,  a  learned  jesnit,  was 
professor  of  rhetoric  at  Milan,  and  librarian  to 
the  duke  of  Modcna.  He  wrote  a  "  History  of 
Italian  Literature  from  the  days  of  Augustus," 
a  work  of  great  merit,  and  died  in  1794. 

TIUAfttJEAlI,  Andrew,  an  eminent  French 
lawyer,  counsellor  of  the  parliament  of  Bour- 
deau.v,  and  afterwards  of  Paris  ;  he  was  a  vo- 
luminous writer,  and  died  in  1574. 

TISSOT,  S.  A.  D.,  a  celebrated  physician  and 
medical  writer,  of  Switzerland,  died  in  1797. 

TITIAN,  orTlTIANO,  a  celebrated  Italian 
painter,  died  in  1576. 

TITLY,  Walter,  an  English  writer,  and  an 
ambassador  to  Copenhagen,  died  in  1754. 

TITON  DU  TILLET,  Everard,  a  French 
Jesuit,  distinguished  for  his  learning,  and  for  a 
firazen  Parnassus,  which  he  planned  and  erected 
in  honour  of  Louis  XIV.  ;  he  died  in  17G2. 

TITUS,  a  Greek  disciple  of  St.  Paul,  con- 
verted by  him  to  Christianity,  and  made  bishop 
of  Crete,  where  he  died. 

TITCS  VESPASIAN,  a  Roman  emperor, 
Bon  of  Vcs^iasian,  who  once  exclaimed,  "  I  have 
iosl  a  day  !"  because  he  could  not  recollect  that 
he  had  done  any  remaikable  good  action  on  tliat 
U?y.    He  died  A.  D.  81. 

TIXIER,  John,  lord  of  Ravisy,  called  also 
RAVISHjS  TEXTOR.  an  elegant  French  scho- 
lar, and  miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  1522. 

TOALDO,  Joseph,  an  Italian  physician,  and 
teacher  of  matlwmatics  in  the  university  of 
f  adua ;  he  pubhslied  Journals  on  Astronomy 
and  Meteorology,  and  died  in  1797. 

TOBIX,  John,  a  solicitor  in  Loudon,  and  a 
dramatic  writer,  died  in  1804. 

TODD,  Hugh,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine,  author 
of  a  "Description  of  Sweden,"  and  other  works, 
died  about  1710. 

TOIR.AS,  John  Ciylard  de  St.  Bonnet,  mar 
quis  de,  a  distinguished  French  general,  was 
marshal  of  France,  and  afterwards  a  general  in 
the  army  of  tlie  duke  of  Savoy  ;  he  was  killed 
in  the  Milanese,  in  1636. 

TOLAND,  John,  a  very  famous  political, 
polemical,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  and  anti 
quary,  died  in  1722. 

TOLLET,  Elizabeth,  an  English  lady,  emi 
nent  for  her  knowledge  of  mathematics,  and 
the  languages ;  she  wrote  some  poems,  &c.,  and 
died  in  1754. 

TOLLIUS,  Jacobus,  a  learned  physician,  of 
Utrecht,  became  professor  of  Greek  and  elo- 
quence, at  Brandenburg,  and  died  in  1696.  His 
brother  Cornelius  was  professor  of  the  same 
branches  at  Harderwyck. 

TOLEMMEI,  Claudio,  bishop  of  Corsala,  was 
distinguished  as  a  poet  and  orator,  and  as  a 
;earned  man ;  he  died  in  1357. 


TO 

I  TOMKLNS,  Thomas,  a  most  eminent  and 
distinguislnid  artist  iu  ornamental  penmanship, 
ktied  in  J816. 

TOMPION,  Thomas,  a  most  eminent  English 
iwatchmaker,  died  in  1696. 

TOMPKINS,  Daniel  D.,  for  many  years 
governor  of  the  stale  of  New  York,  and  after- 
wards vice-president  of  the  United  States  dut- 
iig  the  administration  of  Mr.  Monroe.  He  may 
justly  be  ranked  among  the  greatest  and  best 
friends  ofhis  country  ;  and  his  zeal  and  services 
in  the  war  with  Great  Britain,  deservedly  ac- 
quired forliim  the  esteem  of  every  section  of  the 
union.    He  died  in  June,  1825. 

TONSTALL,  Cuthbert,  an  English  scholar, 
distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  mathematics 
and  divinity,  was  made  bishop  of  London,  and 
of  Durham,  and  lord  privy  seal,  by  Henry  VIII., 
and  died  in  1559. 

TOOKE,  George,  an  English  soldier,  who, 
during  the  civil  wars,  devoted  himself  to  literary 
pursuits,  and  to  poetry  ;  he  died  in  1C7.5. 

TOOKE,  Thoniap,  a  learned  English  teacher, 
master  of  a  school  at  Bishop  Stortford,  which, 
under  his  care,  gained  great  celebrity  ;  he  died 
■     1721. 

TOOKE,  John  Home,  an  English  politician 
and  writer,  author  of  "  Diversions  of  Purley,'' 
'&c.;  he  died  in  1812. 

TOOKC;,  Andrew,  a  learned  English  divine, 
and  professor  of  geometry  in  Gresham  college, 
died  in  1731. 

TOOKE,  William,  P.  R.  S.,  was  bred  a 
printer,  but  at  27  obtained  ordination,  and  be- 
came chaplain  to  the  British  factory,  at  St.  Pe 
tersburgh.  After  many  years'  residence  there, 
he  returned  to  his  own  country,  and  passed  a 
literary  life ;  he  died  in  1820. 

TOPHAM,  Thomas,  an  Englishman,  cele- 
brated for  great  personal  strength,  died  in  1749. 

TOPHAM,  Edward,  an  English  writer,  pro- 
prietor of  a  periodical  paper  called  the  "  W'orld," 
and  author  of  "  Letters  from  Edinburgh,"  some 
dramas,  &c.;  he  died  in  1820. 

TOPLADY,  Augustus  Montague,  a  zealous 
and  able  Calvinistic  divine,  died  in  1778. 

TORF^US,  Thormodus,  historiographer  to 
the  king  of  Denmark,  author  of  a  History  of 
Norway,  and  other  works,  died  in  1720. 

TORRE,  N.,  a  native  of  the  Milanese,  distin- 
guished as  a  chymist  and  a  pyrotechnist.  It  is 
said  that  he  discovered  a  method  of  preparing 
an  ttne.xtinguishable  fire.    He  died  in  1780. 

TORRENTIUS,  Lajvinus,  a  native  of  Ghent, 
eminent  as  a  scholar,  and  as  an  ambassador, 
was  made  bishop  of  Antwerp,  and  died  iu  1595. 

TORRENTIUS,  John,  a  very  fine  but  im- 
moral painter,  of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1640. 

TORREY,  Samuel,  minister  of  Weymouth, 
for  50  years,  died  in  1707. 

TOKRICELLI,  Evangeliste,  an  illustrious 
mathematician  and  philosopher,  of  Italy,  died 
in  1647. 

TORY,  Geoffrey,  a  professor  of  philosophy  in 
tlie  college  of  Burgundy,  was  afterwards  a 
printer,  and  greatly  improved  the  art;  he  died 
in  1550. 

TOSCANELLA,  Paul,  an  eminent  astrono- 
mer, who  is  supposed  to  have  formed  the  first 
idea  of  a  passage  to  the  East,  by  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  ;  he  died  about  1490. 

TOSTATUS,  Alphonso,  a  doctor,  of  Sala- 
manca, and  bishop  of  Avilla,  distinguished  for 
his  eloquence  and  his  writings,  died  in  1454. 

TOTILA,  king  of  the  Goths,  defeated  the 
troops  of  th«  emperor  Justinian,  obtained  pss- 
387 


TR 

Session  of  lialy,  Corsica,  t>ai(liiiia,  and  Su-ily, 
and  sacked  Rome ;  hu  was  allciwards  kilted  in 
battle,  ir   oi. 

TOTTiN,  John,  an  eloquent  and  popular 
English  preacher,  died  in  1775. 

TOULMIN,  Joshua,  an  Enclish  Uniiarian 
clergyman,  author  of  the  "  Life  of  Sociuus,' 
'•Biography  of  Dr.  Priestley,"  and  Other  works; 
he  died  in  18 lo. 

TOUP,  Jonathan,  a  divine,  and  a  very  learned 
critic  in  the  classics,  died  in  1785. 

TOUKNEFORT,  Joseph  Pition  dp,  a  famous 
French  botanist,  and  natural  hisioiian,  died  in 
1708. 

TOURNELY.Honore,  a  distinguished  French 
ecclesiastic,  was  professor  of  theology  at  Douay, 
and  p  popular  preacher;  he  died  in  1729. 

Tt  URKETTE,  Mark  Anthony  Lewis  Claret 
de  la  an  eminent  French  naturalist,  who  formed 
3  vaUable  collection  of  insects  and  herbs,  and 
cultivated  not  less  than  .3000  rare  and  choice 
plants  in  his  garden.     He  died  in  1793. 

TOUKViLLE,  Anne  Hilarion  de  Costentin 
de,  a  celebrated  French  admiral,  who  di.stin- 
guished  himself  against  the  Algerines  and  Span 
iard.s,  and  aftAwards  defeattd  the  conibuied 
fleets  of  England  and  Holland.  He  was  made 
a  marshal  of  France,  and  died  in  1701. 

TOUSSAIJVT  LOUVERTUEE,  a  mulatto, 
of  St.  Domingo,  who  rose  to  command  in  the 
French  army  under  Rochambeau.  He  possessed 
unbounded  influence  over  the  blacks  of  that 
island,  and  became  the  head  of  aU  power,  civil 
and  military,  among  them.  In  the  exercise  of 
his  authority  he  formed  a  constitution,  and 
adopted  the  wisest  and  most  humane  regula- 
tions. He  was  treacherously  betiayed,  and  im- 
prisoned by  the  French,  and  died,  not  without 
suspicion  of  violence,  in  1803. 

TOWERS,  Dr.  Joseph,  an  eminent  English 
dissenting  minister,  and  an  able  writer  in  the 
various  di^partments  of  theoloey,  criticism,  biog- 
raphv,  politics,  and  law  ;  he  died  in  1799. 

TOWALEY,  Charles,  an  e.minent  English 
antiquary,  celebrated  for  his  collection  of  verses, 
medals,  and  other  antiquities,  and  lor  the  taste 
and  zeal  he  displayed  in  collecting  theiri.  He 
died  in  1805. 

TOWNSEND,  Joseph,  an  English  clergyman, 
author  of  a  "Journey  through  Spain,"  "A 
Guide  to  Health,"  and  several  other  works;  lie 
died  in  1816. 

TOVV.\SOX,Thomas,  P.D.,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish divine,  celebrated  for  his  discourses  on  the 
filur  Gospels,  and  other  religious  works,  died  in 
1792. 

TOZZETTI,  John  Targioni,  an  eminent  bo 
tanist  and  physician,  of  Florence,  was  pro- 
fessor of  botany  at  that  place,  and  a  member  of 
several  learned  societies  of  Europe.  He  was 
the  first  who  introduced  inoculation  into  Tus- 
cany, and  died  in  1780. 

TR,A.CY,  Uriah,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of  Con- 
necticut, and  a  member  of  the  senate  of  the 
United  States,  from  that  stare,  died  in  1807. 

TRADESCANT,  John,  a  Dutchman,  who 
settled  in  England,  as  superintendent  of  the 
gardens  of  Charles  I.,  and  known  as  one  of  the 
lirst  collectors  of  medals,  and  objects  of  natural 
history.     He  died  in  1652. 

TRAJAN,  M.  Alpinus  Crinitus,  a  Roman 
emperor,  celebrated  in  history  for  his  mild  and 
equitable  government,  and  for  his  valour  in  the 
field,  died  in  117. 

TRALLIAN,  Alexander,  a  celebrated  Greek 
writer  on  physic,  flourished  about  550. 
388 


TR 

TKAPEZUNTIUS,  Georgius,  a  Greek  and 
Laiiii  critic  and  commentator,  born  in  Crete, 
aniJ  died  in  1465. 

'J'RAPP,  Joseph,  an  English  divine  and  poet ; 
he  traiislaied  Virgil's  iEiieid  in  blank  verse,  and 
jdied  in  1747. 

TRAVERSA RI,  Ambrose,  a  monk,  bom  near 
Florence,  in  lUStJ.  He  translated  Eiogenes  La- 
ertius  into  Latin,  which  is  acknowledged  ii>  pon 
sess  .some  merit. 

TRAVIS,  George,  an  Englisli  divine  and  Ccn- 
troversial  writer,  was  archdeacon  and  preben- 
dary of  Chester, and  died  in  1797. 

TREAD  WELL,  John,  LL.  D.,  lieutenant- 
governor,  and  govei.ior  of  the  state  of  Con- 
necticut, died  in  1823.  He  was  distinguished 
for  his  sound  judgment,  strict  integrity,  and  ar 
dent  piety,  and  was  a  good  citizen  and  an  up- 
right magistrate. 

TREAT,  Robert,  deputy  governor  in  lC7C,and 
afterwards  governor  of  the  colony  of  Connec- 
ticut ,  he  died  in  1710. 

TREAT,  Samuel,  an  eminent  clersyjnan,  of 
JNew-England,sonoft!ie  preceding,  died  in  1717. 
!  TREMANE,  Nicholas  and  Andrew,  twin?, 
jborn  in  Devonshire :  they  were  alike  in  features, 
|and,  though  at  a  distance,  and  without  any  in- 
jtelligence  given,  they  equally  desired  to  walk, 
sit,  eat,  and  drink  at  the  same  times,  and  were 
both  slain  together  in  battle,  in  France,  in  1562. 

TREMBLEY,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Geneva 
author  of  "  Instructions  on  Natural  Rehgion," 
and  other  works,  died  in  1784. 

TREMELLIUS,  Immanuel.a  Jew,  who  was 
converted  to  Christianity,  and  became  a  protest- 
ant  divine,  and  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Hcidle- 
berg,  and  afterwards  at  Sedan.    He  published     „ 
a  transl.Ttion  of  the  Bible,  and  died  in  15S0. 

TREM01LLE,prTRIMOL'XLLE,LouisdeIa, 
viscount  de  Thouars,  a  French  general,  who 
w  as  distinguished  no  less  by  Iii?  valour  and  rnc- 
cess  in  thefield,  than  by  his  abiUty  as  a  nego- 
tiator and  ambassador;  he  fell  at  the  battle  of 
Pavia.  in  1525. 

TREMOLLIERE,  Peter  Charle?,  an  eminent 
French  painter,  died  at  Paris,  in  1739. 

TRENCH.\RD,  John,  an  illustrious  English 
patriot  and  political  writer,  died  in  1723. 

TRENCK,  Francis,  baron  lie,  a  Prussian  no- 
bleman, who  was  imprisoned  for  his  imprudent 
conduct,  and  afterwards  published  his  memoirs,  - 
containing  an  account  of  his  sufTerings  andad-^jj- 
ventures.     He  was  guillotined  in  France,  in 
1794. 

TRESHAJl,  Henr}-,  a  painter  and  poet,  born 
in  Ireland.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  in  London,  and  wrote,  among  other 
pieces,  "'  The  Sea-Sick  Minstrel ;"  he  died  in 
11814. 

TREVISANI,  Francis,  an  eminent  landscape 
and  historical  painter,  of  Trieste.  He  settled, 
and  died  at  Rome,  in  174C. 

TREVISJ,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Trevisi,  dis 
tinguished  as  a  jiainter,  died  in  1544. 

TRIMMER,  Sarah,  an  English  lady,  eminent 
for  her  exertions  in  support  of  Sunday  schools, 
and  other  religious  institutions,  died  in  1810. 

TRISSL\0,  John  George,  an  eminent  Italian 
poet,  died  in  1550. 

TRIVULCE,  John  James,  a  native  of  Milan, 
vvho  being  banished  his  country,  entered  into 
the  service  of  Charles  VIH.,  king  of  France, 
and  was  made  a  marshal  of  the  kingdom.  He 
repeatedly  distinguished  himself  in  battle,  and 
died  in  1518. 

TROGUS  POMPEIUS,  authorof  aHistpryof 


TV 


the  World,  to  tlie  age  of  Augustus,  lived  about 
41  I!.  V. 

TKOMMIUS,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Gromn- 
pen,  author  of  afiieck  Concordauco  of  the  Old 
Testament,  died  hi  1719. 

TROMP,  Marthi  Happerlz,  a  native  of  Brille,! 
who  siKiiallzed  himself  in  the  naval  service  of 
hit!  country,  and  was  made  admiral  of  Holland. 
He  fought  more  than  30  naval  hatlli;-,  and  was 
killed  in  an  action  with  tlie  English,  in  ItjSX 

TROMP,  Cornelius,  son  of  the  piccedinp;,  also 
distinguished  himself  in  the  naval  service  of 
the  republic,  and  in  1770  succeeded  Uuyter,  as 
admiral  of  the  fleets  of  the  United  Provinces. 
He  died  in  lf.91. 

TRONCHIN,  Theodore,  an  eminent  piiysician, 
of  Geneva,  a  pupil  of  Boerhaave,  died  in  Paris, 
in  1781.    He  wrote  some  medical  book.^. 

TROOST,  Cornelius,  a  historian  and  painter, 
of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1750. 

TROTT,  Nicholas,  LL.  D.,  governor  of  the 
Bahama  Islands,  and  afterwards  a  judge  in 
South  Carolina  •,  he  died  in  1740. 

TROWBRIDGE,  Edmund,  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  lawyers  of  New  England,  was 
attorney-general,  and  afterwards  a  judpe  of  the 
colony  "of  Massachusetts ;  he  died  in  1T93. 

TROY,  Francis  de,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Toulouse,  and  a  professor  and  director  of  the 
academy  of  painting,  died  in  1730. 

TROY,  John  Francis,  son  of  tlie  preceding, 
was  also  distinguished  as  a  painter.  He  died  at 
Rome  in  1752. 

TROYEN,  Rombrud,  an  excellent  Flemish 
paiiiler,  died  in  1G50. 

TRIIBIjET,  Nicholas  Charles  Joseph,  a 
French  writer,  author  of  "  Essays  on  Litera- 
ture and  Morality,"  and  other  works;  he  died 
in  1770. 

TRUCHET,  John,  a  native  of  Lyons,  distin- 
guished for  his  knowledge  of  geometry  and  hy- 
draulics, died  in  1729. 

TRIFMBULL,  William,  LL.  D.,  an  English 
statesman,  was  ambassador  to  France,  and 
afterwards  secretary  of  state ;  he  died  about 
1700. 

TRUMBULL,  Jonathan,  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished patriots  of  the  revolution,  was  an 
eminent  lawyer  of  Connecticut,  and  held  suc- 
cessively the  offices  of  chief-justice  of  the  su- 
preme court,  lieutenant-governor,  and  governor 
of  that  state.    He  died  in  1785. 

TRUMBULL,  Jonathan,  son  of  the  preceding, 
an  aid  and  secretary  to  general  Washington,  at 
the  commencement  of  the  revolution ;  was  af- 
terwards a  member  of  the  house  of  represen- 
tatives in  congres.-i,  and  speaker  of  that  body ;  a 
inember  of  the  United  States  senate,  and  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  the  state  of  Connecticut, 
lie  died  in  1809,  respected  by  all  who  knew 
him,  for  his  mild  and  amiable  deportment,  and 
for  his  integrity  and  independence. 

TRUXTON,  Thomas,  an  American  naval 
officer,  born  on  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  in  I'/SS,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  services  during  Ihe  revolution, 
and  afterwards  in  the  war  with  France ;  he 
died  in  1822. 

TRUSLER,  Dr.  John,  an  English  bookseller 
and  compiler,  died  in  1820. 

TRYPHIODORUS,  an  ancient  Greek  poet, 
the  time  of  his  death  unknown. 

TUCKER,  Abraham,  a  curious  and  original 
thinker,  and  author  of  "  the  Light  of  Nature 
Pursued,"  died  in  1775. 

TIJCKER,  Dr.  Josiah,  dean  of  Gloucester, 
•Jied  in  J799.    He  was  jnyftently  distinguished 


3?* 


by  a  vigorous,  comprehensive,  and  independeiil 
mind. 

TUCKER,  John,  D.  D.,  niinialer  of  Newbury, 
Mass.,  and  author  of  sermons,  died  in  1792. 

TUCKEY,  .lames  Hing.'^toii,  an  English  na- 
val officer,  and  nautical  writer,  died  in  Africa, 
while  exploring  the  river  Congo,  in  181G. 

TUDELA,  Benjamin,  of,  a  celebrated  RabUi 
of  the  12tl)  century,  and  an  author  oi  travels. 

TULDEN,  Theodore  Van,  an  eminent  paim- 
er  and  engraver,  of  Bois-le-duc,  died  in  1671). 

TULL,  Jethro,  a  gemlcman  of  Oxford,  in- 
ventor of  the  drill  plough,  and  the  first  writer 
ficrhapa,  ancient  or  modern,  wh.o  ever  success- 
fully attempted  to  reduce  agricultuie,  to  certain 
and  uniform  principles;  he  died  in  1740. 

TULLUS  HOSTILIUS,  the  third  king  of 
Rome,  a  renowned  warrior  who  was  destroyed, 
with  his  whole  family,  by  a  fire,  pretended  to 
come  from  heaven,  but  in  reality  the  effects  of  :■. 
conspiracy  of  Ancus  Martius,  his  succes.io; . 
t;40  B.  C. 

TULLY,  Thomas,  an  English  divine  and 
theojogicai  writer,  was  made  head  of  St.  Ed- 
mund hall,  and  dean  of  Rippon  ;  he  died  in  107C. 

TULLY,  George,  a  relative  of  the  preceding, 
author  of  a  "  Discourse  on  the  Government  of 
the  Thoughts,"  and  several  other  works,  died 
in  1095. 

TULLY.    See  CICERO. 

TUNSTALL,  Janies,  an  eminent  English  di 
vine,  and  a  writer  on  religious  and  other  subjects, 
died  in  1772. 

TURBIDO,  Francis,  a  distinguished  histori- 
cal painter,  of  Verona,  died  in  1581. 

TURELL,  Ebenczer,  a  minister  of  Medfoid, 
Mass.,  died  in  1778. 

TURENNB,  Henry  de  la  Tour  d'  Auvergne, 
viscount  de,  a  renowned  marshal  of  Prance  un- 
der Louis  XIV.,  was  killed  at  Saltzbach,  in  1675. 

TURCOT,  Michael  Stephen,  president  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  died  in  1751.  He  con- 
tributed much  to  adorn  Paris,  and  to  promote 
the  comfort  of  its  inhabitants. 

TURCOT,  Anne  Robert  James,  an  eminent 
French  statesman,  was  intenilant  of  Limoges, 
and  afterwards  comptroller  general  of  finances 
In  both  stations,  he  e.xeited  all  the  energies  of 
his  powerful  mind,  for  the  public  good ;  but  his 
plans  were  frustrated  by  his  enemies,  and  caused 
his  resignation.     He  died  in  17S1. 

TURNEBUS,  Adrian,  a  French  critic,  distin- 
guished for  his  learning  and  critical  knowledge, 
was  professor  of  Greek  at  Paris ;  he  died  in  1565, 

TURNER,  William,  an  eminent  English  cler- 
gyman, who  at  the  period  of  the  reformation 
warmly  embraced  the  doctrines  of  the  reformers, 
for  which  he  was  imprisoned  by  Gardiner,  but 
was  afterwards  released,  and  raised  to  eccle- 
siastical honours  under  Elizabeth ;  he  died  in 
15()8. 

TURNER,  Thomas,  an  able  divine,  chaplain 
to  Charles  I.,  and  dean  of  Rochester,  and  of 
Canterbury,  died  in  1672. 

TURNER,  Francis,  son  of  the  preceding,  waa 
bishop  of  Rochester,  and  afterwards  of  Ely.  At 
the  revolution,  he  refused  to  take  the  oathi  to 
William,  and  was  deprived  of  his  preferment. 
He  died  in  1700. 

TURNER,  Robert,  an  English  divine,  who 
left  the  kingdom  on  account  of  his  attachment 
to  the  Romish  church,  and  was  afterwards 
■made  canon  of  Breslaw,  and  died  in  1597. 

TURPIN,  F.  H.,  professor  of  belles  lettres  at 
Caen,  and  afterwards  at  Paris,  died  in  1799.  He 
wrote  the  lives  of  the  great  Conde,  of  Marshai 


389 


uir 

Choiseul,  and  of  Mahouiet,  a  Universal  History, 
and  several  other  works 

TURRKTIN,  Btnedict,  professor  of  theology 
at  (ieneva,  and  iiulhor  of  a  defence  of  the  Ge- 
ii'vese  trniislalinn  of  the  Bible,  died  in  U>31. 

TLfRRETiN,  Francis,  son  of  tlie  preceding, 
was  profewor  of  theology  at  Geneva,  and  after- 
wards an  ambassador  from  the  republic  to  Hol- 
land. He  died  in  1737.  His  writings  were 
chiefly  theological. 

TURRETIN,  John  Alphonsus,  son  of  the 
preceding,  professor  of  ecclesiastical  history  at 
Geneva,  was  distinguished  for  his  great  learning, 
and  died  in  17:i7.  He  wrote  an  "  Abridgment  of 
Ecclesiastical  History,"  and  other  works. 

TUSSER,  Tliomas,  a  writer  on  agriculture, 
died  in  1580. 

TVVEDDELL,  John,  an  accomplished  scho- 
lar, of  Northumberland,  born  in  17G9,  and  died 
at  Athens,  in  1709. 

TWINING,  Thomas,  a  worthy  divine,  and 
enlightened  scholar,  born  in  London,  in  J735, 
and  died  in  1804.  He  was  also  a  great  proficient 
in  music. 

TWISS,  William,  a  distinguished  presbyte 
rian  divine,  was  president  of  the  Westminster 
assembly  of  divines,  and  rector  of  St  Andrew's, 
Holborn.  His  writings,  were  on  theological 
subjects.     He  died  in  1045. 

TYE,  Christopher,  a  celebrated  composer  of 
c\)urch  music,  in  the  16lh  century. 

TYERS,  Thomas,  a  political  and  miscellane 
ous  writer.  He  published  a  series  of  "  Politi 
ral  Conferences,"  which  are  very  highly  es- 
teemed, and  died  in  1787. 

TYLER,  John,  a  distinguished  revolutionary 
patriot,  of  Virginia,  and  afterwards  governor  of 
that  state;  he  died  in  1813. 

TYNDALL,  William,  a  most  zealous  Eng- 
lish reformer,  memorable  for  having  made  the 
first  English  version  of  the  Bible.  He  sutTercd 
'loath  as  a  heretic,  in  1536. 

TYNTE,  Edward,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
South  Carolina,  died  in  1710. 

TYRAN.MON,  a  surname  of  Theophrastns, 
a  celebrated  grammarian  and  critic,  of  Pontus, 
who  Hourishe<i  about  50  B.  C. 

TYRTiEUS,  a  Greek  poet,  born  at  Miletus, 
flourished  about  the  25th  Olympiad. 

TYRWHITT,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  critic 
and  antiquary,  author  and  editor  of  several 
learned  works,  and  one  of  the  many  commen 
tatorson  Shakspeare.     He  died  in  1780. 

TYSILIO,  a  Welsh  bard  of  the  7th  century 
author  of  a  Chronicle  of  Britain. 

TVSO'J.  Edward,  a  distinguished  English 
physician,  settled  in  London,  became  physician 
to  Bethlehem  and  Bridewell  hospitals,  and  died 
in  1708. 

TYTLER,  James,  a  learned  Scotchman,  one 
of  the  editors  of  the  Edinburgh  Encyclopedia, 
and  author  of  several  valuable  works.  He  died 
at  Salem,  Mass.,  in  1804. 

TYTLER,  William,  a  Scottish  writer  on  vari- 
ous subjects  of  the  belles  lettres.  He  died  in  1792. 

TYTLER,  Dr.  Henry  William,  author  of  se- 
veral tvorks,  died  at  Edinburgh,  in  1808. 

TZETZES,  Johannes,  a  celebrated  gramma- 
rian, of  Constantinople,  who  died  about  the 
end  of  the  12th  century.  He  wrote  some  valu 
able  books. 

U 

UBALDINA,  Petruccio,  a  celebrated  illumi- 
nator on  veiluin,  who  .flourtabed  early  in  the 
16th  century. 
390 


, UK 

UDINO,  John  d',  an  Italian  painter,  the  ^s- 
ciple  of  Raphael,  was  admired  for  his  landscapes 
and  animals  ;  he  di(;d  in  1504. 

UGBELLI,  Ferdinand,  a  native  of  Florence, 
distniguishcd  for  his  learning  and  his  virtue, 
published  sonic  works,  and  died  at  Rome,  in 
1670. 

ULACQ,  Adrian,  a  native  of  Ghent,  author 
of  a  Tr(?atiso  on  Trigonometry  in  Latin,  lived 
in  the  17ih  century. 

ULFELD  COKNIFIX,  count  de,  a  D.inish 
nobleman,  who  incurred  the  displeasure  of 
Frederic  [II.,  and  in  his  flight  from  Copenha- 
gen, perished  of  cold,  in  IGiH. 

ULLOA,  Dom  Antonio  de,  an  eminent  Span- 
iard, died  in  1790.  When  only  18  years  old,  he 
was  sent,  with  other  centlemen,  to  tluito,  in 
South  America,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertain- 
ing the  figure  of  the  earth ;  on  his  return  to 
Europe,  he  was  taken  jirisoner  and  carried  to 
England,  where  he  was  elected  F.  R.  S.  He 
was  again  sent  to  America,  as  governor  ot 
Louisiana. 

ULLOAY  PEREIRA,  Lewis  de,  a  Spanish 
poet,  governor  of  the  province  of  Leon,  died  in 
1660. 

ULPIAN,  Domitius,  an  eminent  lawyer,  and 
minister  of  slate  to  the  emperor  Ale.xander 
Severus.  He  was  very  hostile  to  the  Christians, 
and  was  assassinated  in  220. 

ULRICA,  Eleonora,  daughter  of  Charles  XL 
of  Sweden,  born  in  1688.  Slie  was  proclaimed 
queen  in  1719,  and  died  in  1741,  much  respected. 

ULUG-BEIG,  a  Persian  prince,  celcbratcl 
for  his  knowledge  of  astronomy,  and  as  a  learned 
autiior.  He  was  killed  by  liis  own  son,  m  1449, 
after  a  reign  of  40  years. 

UMDERHILL,  John,  one  of  the  first  colonists 
of  New  England,  distinguished  for  his  bravery 
and  good  conduct,  in  the  expedition  against  the 
Ppqiiot  Indians,  in  which  he  accompanied  cap- 
tain Mason.    He  died  in  1726. 

UPTON,  James,  an  English  scholar,  head  of 
Taunton  grammar  school,  in  Somersetshire, 
published  some  valuable  works,  and  died  in 
1749.  His  son  James  was  rector  of  Rissington, 
and  prebend  of  Rochester  ;  he  wrote  "  Obser- 
vations on  Shakspeare,"  and  published  some 
other  works,  and  tlied  in  1760. 

URB.\N  I.,  pope  after  Calixtus  I.,  in  223,  and 
beheaded  7  years  after. 

URBAN  il.,  Oddon,  was  elected  pope  in  1088, 
and  didd  in  1099,  respected  for  his  wisdom, 
moderation,  and  courage. 

URBAN  III.,  Hubert  Crivelli,  was  chosen 
pope  in  1185,  and  died  two  years  after. 

URBAN  IV.,  James  Pantaleon,  a  native  of 
Troyes,  was  made  pope  in  1261,  and  died  in 
1264. 

URB.\N  v.,  Vi^illiam  de  Griraoald,  elected 
pope  in  1302  after  Innocent  VI.  He  was  the  first 
pope  who  resided  at  Rome,  and  was  the  patron 
of  learned  and  religious  bodies,  founded  churches 
and  colleges,  and  corrected  abuses.  He  died  at 
Avignon,  in  1370. 

URBAN  VI.,  Bartholomew  Prignano,  was 
elevated  to  the  popedom  by  the  populace,  in 
1378,  and  died  in  1389. 

URBAN  VII.,  John  Baptist  Castagna,  was 
elected  pope  in  1590  .and  died  twelve  days  after. 

URBAN  VIII.,  Maffeo  Barberini,  elected 
pope  in  1623 ;  he  was  an  excellent  poet,  and 
died  in  1044. 

URCiEUS,  Codrus  Anthony,  a  most  learned 
and  unfortunate  Italian,  who  died  in  1500.  His 
works  consist  of  speeches,  letters,  aud  poems. 


VA  

UKSINri,  Anne  Mary  de  la  Treniouillc,  lady 
<f  honour  to  llie  queen  of  fcJpain,  and  a  woman 
Jf  gri.ai  powers  ol  mind,  died  at  lijnii;,  in  17!i!. 

UKShMJS,  Zachary,  a  native  ot  Breslau,  was 
a  disciple  ol  Melancthon,  and  divinity  proleasor 
at  Heidelberg,  and  aaerwards  at  Neustadt;  lie 
died  in  lot!;). 

UUSINU8,  John  Henry,  a  Lutlieran  divine, 
eminent  for  his  learning  in  aacred  and  proiane 
history,  died  at  Katisbon,  in  1007. 

URtilNUS,  George,  a  Danish  divine,  author 
of  "  Hebrew  Anliquitii  s,"  a  work  of  merit. 

URSUS,  Nicliolas  Kayniarus,  a  very  fanwus 
Danish  astronomical  writer,  died  in  1000. 

USHER,  James,  arclibishop  ot'  Armagh,  in 
Ireland,  illustrious  lor  piety  and  learning,  died 
in  1056. 

USHER,  John,  lieutenant-governor  of  New 
Hampshire,  retired  to  New  York  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution,  as  a  friend  to  the 
UritisI),  and  died  there. 

UTENBOGAERT,  John,  one  of  the  chief 
supporters  of  the  Remonstrants,  author  of  an 
Ecclesiastical  History,  &c. ;  he  died  at  llie 
Hague,  in  1644. 

UTENHOVIUS,  Charles,  a  native  of  Ghent, 
author  of  Latin  poems,  died  in  1000. 

UXELLES,  Nicholas  Chalons  du  Ble,  mar- 
quis de,  a  French  general,  distinguished  for  his 
defence  of  Mayence,  during  a  .seige  of  5()  days, 
was  afterwards  marshal  of  France,  and  died  in 
1730. 


VACHER.  N.,  a  French  surgical  writer,  died 
ih  1700. 

VACHET,  John  Anthony  le,  a  French  eccle- 
siaslif ,  distinguished  for  his  piety  and  ciiarity, 
died  in  1081. 

VACHET,  Peter  Joseph  do,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, known  as  the  author  of  some  Latin 
poetry,  of  merit,  died  about  1655. 

VACa'JERlE,  John  de  la,  first  president  of 
the  parliament  of  Paris.  He  is  celebrated  for 
his  firmness  in  opposing  some  unpopular  mea- 
sures of  Louis  XI. 

VACQUKTTE,  John  sieur  du  Cardonnoy,  a 
Frencliman,  disthiguisiicd  forliis  knowledge  of 
jurisprudence,  and  for  his  poetical  writings;  he 
died  in  1739. 

VADE,  John  Joseph,  a  distii]guished  French 
poet,  died  in  1757. 

VADIAN,  Joachim,  a  native  of  Switzerland, 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  mathematics, 
philosophy,  medicine,  and  literature  generally  ; 
he  died  in  1551. 

VAILLANT  DE  GUELLIS,  or  VALENS, 
bishop  of  Orleans,  died  in  1587.  He  wrote  a 
Latin  poem,  and  other  works. 

VAJLLANT,  Sebastian,  a  distinguished 
French  botanist  and  botanical  writer  He  was 
director  of  the  royal  gardens,  and  died  in  1722. 

VAILLANT,  Wallerau,  an  eminent  French 
painter  and  engraver,  who  died  at  Amsterdam, 
in  1677. 

VAILLANT,  John  Foy,  an  antiquary  and 
medalist,  to  whom  France  was  indebted  for  the 
science  of  medals,  and  Louis  XIV.  for  one 
half  of  his  cabinet ;  he  died  in  1706.  His  eon 
Jolni  was  also  a  medalist  and  an  author  ;  he 
died  in  1708. 

VAISSETTE,  don  Joseph,  a  French  ecclesi 
astic,  author  of  a"  History  of  Languedoc,"  and 
several  other  works  ;  he  died  in  1756. 

VALADE,  James  Francis,  an  intelligent 
Frencti  printer  and  bookseller,  died  in  1784. 


VA 

VALAllT,  Joseph,  a  translator  of  the  New 
Testament,  and  of  Cornelius  Nenos,  &c. ;  he 
diid  in  1779. 

V  A  LAZE,  Charles  Eleonore  Lufriche,  a 
French  soldier  and  laxvyer,  who  was  a  member 
of  the  convention,  and  distinguished  for  his 
hostility  to  Lewis  XVI.  He  was  marked  by 
Marat  for  execution,  and  condemned,  but  killed 
himself,  in  1703. 

VALDO,  Peter,  a  Frenchman,  who  in  1180, 
became  the  founder  of  a  sect,  called  Vauduis. 
Lewis  VH.  attempted  in  vain  to  restore  them  to 
the  Catholic  church,  and  his  son  Philip  Augus- 
tus, with  ttie  same  pious  view,  put  7000  to  the 
Eword.  His  followers  though  scattered,  still 
exist. 

VALENS,  Flavius,  son  of  Gratian,  shared 
the  imperial  throne  with  his  brother.  He  was 
defeated  and  burnt  to  death  in  a  tower,  where 
he  had  taken  refuge,  by  the  Goths,  in  378. 

VALENTIN,  a  pope  of  Rome,  died  in  827. 

VALENTIN,  a  heresiarch  of  the  2d  century, 
an  Egyptian  by  birth,  and  a  follower  of  Plato's 
philosophy  ;  he  died  in  IGO. 

VALENTIN,  Basil,  the  assumed  name  of  a 
Benedictine  of  the  lOtti  century,  distinguished 
as  an  able  cliymist.  His  works  have  beeu  trans- 
lated into  Latin  and  English,  from  the  German. 

VALENTIN,  Moses  le,  a  painter,  celebrated 
for  hisconcerls,  players,  and  low  scenes,  died  at 
Rome,  in  IfiSa. 

VALENTIN,  Michael  Bernard,  a  botanist, 
and  professor  of  medicine  atGressin.  He  wrote 
on  botanical  and  medical  subjects,  and  died  in 
1729. 

VALENTINE,  datighter  of  the  duke  of  Milan, 
and  wife  of  Lewis,  duke  of  Orleans,  died  in 
1408. 

VALENTINIAN  L,  a  son  of  Gratian,  and 
possessor  with  his  brother  Valens,  of  the  impe- 
rial throne.  He  defeated  the  Germans,  and 
other  neighbouring  nations,  and  died  in  375. 

VALENTINIAN  II.,  son  and  successor  of 
the  preceding,  was  dethroned  by  Ma.viinus,  re- 
instated by  Theodosius,  emperor  of  the  East, 
and  afterwards  strangled  by  one  of  his  own  ge- 
nerals, in  392. 

VALENTINIAN  HI.,  Flavius  Placidus,  was 
acknowledged  emperor,  when  only  six  years 
old  ;  during  his  minority,  his  mother  ably  main- 
tained the  dignity  of  the  empire,  but  afterwards 
his  dissipations  led  to  his  destruction  in  455. 

VALERIANL'S,  Publius  Licinius,  emperor  of 
Rome,  in  253.  After  persecuting  the  Christians, 
and  fighting  the  Goths  and  Scythians,  he  was 
defeated  and  takeii  by  the  Persians,  and  ftayed 
alive,  in  203. 

V.\LERIANUS,  Pierius,  an  ingenious  Ita- 
lian philosopher  and  critic,  died  in  1558. 

VALERIUS  MAXIMUS,  a  Latin  liistorian. 
His  works  are  dedicated  to  Tiberius,  in  whose 
age  he  flourished. 

V.ALESIO,  Francis,  a  Spanish  physician  and 
medical  writer,  who  lived  about  the  middle  of 
the  17th  century. 

VALESIUS,  an  Arabian,  who,  in  the  3d  cen- 
tury became  the  founder  of  a  new  sect. 

VALESIUS,  Henricus,  or  HENRY  DE  VA- 
LOIS,  a  French  critic,  of  great  abilities  and 
learning,  died  in  1676. 

VALESIUS,  Adrian,  or  ADRIEN  DE  VA- 
LOIS,  brother  of  the  preceding,  and  a  very 
learned  critic  and  historian ;  he  died  in  1092. 

VALETTE  PARISOT,  John  de  la,  grand 
master  of  Malta,  in  1557.  He  is  distingttishcd 
for  his  brave  and  successful  defencte  of  Malta, 
391 


VA 

against  Solyinaii  II.,  witU  W,W)0  men.    He  died 
in  1568. 

VALETTE,  John  Lewis  de  Nogarct,,  duke 
d'Epernion,  ;i  celebrated  French  general,  llu 
friend  nnd  laitlil'iil  servunt  of  Henry  III.  and 
IV.,  and  of  Lfwis  XIII.,  by  whom  he  was  re- 
spected and  honoured,  in  the  lii|;liest  degree. 
He  died  in  l(i42. 

VULGULIO,  Charles,  an  Italian,  known  as 
a  translator  ol  sonic  of  Plutarch's  works,  lived 
iibout  1507. 

V.ALIN,  Kene  .loshua,  a  learned  writer,  of 
Rochelle,  died  in  1705. 

VALLNCOUR.  John  Kaptist  Henry  duTrous- 
set  de,  a  French  writer,  born  in  Iti.'iS ;  he  was 
successor  to  Racine  as  liistoriographer  to  Lewis 
XIV.,  and  died  in  ]7:i0. 

VALKENBURCH,  Theodore,  an  eminent 
painter,  of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1721. 

V.ALLA,  George,  professor  of  medicine  and 
belles  lettres  at  Venice,  died  in  1160. 

VALL.\,  Laurentius,  an  Italian  critic,  of  prcat 
parts  and  learning,  died  in  14ii5. 

VALLE,  Peter  de  la,  a  native  of  Rome,  who 
published  a  very  interesting  account  of  his 
"Travels  in  Egypt, Turkey, Persia,  and  India." 
He  died  in  1652. 

VALLEE,  Geofroi,  a  French  writer,  author 
of  a  work  entitled  "  Beatitude  des  Chretiens," 
which  drew  upon  him  the  censures  of  the  in 
quisition.     He  was  burnt  at  Paris,  in  l.'>74. 

VALLEE,  Simon,  an  eminent  French  en- 
graver, in  the  reign  of  Lewis  XIV. 
'  V.-iLLEMONT,  Peter  le  Lorraine  de,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  author  of  "Elements  of  History," 
and  other  works  ;  he  died  in  1721. 

VALLIERE,  Louise  Francoise,  duchesse  de 
la,  wife  of  the  duke  of  Orleans,  and  mistress  of 
Lewis  XIV.  She  spent  the  last  33  years  of  lier 
life  in  a  cloister,  in  acts  of  piety  and  devotion, 
and  died  in  1710. 

VALLISNIERRI,  Anthony,  an  It.ilian  natu 
ralist,  and  professor  of  medicine  at  Padua.  __ne 
wrote  several  medical  works,  and  died  in  1730. 

VALOIS.     See  VALE>;IUS. 

VALOIS,  Yves  de,  a  Jesuit,  bom  at  Bour- 
deaux,  in  1G94,  was  professor  of  hydrography  at 
Rochelle.    The  time  of  his  death  is  not  known 

VALSALVA,  Anthony  Marie,  an  eminent 
physician  and  anatomical  writer,  died  in  1723 

VALVERDA,  John,  a  Spanish  physician, 
distinguished  as  having  introduced  anatomy 
into  Spain,  from  Italy.     He  lived  about  1580. 

VANAKEN,  Joseph,  an  eminent  painter,  of 
Antwerp,  died  in  1749. 

VANBRUGH,  sir  John,  an  excellent  English 
dramatist,  and  architect,  died  in  1726. 

VAN-CEULEN,  Ludolph,  a  distinguished 
mathematician,  of  Levden,  in  the  17th  century. 

VAN-CLEVE,  Joseph,  an  eminent  French 
sculptor,  died  in  1733. 

VANCOUVEUR,  George,  a  captain  in  the 
English  navy,  who  performed  a  voyage  of  dis- 
covery to  the  north  Pacific  ocean,  and  round 
the  globe,  in  1790-95,  to  ascertain  the  existence, 
if  any,  of  a  navigable  communication  between 
the  North  Pacific  and  North  Atlantic  Oceans. 
He  died  in  1797. 

VANDALE,  Anthony^  a  learned  Dutch  phy 
cian  and  critic,  died  in  1708.  | 

VANDEN-ECKOUT,  Gerbrandt,  a  historical 
and  portrait  painter,  of  great  merit,  at  Amster- 
dam, died  in  1674. 

VANDEN-VELDE,  Adrian,  a  painter,  of 
Amsterdam,  died  in  1672. 

VANDEN-VELDE    Isaiah,    an    eminent 
392 


VA 

Flemish  painter,  died  about  1C40.  His  brothers, 
John  and  William,  were  also  eminent  artiits. 
The  former  excelled  as  an  engraver,  and  the 
latter  as  a  painter. 

VANDEll-OOKS,  Jacob,  a  Dutch  landscape 
painter,  who  <lii  il  at  ll>e  Hague,  in  1673. 

VANDER-llKVDEN,  John,  an  eminent 
painter,  died  at  AinHeidam,  in  1712. 

VANDER  KAUEL,  Adrian,  a  painter  and 
engraver,  who  excelled  in  sea  views,  and  land- 
scapes ;  lie  died  at  Lvons,  in  1695 
V.VNDER  LIN  HEN.  John  Antonides,  a  learn- 
ed professor  of  medicine,  at  Leyden,  died  in 
1614,  having  written  many  medical  books. 

VANDER  MEER,  John,  a  Dutch  landscape 
painter,  who  excelled  in  battles  and  sea  pieces; 
he  died  in  1690 

VANDER-MERSCH,  general  of  the  insur- 
gents ol  r.rabant,  in  1789,  againi^t  the  imperial 
forces.  He  distinguished  himaelt  by  his  valour 
and  prudence,  and  died  in  1792. 

VANDER-MEULIN,  Anthony  Francis,  a 
distinguished  painter,  of  Brus.=els,  who  accom- 
panied Lewis  XIV^.,  in  his  militan' expeditions, 
and  gave  accurate  representations  of  his  sieges 
and  battles.    He  died  at  Paris,  in  1690. 

VANDER  MONDE,  Charles  Angiistin,  a  phy- 
sician and  medical  writer,  was  censor  royal  of 
the  university  of  Bologna,  and  died  in  1762. 

VANDER-MONDE,  N.,  a  French  mathema- 
tician, died  in  1796. 

VANDER-NEER,  Eglon,  an  eminent  painter, 
of  Amsterdam,  died  in  1697. 

VANDEK  SPIEGEL,  an  eminent  and  useful ' 
Dutch  statesman,  died  in  1800. 

VANDER -ULFT,  James,  a  painter,  and  bur- 
gomaster of  Gorcum,  his  native  town,  born  in 
1627. 

VANDER-VFLDE.  See  VANDEN-VELDE. 

VANDERWEKF,  Adrian,  an  eminent  Dutch 
historical  and  portrait  painter,  died  in  1727. 

V.ANDIEST,.'\drian,aDutch  landscape  paint- 
er, who  settled  in  England,  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
II.,  and  died  in  1704. 

VANDYCK,  sir  Anthony,  an  illustrious  his- 
torical and  portrait  painter,  born  at  Antwerp,  in 
1599.  He  travelled  much,  but  flourished  chiefly 
in  England,  in  the  ser^'ice  of  Charles  I.,  who 
knighted  him,  and  gave  him  his  own  picture  set 
round  with  diamonds  ;  he  died  in  1641. 

VANDYCK,  Peter,  an  eminent  Dutch  histo- 
rical and  portrait  painter,  died  at  the  Hague,  iu 
17.58. 

VANE,  sir  Henry,  a  famous  English  states- 
man, and  a  political  and  theological  writer,  was 
beheaded  on  a  charge  of  treason,  in  1662. 

VAN-EFFEN,  Just,  a  native  of  Utrecht, 
known  as  the  translatorof  "  Robinson  Crusoe," 
i  and  other  works  ;  he  died  in  1735. 
I  VAN-EVERDINGEN,  Albert,  an  eminen- 
landscape  painter  and  engraver,  of  Alkmaer 
jdied  in  1675.  His  brothers,  John  and  Ctesar, 
j  were  also  excellent  artists. 

VAN-EYCK,  John,  called  John  Bruges,  a 
I  Flemish  painter,  and  inventor  of  the  art  of 
!  mixing  colours  with  oil,  flourished  in  the  15th 
Iceuturv. 

VAN-HUYSUM.John,  aDutch  painter,  fam- 
'  ous  for  landscapes,  flowers,  and  fruit  pieces ; 
•  he  died  in  1749. 

I  VANIERE,  James,  a  French  Jesuit,  and  fam 
ous  Latin  poet,  died  in  1739. 

VANINI,  Lucilio,  a  most  determined  Atheist^ 
who  settled  in  France,  and  was  burnt  for  bla«- 
phemy,  in  1619. 

VAN-KEULEN,  John,  a  Dutchman,  who 


VA 

edited  the  "  Flifhibeau  de  la  Mer,"   at  Auister 
llam,  in  1(;87. 

VANLOO,  John  Baptist,  a  French  historical 
and  portrait  painter,  died  in  1745. 

VANLOO,  Charles  Andrew,  a  native  of  Nice, 
who  settled  at  Paris,  where  he  was  highly  dis- 
linKiiishf d  as  a  painter ;  lie  died  in  17(J5. 

VAN-]MENDER,  Cliarles,  a  Fleniisli  histoi- 
cal  and  landscape  painter,  died  in  lfi06. 

VAN  NESS,  William  VV.,  a  very  eminent 
lawyer,  ol'  New- York,  and  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  that  state,  died  at  Charleston, 
».  C,  in  1823,  aged  48. 

VANNI,  Francis,  a  painter  and  architect,  of 
Sienna,  died  at  Rome,  in  lti09. 

VANNIUS,  or  VANNI,  Francisco,  an  Italian 
historical  painter,  died  in  1610. 

VANNiUS,  Valentin,  a  native  of  Swabia, 
distinguislied  for  his  writings  in  deleuce  of  the 
Lutheran  tenets,  in  1557. 

VAN-OBSTAL,  Gerard,  an  eminent  Flem- 
ish sculptor,  died  in  1668. 

VAN-OORT,  Adam,  a  Flemish  painter,  of 
eminence,  died  in  1C41. 

VAN-OOST,  James,  a  Flemish  historical, 
landscape,  and  portrait  painter,  died  in  1713. 

VAN-ORLAY,  Bernard,  an  eminent  Flemish 
painter,  died  in  1550. 

VAN-OSTADE,  Adrian,  an  eminent  painter, 
of  Lubeck,  died  at  Amsterdam,  in  1C69.  His 
brother  Isaac  was  also  an  artist. 

VANSOMER,  Paul,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
known  as  a  painter,  lie  resided  for  some  time 
in  England,  and  died  in  lC-21. 

VAN-SWIETEN.    See  SWIETEN  VAN. 

VAN-TULDEN,  Theodore,  a  painter  ar,d  en- 
graver, born  at  Bois  le  Due,  in  lo20 ;  he  was  a 
pupil  of  Etibens. 

VAN-UDEN,  Lucas  an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  of  Antwerp,  died  in  1600. 

VARCHI,  Benedict,  professor  of  morality  at 
Padua,  was  disiinjxuished  for  the  purity  and  ele- 
gance of  his  language,  and  for  his  writings  ; 
lie  died  in  1666. 

VARDES,  Francis  Rene  du  Bee,  marquis  de, 
«ne  of  the  favourites  of  Lewis  XIV.  He  indis- 
creetly betrayed  ilie  secret  debaucheries  of  bis 
master,  for  which  he  was  disgraced,  and  exiled  ; 
but  was  afterwards  pardoned,  and  died  at  Paris, 
in  1688. 

VARENIUS,  Augustus,  an  eminent  Luthe- 
ran divine,  of  Lunenburg,  celebrated  for  his 
profound  knowledge  of  the  Hebrew.  It  is  said 
that  he  could  repeat  the  Hebrew  bible  by  heart. 
He  died  in  1684. 

VARENIUS,  Bernard,  an  eminent  Dutch 
geographer,  whose  "  Geographia  Universalis" 
was  translated  into  English,  by  sir  Isaac  Kew- 
ton  ;  he  died  in  1660. 

VARENNE  DE  FENILLE,  P.  C,  a  distin- 
guished French  agriculturalist,  was  guillotined 
during  the  revolution,  in  1794. 

VARGAS,  Aiphonso,  anative  of  Toledo,  and 
archbishop  of  Seville  ;  he  died  in  1366. 

VARGAS,  Francis,  an  eminent  Spanish  law- 
yer, was  ambassador  at  several  courts,  under; 
Charles  V.,  and  Philip  II.,  and  afterwards  a 
counsellor  of  state  in  Spain ;  he  died  in  a  mou-j 
astery,  in  1560.  j 

VARGAS,  Lewis  de,  an  eminent  painter,  of! 
Leville,  died  in  1590.  | 

VARIGNON,  Peter,  a  distinguished  French 
architect  and  mathematician,  was  professor  of  i 
mathematics,  at  the  college  of  Mazarine,  and 
an  able  writer  on  that  science ;  he  died  in  1722. 
VARILLAS,  Amhony   »  ^'pncli  historical 


D    d   d 


VA 

and  political  writer,  died  in  1690.    He  was  con- 
sidered unworthy  of  credit. 

VARIUS,  a  la'iin  poet,  the  friend  of  Horace. 
Some  fragments  of  his  poetry  remain. 

VARNUW,  Janj<s  Mitchell,  a  brigadier-gen- 
eral of  the  American  revolutionary  iitniy,  after- 
wards a  member  ol  congress,  and  a  judge  of 
the  north  western  territory  of  the  United  States : 
he  died  in  1789. 

VAERO,  a  poet  of  Gaul,  who  wrote  a  poem 
on  the  war  of  the  Sequani,  and  some  other 
works. 

VARRO,  Marcus  Terentius,  usually  styled 
the  most  learned  of  the  Romans,  was  boiii  28 
B.  C.  He  was  80  years  old  when  he  wrote  his 
three  books,  "  De  Re  Rustica,"  vvhicli  are  still 
extant. 

VASA.    See  GUST AVUS. 

VASARI,  George,  a  Florentine  painter,  di.'d 
in  1578.  He  wrote  a  history  of  the  lives  of 
the  most  excellent  painters,  sculptors,  and  ar 
cliitects  from  1300  to  1570. 

VASCONCELLOS,  Miclinel,  a  Portuguese 
statesman,  devot(d  to  the  interests  of  Spain, 
was  murdered  during  a  political  convulsion, 
and  his  body  treated  with  ignominy,  in  1640. 

VASCOSAN,  Jlichael  de,  an  eminent  French 
printer,  settled  at  Paris,  and  died  in  1576. 

VASSELIEK,  Joseph,  a  licentious  French 
poet,  died  in  1800. 

VASSOR,  Michael  le,  a  French  writer,  died 
in  England,  in  1718,  aged  71. 

VATABLUS,  Francis,  a  native  of  Picardy, 
and  professor  of  Hebrew,  in  tiie  royal  college, 
died  in  1.547. 

VATER,  Abraham,  an  eminent  German  phy- 
sician and  anatomist,  lamou.s  for  his  anatomical 
preparations,  whicii  form  a  curious  cabinet  at 
Wirtemburgh.    He  died  in  1751,  aged  67. 

VATTEL,  N.,  a  native  of  Switzerland,  dis- 
tinguis.hed  for  his  valuable  writings  on  juris- 
prudence and  metaphysics.  His  "Right  of 
Ts^ations,"  has  given  lihn  great  celebrity,  and  a 
rank  with  Grotius  and  Putlendorf,  among  the 
vV  riters  on  Natural  Law.     He  died  in  1770. 

VATTEL,  Enier  de,  a  celebrated  Swiss  writer 
on  metaphysics  and  jurisprudence  ;  he  died  in 
1767. 

VAVASSEUR,  Francis,  a  French  Jesuit,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  teacher  of  rhetoric  and  belles 
Icttres,  at  Paris,  and  as  a  lecturer  on  tlie  Scrip- 
tiites;  be  died  in  1681. 

VAUBAN,  Sebastian  le  Prcstre,  seigneur  de, 
a  famous  Pi  ench  engineer,  wlio  wrote  a  "  Trea- 
tise on  FortificiUion ;"  he  died  iti  1707. 

VAUCANSON,  James  de,  a  native  of  Greno- 
ble, distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  me- 
chanics, died  in  1782. 

VAUDREUIL,  marquis  de,  a  brave  and  ener- 
getic French  officer,  governor  of  Canada,  died 
in  1725. 

YAUGELAS,  Claude  Favrc,  lord  de,  a  most 
accurate  and  elegant  French  writer  and  critic, 
died  in  1650. 

V.\UGHAN,  sir  John,  lord  chief  justice  of 
the  common  pleas,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II., 
died  in  1674. 

VAUGHAN,  George,  lieutenant-governor  of 
the  coloiiv  of  New  Hampshire,  died  in  1724. 

VAUMORIERR,  Peter  Dortiqnc  Sicur,  de,  a 
native  of  France,  author  of  romances,  &c.,  died 
ir    S93. 

VAUVENARGUES,  Luke  Chapter  de,  a 
French  writer,  author  of  "  Introduction  to  the 
Knowledge  of  the  Human  Wind,"  a  work  of 
,ine?:t ;  be  died  in  1747. 

393 


VE 

'  VAUV1L.L1ERS,  John  Francis,  professor  of 
Greek  in  the  royal  college  of  France,  for  20 
years.  Being  opposed  to  the  revolution,  hulefr 
his  country  and  went  to  Russia,  where  he  died, 
in  1800.  He  published  "  Letters  on  Horace," 
"  Es?ay  on  I'indar,"  &c. 

VAUX,  Nicholas,  lord,  an  Englishman,  who 
was  knighted  for  his  valour  at  the  battle  of 
Stoke.    Ho  wrote  somi;  poems,  and  died  in  l.i22. 

V.MJX,  Thomas,  lord,  comiibutor  to  a  me- 
trical miscellany,  ralUdthe  "  Paradise  of  Dain- 
ty Devices;"  he  died  in  15.55. 

VAUX,  Noel  Jordan  de,  a  celebrated  French 
general,  lu.ide  governor  of  Corsica,  in  1769,  and 
completed  the  conquest  of  that  island  ;  he  wat 
afterwards  raised  to  the  dignity  of  marshal  Oi" 
France,  and  died  in  1788,  having  been  present 
at  lit  sieifs  and  1-1  battles. 

V  \YI'R.    See  MOTHE  LE  VAYER. 

VECF.LLT,  Francis,  an  able  Italian  artist, 
brother  of  Titian. 

VEENINX,  John  Baptist,  of  Amsterdam,  dis 
tinguished  as  a  painter,  died  in  KKO. 

VEGA,  Lopez  Felix  de,  a  Spanish  divine,  and 
a  dramatic  poet  of  great  fertility  of  genius  ;  he 
died  in  Ifi.'JS. 

VEGETHTS,  Flavius  Renalus,  a  Roman, 
who  flourished  in  the  4th  century,  author  of 
"  Military  Institutions." 

VEGIO.    SeeMAFFiEUS. 

VEIL,  Charles  Marie  de,  a  Jew,  of  Metz, 
was  converted  to  Christianity  by  Bo^isuet,  and 
made  canon  of  St.  Genevieve.  After  lecturing 
on  theologj'  at  Angers,  he  went  to  England, 
where  he  joined  the  anabaptists,  and  became  a 
preacher  of  that  persuasion.  He  wrote  Com 
mentaries  on  the  Scriptures,  and  died  about 
1700. 

VELASQUEZ,  Don  Diego  de  Sylva,  a  dis- 
tinguished Spanish  painter,  the  pupil  of  Herre- 
ra  and  Pacheco;  he  died  in  IfifiO. 

VELLEIUS.    See  PATERCULUS. 

VELLUTELLO,  Alexander,  of  Lucca,  au- 
thor of  some  commentaries  on  the  works  of 
Pante.  and  of  Petrarch,  died  about  1600. 

VELLY,  Paul  Francis,  a  Jesuit,  of  Nismea, 
who  wrote  a  "  History  of  France,"  a  candid 
and  accurate  work  ;  he  died  in  1759. 

VELSERUS,  Mark,  a  distinguished  civilian, 
of  Augsburg,  author  of  "  Rerum  Augusto-Vin- 
^elicarum  ."  he  died  in  1614. 

VELTHKIM,  A.  F.,  count,  a  native  of  Bruns- 
wick, au  eminent  mineralogist,  and  author  of 
several  valuable  works  on  mineralogy  ;  he  died 
in  1801. 

VELTHUYSEN,Lambert,of  Utrecht,  known 
as  the  defender  of  the  opinions  of  Descartes 
against  Voet.  He  wrote  on  philosophy,  theolo- 
gy, and  medicine,  and  died  in  1635. 

VENCE,  Henry  Francis  de,  a  French  ecclesi- 
astic, author  of  "  Dissertations  and  Analysison 
the  Old  Testament,"  deservedly  commended  by 
Calmet :  he  died  in  1749. 

VENDOME,  CsEsar,  duke  de,  son  of  Henry 
IV.,  was  governor  of  Bretagne,  and  a  brave  and 
Tirtunus  prince  ;  he  (fied  in  1665. 

VENDOME,  Lewis  Joseph,  duke  de,  a  fa 
incus  French  general,  who,  in  consequence  of 
his  great  victories,  was  created  a  prince  of  the 
Diood.  bv  Philip  V.  ;  he  died  in  1712 

VENDOME,  Philip  de,  brother  of  the  preced- 
ing, distii'guished  himself  in  the  army  under 
Lewis  XTV.,  and  died  in  1727. 

VENEL,  Gabriel  Francis,  of  Pezenas,  an 

able  physician,  and  professor  of  medicine  at 

Montpeiiif  r.  where  lie  died  in  1776. 

394 


VE 

VENERONI,  an  Italian  grammarian  und  lex- 
icographer, in  the  17th  century. 

VEiNETIANO,  Dominic,  a  Venetian  histori- 
cal painter,  who  was  assassinated  by  Andrea  del 
Casiagno,  to  whom  he  had  communicated  the 
art  of  painting  in  oil,  in  1470. 

VENETTE,  Nicolas,  a  French  physician,  au- 
thor of  some  medical  treatises,  &c. ;  he  died  in 
1C98. 

VENIERO,  Dominic,  a  Venetian  poet,  some 
of  whose  works  were  of  an  ilnlnor.^l  tendency, 
died  in  1581.  His  three  brothers,  Jerome,  Fran- 
cis, and  Lewis,  were  poets,  and  prose  writers. 

VENIUS.    SeeOTIIO. 

VENN,  Henry,  an  Enslish  divine,  author  of 
the  "Complete  Duty  of  Man,"  "  Sermons  on 
Various  Subjects,"  &c.  ;  he  died  in  1706. 

VENNER,  Tobias,  an  English  physician,  au- 
thor of  "  Via  Recta  ad  Longam  Vilam,"  and 
other  medical  works,  died  in  1660. 

VENNER,  Thomas,  a  noted  fanatic  in  the 
time  of  Cromwell  and  Charles  II.,  was  orisiin- 
ally  a  winer.ooper.  His  followers  lyfere  called 
fifth  monarchy  men.  He  was  executed  with 
12  of  his  associates,  in  1661. 

VERDIER,  Anthony  du,  a  native  of  Monf- 
brisson,  historiographer  of  France,  and  author  of 
a  "  Biosraphy  of  French  Authors,"  died  in  IfiOO. 

VERDIER,  Cisar,  -^f  Moliers,  near  Avinnon, 
was  eminent  as  an  anatomist,  and  wrote  on 
anatomical  and  medical  subjects ;  he  died  in 
1759. 

VERDUC,  Lawrence,  an  able  surgeon,  of 
Toulouse,  died  in  1695.  His  son,  John  Bantist 
iwas  a  pnysician,  and  author  of  "Operations  of 
ISurgerv." 

VERE,  Edward,  earl  of  Oxford,  was  one  of 
the  judges  of  the  unfortunate  Mary  of  Scotland, 
jand  a  conspicuous  actor  in  the  defeat  of  the 
;Spanish  Armada.  He  wrote  some  poetry,  and 
Idled  In  1RU4 

VERE,  sir  Francis,  a  renowned  English  gen 
ieral  under  qi'.een  Elizabeth,  who  defended  Os- 
tend  for  the  Dutch,  with  1700  men,  against  the 
Spanish  army  of  12000  ;  he  died  in  1608. 

VERE,  Horace,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
also  a  general  in  the  English  army,  was  created 
baron  Tilbury  by  Charles  I.,  for  his  meritori- 
ous services,  and  died  in  1635. 

VERELST,  Simon,  a  French  painter,  who  es- 
celled  in  flower  pieces  and  fruits,  died  in  1710. 
VERGENNES,  Charles  Gravier,  count  de, 
an  eminent  French  statesman,  died  in  1787.  As 
secretary  of  state  for  foreign  affairs  to  Louis 
XVI.,  he  assisted  the  .Americans  in  their  strug- 
gle for  independence. 

VERGER  DE  HAURANE,  Johndu,  abbede 
St.  Cyran,  an  eminent  French  ecclesiastic,  who 
formed  a  new  system  of  faith,  which  becoming 
popular,  drew  on  him  the  resentment  of  Riche- 
lieu, He  died  in  1043.  Janscn,  Arnauld, 
Pascal,  &c.,  were  among  his  pupils  and  friends. 

VERGIER,  James,  of  Lyons,  possessed  great 
poetic  talents,  but  was  too  dissipated  and  licen- 
tious to  obtain  di.'^tinction.  He  was  killed  by 
robbers,  at  Paris,  in  1720. 

VERGIL,  Polvdore,  an  Italian  priest  wha 
settled  in  England,  became  an  author,  and  died 
in  15.55. 

VERGNE,  Louis  Elizabeth,  de  la,  a  French 
general,  who  served  under  Lewis  XV  in  Flan- 
ders, with  great  reputation,  was  the  friend  ot 
learned  men.  and  author  of  numerous  works. 
He  died  in  1782. 

VERGNI  \IID,  Peter  Victorin,  an  advocate, 
of  Bourdeaux,  was  a  meniber  of  the  national 


VE 


VI 


UKseiiibly,  anil  active  in  rccoinnieiKiiiig  violeiil 
nieasiiKjs.  He  fell  under  the  disi)leasiire  of 
Kobespiene,  and  suflered  on  the  scaflbld,  in 
17!i:?. 

VERIIKYEN,  Philip,  professor  of  anatomy 
In  the  college  at  Loiivain,  and  author  of  some 
irifilical  works,  died  in  1710. 

VICKKOME,  John,  an  ouiinent  D\itcli  painter 
aiiil  iir;;raver,  dieil  in  WSJ. 

VEKMANDER,  Charles,  a  Flemish  painter 
end  poet,  died  in  l(i07. 

VEIJMEYEN,  John  Cornelius,  Fnrnained  the 
Keardt'd,  a  Dutch  historical  and  porirail  painter, 
ivlio  atteiulrd  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  and  drew 
his  (:maiii|Hiients,  sieges,  and  battles  on  the 
spot;  lie  (lied  in  1.559. 

VICHNKt',  Jacob,  a  divine,  and  an  author,  of 
Geneva,  died  in  1788. 

VKKNET,  Joseph,  a  most  eminent  marine 
and  landscape  painter,  of  France,  died  in  1789. 

VERNi;r  IL,  Catherine  Henrietta  de  Balzac, 
marquise  de,  a  F'rcnch  lady,  who  captivated  the 
heart  of  Henry  IV.,  and,  after  his  marriage  to 
Wary  de  Medicis,  conspired  to  detlirone  him. 
She  was  exiled,  and  died  in  1633. 

AKUNEY,  Guichard  Josepli  du,  professor  of 
an-  'omy  at  Paris,  of  great  celebrity,  died  in 
1730. 

VERNON,  Edward,  a  renowned  English  ad- 
miral, died  in  1757. 

VERNUL.'ETl!=s,  Nicholas,  professor  of  belles 
lettres,  at  I.ouvain,  and  an  author,  died  in  IMO. 

VERONESE,  Paul  Caliari,  a  native  of  Vero- 
na, greatly  distinguished  as  a  painter,  died  at 
Venice,  in  1588. 

VERONESE,  Alexander  Turchi,  a  painter,  of 
Verona,  died  at  Rome,  in  1870. 

VERONESE,  Carlo,  a  Venetian,  respectable 
as  an  actor  and  dramatic  writer,  at  Paris,  died 
in  17(10. 

VERROCHIO,  Andrew,  a  Florentine  sculp- 
torand  painter  the  first  who  found  out  the  art 
of  taking  and  preserving  the  likeness  of  the 
face,  bv  moulding  off  the  features  in  plaster  of 
Paris ;  he  died  in  1488. 

VERSCHURING,  Henry,  a  Dutch  historical 
and  landscape  painter,  was  drowned  in  1690. 

VERSE,  Noel  Aidiert  de,  a  theological  writer, 
of  Mans,  who  embraced  the  tenets  of  Calvin, 
and  afterwards  became  a  Roman  catholic ;  he 
died  in  1714. 

VERSKOVES,  James  Francis,  a  Flemish 
artist,  wlio  settled  in  England,  and  died  in  1749. 
His  va.ses  and  figures,  in  wood  and  ivory,  were 
much  admired. 

VERSTEGAN,  Richard,  a  writer  on  English 
antiquities,  and  the  etymology  of  old  English 
words  ;  he  died  in  1G25. 

VERT,  Dom  Claude  de,  an  Italian,  ecclesi- 
astic, devoted  himself  to  the  ceremonies  of  the 
church  of  Rome,  of  which  he  wrote  a  history  ; 
he  died  in  1708. 

VERTOT  D'AUBOEUF,  Rene  Aubert  de, 
an  agreeable  and  elegant  French  historical  wri- 
ter, died  in  1735. 

VERTUE,  George,  a  celebrated  engraver  and 
antiquary,  of  Westminster,  died  in  1757. 

VERUS,  Lucius  Ceioniiis  Commodus,  son 
of  .^lius,  distinguished  himself  against  the 
barbarians  in  the  East,  in  the  time  of  Marcus 
Aureliiis,  with  whom  he  shared  the  throne.  He 
died  at  the  age  of  39. 

VERWEY,  John,  a  learned  Dutch  author, 
died  at  the  Hasue,  in  1690. 

VESALIUS,  Andrew,  a  celebrated  Flemish 
anatomist  and  phj'sician,  died  in  1674. 


I  vncsPASI  AN,  Titus  Flaviu.s,  a  general  in  the 
jRoman  army,  was  proclaimed  emperor,  A.  I> 
(19;  his  reign  was  marked  by  wiarrfom,  modera- 
tion and  firmness.  He  died  A.  D.  79. 
I  VESI't'TlUS.  See  AMERICUB. 
I  A'IC/\RS,  John,  an  English  divine,  who  wrote 
|in  favour  of  the  presbyterians ;  he  died  in  1652. 
I  VICANY,  Thomas,  of  London,  the  first  ana- 
jtomitai  writer  in  the  English  language,  lived 
about  1550. 

VICENTE,  Giles,  a  famous  dramatic  poet, 
of  Lisbon,  in  the  10th  century. 

VICO,  John  Baptist,  professor  of  rhetoric,  in 
the  ':iiiversity  at  Naples,  died  in  1740. 

VlCCi  D'AZIR,  Felix,  a  very  celebrated  phy- 
sician, of  Paris,  died  in  1794. 

VICTOR  I.,  pope  after  Eleutherus,  in  193, 
suffered  martyrdom,  in  £02.  During  his  age, 
violent  disputes  arose  about  the  proper  lime  for 
Easter. 

VICTOR  IL,  Gibehard,  elected  pope  after 
Leo  IX.,  in  1055,  and  died  two  years  after ;  he 
was  an  active  pontifl'. 

VICTOR  HI.,  Didier,  was  elected  pope  in 
1080,  and  died  1087. 

VICTOR,  Sextus  A  melius,  a  Roman  histo- 
rian, who  flourished  under  the  emperors  Coii- 
stantins  and  Julian. 

VICTOR,  Ainadeus,  duke  of  Savoy,  and  first 
king  of  Sardinia.  Ho  abdicated  the  throne  in 
favour  of  his  son,  and  died  m  1732. 

VICTOR,  Benjamin,  a  dramatic  writer,  died 
in  1779. 

VICTORIUS  or  VETTORIN,  Peter,  a  very 
learned  Florentine,  died  in  1585. 

VICTORIUS,  Benedict,  was  professor  of  me- 
dicine at  Bologna,  and  a  medical  writer ;  he 
died  in  1552.  His  uncle  Lionel,  was  also  pro- 
lessor  of  medicine  at  Bologna,  and  died  in  1530. 

VIDA,  Mark  Jerome,  an  illustrious  Latin 
poet,  died  in  1566. 

1  VIETA,  Francis,  master  of  requests  to  queen 
Margaret,  born  in  1540,  and  died  in  1603.  He 
Was  celebrated  as  a  mathematician,  and  was 
the  first  who  used  letters  in  algebra. 

VIEUSSENS,  Raymond  de,  a  distinguished 
French  physician  and  medical  author,  died  in 
1715. 

VIGAND,  or  W^IGAND,  John,  a  Lutheran 
divine,  who  was  engaged  in  the  publication  of 
"  The  Centuries  of  Madgeburgh,"  an  important 
work  ;  he  died  in  1587 

VIGIIJUS,  an  African  bishop,  about  484.  He 
ably  opposed  the  heretics  of  his  age. 

VIGILIUS,  made  pope  by  the  wife  of  Jus- 
tinian, in  537.  He  was  afterwards  banished 
from  Rome,  and  died  in  555. 

VIGNES,  Peter  des,  of  Capua,  rose  from  ob- 
scurity to  be  chancellor  of  the  German  empire. 
He  was  accused  of  an  attempt  to  poison  his 
sovereign,  for  which  his  eyes  were  put  out.  He 
killed  himself  in  prison,  in  1249. 

VIGNOLE,  James  Baroggio,  an  eminent 
Italian  architect,  died  in  1573. 

VIGNOLES,  Stephen  de,  better  known  by 
the  name  of  la  Hire,  was  one  of  the  ablest  ge- 
nerals in  tlie  service  of  Charles  VII.:  he  died 
in  1447. 

VIGNOLES,  Alphonsode,  a  French  theologi- 
cal writer,  who,  asaCalvinist,  fled  to  Prussia  on 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  was 
made  director  of  the  royal  academy  at  Berlin ; 
he  died  in  1744. 

VILLALPANDLTS,  .lohn  Baptist,  ajcsuit,  of 
Corduba,  author  of  "  Desultory  Comn>'^taj'ies 
I  on  Ezekiel,"  died  in  1C08. 

39f 


VI 

VILLARET,  Claude,  an  actor  on  the  Frctn-hl 
stage,  author  of  a  "History  of  France,"  and 
oth'T  WMiks;  lie  died  in  l"6<i.  1 

VILLAKS,  Andrew  de  Brancas  de,  a  French 
general,  who  espoused  the  inlcredts  of  the  league 
against  Henry  IV.,  but  afterwards  abandoned 
it ;  he  was  taken  prisoner  aud  murdered,  in 
1595. 

VILLARS,  Louis  Hector, marquis  and  dnke 
of,  marshal  of  France;  and  one  of  the  greatest 
generals  of  his  time,  died  in  17H4. 

VILLEFORG,  Joseph  Francis  Bourgoin  de, 
a  Frenchman,  devoted  lo  literary  pursuits,  and 
publisher  of  various  works  on  history  ;  he  died 
in  1737. 

VILLEN.\,  marquis  of,  a  Spanish  poet,  who 
translated  Virgil's  ^neid  into  Spanish  verse, 
and  difd  in  1434. 

ViLLENElTVE,  Gabrielle  Susanne  Barbot 
de,  a  celebrated  French  novel  writer,  died  in 
1755. 

Vi'ELERS,  Charles  Francis  Dominic  .de,  a 
distinguished  Frencli  writer,  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Gottingen,  and  a  refugee  during  the 
revolution,  died  in  1815. 

VILLETTE,  Charles,  marquis  de,  a  French 
xvriter,  and  a  member  of  the  convention,  died  in 
1793. 

VILLTERS,  George,  duke  of  Buckingham,  a 
great  statesman,  and  the  favourite  of  two  kings 
was  assassinated  in]  C28. 

VILLIERS,  George,  duke  of  Buckingham; 
son  of  the  preceding,  a  vei-y  distinguished  states- 
man, poet,  and  dramatic  writer,  died  in  K>88. 

VILLOISON,  John  Baptist  Gaspard  d'Ansse 
lie,  a  learned  French  critic  and  antiquary,  pro- 
fessor of  Greek,  in  France,  died  in  IfeOo. 

VILLOTTE,  James,  a  French  Jesuit,  who 
travelled  into  Armenia, and  publislied  Commen- 
taries on  the  Go.'ipels,  &c. ;  he  died  in  1743. 

VINCENT,  Tliomas,  an  English  non-con- 
formist divine,  author  of  an  "  Explanation  of 
the  Catechism,"  and  other  religious  tracts,  died 
in  1671. 

VINCENT,  Nathaniel,  an  English  dissenting 
divine,  and  author  of  sermons.  Ice. :  he  died  in 
1697. 

VINCENT,  William,  D.  D.,  a  very  learned 
English  divine,  died  in  1815. 

VINCI,  Leonard,  an  illustrious  Italian  paint- 
er, died  in  l.'iSO. 

VINER,  sir  Robert,  ?.  goldsmith  and  banker, 
of  London,  who  lent  the  administration  of 
Cliarles  II.  considerable  sums  of  money 

VINER,  Charl(s,  an  eminent  Engl 
writer,  died  in  1757. 

VINES,  Richard,  one  of  the  assembly  of  di- 
vines, under  the  presbyterian  government,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  Greek  scholar  and  philologist, 
and  was  very  eminent  as  a  preacher  :  lie  died 
in  16.55. 

VINNIT'S,  Arnold,  professor  of  law  at  Ley- 
den,  and  auilior  of  Commentaries  on  the  Insti- 
tutes of  Justinian  ;  lie  died  in  1057. 

VIOT,  Marie  Ann  Henrietta  Payan  de  I'Es- 
fanL,  of  Dresden,  a  lady,  so  distinguished  for 
learning  and  wit,  and  for  the  versatility  of  her 
genius,  that  she  was  honoured  with  a  seat  in 
the  academy  of  Niaines,  and  died  in  1802. 

VIRGILIUS,  Publius  Maro,  the  most  excel- 
lent of  all  the  ancient  Roman  poets,  was  born 
at  Andes,  near  Wantiia,  70  B.  C,  in  the  consul- 
ship of  PoRipey  and  Crassus,  and  died  18  B.  C. 

VIRGINIA,  daughter  of  Virginius,  was  stab- 
bed to  the  heart  by  her  father,  to  prevent  the 
violence  which  Appius  meditated  against  her 
385 


Englisli  law 


" VO 

pers(ui.    This  created  a  revolution,  about  450 
B.  C. 

VISCONTI,  Ennius  Cluirinus,  an  eminent 
Italian  antiquary,  and  writer  on  antiquarian 
subjects,  keeper  of  the  museum  at  Paris,  died 
in  1818. 

VITELLIO,or  VITELLO,  of  Poland,  author 
of  a  Treatise  on  Optics,  in  the  middle  of  the 
13th  century.  • 

VlTELLl,  Paul,  an  e.\cellent  general,  was, 
by  the  Florentines,  ungratefully  i)ut  to  death, 
in  1499. 

VITEliLlUS,  Aulus,  a  Roman  emperor, 
whose  reign  was  marked  by  every  species  of  li 
centiousness  ;  he  was  assassinated,  A.  It.  C9. 

VITRINGA,  Canipegio,  a  native  of  Fries 
land,  was  professor  in  the  university  of  Frane 
ker,  and  a  learned  author ;  he  died' in  1722. 

VITRUVIUS,  Marcus  Pollio,aUoma(i  archi 
tect,  who  flourished  about  15  B.  C. 

VIVALDI,  Antonio,  a  famous  Italian  musd 
ciaii,  died  in  1743. 

VU'ARES,  Francis,  a  most  ingenious  and 
celebrated  landscape  engraver,  died  in  1780. 

VIVENS,  Francis  de,  a  French  physician, 
and  an  author,  died  in  1780. 

VI VES,  Joiin  Lewis,  a  learned  Spaniard,  who 
vvroie  some  theological  and  other  works,  and 
lied  in  1540. 

VIVIANI,  Vincent,  a  famous  mathematician, 
(if  l''lorence,  and  author  of  many  valuable 
works.  He  was  the  pupil  and  friend  of  Galileo, 
and  died  in  1703. 

VIVIEN,  Joseph,  a  painter,  of  Lyons,  die< 
in  1735. 

VLODOMIR,  grand  duke  of  Russia,  was  de 
hauched  in  his  youth,  but  in  989  he  embracw 
Christianity,  and  was  regarded,  after  his  death' 
by  his  subjects,  as  an  apostle  and  asaint. 

VOETIUS,  Gisbert,  a  learned  divine,  profes 
sor  of  theology  and  of  oriental  languages  a 
Utrecht,  for  4tj  years,  died  in  1077.  His  son 
Paul,  was  professor  of  law  at  Utrecht,  and  au 
thnr  of  some  valuable  works  ;  he  died  in  1667. 
John,  the  son  of  Paul,  was  professor  of  law  at 
Leyden,  and  died  in  1714. 

VOGLERUS,  V'alentine  Henry,  a  physician, 
and  rnedical  writer,  of  Helmstad't,  died  in  1677. 

VOIGT,  Godfrey,  a  learned  Lutheran  di- 
vine, born  at  ftlisnia,  and  died  at  Hamburgh,  in 
1682. 

VOISENON,  Charles  Henry  de  Fusee  de,  a 
French  ecclesiastic,  who  left  his  profession  and 
became  a  dramatic  writer ;  he  died  in  1775. 

VOISIN,  Joseph  de,  of  Bourdeaux,  a  divine 
and  theological  writer,  died  in  1685. 

VOISIN,  Daniel  Francis,  counsellor  of  tlie 
parliament  of  Paris,  and  chancellor  of  France, 
eminent  for  his  talents,  integrity,  and  virtue ;  be 
died  in  1718. 

VOITURE,  Vincent,  a  polite  and  elejtant 
French  miscellaneous  writer,  and  poet,  died  iu 
1648. 

VOLDER,  Burchel  de,  of  Amsterdam,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  and  mathematics  at  Ley- 
den, where  he  died  in  1709. 

VOLKOF,  Feodor,  a  most  e.tcellent  actor, 
the  Garrick  of  Russia,  whose  talents  for  the 
stage  were  as  great  as  those  of  Sumorokof  for 
dramatic  composition  ;  he  died  in  1763. 

VOLMAR,  Isaac,  a  German  statesman,  who 
was  ambassador  at  the  conferences  before  the 
peace  of  Westphalia;  he  died  in  1662. 

VOLNEY,  Constantine  Francis  Chassebeuf 
de,  a  distinguished  and  volumiDous  French  wri- 
ter, died  in  1S02. 


WA 

VOLTAIRE,  Mai .e  Francis  Aiouol  de,  gen 
lleinan  ol  Uut  licdcliaiiiber,  and  liisioiiograpliei 
to  iho  king  of  Fiance,  a  mosi  ccleijiated  Fiencli 
liisloiian,  pliilosoplier,  dramatic  writer,  and 
£pic  poel,  difid  in  J788. 

VCiNDBL.  Justus,  or  Josse  dn,  a  Dnteli  poet, 
01"  very  considerable  cniinence,  died  in  KiT'J 
aged  91, 

VOPISCUS,  Flavins,  aSyracnsan,  who  lived 
in  lilt;  reign  of  Dioclesian,  author  ol'  the  lives 
01"  Aurelian,  Tacitus,  &.c. 

VORSTiUS,  Conrad,  a  learned  German  pro- 
testam  divine  and  polemic  writer,  died  in  1622 
VORSTIUS,  JFJius  Everard,  prolessor  of 
medicine  at  Levden,  died  in  16i!4. 
.'  VOUTIGEKN,  a  renowned  British  chief, 
who,  for  his  valour,  was  elected  king  of  South 
Britain.  He  was  burnt  in  a  castle  which  he  had 
built  in  North  Wales,  in  484. 

VOS,  Martin  de,  a  historical  painter,  of  Ant- 
werp, died  in  1604. 

VOSSIUS,  Gerard  John,  a  very  learned  pro 
fessor  of  chronology  and  eloquence,  at  Leyden, 
and  of  history,  at  Amsterdam,  where  he  died 
ill  1649. 

VOPSIUS,  Francis,  brotlier  of  the  preceding, 
author  of  a  poem  on  a  naval  victory  obtained 
by  Van  Tromp,  died  in  1645. 

VOSSIUS,  Dionysius,  son  of  Gerard  John, 
celebrated  for  his  learning,  though  he  died  at 
the  age  of  22,  in  1633. 

VOSSIUS,  Isaac,  younger  brother  of  the  pre 
ceding,  a  man  of  great  learning,  died  in  1688. 

VOSSIUS,  Gerard,  another  brother,  was  emi- 
nent as  a  critic,  and  died  in  1640.  Matthew, 
also  a  brother,  wrote  a  valuable  "  Chronicle  of 
Holland,"  and  died  in  1646. 

VOSSIUS,  Gerard,  a  Roman  catholic  divine, 
died  at  Liege,  in  1609.  He  edited  and  enriched 
with  notes,  the  works  of  Gregory  Thauniatur- 
gus,  Ephrem  Styrus,  and  some  pieces  of  Chry- 
60.stom  and  Theodoret. 

VO.STKHMAN,  a  famous  Dutoh  landscape 
painter,  died  in  1693. 

VOUET,  Simon,  a  celebrated  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  of  Paris,  died  in  1641. 

VROON, Henry  Cornelius,  a  celebrated  Dutch 
painter.    The  lime  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

VV 

"WAGE,  Robert,  a  native  of  Jersey,  canon  of 
Cayeux,  and  a  poet,  flourished  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury. 

WADING,  Peter,  a  native  of  Ireland,  who 
joined  the  Jesuits,  and  was  professor  of  theology 
at  Prague,  and  at  Louvain ;  he  died  in  1644. 

WADING,  Luke  de,  an  Irish  cordelier,  au- 
thor of  "  Annals  of  his  Order,"  &c.,  died  in 
1655. 

WADSWORTH,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
respected  for  his  learning,  piety,  and  charity, 
died  in  1676. 

WADSWORTH,  Benjamin,  an  American 
clergyman,  distinguished  for  his  piety  and  learn- 
ing, was  president  of  Harvard  college.  He  died 
in  1737. 

WADSWORTH,  Jeremiah,  an  active  and 
energetic  officer  of  the  revolution,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  congress  from  Connecticut ;  he  died  about 
1804. 

WAPFER,  Lionel,  an  English  surgeon,  who 
published  an  account  of  his  voyages  to  the  South 
Seas,  in  1699. 

WAGENSEIL,  John  Christopher,  a  very 
learned  German  polemical  writer  died  in  1705. 


WA 

WA(iNKl!,  John  .lumrs,  a  Swiss  pliysician, 
author  of  "llistoria  Naturalis  Helvetia' Curio 

,"  died  in  1695. 

VVAGSTAFFE,  Thomas,  an  English  prelate, 
itiid  an  author,  died  in  1712. 

WAILLEV,  Noel  Francis  de,  a  distinguished 
Frdich  philologist,  died  in  1801. 

WAKE,  Isaac,  English  ambassador  to  Ve- 
nice, Savoy,  and  France ;  he  died  in  1632. 

WAKE,  Dr.  William,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, and  a  most  celebrated  polemical  writer, 
died  ill  1737. 

WAKEFIELD,  Robert,  an  eminent  English 
divine,  was  Hebrew  professor  at  O.xford,  and 
author  of  some  theological  works ;  he  died  in 
1537. 

WAKEFIELD,  Gilbert,  an  eminent  polemi- 
cal and  classical  writer,  died  in  1801. 

WALDECK,  Christian  Augustus,  prince  of, 
a  distinguished  Austrian  general,  died  in  1793. 

WALDO,  Peter,  a  merchant,  of  Lyons,  was 
the  founder  of  the  sect  called  Waldenses,  in  thi> 
12tli  century. 

WAIiES,  William,  a  very  distinguished  wri- 
jier  on  niathemaiics,  and  secretary  to  the  board 
of  longitude  ;  he  went  round  the  world  with 
■  apiaiu  Cook,  in  his  first  voyage,  and  died  in 
1799  ■ 

WALES,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished 
American  clergyman,  professor  of  divinity  in 
Yale  college  ;  lie  died  in  1794. 

WALKER,  Clement,  celebrated  for  his  deter- 
mined opposition  to  Cromwell's  authority.  He 
lied  in  the  tower,  in  1651. 

WALKER,  Edward,  an  English  author,  was 
made  secretary  at  war  to  Charles  I.,  in  1639. 
and  at  the  restoration,  a  clerk  of  the  privy 
ouncil;  he  died  in  1076. 

WALKER,  Adam,  a  lecturer  in  philosophy, 
born  in  Westmoreland,  and  bred  a  weaver.  Ht 
passed  some  time  as  writing-master  and  ac- 
countant at  Macclesfield,  and  afterwards  tra- 
velled as  a  lecturer.    He  died  in  1821. 

WALKER,  Robert,  principal  painter  to  Oli- 
ver Cromwell,  died  just  before  the  restoration. 

WALKER,  George,  a  celebrated  Irish  divine 
who  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  in 
1690. 

WALKER,  George,  F.  R.  S.,  a  dissenting 
minister  of  eminence,  who  published  the  first 
part  of  a  Treatise  on  Conic  Sections,  and  died 
in  1807.  Of  a  petition  for  recognising  Ameri- 
can independence,  drawn  up  by  him,  Mr  Burke 
declared,  that  he  would  rather  have  been  the 
author  of  that  piece,  than  of  all  his  own  com- 
positions. 

WALKER,  John,  an  eminent  writer  on 
English  grammar  and  elocution,  and  author  of 
"  A  Pronouncing  Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage;" he  died  in  1807. 

WALKER,  John,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
rector  of  St.  Mary's,  Exeter,  where  he  died,  in 
1725. 

WALKER,  William,  an  English  divine,  th<! 
preceptor  of  sir  Isaac  Newton,  and  author  of 
several  useful  works  on  grammar,  logic,  &c.; 
he  died  in  1684. 

WALKER,  Samuel,  an  English  divine,  au 
thor  of  some  sermons,  died  in  1761. 

WALKER,  Obadiah,  an  English  papist,  who 
wrote  a  violent  pamphlet  against  Luther ;  he 
died  in  1698. 

WALL,  Martin,  M.  D.,  an  English  physician, 
and  a  medical  writer,  died  in  1776. 

WALLACE,  sir  William,  a  gallant  general 
of  the  Scots,  win  endeavoured  to  rescue  his 
397 


WA 

country  fiom  the  English  yoke,  but  being  be- 
trayed into  the  hands  of  the  English,  by  sir  John 
Monteith,  in  whom  ho  had  coulided,  he  was 
condemned  and  executed  as  a  traitor,  in  1303. 

VVALLEil,  Bldmund,  an  eminent  English 
poet,  and  political  writer,  died  in  Ifi87. 

WALLEV,  Tlionias,  an  English  clergyman, 
who  came  to  America,  in  1063,  and  was  settled 
in  Barnstable,  Jlass.,  where  he  was  eminently 
useful.     He  died  in  1679. 

WALLEV,  John,  a  judge  of  the  superio 
court  of  the  colony  ofMassachusetls,  died  about 
17110. 

W'ALLIS,  John,  an  eminent  English  mathe 
niatician,  died  in  1703. 

WALH3,  Dr.  George,  an  English  medical 
writer,  poet,  and  satirist,  died  in  180*2. 

WALLIUS,  James,  a  native  of  Courtrai 
celebrated  among  the  Jesuits  for  his  learning 
and  his  talents  as  a  Latin  poet,  died  in  liiSO. 

WALPOLE,  sir  Uoi)ert,  eaii  of  Orford,  a  very 
eminent  statesman  and  political  writer,  was 
prime  minister  under  George  I.  and  II. ;  he  died 
ill  1745. 

WALFOLE,  Horace,  earl  of  Orford,  youngest 
son  of  tlie  preceding,  died  in  1797.  He  was  the 
author  of  numerous  publications. 

WALSH,  William,  an  English  critic  and 
poet,  the  friend  of  Orvden,  and  the  patron  of 
I'opc  ;  he  died  in  1708." 

WALSINGHAM,  Thomas,  a  Renedictine 
monk,  hi.storian  of  France,  in  the  15tli  ceiitury 

WALSTELV,  Albert,  duke  of  Friodland,  : 
distinguished  German  officer,  remarkable  for 
his  popularity  among  his  soldiers.  He  was 
murdered  by  order  of  the  emperor,  in  1634. 

WALSYNGHAM,  sir  Francis,  a  great  states- 
man in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth,  auihor  of 
an  excellent  treatise,  called  "  The  Complete  Am 
bassador;"'  he  died  in  1539. 

WALTER.     See  ROBINS. 

WALTER,  Thomas,  a  popular  American 
clerfiyniaii,  in  Massachusetts,  died  in  1725. 

WALTER,  Nehemiah,  came  to  America 
from  Ireland,  when  young,  was  educated  at 
Harvard  college,  and  afterwards  ordained  as 
pastor  of  a  church,  at  Roxbury,  Mass. ;  he  died 
111  1730. 

WALTER,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  botanist, 
of  South  Carolina,  author  of  "  Flora  Carolini- 
ana ;"  ho  died  about  1799. 

WALTERS,  John,  M.  A.,  a  Welsh  divine, 
rector  of  Llandocan,  and  author  of  an  English 
.tud  Welsh  Dictionary,  and  some  other  works  ; 
hed'ied  in  1707. 

WALTHER,  N.,  a  native  of  Nuremberg, 
known  as  the  first  who  discovered  the  astro- 
nomical refraction  of  light;  ho  flourished  in  the 
16th  century. 

WALTHER,  Michael,  professor  of  divinity 
at  Ilelmstadt,  and  author  of  "  Harmonia  Bibli- 
ca,"  &c. :  he  died  in  1662. 

WALTHER,  Christopher  Theodosius,  a  Ger- 
man missionary  to  Tranqnebar,  and  an  author ; 
he  died  at  Dresden,  in  1741. 

WALTHER,  Augiistin  Frederic,  professor 
of  anatomy  at  Leipsic,  and  author  of  some 
medical  treatises ;  he  died  about  1735. 

WALTON,  Brian,  bishop  of  Chester,  and 
editor  of  the  Polyglott  Bible  in  6  volumes  ;  he 
died  in  1661. 

WALTON,  Izaak,  author  of  the  "  Complete 
Angler,"  and  other  works,  died  in  1683. 

WALTON,  sir  George,  an  English  admiral, 
died  in  1740. 
WALTON,  George,  a  distinguished  and  activel 
398 


WA 

patriot,  of  Georgia,  during  the  revolution,  w»i 
a  member  of  congres.",  in  1776,  and  one  of  thi 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence.  Ho 
was  afterwards  chief-justice  of  Georgia,  a 
member  of  the  senaleof  the  United  States  from, 
md  governor  of,  that  slate.     He  died  in  1804. 

WANLEY,  Nathaniel,  vicar  of  Trinity 
church,  in  Coventry,  author  of  a  curious  book, 
entitled  "The  Wonders  of  the  little  World;" 
he  died  about  16<J0. 

WANLEY,  Humphrey,  son  of  the  preceil 
iiig,  was  hbrarian  to  Lord  Oxford  He  tra- 
velled through  England  in  search  of  Anglo 
Saxon  M!*S.,  and  died  in  1726. 

WANSLEB,  John  Michael,  a  German,  who 
was  employed  by  Ludolf,  to  print  his  i^ithiopio 
dictionary.  He  afterwards  visited  Egypt  on  ». 
christian  mission,  and  published  an  account  of 
that  country.     He  died  in  1679. 

W.\l\TON,  William,  governor  of  the  colo- 
ny of  Rhode  Island,  died  In  1737. 

WANTON,  John,  succeeded  the  preceding, 
as  governor  of  Rhode  Island,  in  1734. 

WANTON,  Gideon,  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  died  in  1767. 

WANTO.V,  Joseph,  also  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  died  in  1780. 

WARBURTON,  William,  bishop  of  Glou- 
cester, a  very  eminent  theological  writer,  critic, 
;ind  controversialist ;  he  died  in  1779.  His 
works  are  very  numerous. 

WARD,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  an  English  divine, 
who  sutTered  great  persecution  during  the  civil 
wars,  and  died  in  consequence  of  hard  treat- 
ment, in  1643. 

WARD,  Seth,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  famous 
for  his  skill  in  mathematics  and  astronomy ;  he 
died  in  11)89. 

WARD,  John,  LL.  D.,  r.n  eminent  English 
critic  and  antiquary,  died  in  1758. 

WARD,  Samuel,  author  of  a  "Modern  Sys- 
cm  of  Natural  History,"  a  work  of  merit ;  he 
died  in  1790. 

WARD,  Edward,  generally  called  Ned,  a  bur- 
lesque writer,  of  Englaml,  died  in  1731. 

WARD,  Nathaniel,  first  minister  of  Ipswich, 
.Mass.,  was  a  native  of  England,  and  came  to 
-Vinerica  to  avoid  religious  persecution.  He 
afterwards  returned  to  England,  anddied  there, 
in  1653. 

W.\RD,  Richard,  governor  of  the  colony  of 
Rhode  Island,  in  1740. 

WARD,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
secretary  of  Rhode  Island,  and  a  distinguished 
scholar  ;  he  died  in  1760. 

WARD,  Samuel,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
chief- justice  and  governor  of  Rhode  Island,  and 
I  member  of  the  continental  congress  ■  he  died 
in  1776. 

WARD,  Henry,  one  of  the  most  active  revo- 
lutionary patriots  of  Rhode  Island,  and  seers 
tary  of  the  colony  ;  he  died  in  1797. 

WARD,  Artemas,  a  member  cf  congress  in 
1774,  and  one  of  the  oldest  major  generals  in 
the  American  army  ;  he  died  in  1800. 

WARD,  William,  a  distinguished  English 
missionary,  in  the  East  Indies,  who  died  there 
in  1823. 

WARE,  sir  James,  a  celebrated  antiquary 
and  historian,  of  Ireland,  died  in  1666. 

WARE,  James,  a  very  eminent  oculist  in 
London,  died  in  1815.  His  success  in  extract- 
ing the  ciitaract  has  very  rarely  been  equalled. 

WARGENTIN,  Peter,  a  learned  Swede,  who 
published  Tables  for  computing  the  Eclipses  oi 
Jupiter's  Satellites,  and  died  in  1783. 


WA 


VVA 


WARHAM,  Wiiiiam,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
biirv,  and  lord  chancellor  of  Kiiplaiid,  under 
Henry  VII.  aiidVIU   ;  lie  died  in  15;;2 

VVARHAM,  Joliu,  first  minister  of  the  church 
in  Windsor,  Conn.,  died  in  IfuO. 

WAUIN,  Jolin,  a  native  of  Liege,  fanioiiE  as 
an  eiT-rraver  and  srnlptor ,  his  two  busts  of 
Henry  XIV  in  bronze,  and  of  cardinal  Uiche- 
lieu  in  gold,  are  greatly  admired.  He  died  in 
1C72. 

WAKING,  Ed«ard,  an  eminent  Englifih  ma- 
thematician, au'hor  of  "  Miscollantsi  Analy- 
lica,"  and  other  works  ;  he  died  in  I7'.)8. 

WARXKR,  William,  author  of  a  historical 
poem,  railed  .'\lliion's  Kngland  ;  he  died  in  1609 

VVARiVER,  F.-rdiiiando,  LL.  D.,  an  English 
divine,  celebrated  for  his  theological,  biofrraphi- 
cai,  historical,  and  medical  writings  ;  be  died  in 
17f». 

WARNER,  John,  P.  D.,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  chaplain  to  the  English  embassy  at  Paris, 
and  died  in  1800.  He  wrote  a  learned  Treatise 
on  the  pronunciation  of  Greek,  and  translated 
the  "  Life  of  Friar  Gerard"  from  the  Spanish. 

WARNER,  Richard,  a  learned  English  bo- 
tanii^t  and  botanical  writer,  died  in  1775. 

WARKEN,  James,  a  distinguished  and  effi- 
ciei!t  friend  of  the  American  revolution,  presi- 
dent of  the  provincial  congress,  after  the  death 
of  general  VVarrcn,  and,  for  a  short  time,  pay- 
master-eeneral  of  the  army.    He  died  in  1808. 

WARREN,  Joseph,  an  eminent  physician,  of 
lioston,  was  early  distinguished  as  one  of  the 
most  vigilant  and  energetic  friends  of  American 
rights  in  the  colonies,  and  is  revered  for  his  ser- 
vices at  the  trying  period  previous  to  the  revo- 
lution. He  was  appointed  major-general  in  the 
American  army,  and  was  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Bunker's  Hill,  in  the  35th  year  of  his  age. 

W.\!!REN,  Mercy,  of  Massachusetts,  wife 
of  the  preceding,  authoress  of  a  '•  History  of 
the  American  Revolution,"  and  some  poetical 
pieces  ;  she  died  in  1814. 

WARREN,  John,  M.  D.,  brother  of  general 
Joseph  Warren,  was  a  distinguished  physician, 
ef  Boston,  and  professor  of  surgery  and  anatomy, 
in  Harvard  college  ;  he  died  in  1815. 

WARREN,  sir  John  Borlase,  baronet,  an  am- 
bassador from  England  to  Russia,  and  a  distin- 
guished English  admiral  ;  he  dif-d  in  1822. 

WARTON,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  and 
professor  of  poeiry  at  Oxford ;  he  died  in  1745. 

WARTON,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  English 
tiographer,  annotator,  antiquary  and  poet,  be- 
came poet  laureat  of  England,  in  1785,  and 
died  ill  1790. 

WARTON,  Dr.  Joseph,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, a  learned  divine,  and  an  ingenious  poet 
%nd  critical  writer,  died  in  1800. 

WARWICK,  Richard  Nevil,  earl  of,  a  fam- 
ous general  and  statesman,  who  acquired  the 
title  of  King-maker,  from  the  versatility  of  his 
conduct,  and  the  success  that  attended  it,  in  the 
civil  war  between  Henry  VI.  and  Edward  IV. 
He  died  in  1471. 

WARWICK,  sir  Philip,  an  eminent  English 
writer  in  liie  time  of  the  civil  wars.  His  princi- 
pal work  is  "  Memoirs  of  the  reign  of  Charles 
I.    He  died  in  1682. 

W.ASER,  I.  H.,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Zurich, 
was  beheaded  for  some  strictures  on  the  admi 
nistrationof  public  affairs,  in  1780. 

WASER,  Anna,  daughter  of  a  senator  at 
Zurich,  a  miniature  painter  ;  she  died  in  1713. 

WASHBURN,  Joseph,  minister  of  q  cburch 
in  FarmiDgton,  Conn,  died  in  1805. 


WASHINGTON,  George,  a  most  consum- 
mate general,  statesman  and  patriot ;  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  American  republic ;  the  tirsl 
president  of  the  federal  government ;  and  one 
of  the  few  who  have  been  great,  without  being 
criminal.  He  died  in  1799,  aged  nearly  68.  His 
fame  is  imperishable. 

WASHINGTON,  William,  a  remote  rela- 
tive of  the  preceding,  was  also  a  distinguisiied 
officer  of  the  revolution.     He  died  in  1810. 

W  ASSE,  Christopher,  author  of  a  translation 
of  Grotius'  Catechism  into  Greek  verse;  he 
died  in  1690. 

WATELET,  Claude  Henry,  a  French  au- 
thor, member  of  the  academy,  and  of  several 
foreign  learned  societies ;  he  died  in  I76G. 

WATERLAND,  Hr.  Daniel,  an  eminent 
English  divine  and  polemical  writer,  died  in 
1710. 

WATERLOO,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Utrecht, 
eminent  as  a  painter  iii  tlie  IGlh  century. 

WATRIN,  Henriette,  Helen,  and  Agatiia, 
three  sisters  of  Verdun,  who  perished  on  the 
scaffold,  in  1793,  tor  strewing  flowers  in  tiie 
way  of  the  king  of  Prussia  as  he  entered  their 
town. 

WATS,  Gilbert,  D.  D.,  of  Yorkshire,  trans- 
lated into  English  "  Davila's  History  of  the 
Civil  Wars,"  and  died  in  1657. 

WATSON,  John,  an  English  divine,  author  of 
a  Latin  tragedy  called  Absalom ;  he  died  in  1.58'J. 

WATSON,  Thomas,  M.  A.,  an  English  non- 
conformist divine,  and  theological  writer,  died 
in  1673. 

WATSON,  James,  anativeof  Aberdeen, emi- 
nent as  a  painter,  died  in  1728. 

WATSON,  David,  M.  A.,  of  Brechin,  in 
Scotland,  was  professor  of  philosnpy  at  St.  An- 
drews, and  author  of  a  prose  translation  of 
Horace.  He  died  a  victim  to  licentious  habits, 
in  1756. 

W.'VTSON,  Robert,  was  professor  of  logic, 
rhetoric,  and  belles  letters,  at  St.  Andrews,  and 
afterwards  principal  of  the  college.  He  wrote 
a  History  of  the  Reign  of  Fliilip  HI.  of  Spain, 
and  died  in  1780. 

WATSON,  John,  an  English  divine,  and  au- 
thor of  a  "  History  of  Halifax,"   died  in  17ir3. 

WATSON,  colonel  Henry,  a  celebrated  eng.- 
neer  in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Company, 
and  of  eminent  skill  in  naval  architecture,  died 
in  1786. 

WATSON,  Henry,  a  native  of  London,  emi- 
nent as  a  lecturer  in  anatomy,  and  as  a  medical 
writer;  he  died  in  1793. 

WATSON,  sir  William,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, of  London,  author  of  various  tracts  en 
electricity  ;  he  died  in  1787. 

WATSON,  Richard,  a  celebrated  Engli.sh 
prelate,  who  became  bishop  of  Llandaff;  he 
wrote,  among  other  works,  an  answer  loPaina's 
Age  of  Reason,  called  an  Apology  for  the  Bible, 
and  died  in  1816. 

WATT,  James,  F.  R.  S.,  LL.  D.,  born  at 
Greenock,  was  bred  a  mathematical  instrument 
maker.  He  improved  the  steam  engine,  and 
invented  a  new  micrometer  and  machine  for 
drawing  in  perspective;  he  died  in  1819. 

WATTEAU,  Anthony,  a  famous  French 
painter,  died  in  1721. 

WATTS,  Isaac,  a  dissenting  divine,  philoso 
plier,  poet,  and  mathematician,  of  unconiraon 
genius,  and  celebrity,  died  in  1748. 

WAYNE,  Anihony,  a  major-general  in  the 
American  army,  during  the  revolution,  distin- 
gaished  for  his  patriotism,  bravery,  and  skill, 
399 


WE 

and  for  his  important  services ;  lie  attenvards 
had  command  of  the  western  army,  and  in  a 
contest  with  the  Indians,  gained  a  complete 
victory.     He  died  in  ITDIj. 

WEARE,  Me.'hcck,  a  judge  and  chief-jiistice 
of  New-Hampshire,  and  afterwards  president 
of  thai  Slate  ,"  he  died  in  l'8(i. 

WEAVER,  John,  a  famous  Eiiglish  dancing- 
master,  and  writer  on  his  art,  died  about  ll'M 

WEBB,  Pliilip  Carteret,  a  very  distinjrnished 
Eiii;lish  antiquarian  and  law  writer,  died  in 
1770. 

WEBB,  Daniel,  an  Englishman,  author  of 
some  esteemed  "  Dis.sertaliont  on  Blusic,  Poetry 
and  Painting;"  he  died  in  17!18. 

WEUB,  John,  an  American  clergyman,  set- 
tled at  Boston  ;  he  died  in  1750. 

WEBB,  Benjamin,  a  celebrated  and  inge- 
nious penman,  of  England,  died  in  1774. 

WEBBE,  Samuel,  a  most  admirable  compo- 
ser of  music,  died  in  1S16. 

WEBBER,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  Mas- 
••iachusetts,  professor  of  mathematics  and  natu 
ral  philosophy  in  Harvard  University,  and 
afterwards,  president  of  that  institution ;  he 
died  in  1810. 

WEBSTER,  William,  an  able  English  wri- 
ting master,  author  of  a  Treatise  on  Arithme- 
tic, &c.  ;  he  died  in  1744. 

WEBSTER,  Dr.  Charles,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian and  medical  writer,  born  at  Edinburgh,  in 
I7.5P.  and  died  in  17&5. 

WEBSTER,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  minister  of  Sal- 
isbury, Mass.,  died  in  1796. 

W' EBSTER,  John,  one  of  the  principal  set- 
tlers of  Hartford,  was  governor  of  Connecticut, 
inlG56;  he  removed  to  Massachusetts,  and 
died  there  in  IfilJo. 

WECHEL,  Christopher,  an  eminent  printer 
at  Paris,  died  in  1531. 

WEDGWOOD,  Josiah,  F.  B.  and  A.  SS.  to 
whose  indefatigable  labours  England  is  indebt- 
ed for  the  establishment  of  the  pottery  of  Staf- 
fordshire.    He  died  in  1795. 

W^EEVER,  or  WEAVER,  John,  an  English 
antiquary,  and  an  author  of  worth  ;  he  died  in 
1632. 

WEraiAR,  Bernard,  duke  of  Sase,  a  distin- 
guished general  under  Lewis  XIII.;  he  died  in 
1639. 

WELBY,  Henry,  a  noted  eccentric  charac 
ter,  of  Lincolnshire,  who  confined  himself  in  an 
obscure  house  in  London,  where  he  remained 
unseen  by  any  one,  until  his  death,  in  1636,  a 
period  of  44  years. 

WELDE,  Thomas,  first  minister  of  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  died  in  England,  wiiile  there  as  an  agent 
of  Massachusetts. 

WELLEiVS,  James  Thomas  Joseph,  was 
bishop  of  Antwerp,  and  distinguished  for  hi 
learning  and  virtues ;  he  died  in  1784. 

W'ELLER,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Freyberg,  the 
friend  and  favourite  of  Luther,  and  a  theologi 
cal  writer ;  he  died  in  1572. 

WELLER,  James,  professor  of  theology  at 
Witteniberg,  where  he  died,  in  16(>4. 

WELLES,  Samuel,  M.  A.,  an  English  divine, 
distinguished  for  his  usefulness  during  the  civil 
wars,  and  for  his  eloquence  as  a  preacher  ;  he 
died  after  the  restoration. 

WELLES,  Noah,  D.  D.,  an  American  divine, 
and  controversial  writer,  settled  at  Stamford, 
Conn.;  he  died  about  1776. 

WELLES,  Thomas,  one  of  the  first  colonists 
of  Hartford,  and  governor  of  the  colODy  of  Con- 
necjicut ;  he  died  in  1660. 
400 


WE 

WELLS,  Edmund,  D  D.,  professor  of  Greek 
in  the  university  ol  O.xford.  He  wrote  nume- 
rous pamphlets  against  the  dissenteis,  and  a 
work  of  nierit  on  the  Geography  of  the  Bible, 
&c.,  and  died  in  17:>0. 

WELLS,  William  Cliarles,  an  American 
physician,  who  joined  the  British  in  the  revolo 
Ition,  and  died  in  England,  in  1*17 

WELLS,  John,  an  emineiii  lawyer,  of  New- 
York,  died  in  1823. 

WELLWOOD,  James,  M.  A.,  a  native  of 
Penh,  author  of  several  religious  tracts,  died 
in  IfiSO. 

WELLWOOD,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  native  of  Edin- 
burgh, who  published  "Memoirs  of  England, 
from  I5P8  to  1688  ;"  he  died  in  1716. 

WELSTED,  Leonard,  an  English  poet,  dra- 
matist, and  miscellaneous  writer,  died  in  1747. 

WENCESLEUS,  son  of  Charles  IV.,  empe- 
ror of  Germany,  succeeded  his  father  in  1378  ; 
he  was  deposed  in  1400,  and  died  king  of  Bohe- 
mia, in  1419.  His  character  was  that  of  a  de- 
bauched, capricious,  and  cruel  prince. 

WEATWORTH,  Thomas,  earl  of  Stafford, 
a  celebrated  statesman  under  Charles  1.,  was 
beheadtd  on  a  false  charge  of  treason,  in  1641. 

WENTWORTIl,  Benning,  first  governor  of 
the  colony  of  New-Hampshire,  died  in  \''0. 

WERDMULLER,  John  Rodolph,  a  historical 
and  landscape  painter,  of  Zurich,  was  drowned 
in  166S. 

WERENFELS,  John  James,  a  German  di- 
vine, author  of  some  sermons  and  homilies ;  he 
died  in  1655.  His  son  Peter,  was  professor  of 
theology  at  Basil,  and  died  in  1703. 

WERENFELS,  Sanmel,  son  of  Peter,  was  a 
professor  at  Basil,  highly  respected  for  his  learn- 
ing and  his  virtues;  he  died  in  1740.  His  works 
are  chiefly  on  theology,  philosophy,  and  philo- 
logy. 

WERFF,  Adrian  Vander,  a  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  of  Rotterdam,  died  in  1727. 
His  brotlier  Peier,  was  also  eminent  in  histori- 
cal pieces,  and  died  in  1713. 

WERNER,  Abraham  Gottlieb,  a  very  emi- 
nent mineralogist,  born  in  Upper  Lusatia,  in 
1750,  and  died  in  1817. 

WESENBEC,  Matthew,  professor  of  law,  at 
Jena,  and  at  Witteniberg,  where  he  died  in  1586. 

WESLEY,  Samuel,  an  English  divine  and 
poet,  died  in  1735. 

WESLEY,  Samuel,  son  of  the  preceding,  and 
a  poet  also,  died  in  1739. 

WESLEY,  John,  brother  of  the  foregoing, 
celebrated  as  the  founder  of  the  sect  called 
methodists  :  he  died  in  1791. 

WESLEY,  Charles,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
a  minister  also  among  the  methodists,  and  of 
respectable  talents  as  a  scholar  and  a  poet ;  he 
died  in  1788. 

WESSELLUS,  John,  a  learned  ecclesiastic, 
of  Groningen,  who  was  regarded  by  many  as  the 
forerunner  of  Luther  ;  he  died  in  1489. 

WEST,  Dr.  Gilbert,  a  learned  English  writer, 
author  of  several  valuable  works :  he  died  ia 
175H. 

WEST,  Thomas,  an  English  antiquary,  and 
an  author,  died  in  1779. 

WEST,  Benjamin,  a  very  eminent  painter, 
born  in  Pennsylvania,  in  1738.  His  parents 
were  quakers.  Going  to  England,  he  met  with 
great  encouragement  in  his  art,  and  became 
president  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  London. 
He  died  in  1820. 

WEST,  John,  governor  of  the  colony  of  Vir- 
Igioia,  in  1635. 


WH 

WKST,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  an  American  clergy- 
man, settled  at  Boston  ;  he  died  in  ItiOH. 

WEST,  Josepli,  was  governor  of  Soutli  Caro 
lina  In  1071,  and  in  subsequent  years. 

WEST,  Francis,  a  magistrate,  and  governor 
of  the  colony  of  Virginia,  in  1620. 

WEST,  Samuel,  D.  I).,  an  American  minis- 
ter, settled  at  New-Bedford,  died  in  1807. 

WEriT,  Benjamin,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
member  of  conj^ress  from  the  state  of  New- 
Hainjtshire;  he  died  in  1817. 

WES'J',  Benjamin,  LL.  D.,  professor  of  ma- 
thematics and  natural  philosophy  in  the  col- 
lege at  Providence,  Rhode  Island ;  he  died  in 
1813. 

'  WEST,  James,  M.  A.,  was  one  of  the  joint 
secretaries  to  tlie  British  treasuiy,  for  about  20 
years,  and  some  time  president  of  the  Koyal 
Sociriy;  iie  died  iii  1772. 

WEST,  Richard,  an  Englisli  lawyer,  was 
made  lord  chancellor  of  Ireland,  in  172a,  and 
died  the  year  after. 

WEST,  Elizabeth,  a  native  of  Edinburgh, 
wlio  'oecame  known  for  her  eccentricities  and 
mystical  opinions  ;  she  died  in  1735. 

WES'l'KRLO,  Eilardns,  11.  D,  a  native  of 
Holland,  came  to  America,  in  I7ti0,  as  pastor  of 
the  Dutch  church  in  Albany,  and  was  highly 
esteemed  and  distinguished  as  a  preacher  ;  he 
died  in  1790. 

WESTFIEI.D,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Ely, 
was  made  aichbibliop  of  St.  Albans,  and  soon 
alter,  bisliop  of  Bristol.  He  was  so  eloquent 
and  pathetic  a  preacher,  that  he  was  called  tae 
weeping  prophet ;  he  died  in  11)44. 

WESTON,  Richard,  an  K.iglish  thread  ho 
»ier,  who  became  eminent  as  a  horiicultnralist, 
»nd  published  some  useful  tracts  on  that  sub- 
ject ;  he  died  in  1800. 

WESTEIN,  John  Rodoiphus,  a  native  of 
Basil,  where  he  was  professor  of  Greek  and  of 
iheology.  He  published  several  valuable  works, 
and  died  in  171 1,  ilis  brother  Joiin  Henry,  was 
celebrated  in  Holland  as  a  printer,  and  a  ma;i 
of  I'tudition  ;  he  died  in  1720. 

WESTEIN,  John  James,  a  very  lenrned  di- 
vine and  author,  born  at  Basil;  he  died  in  1754. 

WHALLEY,  t'eter,  an  English  divine,  and 
eminent  critic,  and  commentator  on  Sliaks- 
peare  and  Ben  Jonson  ;  lie  died  in  1791. 

WHARTON,  Geoigo,  an  Englishman,  who 
lost  extensive  properly  in  the  civil  wars,  in  con 
sequence  of  his  attachment  to  the  royal  cause, 
was  made  a  baronet  at  the  restoration,  and  died 
ill  1081. 

WHARTON,  Anne,  an  English  lady,  distin- 
guished for  tier  learning,  and  for  her  poetical 
productions;  she  died  about  1G85. 

WH.'^RTON,  Henry,  an  English  divine  and 
historian  of  uncommon  abilities,  died  in  1695. 
WHARTON,  Piiilip,  duke  of,  an  English 
nobleman  of  most  eccentric  character,  went  to 
France,  and  engaged  in  the  Pretender's  interest, 
for  which  he  was  attainted  of  high  treason,  but 
died  in  Spain,  in  1731. 

WH ATELEY,  William,  an  English  divine, 
who  wrote,  among  other  things,  an  exposition 
of  the  ten  commandments;  he  died  in  1013. 

WHEARE,  Degory.  master  of  Gloucester 
Hall,  Eng.,  and  author  of  a  "  Dissertation  de 
Ratione  et  Methodo  legendi  Historias."  He 
died  in  lfi47 

WHEATLEY,  Charles,  an  English  divine 
and  theological  writer,  died  in  1742. 

WHEATLEY,  Francis,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  in  London,  in  1747,  and  died  in  1801. 

E     e    e 


WH 

WHEATLEY,  Phillis,  an  African  girl,  who' 
while  a  slave,  wrote  a  volume  of  poems  o(  con 
siderable  merit;  she  died  in  1784. 

WHEELER,  sir  George,  an  English  divine, 
auiiior  of  a  journey  into  Greece,  and  other 
works;  he  died  in  1724. 

WHEELOCK,  Eleazar,  D.  D.,  an  American 
clergyman,  first  president  of  Dartmouth  college, 
died  in  1779. 

WHEELOCK,  John,  LL.  D.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  an  officer  in  the  army  of  theievo- 
lution,  and  served  with  reputation.  He  was  af- 
terwards for  many  years  president  of  Dartmouth 
coileee,  and  died  in  1817. 

WHEELWRIGHT,  John,  the  founder  an<l 
first  minister  of  the  church  at  Exeter,  Mass., 
gritally  distiii!:nishcu  for  his  learningand  pi(.'ty  ; 
he  died  in  1<;S0. 

WHELPLEY,  Samuel,  an  eminent  Ameri- 
can clergyman,  settled  at  N<"w-Y()rk,  and  died 
in  1817.  He  wrote  a  "  Conipoiid  of  Anrieiit 
and  Modern  liistorv,"  and  other  works. 

WHELPLEY,  Philip  Melanctlmn,  a  distin- 
snished  presbyierian  clergyman,  who  settled  at 
New-York,  and  dii'd  in  1824. 

WHICHCOT,  I2enjamin,  an  eminent  English 
divine  and  tlirolngical  writer,  died  in  if'S'i. 

WHIPPJ^E,  William,  a  member  of  congress 
from  New  Hampshire,  In  1770,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence  ;  he 
died  in  I'S-i. 

WHrSTO.V,  AVilliam,  an  Englisli  divine  ami 
niaihematiciaa,  sm-cessor  to  sir  Isaac  Newto-i, 
as  professor  of  matliemalics  at  Cambridge  ;  iie 
died  in  17.52. 

WHIT.AKER,  William,  .an  English  polemic 
divine,  and  controversial  writer  against  popery, 
died  in  loito. 

WIIiTAKER,  John,  an  able  English  histo- 
rian, theologist,  critic,  politician  and  poet;  he 
died  in  1808 

WHITAKER,  Edward  W.,  an  English  di- 
vine, who  was  principally  instrumental  in  es- 
tablishing "The  Eel'uge  for  the  Destitute."  He 
died  in  1818;  leaving  some  valuable  theological 
works,  and  an  "  Abridgment  of  Universal  His- 
tory." 

VVHITBREAD,  Samuel,  an  English  politl- 
tician,  and  member  of  Parliament,  highly  dis- 
tmguislied  for  his  talents  and  eloquence;  he 
died  in  1SI5. 

WHITBY,  Daniel,  an  English  divine,  author 
of  more  than  40  works,  which  display  a  fund 
of  sense  and  learning;  he  died  in  1726. 

WHITE,  Henry  Kirke,  a  very  ingenious  poet, 
the  son  of  a  butcher,  at  Nottingham,  was  taken 
into  the  office  of  an  attorney,  where  he  studied 
Latin  and  Greek.     He  died  in  180G. 

WHITE,  Thomas,  a  learned  llnglish  divine, 
the  founder  of  Sion  college,  London,  and  a  hos- 
pital, at  Bristol ;  he  died  in  1622. 

WHITE,  sir  Thomas,  born  at  Reading,  was 
apprenticed  to  a  tradesman  in  liondon,  and 
.il'terwards  became  lord  mayor,  in  1553,  aged  61, 
vvlien  he  received  tlie  honour  of  knighthood 
The  time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

WHITE,  Joseph,  a  leanicd  English  divine, 
professor  of  Arabic  at  O.xford  university  ;  he 
died  in  1814.  His  writings,  which  are  nume- 
rous, indicate  great  talents  and  erudition. 

WHITE,  Peregrine,  the  first  descendant  of 
the  Pilgrims  in  New  England  ;  he  was  born  at 
Plymouth,  in  1020,  and  died  in  1704. 

'white,  Anthony  Walton,  an  officer  of  tlio 
army  during  the  Ainericau  revolution,  died  in 
■S03. 

4m 


WI 

WHITE,  John,  a  bishop  in  the  reign  of  Eli- 
xabeth;  deposed  for  preaching  a  seditious  ser- 
Sfion  ;  he  died  in  1559. 

WHITE,  Richard,  an  English  miscellaneous 
writer,  died  in  IGli. 

WHITE,  Francis,  bishop  of  Ely,  under  James 
I.,  and  yutlior  of  some  sermons  and  tracts  ,  he 
died  in  lt)37. 

WHITE,  Thomas,  lecturer  of  St.  Andrew's, 
and  author  of  the  "  Art  of  Divine  Revehuioii ;" 
lie  lived  about  the  tinie  of  Charles  I. 

WHITE,  Thomas,  or  Albius,  a  Roman  ca- 
tholic priest,  principal  of  a  college  at  l.isbou, 
and  esteemed  as  an  able  scholar ;  he  died  in 
1076. 

WHITE,  Jeremy,  chaplain  to  Cromwell,  and 
celebrated  for  his  wit  and  vivacity.  He  wrote 
in  favour  of  universal  salvation,  and  died  in 
1707. 

WHITE,  Robert,  an  eminent  engraver  of 
portraits,  died  in  1704. 

WHITE,  Nathanael,  pastor  of  a  dissecting 
congregation  in  London,  and  a  pupil  of  Dodd- 
ridge; Ik;  died  in  1783. 

WHITEHEAD,  Paul,  an  English  poet  of  con- 
siderable talents,  died  in  1774. 

WHITEHEAD,  WiUiam,  author  of  the  "Ro- 
man Father,"  "Creusa,"  and  other  writings; 
he  died  in  1785. 

WHITEHEAD,  John,  was  first  a  raethodist 
preacher,  then  a  quaker,  and  at  last  applied 
himself  to  physic,  at  London.  He  published  a 
Life  of  Wesley,  and  died  in  1804. 

WHITEHURST,  John,  F.  R.  S.,  a  most  in- 
genious writer  on  mechanics,  hydraulics,  &c. ; 
he  died  in  1788. 

WHITELOCK,  sir  James,  an  able  English 
lawyer,  was  ciiief-justice  of  the  king's  bench, 
and  eminent  as  a  Latin  scholar  ;  lie  died  in 
1632. 

WHITELOCK.  Rulstrode,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
lish lawyer  and  statesman,  under  Oliver  Crom- 
well ;  he  died  in  1676. 

WHITFIELD,  Henry,  a  distinguished  Eng- 
lish clergyman,  who  was  for  some  time  settled 
in  Connecticut,  but  returned  to  England,  and 
died  there,  about  16  )0. 

WHITFIELD,  George,  a  native  of  England, 
celebrated  as  a  preacher  among  the  methodists ; 
lie  died  in  1770. 

WHITGIFT,  Dr.  John,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, died  in  1604. 

WHITING,  Samuel,  an  American  clergy- 
man, settled  at  Lyme,  Mass.,  died  in  1679. 

WHITTINGHAM,  William,  an  English  pre- 
late, dean  of  Durham  ;  he  translated  the  Ge- 
neva Bible  into  Enslish,  and  died  in  1579. 

WHITTINGTON,  Robert,  author  of  several 
utefiii  English  school  books,  died  in  1560. 

WHITTINGTON,  sir  Richard,  a  wealthy 
citizen  of  London,  sheriff,  in  1393,  and  after- 
wards lord  mavorof  that  city.  He  is  celebrated 
for  his  extensive  charities,  and  also  for  various 
amusing  stories  I'abricaied  of  him. 

WHITTLESEY,  Samuel,  an  American  cler 
gvman,  settled  at  Wallingford,  Conn.,  died  in 
1752. 

WICK  AM,  William.    See  WYKEHAM. 

WICKLIFPE,  John  de,  professor  of  divinity 
;n  the  university  of  Oxford,  and  father  of  the 
reformalioii  nrtfie  English  church  from  popery; 
he  died  in  1381 

WICUUEFORT,  Abraham,  a  Dutch  states- 
man and  historian,  famous  for  his  embassies 
and  his  writings;  he  died  in  1682. 

\YIDA,   Herman  de,  a  German  divine,  the 
402 


WI 

associate  of  Luther,  Melancthon,  and  Bucer,  in 
effecting  the  reformation  ;  he  died  in  1552. 

WIEL.VND,  Christopher  Martin,  a  German 
poet,  whose  works  made  4.2  volumes ;  he  died 
in  1813. 

WIGGLESWORTH,  Edmund,  D.  D.,  a  dis- 
tinguished American  clergyman,  and  professor 
of  divinity  in  Harvard  college  ;  he  died  in  1765. 

WlGGLESWOllTH,  Edward,  D.  D.,  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  also  professor  of  divinity  in 
Harvard  colleae  ;  he  died  in  1794. 

WIGGLESWORTH,  Michael,  a  minister  of 
Maiden,  Mass.,  distinguished  as  a  poet ;  he  died 
in  1705. 

WILD,  Robert,  D.  D.,  an  English  ejected 
non-conformist,  and  a  miscellaneous  writer  ;  he 
died  in  1679. 

WILD,  Henry,  a  journeyman  tailor,  born  at 
Norwich,  England,  who,  from  a  strong  desire  of 
knowledge,  and  love  of  study,  became  a  pro- 
digy of  Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew  and  Arabic  learn- 
ing ;  he  died  in  1733. 

WILDBORE,  Charles,  an  eminent  selftaught 
English  mathematician,  who,  in  1780,  became 
the  editor  of  the  "  Gentleman's  Diary ;"  he 
died  in  1803. 

WILDE,  WiUiam,  an  eminent  English  law- 
yer, created  a  baronet,  made  one  of  the  judges 
of  the  conmion  pleas,  and  afterwards  promoted 
to  the  king's  bench.  He  published  "  Yelver- 
ton's  Reports,"  and  died  in  1679. 

WILDMAN,  John,  an  able  political  writer 
and  negotiator,  in  the  service  of  Cromwell. 

WILKES,  "Thomas,  an  Augustine  monk,  au- 
thor of  a  "  Histoi-y  of  England  from  William  I. 
to  the  end  of  the  first  Edward's  reign." 

WILKES,  John,  a  famous  English  politician, 
and  an  elegant  scholar.  He  was  a  member  (5t 
parliament,  lord  mayor  of  London,  and  after- 
wards held  the  officeof  chamberlain.  He  died 
in  1797. 

WILKIE,  William,  aScotch  divine  and  poet, 
died  in  1772. 

WILKINS,  John,  bishop  of  Chester,  a  most 
ingenious  and  learned  theologian,  critic  aud 
mathematician  :  he  died  in  1672. 

WILKINS,  David,  D.  D.,  F.  A.  S.,  keeper  of 
the  archiepiscopal  library,  at  Lambeth,  and  aa 
eminent  antiquary;  he  died  in  1745. 

WILKINSON,  Henry,  one  of  the  assembly 
of  Westminster  divines,  was  professor  of  di- 
vinity at  O.xford,  and  ejected  at  the  restoration, 
for  noD-conforraity;  he  died  in  1675. 

WILKINSON,  Henry,  espoused  the  popular 
cause  during  the  civil  wars,  and  was  appointed 
professor  of  nioral  philosophy  at  O.tford,  from 
which  he  was  ejected  at  the  restoration  ;  he  died 
in  1690. 

WILKINSON,  Jemima,  a  religious  enthu- 
siast, founder  of  the  .tect  called  Shakers,  died  in 
1819.  She  claimed  that  she  had  been  raised 
from  the  dead,  and  that  she  was  invested,  by 
divine  authority,  with  the  pow%r  of  working 
miracles,  aud  the  authority  of  teaching  in  re- 
li'iion. 

WILLAR,  Robert,  an  English  physician,  and 
writer  on  medical  and  other  subjects;  he  died 
in  1812. 

WILLARD,  Samuel,  a  distinguished  Ame- 
rican clergyman,  settled  at  Boston ;  he  was 
vice  president  of  Harvard  college,  and  died  in 
1707. 

WILLARD,  Joseph,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  a  popular 
and  learned  preacher,  of  Massachusetts,  after- 
wards president  of  Harvard  college ;  he  died  in 
1804. 


Wl 

WILLARD,  Josiah,  £>  native  of  RIassacdu 
si'tts,  and  secretary  ot  tliat  colony ;  lie  died  in 
1758. 

WILLEMET,  Rmni  Peter  Francis,  a  Freiicii 
physician,  wlio  iiied  in  1790,  at  Seringapaiarn, 
wli.:re  lie  resided  as  tirst  pliysician  to  Tiiipoo 
Saib. 

WILLIAM  I.,surnanipd  the  Conqueror,  was 
the  son  of  Robert  1.  ofiVorniaiuly.  Me  ascended 
the  Enfflish  throne  on  the-  deaih  of  Edward  the 
Confessor,  in  lOOG,  and  after  tlie  battle  of  Has 
tings,  in  which  was  sluin,  Harold,  his  competi- 
tor, with  50,000  English.  His  rpi}.'n  was  at  tiisi 
opj)rcssive  and  unpopular,  but  before  his  dcatli 
ill  1087,  he  was  regarded  more  favourably  by 
Ills  people. 

\V1I>L!AM  II.,  surnamed  Rufus,  succeeded 
his  father,  William  I.,  in  the  absence  of  his 
cider  brother,  and  became  a  persecutor  of  the 
clergy,  and  an  oppressor  of  his  subjects.  He 
was  accidentally  shot  by  one  of  his  courtiers, 
while  hunting,  in  1100. 

WILLIAM  III.  of  Nassau,  prince  of  Oraiipre. 
He  acquired  the  English  crown  by  the  defeat  of 
his  father-in  law,  James  II.,  in  1089,  and  died 
in  1702.  He  was  great  as  a  politician,  and  for- 
midable as  a  general. 

WILLIAM  son  of  Florent  IV.,  count  of 
Holland,  crowned  king  of  the  Romans,  in  1247 
He  was  assassinated  in  1255. 

WILLIAM,  St.,  distinguished  himself  by  his 
valou  r  against  the  Saracens  under  Cliarlemagne, 
and  died  in  812. 

WILLIAM  LONGSWORD,  son  and  suc- 
cessor of  Rollo,  first  duke  of  Normandy,  and 
had  the  reputation  of  being  an  able  and  active 
general ;  he  was  murdered  in  942. 

WILLIAM  DE  NANGIUS.  a  monkish  his- 
torian of  St.  Denys,  in  the  I4th  century. 

WILLIAM  of  JIahnsbury,  a  monk,  and  an 
Enslish  historian,  flourished  in  1140. 

WILLI.\M  of  Nev.hnry,  a  monk,  and  an 
Enghsli  historian  of  his  own  lime,  flourislied  in 
1197. 

WILLIAM  AUGUSTITS,  duke  of  Cumber- 
land, second  son  of  George  U.,  and  a  very  dis- 
tifignislied  eciieval,  died  in  ]7fi5. 

WILLIAMS,  John,  archbishop  of  York,  and 
lord  keeper  under  James  I. ;  he  was  an  eminent 
Uieological  writer,  and  died  in  1G50. 

WILLIAMS,  sir  Charles  Hanbury,  an  Eng- 
Ksh  minister  plenipotentiary  at  the  court  of  Ber- 
lin, who  puhli^hcd  various  poems,  remarkable 
for  e.ise  and  vivacity ;  he  died  in  1759. 

WILLI.MNiS,  Anna,  a  poetrss  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  born  iii  South  Walos  ;  having  lost 
)ier  sight,  she  was  supported  by  Dr.  Johnson  till 
title  died,  in  1783. 

WILLI-'VMS,  John,  an  ingenious  mineralo- 
gist, and  author  of  a  '  History  of  the  Mineral 
Kingdom,"  &c.;  he  died  in  1795. 

WILLIAMS,  John,  an  able  divine,  was 
bishop  ot  unicnester,  and  wrote  several  con- 
troversial tracts  ;  he  died  in  1709. 

WILLIAMS,  Daniel,  D.  D.,  an  English  cler- 
gyman, who  settled  at  Dublin,  and  after  re- 
maining there  20  years,  returned  to  London ; 
lie  died  in  1716. 

WILLIAMS,  William,  a  distinguished  min- 
ister, of  Hatfield,  Mass.,  died  about  1740. 

WILLIAMS,  Solomon,  D.  D.,  a  minister  of 
Lebanon,  Conn.,  died  in  17G9. 

WILLIAMS,  Francis,  a  native  of  England, 
was  the  first  governor  of  the  infant  colony  of 
\ew  Hampshire ;  he  died  after  1641. 


WILLIAMS,  Roger,  ong  of  the  early  coIo-l|7  volumes  4to;  he  died  in  1313 


WI 

(lists  of  Nrw  England,  afterwards  the  founder 
of  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island,  of  which  he  be- 
canie  president ;  he  wa.s  an  eminent  clergyman, 
a  man  of  strong  imelk  ct,  great  learning,  and 
uncommon  rmrgy,  and  died  in  1683. 

WILLIAMS,  William,  a  member  of  con- 
gress from  Connecticut,  in  1776,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independence ;  h« 
died  in  1811. 

WILLI  A.MS,  Samuel,  LL.  D.,  professor  of 
iri;ui)e;i.alics  and  natural  philosopliy  in  Harvard 
college,  and  author  ol  a  'ii-slory  of  Vermont"' 
he  died  ill  1817. 

WILLIAMS,  David,  an  English  deistical 
ineacher,  and  author  of  "  Lectures  on  Educa- 
cation,"  and  other  works  ;  he  died  in  1816. 

WILLIAMS,  John,  a  clergyman,  of  Deerfield, 
Massachusetts.  He  with  his  family,  and  many 
of  his  parishioners,  were  taken  piisoners  by  the 
Indians  in  1704  ;  his  wife  and  two  children  were 
murdered,  and  tlie  remainder  of  the  party  car- 
ried to  Canada,  and  after  two  years  of  privation 
and  suiTering  were  ransomed.  He  returneii  to 
Deerfield,  and  died  there  in  1729. 

WILLIAMS,  Elisha,  an  American  clergy- 
man, and  president  of  Yale  college  ;  he  died  in 
1750. 

VV'ILLIAMS,  Fphraim,  an  officer  of  the 
American  army,  in  the  French  war,  was  killed 
in  a  skirmish  with  the  enemy  in  1755.  He  was 
the  founder  of  Williams'  college  in  Massachu- 

VVILLIAMS,  Otho  Holland,  an  officer  of  the 
American  army,  during  the  revolution,  and  dis- 
tinguished for  his  services,  jiarticularly  at  the 
battli.s  of  Guilford  and  Eutaw  Springs  ;  he  was 
promoted  to  therankof  a  brigadier  general,  and 
died  in  1794. 

WILLIS,  Thomas,  a  very  eminent  physician, 
of  London.  He  wrote  several  works  on  tlie 
science  of  medicine,  and  died  in  1675. 

WILLIS,  Browne,  LL.  D.,  an  English  an- 
tiquary, who  wrote  several  works,  and  died  in 
17t;0. 

WILLOUGHBY,  Francis,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
lish naturalist,  died  in  1672. 

WILMOT,  John  Eardley,  an  English  mis- 
cellanenus  writer,  died  in  1815. 

WILSON,  Florence,  a  learned  Scotchman, 
who  taught  philosophy  in  the  college  of  Navarre, 
at  Paris  :  he  died  in  15.57. 

WILSON,  John,  an  English  stocking-weaver, 
who  became  a  popular  lecturer  on  botany  ;  he 
died  in  1750. 

WILSON,  Richard,  an  eminent  English  land- 
scapK  painter,  who  was  called  the  English 
Claude  ;  he  died  in  1732. 

WILSON,  .Arthur,  an  English  historian  and 
dramatic  writer  ;  he  died  in  1652. 

WILSON,  Thomas,  LL.  D.,  bishop  of  Sodor 
and  JMan,  an  excellent  prelate,  and  an  eminent 
writer  in  theology  ;  he  died  in  1755. 

WILSON,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  pre- 
cedintr,  was  an  author ;  he  died  in  1784. 

WILSON,  Benjamin,  F.  R.  S.,  an  eminent 
English  painter,  and  writer  on  subjects  of  natu- 
ral philosophy  ;  he  died  in  1788. 

WII,SON,  John,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
New  England,  and  first  minister  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts  ;  he  died  in  1067. 

WILSON,  Matthew,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished 
Presbyterian  clergyman,  of  the  state  of  Dela- 
ware; he  died  in  1790. 

WILSON,  Alexander,  a  distinguished  natu- 
ralist, author  of  "  American  Ornithology,"  in 


403 


_       Wl 

NVILSON,  LI..  L).,  an  einiiitiit  lawyer,  of 
Pt'iinsylvaiiia,  was  a  piicMiber  of  congress  from 
lliiit  si.ito,  ami  one  of  the  sinners  of  tlie  tlccla- 
iHtionoi'  riiUepeiidence.  He;  was  aflervvarils 
a  judge  of  the  supreme  courl  of  tliu  I'liueJ 
.Sui Ci,  and  professor  of  law  in  the  university 
«f  Peiinsylvania.     He  died  in  1798. 

VV[.'\IPINA,  Conrad,  proft;.'sor  of  divinity  at 
Franld'ort.  He  wrote  in  d^li'icc  of  tlif;  papal 
pT.ver,  asiainst  Luther,  and  died  in  1531. 

WfNCKELSK.'^,  Anne,  countess  of,  autlior 
of  some  poems,  which  are  written  in  an  elegant 
ma.incr  ;  she  died  in  17-20. 

WKVCHESTER,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  author  of 
a  tract  on  tlie  17th  article  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land ;  he  died  in  1780. 

WINCHESTER,  RIkanah,  an  American  di- 
vine, of  the  18ih  century,  author  of  a  work  in 
dti'enee  of  the  doctrine  of  universal  salvation. 

WINCKELMANN,  John,  a  German  polemic 
writer,  died  in  1623. 

WIN'CKELMANN,  Abbe  John,  an  eminent 
German  writer  nn  subjects  of  taste  and  art,  was 
aiisassinatod  in  17G3. 

WiNDH  AM,  Joseph,  an  eminent  English  an- 
Ijiljuarian.  dii'd  in  1810. 

VVLNDHAM,  William,  a  celebrated  English 
orator  and  statesman,  was  secretary  at  war, 
and  afterwards  secretary  of  state  for  the  vi'ar 
department,  in  the  British  cabinet,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  parliament ;  he  died  in  1810. 

WINDER,  William  H  ,  a  lawyer,  of  Jlaiy 
land;  and  during  the  second  war  witli  Great 
Britain,  a  brigadier  general  in  the  army  of  the 
United  States;  he  died  in  1824' 

WIN'DEIl,  Levin,  a  soldier  of  the  revolution, 
,ind  .subsequently  governor  of  the  state  of  Mary 
land  ;  he  died  in  1819. 

WING,  Vincent, a  famous  astronomer  and  as- 
trologer, who  published  "  The  Celestial  Har- 
ni  i!iv  of  the  Visible  World,"  and  other  works ; 
ho  died  in  1608. 

WING  ATE,  Edmund,  an  English  writer  on 
aiithnictio  and  the  mathematics;  he  died  in 

um. 

VVI.\GFIELD,  Edmund  Maria,  a  governor 
of  the  Colony  of  Virginia,  soon  after  its  settle- 
nii  nt ;  he  returned  to  England  in  1608. 

VV'INSCHOMB,  John,  commonly  called  Jack 
of  Nmvbnrv,  an  English  clothier,  in  the  time 
of  Henry  VIH.,  famed  for  his  opulence  and  loy- 
alA-. 

WTNSP.MTUS,  Peter,  historiographer  to  the 
states  of  Holland,  and  professor  of  idstory  and 
eliiiuionce  at  Kraueker ;  he  died  in  16-14. 

WiNSI.OV*',  James  Benignus,  an  eminent 
Daiish  anatomist.  He  wrote  several  anatomi- 
cal and  other  works,  and  died  in  1760. 

^V^XSI,OW,  Edward,  one  of  the  pilgrims 
who  l.-indf'd  on  Plymont!)  rock,  in  1620.  He  w:i# 
a:"ter\va'ds  governor  of  the  colony  of  Plymoutli, 
and  particuiarlv  instrumental  in  its  preserva- 
tion, ;iis  tnai'iiage  was  the  firs?  that  was  cele- 
bi:!'"d  in  New  Enyland.    He  died  in  l;o5 

WrXSLOVV,  Josiah.  a  son  of  the  precedinc, 
'.v.'K  also  ffovernor  of  the  colony  of  Plyrnouth, 
nnd  was  distinsuished  for  his  talents,  enenty, 
and   '-rf'i'.n'ss  in  the  colony;  he  di'd  in  1680. 

WINSLOW.  John,  a  descendant  of  the  pre- 
cediniT,  had  a  high  military  reputation  in  the 
■  olrinies.  and  was  a  major-freneral  in  the  British 
c.i'o-ial  service.     He  ilied  in  1774. 

^V^^•ST\NLRY.  William,  an  Englieh  bio- 
^raotiPi-,  was  originallv  a  barber,  and  lived  in 
Ihf  riv'o'.s  of  Charles  H.  and  .I.-imes  H. 

WINST:)\,  Thomas,  an  Englisb  physician, 
404 


WI i__ 

and  professor  at  Gresham  college ;  he  died  in 

WINTER,  George  Simon,  a  German  writer 
on  the  veterinary  art,  in  the  17ih  century. 

WINTIIROP,  John,  emigrated  from  Great 
Britain,  with  llie  lirst  colonists  of  Massacliu- 
Isetts,  and  w;h  chosen  the  first  governor  of  that 
colony  He  was  a  man  of  strong  mind,  strict 
integrity  and  prudence,  and  of  great  wealth, 
and  was  devoted  to  the  prosperity  and  service 
of  the  infant  settlement.     He  died  in  1649. 

WINTHllOP.  John,  F.  R.  S.,  a  son  ef  the 
preceding,  and  governor  of  the  colony  of  Con- 
necticut, died  in  1676.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
learning  and  talents,  and  an  independent  and 
upright  macistrate. 

WI.\THROP,  Fitz  John,  F.  R.  S.,son  of  the 
preceding,  and  distinguished,  like  his  father,  for 
his  learning  and  piety  He  was  governor  of  the 
colony  of  Connecticut,  and  died  in  1707. 

WINTIIROP,  John,  F.  R.  S.,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, distinguished  in  Connecticut  for  his  ta- 
ents  and  acqiirenients.  He  went  to  England, 
and  died  there  in  1747. 

WINTIIROP,  John,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  profes- 
sor of  mathematics  and  tiatural  philosophy  in 
Harvard  collesre ;  he  died  in  1779. 

WINTHROP,  James,  LL.  D  .  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, distinguished  for  his  devotion  to  literary 
nursnits.  He  was  librarian  of  Harvard  college, 
and  dif^d  in  1821. 

WINTLE,  Thomas,  a  learned  Rngliyh  di- 
vine, and  theological  writer;  he  died  in.jS14. 
His  writings  were  numerous. 

WINTOWN.  or  WYNTOWN,  Andrew, 
canon  of  St.  .'Indrew's,  and  author  of  a  curious 
chronicle  of  Scotland  :  hedied  about  1400. 

Wl.\'Ta INGHAM,  sir  Clifton,  baronet,  an 
eminent  Enixlisli  physician  and  medical  writer; 
he  died  in  17',)4. 

WIN  WOOD,  sir  Ralph,  secretary  of  state  In 
the  reign  of  James  L,and  an  author;  hedied 
in  1617: 

WIRLEY,  Williani,  Rouge  croi.\  pursuivant, 
an  English  antiipiaiy  and  heraldic  writer,  died 
in  1618. 

WIRSL'NGITS,   John   George,  professor  of 
anatomy  at  Padua,  where,  in  1642,   lie  disco-  , 
vered  and  ex|)!aiiicd  the  pancreatic  duct. 

WISCH.\UT,  William*,  n.  D.,  a  Scotch  di- 
vine, wtis  principal  of  Editiburgh  university,  iii 
1716.  His  "  Theologia"  i.srecarded  asavaluabls 
system  of  divinity.     He  died  in  1727. 

WISC'HEAUT,  an  enlightened  and  benevo- 
lent prelate,  of  Scotland  ;  he  becuine  bishop  of 
Hdiidiurgh,  and  died  there  in  166U. 

WISCHF.R,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  engraver,  in 
the  17tll  century.  His  brother  John,  and  his 
relations  Lambert  and  Nicholas,  weio  also  emi- 
nent artists. 

WISE,  Francis,  an  eminent  English  divine 
and  antiquary,  died  in  17li7. 

WIS!^.  Joiin,  an  .Ami-rican  cleriyman,  who 
ettled  at  Ipswich.  Mass  ,  died  in  172.5. 

WISSIXG.  William,  an  excellent  Dutch  por- 
trait pai'ter.  died  in  1fiH7. 

WlS,=;ow,-\THJS,  Andrew,  graiidson  of 
Faiislus  Socinus,  and  head  of  the  the  Sncinians 
in  Poland,  died  in  Holland,  in  16CS. 

WISTRR,  Caspar,  M  D.,  an  eminent  Ame- 
rican physician,  was  professor  of  chymistry 
and  physiology,  and  afterwards  of  anatomy  and 
sursery,  in  the  college  at  Philadelphia.  He 
wrote  a  "  Pvstem  of  Anatomy,"  and  other 
works  and  died  in  '818. 

WITAfeJSE,  Ciiarles,  a  French  ecclesiasiiP, 


wo 

and  proli'ssoi  ofUK.M'iowyai  I'aiis,  and  author  oi 
Bt\u;al  works;  lie  died  ni  171(5. 

WI'J'HEUS,  George,  a  pastoral  poot,  and  a 
pariisaii  ol  (  roinwfll  ;  l)e  difd  in  1G67. 

\VITIU;RI!\G,  Dr.  VVillian],  an  einineni 
plivsiLJan  and  botanist,  died  in  1799. 

VVITIiERSPOON,  John,  D.  D.,  L.L.  D.,  was 
a  native  of  Scolland,  and  a  very  ditaincnisliHil 
clcr<.'ytiian  of  that  country.  He  acct;()'id  tlie: 
presidei.cy  of  Princeton  college,  and  came  to 
America,  in  HGS.  Here  lie  entered  y.ealously 
into  llie  views  and  interests  of  the  colonists. 
was  sent  as  a  dele^raie  to  congress  in  1776,  anil 
signed  the  declaration  of  Independence.  Whi'ii 
a  desiee  of  public  traiiqiiillily  was  restored,  lie 
resumed  the  station  of  presitient  of  the  cnllc<;i', 
the  exercises  of  wliicli  had  heen  inlerrupteil  by 
the  war,  and  retained  the  oifice  until  his  dealii 
in  1794. 

VVITSIIIS,  Herman,  a  very  learned  and  emi- 
nent Dutch  divine;  he  died  in  17U3,  liaving 
published  several  important  works. 

WITT,  John  de.    See  DE  WITT. 

WITT,  Emanuel  de,  an  eminent  Flemish 
painter  of  architecture ;  he  died  In  l(j0'2. 

WITTICIIIUS,  Christopher,  a  native  of  Si- 
lesia, professor  of  mathematics  and  theology 
at  different  periods,  in  four  universities.  He 
died  at  Levdeii,  in  1687. 

WODHULL,  Michael,  an  English  writer  ol 
poems,  died  in  1816. 

WOFFINGTON,  Margaret,  an  eminent  Irish 
actress  celebrated  for  beauty  of  counienance, 
and  elegance  of  form,  as  well  as  good  sense  and 
general  merit  in  her  profession  ;  she  died  in  1760. 

WOIDF,,  Dr.  Charles  Godfrey,  a  native  of 
Poland,  one  of  the  librarians  of  the  British 
tnuseum.  a  most  learned  grammarian  and  lexi 
co^'raplierof  the  Egyptian  language,  and  editor 
uf  t  e  famous  Alexandrian  New  Testament. 
He  was  chaplain  of  the  Dutch  chapel  in  Savoy, 
and  died  in  1790. 

W' OLCOT,  John,  M.  D  ,  of  Devons,  in  Eng., 
a  very  eminent  and  ingenious  satirist,  who  pub 
lished  his  works  under  the  name  of  Peter  Pin 
dar.     He  died  in  1819. 

WOLCOTT,  Roger,  chief  judge  of  the  supe 
rior  court,  and  governor  of  the  colony  of  Con 
necticut ;  he  died  in  1767. 

WOLCOTT,  Erastus,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  brigadier-general  in  the  American  revolu 
tioiiary  army,  and  a  judge  of  the  superior  court 
of  Connecticut ;  he  died  in  1793. 

WOLCOTT,  Oliver,  LL.  D.,  a  son  of  Roger, 
wa^:  a  distinguished  patriot  of  the  revolution,  a 
niembi  r  of  congress  in  1776,  ai<d  a  sigJier  of  tlip 
derlaration  of  Independence,  and  afterwards 
lieu^euantgovprnor  and  governor  of  Connecti- 
CU'  ;   he  died  in  1797. 

WOLFF,,  James,  a  renowned  Englisli  officer. 
Who  was  slain  at  the  conquest  of  ftnebec,  in 
17.')9,  a^ed  34.  At  the  decisive  moment  which 
assured  victory  to  his  troops.  Koiiscd  Iro.n 
fainting  in  the  last  agonies,  by  the  sound  of 
"They  run!"  he  eagerly  asked  who  ran?  and 
teing  told,  the  French,  and  that  they  were 
defeated,  he  said,  "  Then  I  thank  God  1  die 
contented  ''  and  almost  instantly  expired. 

WOIiFF,  C^hristian,  an  eminentGerman  law- 
yer, philosopher,  and  political  writer ;  he  died 
in  17.54 

WOT,FF,  Jerome,  a  native  of  the  Grisons, 
principal  of  the  coMece  of  Augsburgh,  and  an 
author  :  he  died  in  1581. 

W'OLLASTON.  William,  an  English  gen- 
tleman, distinguished  as  a  writer,  by  a  treatise 


WO 

eniiiltil  '-'J'lie  Veligion  of  Nauire  deliiu  aied;' 
one  of  the  best  wriiion  books  iu  the  English 
laiiffuace.     He  died  in  1724. 

WOLLKHKTS,  John,  a  divine  of  Basil,  au- 
ihor  of  '•  Compendiiini  Thtoiogi»,"  a  work  of 
merit  ;  he  died  in  lliM. 

WOIiMAR,  Melchior,  a  native  of  Switzer- 
land, celebrated  as  ilie  teacher  of  Calvin  and 
Keza,  in  the  Greek  language;  he  died  in  1561. 

WOI.SEl,EY,  Robert,  an  English  author, 
was  a  supporter  of  Cromwell,  and  an  envoy  to 
Brussels,  and  died  in  1693. 

WOLSEY,  Thomas,  prime  minister  of  Henry 
VIII.  who,  from  being  the  son  of  a  butcher  at 
Ipswich,  rose  n  be  archbishop  of  York,  chan- 
cellor of  England,  cardinal  of  St.  Cicily,  and 
lesrate,  a  latere.     He  died  in  1530. 
WOLSTONECRAFT.     See  GODWIN. 
WOLTERS,   Henrietta,  a  lady  of  Anister-   ■ 
dam,  emiueut  as  a  miniature  painter  ;  she  died 
in  1741. 

WOLZOGEN,  Lewis  de,  a  divine  of  Am- 
sterdam, and  a  zealous  partizan  of  the  Socini- 
ans ;  he  died  in  1690. 

WOMACK,  Lawrence,  D.  D.,  bishop  of  St. 
Davids.  I!e  wrote  various  tracts  against  the 
Calvinists,  and  died  in  IS^'S. 

WOOD,  Isaac,  an  English  painter  in  oil,  and 
black  lead  on  vclluni  ;  he  died  in  17,52. 

WOOD,  .Tames,  professor  of  divinity,  and 
provost  of  the  college  at  St.  Andrews  ;  he  wrote 
acainst  the  independents,  and  died  in  1664. 

WOOD,  Anthony,  an  eminent  English  anti- 
quary, and  biographer;  he  died  in  1695,  Icav 
ingsome  valuable  works. 

WOOD,  Robert,  under  secretary  of  state  and 
an  author,  died  in  1771. 

WOOD,  James,  an  officer  of  the  American 
army,  during  the  revolution,  and  afterwards 
covernor  of  the  state  of  Virginia  ;  he  died  in 
1813. 

WOODALL,  John,  an  eminent  English  sur- 
geon and  writer  ;  he  died  in  1638. 

WOODBRIDGE,  Benjamin,  D.  D.,  a  native 
of  England,  and  a  distinguished  clergj-inan  in 
that  country,  was  the  first  graduate  at  Harvard 
college,  Mass.  After  leaving  college,  he  returu- 
ed  to  Knnland,  and  died  there  in  1684. 

WOODCOCK,  Elizabeth,  a  poor  inhabitant 
of  Impington,  near  Cambridge,  remarkable  for 
having  existed  eight  days  and  niehts  without 
food,  and  buried  in  snow,  in  February,  1799. 
She  died  in  Julv,  aeed  42. 

WOODCOCK,  Robert,  an  eminent  English 
musician,  and  composer  of  niusir,  who  excelled 
also  as  a  painter  of  sea  nieces,  died  in  1728. 

WOODFORD,  Samuel,  an  English  divine, 
and  a  writer  of  sacred  poetrv,  died  in  1700. 

WOODTIEAD,  Abraham,"  an  Enelish  divine 
who  was  converted  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
faith,  and  wrote  several  pamphlets  in  favour  of 
the  tenets  he  had  adopted  ;  he  died  in  1678. 

W^OOnilOIJSE,  James,  a  professor  of  chyin- 
istrv,  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  died 
in  1809. 

WOODVILLE,  Elizabeth,  widowof  sir  John 
Grey,  captivated  the  heart  of  Edward  IV.,  who 
married  her.  She  died  in  a  monastery,  where 
she  was  confined  bv  her  son-in-law,  Henry  VII. 
WOODVILLE,  William,  an  eminent  En- 
glish physician,  and  medical  writer,  died  in  1805. 
WOODWARD,  Bei.aleel,  professor  of  math- 
ematics and  natural  philosophy,  in  Dartmouth 
collesre.  died  in  1804. 

WOODWARD,   .Tohn,  an    Enclish  natural 
iphilosophcr  and  physician,  died  in  172«. 
405 


WR 

VVOODWAKD,  Henry,  a  very  celebrated] 
English  comedian,  was  Lorn  in  London,  in 
1717,  and  died  in  1777.  He  was  the  auiliorof 
a  taice,  called  "  Maiplotin  Lisbon,"  and  lhe| 
"  Man's  the  Master,"  a  comedy. 

WOOLLETT,  VVilliara,  a  most  eminent  En- 
glish historical  and  landscape  engraver,  de 
scrvciily  esletmed  the  first  in  his  prolession  ; 
he  died  in  1785 

WOOLSTO.V,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
author  of  several  works  tilled  with  heterodox 
sentiments  and  absurdities.  He  died  in  prison, 
in  17S.3,  where  he  had  been  sentenced  tor  pub- 
lishing a  blasphemous  work. 

VVOOS'l'ER,  David,  a  major-general  in  the 
American  revolutionary  army,  was  killed  by  the 
British  troops  in  an  invasion  of  Connecticut,  in 
1777. 

WOOTON,  John,  a  famous  English  painter 
of  landscapes,  horses,  and  dogs,  tor  the  latter 
of  which  he  was  often  paid  40  guineas.  He 
died  in  1765. 

WORCESTER,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  an  American 
clergyman,  settled  in  Massachusetts,  particular 
ly  distinguished  for  his  zeal  and  activity  in  pro- 
moting the  cause  of  missions.    He  died  in  18i;i 

WORLIDGE,  Thomas,  an  engraver  and  por- 
trait painter,  who  died  in  17G6. 

WORMIUS,  Olaus,  a  learned  physician  and 
medical  writer,  of  Denmark,  died  in  1G:J4. 

AVOKMIUS,  William,  son  of  the  preceding,! 
was  a  professor  of  medicine,  historiographer  to^ 
the  king,  counsellor  of  slate,  &c. :  he  died  ini 
172-t.  I 

WORSDALE,  .lames,  an  English  painter  and] 
dramatic  writer,  died  in  1707. 

WORSLEY,  sir  Richard,   a  native  of  the] 
Isle  of  Wight.    He  purchased,  in  various  parts 
of  Europe,  a  fine  collection  of  statues,  and  other 
antiques,  of  which  he  published  a  description 
lie  died  in  1805. 

\VORTHIi\GTO\,  .lohn,LL.  D.,  an  eminent 
'awver,  of  Massachusetts,  died  in  1800,  aged  81. 

WORTHIXGTON,  William,  an  Englfsh  d 
vine  and  theological  writer ;  he  died  in  1778, 
aged  75. 

WORTHINGTON,  John,  D.  D.,  an  English 
divine  and  theological  writer  ;  he  died  in  1671. 

WOT'i'ON,  Edvvtird,  an  eminent  physician, 
of  London,  died  in  1555. 

WOTTOX,  sir  Henry,  an  eminent  English 
statesman  and  poet ;  he  died  in  1639,  leaving 
many  writings. 

VVOTTON,  Wiiliatn,  an  English  divine,  cri- 
tic, historian,  and  miscellaneouswriter,  of  great 
learnins;  he  died  in  1720. 

WOTV',  William,  a  very  ingenious  English 
poet ;  he  died  in  1791. 

WOUTERS,   Francis,  a  Dutch  landscape 
painter,  whose  pieces  were  greatly  admired 
he  died  in  1659. 

WO(JVERMAN.S,  Philip,  an  excellent  Dutcl 
landscape  painter;  he  died  in  1688,  agc-d  68. 

WOWER,  John,  of  Hamburgh,  distinguish 
ed  as  a  politician,  and  as  a  man  of  literature  ; 
he  died  in  1G13. 

WR-^GG,  William,  an  eminent  lawyer,  of 
South  Carolina,  who  left  the  country  at  the 
commencement  of  the  revolution,  and  perished 
on  his  voyage  to  Ensland,  in  1777. 

WR  ANGEL,  CharlessGustavus,  marshal  and 
constable  of  S<veden,  and  highly  distinguished 
Vor  his  valour  ;  he  died  about  1676. 

WRAV,  Daniel,  a  learned  English  antiqua- 
ry,  died  in  1783. 

WREN,  Matthew,  an  Englieh  prelate,  was 
406 


WY 

bishop  of  Hereford,  and  author  of  some  con- 
troversial tracts  ;  he  died  in  1067. 

WREN,  Mattliew,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
secretary  to  James,  duke  of  York  and  an  au- 
thor ;  he  died  in  1672. 

WREN,  sir  Christopher,  a  most  illustrious 
English  archiieci  and  niathr  inatician,  died  lu 
1723,  aged  91.  Under  his  direction,  and  from 
his  designs,  were  lebuilt  the  cathedral  of  iit. 
Paul,  the  parochial  churches,  and  other  public 
buildings,  v.liich  htid  been  destroyed  by  the  con- 
flagration o(  the  city  of  London.' 

WRIGHT,  Nathan,  a  learned  English  law- 
yer, who  became  lord  keeper  of  the  great  seal, 
and  died  in  1721. 

WRIGHT,  Samuel  an  eloquent  dissenting 
minister,  who  sealed  in  London  ;  he  wrote  some 
sermons,  tc.  ,and  died  in  1746. 

WRIGHT,  sir  James,  chief  justice  and  go- 
vernor of  the  colony  ofGeorgia,  atthc  beginning 
of  the  revolution  ;  he  was  the  last  royal  governor 
of  that  colony. 

WRIGHT,  Joseph,  a  very  distinguished  En- 
glish painter,  who  died  in  1797.  He  was  particu- 
larly famous  for  producing  extraordinary  effects 
of  liL'ht 

WRIGHT,  Edward,  a  mathematician,  of 
Cambridge,  who  wrote  various  works  on  Navi- 
gation ;  lie  died  .ibout  1620. 

WRIGHT,  Edward,  an  English  writer,  au- 
thor of  an  account  of  Lord  Maccle^tield's  trav- 
els, in  1720. 

WRIGHT,  Abraham,  an  English  clerg.vman, 
and  thtnlngical  writer;  he  died  in  1690. 

WRIGHT,  Paul,  an  English  divine,  and  au- 
thor, who  died  in  1785. 

WURMSER,  Dagobert  Sigismund  count, 
field  marshal  in  the  service  of  Austria;  he  was 
an  oflicer  of  distinguished  valour  and  abilities, 
and  died  in  1797. . 

WY.\T,  sir  Thomas,  one  of  the  most  learn- 
ed and  accomplished  persons  of  his  time,  and 
much  in  favour  with  Henry  VHI.,  who  employ- 
ed him  on  several  embassies.  He  wrote  poetry, 
and  was  the  first  of  his  countrymen  who  versi- 
fied any  part  of  the  book  of  Psalms.  He  died 
in  1541,  aged  .S8. 

WYATT,  sir  Francis,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  Virginia,  in  1021. 

\VYATT,  James,  an  eminent  English  archi 
tcct,  for  some  time  president  of  the  Royal  aca- 
demy, died  in  I8I3. 

WYCIIERLEY,  William,  an  eminent  En- 
glish comic  poet,  was  born  in  Shropshire,  in  1640, 
and  died  in  1715. 

WY'CKE,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Haerlem,  em- 
inent as  a  painter  of  marine  views  ;  he  died  in 
1686.  His  son  John  excelled  in  painting  battles 
and  horses  ;  he  died  in  London,  in  1700. 

WYKEHA:\I,  William  of,  was  bishop  of 
Winchester  in  the  reigns  of  Edward  III..  Rich- 
ard H.,  and  Henry  IV.,  and  secretary  of  state 
to  the  first  of  these  monarchs.  He  was  like- 
wise an  eminent  architect,  founder  of  St.  Mary 
of  Winchester's  college  at  Oxford,  and  of  a  no- 
ble scliool  at  Winchester,  and  died  in  1404. 

WYLLYS.  George,  a  native  of  England, 
came  to  Connecticut  in  1633,  was  elected  a  ma 
gist  rate,  and  afterwards  governor  of  the  colony ; 
he  died  in  1644. 

WYLLYS,  Samuel,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  magistrate  in  the  colony  of  Counecticutj 
and  a  useful  and  pious  man  ;  he  died  in  1709. 

WYLLYS,  Hezekiah,  son  of  Samuel,  a  roer 
chant,  of  Hartford,  was  elected  eecretary  of 
Connecticut,  and  died  in  1734. 


XI 

WYLLYS,  George,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  also  secretary  of  the  colony  of  Connecti- 
cut, for  nearly  GO  years.     He  died  in  1790. 

WYLLYS,  Samuel,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  an  officer  of  the  American  army  during 
the  revolution,  and  afterwards  secretary  of  Con- 
necticut ;  he  died  in  \8-2X 

WYNANTZ,  John,  an  eminent  Flemish 
landscape  painter;  he  died  in  1070. 

WYNDHAM,  sir  William,  a  celebrated  En- 
glish statesman,  wa.s  chancellor  of  the  exche- 
quer, in  17i:i,  and  died  m  1740. 

WYNDHAM,  Henry  Penniddoch,  an  English 
antiquarian,  author  of  a  'Tour  through  Mon- 
mouthshire, and  Wales,"  and  other  works;  he 
died  in  1810. 

WYNT(^)WIV,  Andrew,  a  Scottish  writer  of 
the  14th  century,  who  published  a  "  Chronicle 
of  Scotland"  in  rhyme. 

WYTHE,  George,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
statesman,  of  Virginia,  and  one  of  the  most  ar- 
dent patriots  of  the  revolution.  He  was  al 
member  of  congress  in  1776,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  di:claration  of  Independence,  and 
afterwards  chancellor  of  his  native  state.  He 
died  in  1801). 

WYTMAN,  Matthew,  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter  of  landscapes,  animals,  and  conversa- 
tions ;  he  died  in  1(387. 

WYVIL,  Robert  bishop  of  Salisbury  ;  he 
presided  over  his  see  40  years,  and  died  in  1375. 

X 

XACCA,  an  Indian  philosopher,  who  flour- 
ished, it  is  said,  a  thousand  years  before  the 
♦Christian  era.  His  memory  is  held  in  great 
veneration  in  China. 

XACC.'V,  Erasmus,  a  Sicilian  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury, known  as  a  Latin  author. 

XANTIPFE,  wife  of  Socrates,  remarkable 
for  her  nioroseness  and  violence  of  temper. 

XANTIPPUS,  a  LacedEemonian  general,  who 
rendered  important  services  to  the  Carthaginians, 
by  whotn  he  was  afterwards  basely  destroyed. 

XAUPt,  Joseph,  a  French  ecclesiastic  and 
author,  who  died  in  1778. 

XA  VI ER,  Jerome,  a  Jesuit,  who  was  a  mission- 
ary in  the  East  Indies,  aud  died  at  Goa,  iti  1G17. 

XENO(  RATES,  a  celebrated  Greek  philoso- 
pher, who  died  314  B.  C. 

XENOPHANES,  a  Greek  philosopher  in  the 
age  of  Socrates. 

XENOPIION,  an  illustrious  Athenian  philo- 
sopher, soldier  and  historian ;  he  died  in  the 
10.5th  Olympiad,  leaving  behind  him  many  ex- 
cellent works. 

XENOPHON  of  Ephesus,  the  author  of  a 
romance  in  5  books ;  he  flourished  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  4th  century. 

XERXES  I.,  king  of  Persia,  memorable  for 
the  great  army  with  which  he  entered  Greece, 
amounting  to  5,283,220  souls,  e.xclnsive  of  wo- 
men, eunuchs,  and  other  attendants.  This 
multitude  was  stopped  at  Thermopylae  by  the 
valour  of  300  Spartans  under  king  Leouidas. 
He  was  murdered  in  liis  bed,  464  B.  C. 

XIMENES,  Francis,  archbishop  of  Toledo, 
eminent  as  a  statesman,  warrior,  and  patron  of 
learning ;  he  was  at  the  head  of  the  Spanish  go- 
vernment many  years,  and  died  in  1517. 

XIMENES,  Roderick,  a  native  of  Navarre, 
and  author  of  a  Spanish  history  was  archbishop 
of  Toledo,  about  1250. 

XIMENES,  Joseph  Albert,  a  Spanish  eccle- 
siastic, prior  general  of  tbe  Carmelites :  be  died 
in  1744. 


ZA 

XYJjANDEK,  William,  a  German,  translator 
of  several  Greek  authors  ;  he  died  in  1576. 

XYPHILIN,  John,  a  patriarcli  of  Constanti- 
nople, died  in  1075. 


YALDEN,  Thomas,  an  English  divine  and 
{poet,  died  in  1736. 

I  YALE,  Eiihu,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  who 
jaccunmlaied  a  large  fortune,  in  the  East  Indies, 
I  went  to  England,  and  became  governor  of  the 
I  East  India  company.  He  was  a  liberal  bene- 
! factor  of  the  college  in  New  Haven,  that  bears 
his  name,  and  died  in  I7'21. 

YART,  Anthony,  a  French  divine  and  a  poet; 
born  in  17U9. 

YATES,  Robert,  chief-justice  of  the  state  of 
New  York,  died  in  1801. 

YEAMANS,  sir  John,  governor  of  the  colony 
of  South  Carolina;  was  removed  from  office, 
but  residi'd  in  the  colony  until  his  death. 

YEARULY,  sir  George,  a  prudent,  humane, 
and  faithful  governor  of  the  colony  of  Virginia; 
he  died  in  1626. 

YEARSLEY,  Anne,  well  known  in  the 
poetic  world  as  a  sf  If-inslructed  votary  of  the 
Muses,  and  as  the  Milkwoman  of  Bristol  ;  she 
died  in  1806,  leaving  many  poems. 

YORKE,  Philip,  earl  of  Hardwicke,  lord  high- 
chancellor  of  England,  and  one  of  the  ablest 
and  most  upright  lawyers  of  the  age  ;  he  died 
in  1764,  aged  74. 

YORKE,  Charles,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
made  lord  high  cliancellor  in  the  room  of  lord 
Camden,  and  died  suddenly,  three  days  after, 
in  1770.  He  was  an  elegant  and  profound  scholar. 

YOUNG,  Edward,  an  English  poet  and  divine, 
died  in  1765.  He  wrote  "Night  Thoughts," 
and  other  works. 

YOUNG,  sir  William,  a  member  of  the  Eng- 
lish parliament,  and  of  the  royal  academy,  aud 
governor  of  the  Island  of  Tobago  ;  he  died  in 
1814.  He  wrote  a  "History  of  Athens,"  the 
"  Rights  of  Englishmen,"  and  several  other 
works. 

YOUNG,  Arthur,  son  of  the  preceding,  waa 
a  disiinguished  agriculturalist,  and  author  of  the 
"Farmers'  Calender,"  the  "  Annals  of  Agri- 
culture," &c. ;  he  died  in  1820. 

YOUNG,  Patrick,  a  Scotchman,  eminent  as  a 
Greek  scholar ;  he  died  in  1652. 

YOUNG,  Robert,  an  eminent  printer,  of  Edin- 
burgh, died  in  1655. 

YRIARTE,  Don  John  d',  a  very  learned 
Spanish  author  and  librarian  to  the  king ;  he 
dird  ill  1771. 

YSE,  Alexander  de,  a  protestant  professor  of 
theology,  in  Daupliine,  and  a  tlieological  writer ; 
he  lived  in  the  time  of  Louis  X!V. 

YVON,  Peter,  a  native  of  France,  celebrated 
as  a  preacher  among  the  Labadists,  and  a  wri- 
ter on  mystical  subjects. 


ZABARELLA,  Francis,  better  known  as 
cardinal  de  Florence,  was  greatly  respected  for 
his  learning  and  virtues,  and  died  in  1417. 

Z.\BARELLA,  Bartholomew,  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  was  professor  of  law  at  Padua,  aud 
afterwards  archbishop  of  Florence  ;  he  died  in 
1442. 

ZARABELLA,  James,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  professor  of  philosophy  at  Padua,  and  pub- 
lished Commentaries  on  Aristotle's  works  he 
died  in  1589. 

407 


ZE 

ZACAGNI,  Lawrence  Alexander,  a  native 
of  Ruiiie,  vvlio  devoted  liiniselt'  to  literature  ; 
be  died  about  1720. 

ZACHIAS,  Paul,  a  native  of  Rome,  and  pliy- 
sician  to  pope  Innocent  X.;  lie  publisiied  some 
medical  worlts,  and  died  in  1059. 

ZACUTUS,  or  LUSITANUS,  an  eminent 
Jewish  physician  and  medical  writer,  born  at 
Li?bon ;  he  died  in  lijll,  aL'ed  (J6. 

ZALEUCUd,  a  legislator  of  Locris,  in  Italy, 
500  B.  C. 

ZALUSKI,  Andrew  Chrysostom,  was  bishop 
of  Warmia,  and  grand  chancellor  of  Poland ; 
he  died  in  1711. 

ZAMOSKI,  John,  an  illustrious  statesman 
and  general,  of  Poland,  and  chancellor  of  that 
kingdom.  On  the  death  of  Battori,  in  1580,  he 
declined  an  oli'er  of  the  crown,  and  died  In 
1605. 

Z.AMPINI,  Matthew,  known  for  his  writings 
in  the  cause  of  the  league,  in  1581. 

ZANCHIUS,  Basil,  an  ecclesiastic,  of  Berga 
mo,  who  wrote  Latin  poems,  and  died  in  1560. 

ZANCHIUS,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Alzaiio 
was  professor  of  theology  at  Heidelber;.',  and  a 
learned,  benevolent,  and  pious  man :  he  died 
in  1590. 

ZANNICHELLI,  John  Jerome,  a  distin- 
guished physi'.ian  and  botanical  writer,  of 
Venice  ;  he  died  in  1729. 

ZANNONI,  James,  a  pliysician,  of  Bologna, 
celebrated  also  as  a  botanist ;  he  died  about 
1682. 

ZANOTTI,  John  Peter,  an  eminent  painter, 
of  Paris. 

ZA\OTTI,  Francis  Maria  Garazzoni,  profes- 
sor of  mathematics  at  Bolni^na,  and  secretary  to 
the  senate.  He  published  some  poetical  and 
philosophical  works,  and  died  in  1777. 

ZANZ4LUS,  James,  an  obscure  monk  in 
the  6fh  century,  who  became  founder  of  the 
sect  of  the  Jacobites.  They  hold  the  perfection 
of  the  Gospel  to  be  the  strict  observance  of  fasts. 

ZAPOLSKI,  John  de,  vaivode  of  Transyl- 
vania, was  elected  king  of  Huugaria,  in  15-2G, 
and  died  in  1540. 

ZAPPI,  John  Baptist  Felix,  a  Roman  law)'er 
and  poet ;  he  died  in  1719. 

ZARATE,  Aiigustin  de,  a  Spaniard,  sent  to 
Peru,  in  154'i,  as  treasurer-general.  He  pub- 
lished a  "History  of  the  Discovery  and  Con- 
quest of  Peru,"  a  work  of  merit. 

ZARLINO,  Joseph,  a  Venetian,  who  wrote 
with  great  skill  and  judgment  on  music;  lie 
died  in  1599. 

ZATCH  LEEVEN,  Herman,  a  native  of 
Rotterdam,  was  an  eminent  painter  of  land- 
scapes :  he  died  in  1685. 

ZAZIUS,  Hulric,  of  Constance,  known  for 
his  abilities  as  professor  of  law.  He  died  in 
1539. 

ZACHARFAH,  one  of  the  minor  prophets, 
who  prophesied  in  the  reign  of  Darius  Hystas- 
pf  s,  in  so  plain  a  manner  of  the  Messiah,  that 
ills  language  appears  more  like  that  of  a  histo- 
rian, than  of  a  prophet. 

ZF.GRDIX,  Stephen,  of  Hungary,  was  one  of 
the  first  di=cip|ps  of  Luther,  and  wrote  several 
th<-()lnnical  works;  he  died  in  1572. 

ZBILLER,  Martin,  a  German  author,  who 
died  in  1661. 

ZELL,  Ulric,  an  eminent  painter  at  Cologne, 
abrmf  H7T. 

ZKLOTTI,  John  Baptist,  a  distinguished 
Italian  painter,  the  pupil  of  Titian  ;  he  died  in 
1532. 

408 


ZO 

ZENO,  a  stoic  philosopher,  born  in  Cyprus, 
was  founder  of  that  sect,  which  took  its-iaruc 
from  a  portico  called  Stoa,  whence  he  delivered 
his  harangues,  and  strangled  himsell',  204  B.  C, 
aged  98. 

ZB.\0,  the  Isaurian,  emperor  of  the  East, 
died  in  491,  detested  for  hia  cruelty  and  de- 
bauchery. 

ZENO,  Apostolo,  a  Venetian  of  illustrious 
birth,  distinguished  for  his  learning;  he  was  a 
pool,  and  historian  to  Charles  VI.,  and  died  in 
1750.  His  works  are  imnierous  and  popular. 

ZEN'OBIA,  queen  of  Palmyra,  and  by  her 
valour,  empress  of  the  East,  in  opposition  to 
three  successive  Roman  emperors.  She  was 
subdued  by  Aureliaii,  after  an  obstinate  de- 
fence, and  died  in  280. 

ZEPH.VNIAH,  one  of  the  12  minor  propheti 
in  the  reien  of  king  Josiali,  died  1)24  B.  C. 

ZERUBBABKL,  was  jierniitted  by  Cyrus  to 
rebuild  the  temple  at  Jerusalem.  He  restored 
the  plundered  vessels,  and  dedicated  the  nev 
edifice,  515  B.  C. 

ZEL'XIS,  a  very  famous  painter,  of  Herac- 
lea,  who  flourished  about  350  B.  C.  He  paint 
cd  some  grapes  so  natural,  that  the  birds  came 
and  pecked  them. 

ZIANI,  Sebastian,  doge  of  Venice,  who 
lived  in  the  12th  century,  and  is  celebrated  for  his 
nmniticence  in  adorning  his  city  with  splendid 
edifices,  and  the  works  of  art. 

ZtEGLER,  James,  professor  of  theology 
and  mathematics  at  Vienna  ;  he  died  in  1549. 

ZIEGLER,  Caspar,  professor  of  law  at  Wit 
temberg,  and  an  autlior ;  he  died  in  1690. 

ZIEGLER,  Bernard,  professor  of  theology  at 
Leipsic,  and  much  esteemed  by  Luther  and 
Melaricthon  ;  he  died  in  1556. 

ZIETTEN,  John  Joachim  Van,  a  distin 
guished  Prussian  general,  who  died  in  1786. 

ZIMMEKMANX,  Matthias,  a  German  divine 
and  tbenlorilcal  writer,  died  in  liieO. 

ZIMMERMANN,  John  George,  first  physi- 
cian to  his  Britarmic  majesty  for  Hanover,  hut 
more  eminent  as  a  philosopher ;  he  died  in  1795, 
leaving  several  valuable  writings  on  various 
subjects. 

ZIMMERMANN,  Eberhard  Aucustus  Wil 
liain  Von,  a  learned  and  distinguished  German, 
was  professor  of  natural  philosophy  in  the  col- 
lege at  Brunswick.  He  wrote  a  "  Poetical  Sur- 
vey of  the  Present  State  of  Europe  ;"  a  "  Gerv- 
eral  Survey  of  Fiance,  and  of  the  United  States 
of  America;"  and  numerous  other  works,  and 
died  ill  1815. 

ZINEK,  Christian  Frederick,  an  admirable 
enamel  painter,  of  Dresden,  who  went  to  Eng- 
land, and  was  patronised  by  the  royal  family  ; 
he  died  in  1767,  aced  83. 

ZINGHA,  queen  of  Angola,  in  Africa,  in  the 
17th  renturv. 

ZIXZEN'DORF,  Nicholas  Lewis,  count,  a 
German,  who  was  chief  of  the  sect  called  M» 
ravians  ;  he  died  in  1760. 

ZIN'ZERLTNG,  Justus,  a  learned  antiquary, 
of  Holland,  in  the  17lh  century. 

ZISCA  or  ZISKA,  John  de  Troeznou,  a 
famous  Bohemian  patriot,  who  defended  his 
country  against  the  emperor  Sigiamund,  and 
performed  prodigies  of  valour,  after  he  had  lost 
both  his  eyes.    He  died  in  1424. 

ZIZIM,  or  ZEM,  son  of  Mahomet  IL,  con- 
tended with  Bajazet  his  brother,  for  the  Otto- 
man throne,  but  being  defeated,  he  fled,  and 
died  at  Rome,  in  1497. 

ZOE,  fourth  wife  of  Leo  VI,,  vai  mother  of 


zo 

Constantine,  during  whose  minority  in  912,  she 
ablv  governed. 

ZOK,  daughter  of  Constantine  XI.,  a  cruel 
and  debauclied  princess  ;  she  died  in  1050. 

ZOILUS,  a  Greek  rhetorician  and  critic, 
flourished  about  270  B.  C. 

ZOLUKOFER,  George  .Toacliim,  a  protes- 
lant  divine,  of  Switzerland,  died  in  1758.  Hisj 
devotional  exercises  and  sermons  have  beenj 
translated  into  English. 

ZONARAS,  John,  a  Greek  historian,  who 
wrote  "  Annals  from  the  Creation  of  the  World, 
down  to  the  year  1818,"  about  whicli  time  he 
died. 

ZONE.'\,  Victor,  an  Italian  mathematician 
in  the  17th  century,  who  made  valuable  im- 
provements in  mechanics. 

ZOPPO,  Mark,  a  historical  and  portrait 
painter,  of  Bologna,  who  died  in  1517. 

ZOPYUUS,  a  Persian  noble,  who  assisted 
Darius  in  the  conquest  of  Babvlon. 

ZOROASTER,  or  ZERDUSHT,  a  celebrated 
Persian  philosopher,  the  reputed  founder  of  the 
Magian  religion.  lie  predicted,  it  is  said,  the 
coming  of  the  Messiah,  in  plain  words;  and  the 
wise  men  from  the  East,  who  saw  and  foHowed 
his  star,  were  his  disciples. 

ZOSIMUS,  St.,  a  Greek,  who  became  pope 
In  417,  and  died  the  year  after. 

ZOSIMUS,  an  ancient  Greek  historian  of  the 
Boman  empire,  flourished  about  410. 

ZOUCH,  Rfchard,  a  learned  civilian,  of  Wilt- 
shire, who  published  many  esteemed  works, 
and  died  in  ICGO. 

ZOUCH,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  an  English  clergy- 
man, who  was  oflered  the  bishoprick  of  Carlisle, 
but  declined  it  on  account  of  his  age.  He  died 
in  18)r>,  leaving  numerous  works. 

ZOUST,  Gerard,  a  German,  celebrated  for  his 
accuracy  in  portrait  painting ;  tie  died  in  1G81. 


35 


ZY 

ZURLEY,  John  Joachim,  D.  D.,  un  ominenl 
clergyman  of  Georgia,  was  a  native  of  Switzer 
land,  and  came  to  America  about  17tiO.  He  died 
in  Savannah,  in  1781. 

ZUCCHEHOTadeo,  an  Italian  historical 
and  portrait  painter  ;  he  died  in  15»i6. 

ZUCCHEiiO  Frederic,  an  eminent  painter, 
and  brother  of  Taddeo ;  he  died  iu  ICO'J,  azed 
63. 

ZUINGLIUS,  Ulricus,  of  Swit7.<;rland,  an 
able  and  zealous  reformer  of  the  church  ;  lie 
was  killed  in  a  skirmish  with  his  popish  oppo- 
nents in  Id.'U. 

ZUMBO,  Gaston  John,  a  sculptor,  of  Syra- 
cuse ;  he  died  at  Paris,  in  1701. 

ZUR-LAUBEN,  Beat  de,  known  as  an  able 
negotiator  from  the  canton  of  ^ug,  at  the  court 
of  Lewis  XIII.;  he  died  in  16(j3. 

ZUSTRUS,  Lambert,  a  painter  of  merit,  the 
pupil  of  Titian. 

ZWINGER,  Theodore,  born  in  Zurgan,  in 
1534  ;  he  published  an  enormous  compilation, 
entitled  "  I.e  Theatre  de  la  Vie  Humaine,"  in 
8  folio  volumes,  and  died  In  1588. 

ZWINGER,  Theodore,  grandson  of  the  last, 
.'as  a  pastor  and  a  physician  at  Basil ;  ho  died 
in  1629.  His  son  John,  was  professor  of  Greek 
there,  and  died  in  1696. 

ZWINGER,  Theodore,  son  of  John,  was  pro- 
fessor of  medicine  and  eloquence  at  Basil,  where 
he  died  in  17'^. 

ZYLIUS,  Otho,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Utrecht,  au- 
thor of  "  Lives  of  Saints,"  &c.;  he  died  in 
1655. 

ZYP.iEUS,  or  VANDEN  ZYPE,  Francis,  a 
learned  theologian,  and  writer  on  civil  law, 
was  born  at  Malines,  in  1570,  and  died  in  1650. 
His  brother  Heniy  was  an  ecclesiastic,  and 
abbot  of  St.  Andrew,  near  Bruges  ;  he  died  iu 
1659,  leaving  several  works  of  merit. 
409 


F  f  f 


CONCISE  ACCOUNT 


THE    HEATHEN    DEITIES, 

Ar<D   OTHiR 

FABULOUS   PERSONS, 

TVITH  THE 

HEROES  AND  HEROINES  OF  ANTIQUITY. 


^N 


AN 


A  B'ARIS,  a  Scythian,  priest  of  Apollo. 
-'*-  ABEO'NA,  a  goddess  of  voyages,  &c. 
ABKETA'NUS,  a  suniame  of  Jupiter. 
A'BRON,  a  very  voluptuous  Grecian. 
ABY'LA,  a  famous  mountain  in  Africa. 
ACAN'THA,  a  nymph  beloved  by  Apollo. 
ACAS'TUS,  the  name  of  a  famous  hunter. 
ACE'TUS,  one  of  the  priests  of  Bacchus. 
ACHjE'MENES,  the  first  king  of  Persia. 
ACHATES,  a  trusty  friend  of  illneas. 
ACH'ERON,  a   son   of  Titan   and  Terra, 
changed  into  a  river  of  hell  for  assisting  the 
Titans,  in  their  war  against  Jupiter. 

ACHIL'LES,  son  of  Peleus,  king  of  Thrace, 
and  Thetis,  a  goddess  of  the  sea,  who,  being 
dipped  by  his  mother  in  the  river  Sty.x,  was  in 
vulnerable  in  every  part  except  his  right  heel,  by 
which  she  held  him ;  after  signalizing  himself 
at  the  siege  of  Troy,  for  his  valour,  as  well  as 
cruelty,  he  was  at  length  killed  by  Paris  with 
an  arrow. 

ACIDA'LIA,   and   ARMA'TA,   names   of 
Venus. 
ACIDA'LUS,  a  famous  fountain  of  Boeotia. 
A'CIS,  a  Sicilian  shepherd,  killed  by  Folyphe 
THUS,  because  be  rivalled  him  in  the  affections 
of  Galatea. 
AC'MON,  a  famous  king  of  the  Titans. 
AC'RATUS,   the   genius  of  drunkards   at 
Athens. 

AC'TiEON,  a  celebrated  hunter,  who,  acci 
dentally  discovering  Diana  bathing,  was  by  her 
turned  into  a  stag,  and  devoured  by  his  own 
hounds. 
ADME'TITS,  a  king  of  Thessaly. 
ADO'NIS,  the  incestuous  olfspring  of  Cinyras 
and  Myrrha,  remarkably  beautiful,  beloved  by 
Venus  and  Proserpine. 
ADRAS'TEA,  the  goddess  Nemesis. 
.ffi'ACUS,  one  of  the  infernal  judges. 
.^'GA,  Jupiter's  nurse,  daughter  of  Olenus. 
iEGE'US,  a  king  of  Attica,  giving  name  to 
the  JE^ean  sea  by  drowning  himself  in  it. 
./EGl'NA,  a  particular  favourite  of  Jupiter. 
AI'GIS,  a  Gorgon,  whom  Pallas  slew. 
iE'GLE,  one  of  the  three  Hesperides. 
^'GON,  a  wrestler  famous  for  strength. 
jEGYP'TUS,  fion  of  Neptune  and  Lybia. 
JP.h'hO,  one  of  the  three  Harpies. 
£NE'AS,  son  ef  Anchises  and  Venus. 
410 


JE'OIAJS,  the  god  of  the  winds. 
jEO'US,  one  of  the  four  horses  of  the  sun, 
./E.SCULA'NUS,  a  Roman  god  of  riches. 
yESCULA'PIUS,  the  god  of  physic. 
A:THAL'1DES,  a  son  of  Merciuy. 
./ETHON,  one  of  the  four  horses  of  the  sun. 
JET'NJEXJS,  a  title  of  Vulcan. 
.(ETO'LOS,  a  son  of  Endymion  and  Diana. 
AGAMEM'NON,  brother  to  Menelaus,  chosen 
captain-general  of  the  Greeks  at  the  siege  of 
Troy. 

AGANIP'PE,  daughter  of  the  river  Permes- 
sus,  which  flows  from  mount  Helicon. 
AGE'NOR,  the  first  king  of  Argos. 
AGENO'RIA,  the  goddess  of  industry. 
AGELAB'TUS   and  AGESILA'US,  names 
of  Pluto. 
AGLA'IA,  one  of  the  three  Graces. 
A'JAX,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  princes 
and  heroes  at  the  siege  of  Troy. 
ALBU'NEA,  a  famous  sybil  of  Tripoli. 
ALCI'DES,  a  title  of  Hercules. 

ALCI'NOUS,  a  king  of  Corcyra. 

ALCrONEUS,  a  giant  slain  by  Hercules. 
ALCl'OPE,  a  favourite  mistress  of  Neptune. 

ALCME'NA,  the  wife  of  Amphitryon. 

ALEC'TO,  one  of  the  three  Furies. 

ALEC'TRYON,  or  GAL'LUS,  a  favourite 
of  Mars. 

AL'IMUS,  and  ALUM'NUS,  titles  of  Jupiter. 

ALO'A,  a  festival  of  Bacchus  and  Ceres. 

ALQG'US,  a  giant  who  warred  with  Jupiter. 

AMALTH^E'A,  the  goat  that  suckled  Jupiter. 

AMBARVA'LE,  a  spring  sacrifice  to  Ceres. 

AMBRO'SIA,  the  food  of  the  Gods. 

AM'MON,  a  title  of  Jupiter. 

AMPHIARA'US,  son  of  Apollo  and  Hypenn- 
nastra,  a  very  famous  augur. 

AMPHIME'DON,  one  of  the  suitors  of  Pa 
nelope. 

AMPHI'ON,  a  famous  musician. 

AMFHITRI'TE,  the  wife  of  Neptune, 

AMYN'TOR,  a  king  of  Epirus. 

ANAC'REON,  a  lyric  poet  of  Greece. 

ANA'TIS,  the  goddess  of  prostitution. 

ANCa;'US,  a  king  of  Arcadia. 

ANDRO'GEUS,  the  son  of  Minos. 

ANDROM'ACHE,  the  wife  of  Hector, 

ANDROM'EDA,  the  daughter  of  Cepheu? 
and  Cassiope,  who,  contending  for  the  prize  of 


B/V 


CA 


beauty  with  the  Nereides,  was  by  tliem  bound 
to  a  rock,  and  exposed  lo  be  devoured  by  a  sea 
nionster;  but  Perseus  slew  the  monster,  and 
luarried  her. 

ANGE'RONA,  the  goddess  of  silence. 

AN'NA,  the  sister  of  PygraaUon  and  Dido. 

ANTCE'US,  a  giant,  son  of  Neptune  and 
Terra  ;  he  was  squeezed  to  death  by  Hercules. 

AN'TEROS,  one  of  the  names  of  Cupid. 

ANTEVEB'TA,agoddes30fwonieninlabour. 

AN'THIA,  and  ARGI'VA,  titles  of  Juno. 

AN'UBIS,  an  Egyptian  god  with  a  dog's  head. 

AON'IDE3,  a  name  of  the  Muses. 

APATU'RIA,  and  APHROOl'TIS  titles  of 
Venus. 

A'PI9,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Niobe  ,  called 
also  Serapis  and  Osiris;  he  first  taught  the 
Egyptians  to  sow  corn  and  plant  vines:  after 
his  death  they  worshipped  him  in  the  form  of 
an  o.x,  a  pvmbol  of  husbandry. 

ARACH'NE,  a  I>ydian  princess,  turned  by 
Minerva,  into  a  spider,  for  presuming  to  vie 
with  her  at  spinning. 

ARETHU'S.^,  the  daughter  of  Nereus. 

ARGENTl'NUS,  and  jESCULA'NUS,  gods 
of  wealth. 

AR'GO,  the  ship  that  conveyed  Jason  and  his 
companions  to  Colchis,  and  reported  lo  have 
been  the  first  man  of  war. 

AR'GONAUTS,  the  companions  of  Jason. 

AR'GUS,  son  of  Aristor,  said  to  have  had  a 
hundred  eyes  ;  also  an  architect,  who  built  the 
ship  Argo. 

ARIAD'NE,  daughter  of  Minoa,  who,  from 
love,  gave  Theseus  a  clue  of  thread  to  guide 
him  out  of  the  Cretan  labyrinth  :  being  after- 
wards deserted  by  him,  she  was  married  to 
Bacchus,  and  made  his  priestess. 

ARIMAS'PI,  a  warlike  people  of  Scythia. 

ARI'ON,  a  lyric  poet  of  IMethymna. 

ARIST.'E'US,  son  of  Apollo  and  Cyrene. 

ARISTOME'NES,  a  cruel  Titan. 

ARIsiTOPH'ANES,  a  comic  poet,  born  at 
f.indus,  a  town  of  Rhodes. 

AR'TEMIS,  the  Delphic  sybil ;  also  Diana. 

ASCLE'PIA,  festivals  of  jEsculapius. 

ASCO'LIA,  feasts  of  Bacchus,  celebrated  in 
Attica. 

ASTE'RIA,  daughter  of  Ceus. 

ASTRAPayUS,  and.VTABY'RUS:  Jupiter 

ASTR.E'A,  the  goddess  of  justice. 

A.STROL'OGUS,  a  lille  of  Hercules. 

ASTY'.\NAX,  the  only  son  of  Hector. 

ASTYPALCE'A,  daughter  of  Phcenix. 

A'TE,  the  goddess  of  revenge. 

ATLAN'TES,  a  savage  people  of  Ethiopia. 

AT'LAS,  a  king  of  Mauritania. 

AT'ROPOS,  one  of  the  three  Fates. 

AVER'NUS,  a  lake  on  the  borders  of  hell. 

AVERRUNC'US,  a  god  of  the  Romans. 

AUGE'AS,  a  king  of  Elis,  whose  stable  of 
3O01)  oxen  was  not  cleansed  for  30  years,  yet 
Hercules  cleansed  it  in  one  day. 

A'VISTUPER,  a  title  of  Priapus. 

AUR'EA,  a  name  of  Fortuna. 

AURO'RA,  the  goddess  of  the  morning. 

AUTO  LEON,  a  general  of  tlie  Crolonians. 

AUTUM'NUS,  the  god  of  fruits. 


B 


BACCHUS,  the  god  of  wine. 
B  AP'T.A,  the  goddess  of  shame. 
BARBA'TA,  a  title  of  Venus  and'Fortuna. 
B '.SSAREUS,  a  title  of  Bacchus. 


BAT'TUS,  a  herdsman,  turned  by  Mercury 
into  a  loadstone. 

BAU'Cld,  an  old  woman,  who,  with  lier  hus- 
band Philemon,  entertained  Jupiter  and  Mer- 
cury, travelling  over  Phrygia,  when  all  otheri 
refused. 

BELLER'OPHON,  son  of  Glaucus,  king  of 
Ephyra,  who  underwent  numberless  hardships 
lor  refusing  an  intimacy  with  SthenobiEa,  the 
wife  of  ProBtus,  king  of  Argos. 

BELLO'NA,  the  goddess  of  war. 

BERECYN'THIAMA'TER,atitlcofCybele. 

BERENI'CE,  a  Grecian  lady,  who  was  the 
only  person  of  her  sex  permitted  to  see  tlie 
Olympic  games. 

BER'GION,  a  giant,  slnin  by  Jupiter. 

BIB'LIA,  the  wife  of  Duillius,  who  first  insti- 
tuted a  triumph  for  naval  victory. 

BICEPS,  and  Bl'FRONS,  names  of  Janus. 

BISUL'TOR,  a  name  of  Mao. 

BI'THON,  a  remarkably  strong  Grecian. 

BOLI'NA,  a  nymph  rendered  immortal  for 
her  modesty  and  resistance  of  Apollo. 

BO'NA  DE'A,  a  title  of  Cvbele  and  Fortuna. 

BO'NUS  D.-E'MON,  a  title  of  Priapus. 

B0'REA3,  son  of  iEstrsus  and  Heribeia, 
generally  put  for  the  north  wind. 

BRE'VIS,  a  title  of  Fortuna. 

BRI'AREUS,  a  monstrous  giant,  son  of  Tilan 
and  Terra  :  the  poets  feign  him  to  have  had  a 
hundred  arms  and  fiftv  heads. 

BRl'MO,  and  BUBAS'TIS,  names  of  Hecate. 

BRISE'I3,  daughter  of  Brises,  priest  of  Ju- 
piter, given  to  Achilles  upon  the  taking  of  Lyr- 
nessus,  a  city  of  Troas,  by  the  Greeks. 

BRQN'TKS,  a  maker  of  Jupiter's  thunder. 

BRO'THEUS,  a  son  of  Vulcan,  who  threw 
himself  into  mount  ^tna,  on  account  of  his 
deformity. 

BRIJMA'LIA,  feasts  of  Bacchus. 

BUBO'NA,  the  goddess  of  oxen. 

BUSI'RIS,  a  son  of  Neptune,  and  a  most  cnrel 
tyrant ;  he  was  slain  by  Hercules. 

BYB'LIS,  the  daughter  of  JNliletus. 


CABAR'NI,  priests  of  Ceres. 

CABPRF,  priests  of  Cybele. 

CA'BRIJS,  a  god  of  the  PliaselitE. 

CA'CUS,  a  son  of  Vulcan. 

CAD'MtJS,  son  of  AgeiKir  and  Tclepbessa 
who,  searching  in  vain  for  his  sister,  built  the 
city  of  Thebes,  and  invented  16  letters  of  the 
Greek  alphabet. 

CADU'CEUS,  Mercury's  golden  rod  or  wand. 

C.E'CA,  and  CONSERVATRIX,  titles  of 
Fortuna. 

CiECUIiTIS,  a  robber,  son  of  Vulcan. 

C^E'NEUS,  a  title  of  Jupiter. 

CAI/Cn.'\3,  a  famous  Greek  soothsayer. 

CALld'TO,  the  daughter  of  Lyraon. 

O.'M.LrOPB,  the  muse  of  heroic  poetry. 

CALYP'SO,  daughter  of  Oceanus  and  Thetis, 
who  reigned  in  the  island  of  Ogygia,  where  she 
entertained  and  became  enamoured  of  Ulyssca, 
on  his  return  from  Troy. 

CAM'BLES,  a  gluttonous  king  of  I,ydia. 

CAMBY'3ES,  tfie  son  of  Cyrus,  and  king  of 
the  Medcs  and  Persians. 

CAMCE'NA,  and  CARN.A,  goddess  of  infants. 

CA'NES,  a  title  of  t.ie  Furies. 

CANO'PIJS,  an  Egyptian  god. 

CAR'DU,\,  a  household  goddess. 

CARMEN'TA,  a  name  of  Themis. 

C'.AR'N.A,  a  Roman  goddess 

4.11 


cy 


CARYA'TIS,  a  title  of  Diana. 
CAS'PJl,  a  people  of  Hyrcaiiia,  wlio  were 
said  to  starve  their  parents  to  death  when  70 
years  old,  and  to  train  up  dugs  for  war. 

CASriANDKA,  aduiighter  of  Priam  and  He- 
cuba, endowed  with  the  gift  of  prophecy  by 
Apollo. 

C.^STAL'IDES,  the  Muses,  from  the  fountain 
Castalius,  at  the  foot  of  Parnassus. 
CA'TIUS,  a  tutelar  god  to  grown  persons. 
CAS'TOR,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Leda,  between 
whom  and  his  brother  Pollui  immortality  was 
a'ternatelv  shared. 
CE'CROPS,  the  first  kin?  of  Athens. 
CKLCE'NO,  one  of  the  three  Harpies. 
CEN'TArRS,  children  of  Ixion,  half  men, 
half  horses,  inhabiting  Thessaly. 

CEPH'ALUl?,  the  son  of  Mercury  and  Ilersa. 
CE'PHEUS,  a  prince  of  Arcadia  and  Etiiiopia. 
CERAU'NirS,  a  thieof  Jupiter. 
CER'BERUS,  a  dog  with  three  heads_  and 
necks,  who  guarded  the  gates  of  hell.  '  \ 

CERE.A'LIA,  festivals  in  honour  of  Ceres. 
CE'REP,  the  godJi'ss  of  agriculture. 
CE'RUS,  or  SE'RUS,  the  god  of  opportunity. 
CH.^L'CEA,  festivals  in  honour  of  Vulcan. 
CHAR'ITES,  a  name  of  the  Graces. 
f'HA'RON,  the  ferryman  of  liell. 
CHIME'RA,  a    strange  monster  of  Lycia, 
which  was  killed  by  Eelleroplion. 
CHI'RON,  the  preceptor  of  Achilles. 
CHRO'MIS,  a  cruel  son  of  Hercules. 
CHRYSAO'RH'S,  a  surname  of  Jupiter. 
CHRY'HIS,  a  priestess  of  Juno  at  Argos. 
CIR'CE,  a  famous  enchantress. 
CIR'RHA,  a  cavern  of  Phocis,  nearDcIph 
whence  the  winds  issued  which  caused  a  divine 
rage,  and  produced  oracular  responses. 
CITHCE'RIDES,  a  title  of  the  Muses. 
CL*\TJ'Sh\A,  a  name  of  Venus. 
CLAU  'SIl?S,  or  CLU'SrUS,  a  name  of  Janus. 
CLEOME'DES,  a  famous  wrestler. 
CEI'O,  the  muse  presiding  over  history,  and 
patroness  of  heroic  poets. 
CLO'THO,  one  of  the  three  Fates. 
CLYTEMXES'TRA,  dauuhter  of  Jupiter  and 
Leda,  killed  by  her  son  Orestes,  on  account  of 
her  adultery  with  yEgisthus. 
COCY'TUS,  a  river  of  hell,  flowing  from  Styx. 
COLLI'NA,  the  goddess  of  hills. 
rOMPITA'LIA,  games  of  the  household  gods. 
CO'.MUS,  the  god  of  festivals  and  merriment. 
rC\COR'DlA,  the  goddess  of  peace. 
CONaERVA'TOR,  and  GUSTOS,  titles  of 
Jupiter. 
CON'srS,  a  title  of  Neptune. 
CORTINA,  the  covering.'  of  Apollo's  tripos. 
CORYBANTES,  and  CURE'TES,  priests  of 
Cvbele. 
CRE'ON,  a  king  of  Thebes. 
CRI'NIS,  a  priest  of  Apollo. 
CRINIS'SUS,   a  Trojan  prince,  who  could 
change  himself  into  any  hhape. 
CRCE'PUS,  a  rich  kini;  of  Lydia. 
CRO'NIA,  festivals  in  honour  of  Saturn. 
CTES'IBUS,  a  famous  Athenian  parasite. 
CI"NIA,  the  goddess  of  new-bom  infants. 
CtJ'PH),  son  of  Mars  and  Venus,  the  god  of 
Icve,  smiles,  &c. 

CY'CLOP.?,  Vulcan's  workmen,  with  only 

one  eve  in  the  middle  of  their  forehead. 

CYB'EEE,  the  wife  of  f-'alnrn. 

CYC'NUS,  a  king  of  Liguria ;    also  a  son  of 

Nep'iine,  who  was  invulnerable. 

OVLEENIIS,  and  CABIII/LUS,  names  of 
Mcrcurv. 

41? 


DI 

I  CYNOCEPH'AH,  a  people  of  India,  said  to 
have  heads  resembling  those  nf  dogs. 

CYNTHIA,  and  CYN'THIUS,  Diana,  and 
Apollo. 

CYPARISSjE'A,  a  title  of  Minerva. 

CYP'RIA,  CYTHERE'A,  titles  of  Venus. 


Djf^DA'EION,  the  son  of  Lucifer. 
DjED'ALUS,  an  artificer  of  Athens,   who 
formed  the  Cretan  labyrintl),  and  invented  the 
auger,  axe,  glue,  plumbline,  saw,  and  masLs  and 
sails  for  ships. 
DA'MON,  the  sincere  friend  of  Pythias. 
Dv^'MON  BO'NUS,  DITHYRAM'KUS,  and 
DIONYS'IUS,  titles  of  Bacchus. 

DA'NAE,  the  daughtfr  of  Arrisius,  king  of 
Argos,  seduced  by  Jupiter  in  the  form  of  a  golden 
shower. 

DANA'IDES,  or  BE'LIDES,  the  50  daughters 
of  Uanaus,  king  of  Arges,  al!  of  whom  except 
Hypermnestra,  killed  their  husbands,  the  sons 
of  their  uncle  A;gyptus,  on  the  marriage  night: 
they  were  therefore  condemned  to  draw  water 
out  of  a  deep  well  with  shieves,  so  that  their 
labour  was  without  end  or  success. 
DAPH'NE,  a  nymph  beloved  by  ApoUo. 
DAR'DANUS,  the  founder  of  Troy. 
DA'RES,  a  very  ancient  historian  who  wrote 
an  account  of  the  Troian  war. 
DE'A  SYR'I.A,  a  title  of  Venus. 
DE'CIM.A,  a  title  of  Lachcsis. 
DEIANI'R.A,  the  wife  of  Hercules. 
DEJDA'MIA,  daughter  of  Lycomedes,  king 
of  Scyros,  by   whom   Achilles    had    Pyrrbus, 
whilst  he  lay  concealed  in  women's  apparel,  in 
the  court  of  Lycomedes,  to  avoid  going  to  the 
Trojan  war. 
DKIOPEA,  a  beautiful  attendant  on  Juno, 
DEIPH'OBE,  the  Cumeau  sybil. 
DEIPH  OBUS,  a  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba. 
DE'LTA,  DE'Lirs,  Diana  and  Apollo. 
DE'LOi*,  the  island  where  Apollo  was  born. 
DEL'PHI,  a  city  of  Phocis,  famous  for  a  tem- 
ple and  an  oracle  of  Apollo. 
DEI/PinCCS,  DIDYM^'Ug,  titles  of  Apollo. 
DF.JI'ADES,  an  Athenian  orator. 
DER'BICES,  a  people  near  the  Caspian  sea, 
who  punished  all  crimes  with  death. 

DEUCA'LION,  son  of  Promeiheus,  and  king 
of  Thessaly,  who,  with  his  v\ife  Pyrrha,  was 
preserved  from  the  general  deluge,  and  repcfipled 
the  world. 

DEVEK'RA,  the  goddess  of  breeding  women. 
DIAG'OKAS,  a  Rhodian,  «  ho  died  for  joy, 
because  his  three  sons  had  on  the  same  day 
gained  prizes  at  the  Olympic  games. 
DIA'NA,  the  goddess  of  hunting,  &c. 
DI'DO,  daughter  of  Belns,  the  founder  and 
Iqneen  of  Carthage,  whom  Virgil  fables  to  have 
'  burnt  herself  through  despair,  because  jEneas 
left  her. 
DI'ES,  and  DIEP'PITER,  titles  of  Jupiter. 
DIN'DVME,  DINDYME'NE,  titles  of  Cybele. 
DIOME'DES,  a  king  of  AUoWn,  who  gained 
great  reputation  al  Troy,  and,  accompanied  by 
Ulysses,  carried  olT  the  Palladium  also,  a  tyrant 
of  Thrace. 
DIO'NE,  one  of  Jupiter's  mistresses. 
DIONYS'lA,  feasts  in  h«nour  of  Bacchus. 
D10?<rU'RI,  a  title  of  Castor  and  Pollux. 
DI  R..E,  a  title  of  the  Furies. 
DIS,  a  title  of  Pluto. 
DIBCOR'DL^,  the  goddess  of  contention. 


VA 

DOMinU'CA,  alitlc  of  Juno. 

DOMIUU'CUS,    and    DOMI'TIUS,  nuptial 
gods. 

DOM'INA,  a  title  of  Proserpine. 

DRY' AUES,  nymphs  of  the  woods  and  forests. 


E 


ECHI'ON,  a  companion  of  Cadmus. 

ECHO,  daueiiter  of  Acr  and  Tellus,  who 
pined  away  for  love  of  Narci.ssus. 

EDON'IDES,  priestesses  of  Bacchus. 

EDU'CA,  a  goddess  of  new  born  infant.'!. 

EGF/RIA,  atitlu  uf  Juno ;  also  a  goddess. 

ELEC'TRA,  a  daughter  of  .Igamemnon  and 
Clytemiiestra,  wliu  instigated  Orestes  to  revenge 
their  father's  deatli  on  their  mother  and  her 
adulterer  yEgisthus. 

E'LEUS,  and  ELEUTHE'RIUS,  titles  of 
Bacchus. 

ELSUSIN'IA,  feasts  in  honour  of  Ceres  and 
Proscrijine. 

ELO'IDES,  nymphs  of  Bacchus. 

EMPU'S(E,  a  name  of  the  Gorgons. 

ENDYM'ION,  a  shepherd  of  Caria,  who,  for 
Insolently  soliciting  Juno,  was  condemned  to  a 
sleep  of  30  years  ;  Luna  visited  him  by  night  in  a 
cave  of  mount  Latmus. 

EMA'LIUS,  a  title  of  Mars. 

EiV'YO,  the  same  as  Bellona. 

EPE'US.  ihe  artist  of  the  Trojan  Iiorse. 

EPIG'ON'ES,  the  sons  of  the  seven  worthies 
who  besieged  Thebes  a  second  time. 

EPIL^E'NEA,  sacrifices  to  Bacchus. 

EPISTRO'PHIA,  and  ERYCI'NA,  titles  of 
Venus. 

EPIZEPH'RII,  a  people  of  Locris,  who  pun- 
ished those  with  death  that  drank  more  wine 
than  physicians  prescribed. 

ERA'TO,  the  muse  of  love  poetry. 

ER'EBUS,  an  infernal  deity,  son  of  Chaos  and 
No.x  ;  a  river  of  liell. 

ER'EANE,  a  river  whose  waters  inebriated. 

ERIOTHO'NIUS,  a  king  of  .\thens,  who, 
being  lame  and  very  deformed  in  his  feet,  in- 
vented coaches  to  conceal  his  lameness. 

ERIN'NYS,  a  common  imme  of  the  Furies. 

E'ROS,  one  of  the  names  of  Cupid. 

EROS'TRATITS,  the  person  who,  to  perpetu- 
ate his  nann,  set  fire  to  the  celebrated  temple  of 
Diana  at  Ephesus. 

ETE'OCLES,  and  POLYNI'CES,  sons  of 
Oedipus,  who  violently  hated,  and,  at  last  killed 
each  other. 

EVAD'NK,  daughter  of  Mars  and  Thebe, 
who  threw  herself  on  the  fimeral  pile  of  her 
jiusband  Cataneus,  from  affection. 

EUC'R.^TES,  a  person  remarkable  for  shuf- 
fling, duplicity,  and  dissimulation. 

EITMEN'IDES,  a  name  of  the  Furies. 

EUPHROS'YNE,  one  of  the  three  Graces. 

EURO'PA,  the  daughter  of  Agenor,  who  it 
Is  said  was  carried  by  Jupiter,  in  the  form  of  a 
white  bull  into  Crete. 

ETTRY'AIjE,  one  of  the  three  Gorgons. 

EURYD'ICE,  the  wife  of  Orpheus. 

EfJRYM'ONE,  an  infernal  deity. 

>jtJTER'PE,  the  muse  presiding  over  music. 

EUTHY'MIJS,  a  very  famous  wrestler. 


FAB'ULA,  the  goddess  of  lies. 
FABULI'NUS,  a  god  of  infants 


GY 

FA'MA,  the  goddess  of  report,  Sec. 

FAS'CINUM,  a  title  of  Priapua. 

FATES,  ihe  three  daughters  of  Noi  and  Ere- 
bus, (Uothos,  Lachesia,  and  Atropoa,  entrusted 
with  t!ie  lives  of  mortals,  fee. 

FAU'NA,  and  FAT'UA,  names  of  Cybele. 

FAU'NUS,  the  son  of  Mercury  and  Nox,  and 
father  of  the  Fauns,  rural  gods. 

FEB'RUA,  FLORIDA,  FLUO'NIA,  titles  of 
Juno. 

FEIVRU.A,  a  goddaasof  purification. 

FEB'RUUS,  a  title  of  Pluto. 

FELt'CITAS,  the  goddess  of  happiness. 

FER'CULUS,  a  household  god. 

FERE'TRIUS,  and  FULMINA'TOE,  titles 
of  Jupiter. 

I''1';R0'NIA,  a  goddess  of  woods. 

FESdO'NIA,  a  goddess  of  wearied  persons. 

FID'lUS,  the  god  of  treaties. 

FLAM'INES,  priests  of  Jupiter,  Mars,  &c. 

FLO'R.A,  the  goddess  of  flowers. 

FLUVLV'LES,  or  POTAM'IDES,  nymphs^f 
rivers. 

FOR'N.^X,  a  godde.ss  of  corn  and  bakers. 

PORTU'x\A,  or  FOR'TUNE,  the  goddess  of 
happiness,  &c.,  said  to  be  blind. 

FU'RIES,  or  EUMEN'IDES,  the  three  daugh- 
ters of  iVox  and  Acheron,  nam«d  Alecto,  Me- 
ga;ra,  and  Tisiphone,  with  hair  composed  of 
snakes,  and  armed  with  whips,  chains,  &.C.  - 


GALATE'A,  daughter  of  Nereus  and  Doris, 
passionately  beloved  by  Polyphemus. 

GAL'Il,  castrated  priests  of  Cvbele. 

GAL'LUS,  or  ALEC'TRION,  a  favourite  of 
.Mars,  and  changed  bv  him  into  a  cock. 

GAME'LIA,  atilleof  Juno. 

G.AN'GES,  a  famous  river  of  India. 

GAN'YMEDE,  the  cupbearer  of  Jupiter. 

GELASI'XnS,  the  god  of  mirth  and  smiles. 

GELO'NI,  a  people  of  Scythia,  who  used  to 
paint  themselves  in  order  to  appear  more  terrible 
to  their  enemies. 

GE'NU,  guardian  angels. 

GE'NuTS,  a  name  of  Priapus. 

GER'YON,  a  king  of  Spaiii,  whofed  his  oxen 
with  human  ficsh,  and  was  therefore  killed  by 
Hercules. 

GLAUCn'PIS,  a  name  of  Minerva. 

GLAUCUS,  a  fisherman,  made  a  seagod  by 
eating  a  certain  herb:  also  the  son  of  Hippolo- 
chu8,  who  exchanged  his  arms  of  gold  for  the 
brazen  ones  of  Diomcde. 

G.NOS'SfS,  a  name  of  Ariadne. 

GOR'DIUS,  a  husbandman,  but  afterward* 
king  of  Phrygia,  reruarkabU;  for  tying  a  knot  of 
cords  on  which  the  empire  of  Asia  depended,  in 
so  very  intricate  a  manner,  that  Alexander  the 
Great,  unable  to  unravel  it,  cut  it  to  pifces. 

GOR'(;ON'.S,  the  three  daughters  of  Phorcya 

and  Ceia,  Medusa,  Euryalw,  and  Stheno,  who 

could  change  into  stone  those  whom  they  looked 

Perseus  slew    Medusa,  the    principal  of 

them. 

GORGOrH'ORI^S,  a  title  of  Pallas. 

GR.\'(;ES,  Aglaia,  Thalia,  and  Kuphrosyne, 
the  daughters  o!  Jupiter  and  Eurynonie  ;  atten- 
dants on  VcMUs  and  the  Muses. 

GRADI'VtT!?,  a  title  of  Mars. 

GY'GES,  a  Lydian,  to  whom  Cindaules,  king 
of  Lydia,  showed  his  queen  naked,  which  so 
iiiceiised  her  that  she  slew  Candaules,  and  mar- 
ried Gygrs :  also  a  shepherd,  who  by  means  oj  a 
ring  could  render  himself  invisible. 
35*  413 


HA'DE3,  a  title  of  Pluto. 

HAMAXO'BII,  a  people  ofScythia,  who  lived 
In  carts,  and  removed  from  place  to  place,  as 
necessity  required. 

HAK.MO'iN'IS,  a  famous  artist  of  Troy, 

HAKPAL'YCA,  a  very  beautiful  maid  of 
Argo3. 

HARTIES,  three  monsters,  Aello,  Celceno, 
and  Ocypete,  with  the  faces  of  virgins,  bodies 
of  vuliures,  and  hands  armed  with  monstrous 
claws. 

IIARPOU'RATES,  the  Egyptian  god  of  si- 
lence. 

HF.'BE,  the  goddess  of  vouth. 

HEBRUS,  a  river  in  Thrace. 

HECA'LIUS,  a  title  given  to- Jupiter  by  TJie- 
Eeus. 

HECATE,  Diana's  name  in  hell. 

HEC'TOK,  a  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba,  and 
tiie  most  valiant  of  all  the  Trojans. 

HKC'J'BA,  the  wife  of  Priam. 

HiiGE'islUS,  a  philosopher  of  Cyrene,  who 
dcsc.ibed  the  miseries  of  life  with  such  a  gloomy 
eloquence,  that  many  of  his  auditors  killed 
theinselvrs  through  despair, 

HEL'EiVA,  the  wife  of  Mcnelans,  the  most 
bcaUtifu!  womaa  in  the  world,  who,  rnniiing 
away  with  Pads,  occasioned  the  Trojan  war. 

HELRKUS,  a  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba. 

HEL'ICON,  a  famous  mountain  of  Bojotia, 
dedicated  to  Apollo  and  the  Muses. 

HERA'IA,  sacrifices  to  Juno. 

HER'CULES,  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Alcmena 
remarkable  for  his  numerous  exploits  and  dan- 
gerous enterprises. 

HERIBE'lA,  the  wife  of  Astreus. 

HER'iM.^,  statues  of  Mercury. 

HER'MES,  a  name  of  Mercury. 

HERMI'ONE;  a  daughter  of  Mars  and  Venus 
married  to  Cadmus ;  also  a  daughter  of  Mene- 
laus  and  Helena,  married  to  Pyrrhua. 

HE'RO,  a  beautiful  woman  of  Sestos.  in 
Tjirace,  priestess  of  Venus;  Lcander,  of  Abydos, 
loved  her  so  tenderly,  that  he  swam  over  the 
Hellespont  every  night  to  see  her  ;  but  being  at 
length  unfortunately  drowned,  she  threw  her- 
self into  the  sea,  through  despair. 

HEROD'OTUS,  a  very  famous  historian  of 
HalicarnasBMS. 

HEROPH'ILA,  the  Erythrapan  svbil. 

HERSIM'A,  tlie  wife  of  Romulus. 

HES'PERUS,  or  VESPER,  the  evening  star. 

HES'PERIDES,  the  daughters  of  Hesperus; 
JF-S\e,  Arethu^a,  and  Hesperethusa,  who  had  a 
garden  bearing  golden  apples,  watched  by  a 
dragon,  which  Hercules  slew,  and  bore  away  the 
fruit. 

HE'SUS,  a  name  of  Mars  among  the  Gauis. 

HIPTIAS,  a  philosopher  of  Elis. 

HIPPOCAM'PI,  Neptune's  horses 


IX 

HY'ADES,  the  seven  daughters  of  Atlas  and 
JFAhra.;  Ambrosia,  Eudora,  Coronis,  Pasithoe, 
Plexaris,  Pytho,  and  Tvche.  They  were  changed 
by  Jupiter  into  7  stars. 

'HY'BLA.a  mountain  in  Sicily,  universally 
famous  for  its  thyme  and  bees. 

HY'DRA,  a  serpent,  which  had  seven  heads, 
or  as  some  say,  nine,  others  fifty,  killed  by  Her- 
cules in  the  lake  Lerna. 

HY'GE'IA,  the  goddess  of  health. 

HYL'LUS,  the  son  of  Hercules  and  Dejanira 

HY'MEN,  the  god  of  marriage. 

HVPE'RION,  a  son  of  Ccelus  and  Terra. 

HY'PS1P'\''LE,  a  queen  of  Lernnos,  who  was 
banished  tor  preserving  her  father  when  all  the 
other  men  of  the  island  were  murdered  by  their 
kindred. 


lAC'CHUS,  a  name  of  Bacchus. 

lAN'THE,  the  beautiful  wife  of  Iphis. 

lAP'ETUS,  a  eon  of  Ccelum  and  Terra. 

lAR'BAS,  a  cruel  king  of  Mauritania. 

ICA'RIL'S,  the  son  of  Oebalus,  who,  having 
received  from  Bacchus  a  bottle  of  wine,  went 
jinto  Attica,  to  show  men  the  use  of  it;  but, 
j  making  some  shepherds  drunk,  tbcy  thought  he 
;  had  given  them  poison,  and  therefore  threw  him 
into  a  well. 

I  IC'ARUP,  the  son  of  Dsdalus,  who,  flying 
with  his  father  out  of  Crete  into  Sicily,  and 
jsoaring  too  high,  melted  the  wax  of  his  wings, 
I  and  fell  into  tho  sea,  thence  called  the  Icarian 
sea. 

PDA,  a  mountain  near  Troy. 

IDyE'A  MATER,  a  name  of  Cybele. 

IDA:'I  DACT'YLf,  priests  of  Cybele. 

IDA'LIA,  a  name  of  Venus. 

ID'MOiV,  a  famous  soothsayer. 

IPO'THEA,  Jupiter's  nurse. 

IL'IONE,  the  eldest  daughter  of  Priam. 

TLIS'SUS,  a  river  in  Attica. 

PLUS,  the  son  of  Tros  and  Callirrhoe,  from 
whom  Troy  was  called  Ilium. 

IMPERA'TOR,  a  name  of  Jupiter, 

IN'ACHIS  and  PSES,  names  of  lo. 

I'NO,  daughter  of  Cadmus  and  Heruiiones, 
and  wife  of  Athamas. 

INTERCIDO'NA,  a  goddess  of  breeding  wo- 
men. 

INTERDU'CA,  and  JTJ'GA,  names  of  Juno, 

IN'UUS,  and  LN'C'UBUS,  names  of  Pan. 

I'O,  daughter  of  Inachus,  transformed  by  Ju- 
piter, into  a  white  heifer ;  hut  afterwards, 
resuming  her  former  shape,  w  as  worshipped 
■  as  a  goddess  by  the  Egyptians,  under  the  name 
of  Isis. 

IPH'ICLUS,  the  twin  brother  of  Hercules. 

IPIHGE'NIA,  daughter  of  Aganieintiun  and 
Clytemnestra,  who,  standing  as  a  victim  ready 
to  be  sacrificed  to  appea.=ie  the  rage  of  Diana, 
was,  by  that  goddess  transformed  into  a  white  . 


HIP  POCRENE,  a  fountain  at  the  bottom  of  jl  hart,  carried  to  Tauris.  •■iitd  made  her  priestess. 


mount  Helicon,  dfdicated  to  Apollo 

HIPPOL'Y'TTTS,  the  son  of  Theseus  and  An-' 
fiope  or  Hippolyte,  who  refused  intimacies  with 
his  stepmotl'.cr  Pha;dra.  At  the  request  of  Di-i 
ana,  iEsculapius  restored  him  to  life,  after  I)« 
had  been  thrown  from  his  chariot,  and  dragged 
thri)u?li  the  woods  till  he  was  torn  in  pieces.      [ 

Hll'PO'NA,  the  goddnss  of  horses  and  stables. 

HI.-^TO'RIA,  the  goddess  of  histo:y.  ; 

HORTEN'SIS,  a  name  of  Venus. 

HORf.S,  a  title  of  the  sun.  j 

HO.S'i'ILP.N'A.  a  goddess  of  corn. 
414 


ITHIS,  :i  prince  of  Cyprus,  who  hanged  him- 
self for  love  ;  also  a  daughter  of  Lygdas. 

IPH'ITITS,  son  of  Pra.xonides,  who  instituted 
Olympic  games  to  Hercules. 

I'RIS,  the  daughter  of  Thanmas ;  she  was 
Juno's  favourite  companion,  and  her  messenger 
on  aflair?  of  di.^cord,  &c. 

I'TVS,  the  son  of  Tereus  and  Propiie,  mur- 
>h!red  and  served  up  by  his  mother  at  a  banquet 
before  Tereu.s,  in  revenge  for  his  having  forcibly 
defloured  her  sister  Piiilomela. 

IXI'ON ,  the  son  of  Phlcgyas,  who  was  faiteur 


MA 


NO 


eil  in  hell  to  a  wheel  perpetually  turning  round, 
for  boristiiiR  that  he  had  lain  with  Juno. 

JAN'ITOR,  and  JUNO'NIUS,  titles  of  Janus. 

JA'NUH,  the  first  king  of  Italy,  sou  of  Apollo 
and  Creusa. 

JA'SON,  a  Thessalian  prince,  son  of  JEsnn, 
Who  by  Medea's  help  brought  away  the  golden 
fleece  from  Colchis. 

JOC.\S'TA,  the  daughter  of  Creon,  who  un- 
wittingly married  her  own  son  Oedipus. 

JU'NO,  the  sister  and  wife  of  Jupiter. 

JU'NO  INFER'NA,  a  name  of  Proserpine. 

JUNO'NESS,  guardian  angels  of  women. 

JUTITER,  a  son  of  Saturn  and  Ops,  the  su- 
preme deity  of  the  heathens. 

JU'PITERSECUN'DUS,  a  name  of  Neptune. 

JIT'PITER  TER'TIUS,  INFER'NUS,  or 
STY'GIUS,  several  appellations  given  to  Pluto. 

JUVEN'TA,  a  goddess  of  youths. 


LA'CIIESTS,  one  of  the  three  Fates. 

LACIN'IA,  and  LUCIL'IA,  titles  of  Juno. 

LACTU'RA,  or  LACTUCI'N  A,  a  goddess  of 
corn. 

LiESTRIG'ONES,  cannibals  of  Italy,  who 
roasted  and  ate  the  companions  of  Ulysses. 

LA'IUS,  a  king  of  Thebes,  killed  unwittingly 
by  his  own  son  CEdipus. 

LA'MEit;,  a  name  of  the  Gorgons. 

LAUC'OON,  a  sou  of  Priam,  and  highpriest 
of  Apollo ;  he  and  his  two  sons  were  killed  by 
serpents  for  opposing  the  reception  of  the  wooden 
horse  into  Troy. 

LA'PIS,  or  LAPID'EUS,  titles  of  Jupiter. 

LA'RES,  sons  of  Mercury  and  Lara,  worship- 
ped as  household  gods. 

LATERA'NUS,  a  household  god. 

LAVER'NA,  a  goddess  of  thieves. 

LEAN'DER.    See  Hero. 

LE'DA,  daughter  of  Thestias,  and  wife  of 
Pyndarus,  seduced  by  Jupiter  in  the  shape  of  a 
»wan. 

LEMONI'ADES,  nymphs  of  meadows,  &c. 

LE'N.(E,  priestesses  of  Bacchus. 

LER'NA,  a  marsh  of  Argos,  famous  for  a 
nydra,  killed  there  by  Hercules. 

LE'THE,  a  river  of  hell,  whose  waters  caused 
a  total  forgetfulness  of  things  past. 

LEVA'NA,  a  goddess  of  new  born  infanta 

LIBITI'NA,  the  goddess  of  funerals. 

LI'NUS,  son  of  Apollo  and  Terpsichore. 

LiUBEN'TIA,  the  goddess  of  pleasure. 

LU'CIFER,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Aurora,  made 
Ibe  morning  star. 

IjU'NA,  Diana's  name  in  heaven. 

LUPERCA'LIA,  feasts  in  honour  of  Pan. 

LUPER'CI,  priests  of  Pan. 

LYCA'ON,  a  king  of  Arcadia,  turned  by  Ju- 
()iter  into  a  wolf. 


M 


MA'IA,  loved  by  Jupiter,  and  by  him  turned 
Into  a  star  to  avoid  Juno's  rage. 

MANAGENE'TA,  a  goddess  of  women  in 
labour. 

MANTU'RA,  a  goddess  of  corn. 

MANTUR'NA,  and  ME'NA,  nuptial  god- 
desses. 

MARI'NA,  MEL'ANIS,  MER'ETRIX.  MI- 
GONI'TIS,  and  MUR'CFA.  titles  of  Venus 

M.'^RS.  thegodofwar. 


MAUSO'LUS,  a  king  of  Caria,  who  had  a 

most  magnificent  tomb  erected  to  him  by  his 
wife  .'Artemisia. 

MEDE'A,  daughter  of  jTItes,  king  of  Colchis, 
a  famous  sorceress,  who  assisted  Jason  to  obtain 
the  golden  fleece. 

MEIilTRl'N.^,  a  goddess  of  grown  persons. 

MKOU'SA,  the  chief  of  the  three  Gorgons. 

MEG/E'R.-V,  <me  of  the  three  Furies. 

MEGALEN'SIA,  festivals  in  honour  of 
Cybele. 

MEGA'RA,  the  wife  of  Hercules. 

MELANI'RA,  a  name  of  Venus. 

MK'hlJE,  nymphs  of  the  fields. 

ME'LIUS,  a  name  of  Hercules. 

MELO'NA,  the  goddess  of  honey. 

MELPOM'ENE,  the  muse  of  tragedy. 

MEM'NON,  a  king  of  Abydos. 

MENAL.'V'US,  a  famous  Centaur. 

MENELA'US,  the  husband  of  Helena. 

MEN'THA,  a  mistress  of  Pluto. 

MEN'TOR,  the  governor  of  Telemachus. 

MER'CURY,  the  messenger  of  the  gods,  in- 
ventor of  letters,  and  god  of  eloquence,  luer- 
chandise,  and  robbers. 

MER'OPE,  one  of  the  seven  Pleiades. 

MI'DAS,  a  king  of  Phrygia,  who  entertaining 
Bacchus,  or,  as  some  say,  tilenus,  h.id  the  power 
given  him  of  turning  whatever  he  touched  into 
gold. 

MI'LO,  a  wrestler  of  remarkable  strength. 

MlMAL'LOiNES,  attendants  on  Bacchus. 

IMINER'VA,  the  goddess  of  wisdom. 

MI'NOS,  a  king  of  Crete,  made,  for  his  extra- 
ordinary justice,  a  judge  of  hell. 

MIN'OTAUR,  a  monster,  half  man,  half  beast. 

MIN'YjE,  a  name  of  the  Argonauts. 

MNEf40S'Y]ME,  the  goddess  of  memory. 

MO'MUS,  the  god  of  raillery,  wit,  &c. 

MONE'TA,  a  title  of  Juno. 

MOR'PHEUS,  the  god  of  sleep,  dreams,  &C. 

IMORS,  the  goddess  of  death. 

MUL'CIBER,  a  title  of  Vulcan. 

MU'SES,  nine  daughters  of  Jupiter  and  Mne- 
mosyne, born  on  mount  Pierius,  mistresses  of  alf 
the  sciences,  presides. ts  of  musicians,  and  poets, 
and  governesses  of  the  feasts  of  the  gods  ;  Cal- 
liope, Clin,  Erato,  Euterpe,  Melpomene,  Pqly- 
hymnia,  Terpsichore,  Thalia,  and  Urania. 

MU'TA,  the  goddess  of  silence. 


N 


'SJE'SIA,  the  goddess  of  funeral  songs. 

NA'IADES,  nymphs  of  rivers,  &c. 

NARCfS'SUS,  a  very  bea\niful  youth,  who, 
falling  in  love  with  his  own  shadow  in  the 
water,  pined  away  into  a  dalTodil. 

NA'TIO,  and  NUNDl'NA,  goddesses  of  in- 
fants. 

NEM^'A,  a  country  of  VMs,  famed  for  a 
terrible  lion  killed  there  by  Heicules. 

NEai'ESIS,  the  goddess  of  revenge. 

NEP'TUNE  the  god  of  the  sea. 

NE'REIDES,  sea  nymphe. 

NE'KIO,  the  wife  of  Mars. 

NICEPH'ORUS,  a  title  of  Jupiter. 

Nl'NUS,  the  first  king  of  the  Assvrians. 

NI'OBE,  daughter  of  Tantalus  and  wife  of 
Amphion,  who,  preferring  hi-rself  to  Latona, 
had  her  14  children  killed  by  Diana  and  Apollo, 
and  wept  herself  into  a  statue. 

NO'MIUS,  a  name  of  Apo'.Io. 

NOX,  the  most  ancient  of  all  the  deities;  she 
was  even  reckoned  older  than  Chaos. 
415 


PH 


PY 


OB'SEQUENS,  a  title  of  Fortuna. 

OCCA'TOR,  the  god  of  harrowing. 

OCE'ANUS,  an  ancient  scagod. 

OCYP'ETE,  one  of  the  three  Harpies. 

CED'IPUS,  son  of  Laius  and  Jocasta,  and 
king  of  Thebes,  who  solved  the  riddle  of  the 
Sphinx,  unwittingly  killed  his  father,  married 
his  mother,  and  at  last  ran  mad,  and  tore  out 
his  eyes. 

OM'PHALE,  a  queen  of  Lydia,  with  whom 
Hercules  was  so  enamoured,  that  she  made  him 
submit  to  spinning  and  other  unbecoming  offices. 

OPER'TUS,  a  name  of  Pluto. 

OPl'GENA,  a  name  of  Juno. 

OPS,  a  name  of  I'ybele. 

ORBO'NA,  a  goddess  of  grown  persons. 

ORES'TES,  the  son  of  Atramemnon. 

ORl'ON,  a  great  and  mighty  hunter. 

OR'PHEtjy,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Calliope,  wjio 
had  great  skill  in  music,  and  was  torn  in  pieces, 
^y  the  MiEnades,  for  disliking  the  company  of 
women  after  the  death  of  his  wife  Eurydice. 

ORVTHI'A,  a  queen  of  the  Amazons. 

OSI'KJS.    See  Apis. 


PAC'TOLUf,  a  river  of  Lydia,  with  golden 
sand-s  and  medicinal  waters. 

P^'AN,  and  PHCE'BUS,  names  of  Apollo. 

PA'LES,  the  goddess  of  shepherds. 

PALIL'IA,  feasts  in  honour  of  Pales. 

PALLA'DIUM,  a  statue  of  Minerva,  which 
the  Trojans  imagined  fell  from  heaven,  and  that 
theu-  city  could  not  be  taken  whilst  that  remain- 
ed in  it. 

PALXAS,  and  PY'LOTIS,  names  of  Mi 
nerva. 

PAN,  the  god  of  shepherds. 

PANDO'RA,  the  first  woman  made  by  Vul 
can,  and  endowed  with  gifts  by  all  the  deities  ; 
Jupiter  gave  her  a  box  containing  all  manner 
of  evils,  war,  famine,  &c.  with  hope  al  the 
bottom . 

PAN'OPE,  one  of  the  Nereides. 

PA'PHIA,  a  title  of  Venus. 

PAR'CiE,  a  name  of  the  Fates. 

PAR'IS,  or  AL'EXANDER,  son  of  Priam  and 
Hecuba,  a  most  beautiful  youth,  who  ran  away 
with  Helena,  and  occasioned  the  Trojan  war. 

PARNAS'SUS,  a  mountain  of  Phocis,  famous 
for  a  temple  of  Apollo,  and  being  the  favourite 
residence  of  the  Muses. 

PAR'TUNDA,  a  nuptial  goddess. 

PASTOPH'ORI,  priests  of  Isis. 

PAT'AREUS,  a  title  of  Apollo. 

PATELI'NA,  a  goddess  of  corn. 

PATULA'CIUS,  a  name  of  Janus. 

PATULE'IUS,  a  name  of  Jupiter. 

PAVEN'TIA,  and  POLI'NA,  goddesses  of  in- 
fants 

PEG'ASUS,  a  winged  horse  belonging  to 
Apollo  and  the  Muses. 

PELLO'NIA,  a  goddess  of  grown  persons. 

PENA'TES,  small  statues  or  household  gods 

PEiNEL'OPE,  daughter  of  Icarus,  celebrated 
for  her  chastity  and  fidelity  during  the  long  ab- 
sence of  Ulysses. 


PHA'ETON,  son  of  Sol  (Apollo)  and  Cly- 
mene,  who  asked  the  guidance  of  his  father's 
chariot  for  one  day,  as  a  proof  of  his  divine  de- 
scent ;  but  unable  to  manage  the  horses,  set  the 
world  on  fire,  and  was  therefore  struck  by  Ju 
pifer  with  a  thuiideibolt  into  the  river  Po. 
PHAL'LICA,  feasts  of  Bacchus. 
PHILAM'MON,  a  skilful  musician. 
PHILOME'LA,  daughter  of  Pandion,  king  of 
Athens,  who  was  ravished  by  her  brother-in- 
law,  Tereus,  and  was  changed  int©  a  nightin- 
gale. 

PHIN'EAS,  son  of  Agenor,  and  king  of  Pa- 
phlagonia,  who  had  his  eyes  torn  out  by  Boreas, 
but  was  recompen-'ed  with  the  knowledge  of 
futurity  ;  also  a  king  of  Thrace,  turned  into  a 
stone  bv  Perseus,  by  the  help  of  Medusa's  head. 
PHLEG'ETHON,  a  boiling  river  of  hell. 
PHLK'GON,  one  of  the  four  horses  of  Sol. 
PHLEG'Yi'E,  a  people  of  BcEOtia,  destroyed 
by  Neptune,  ou  account  of  their  piracies  and 
other  crimes. 
PHCE'BAS,  the  priestess  of  Apollo. 
PHCE'BUS,  a  title  of  Apollo. 
PHCE'NIX,  son  of  Amyntor,  who,  being  false- 
ly accused  of  having  attempted  the  honour  of 
one  of  his  father's  concubines,  was  condemned 
to  have  his  eyes  torn  out ;  but  was  cured  by 
Chiron,  and  went  with  Achilles  to  the  siege  of 
Trov. 
PiCUM'NUS,  a  rural  god. 
PILUM'NUS,  a  god  of  breeding  women. 
PIN'DUS,  a  mountain  of  Thessaly. 
FT'THO,  a  goddess  of  eloquence. 
PEE'IADES,  the  seven  daughters  of  Atlas 
and  Pleione  ;  Mala,  Electra,  Taygete,  Asterope, 
Merope,  Halcyone,   and   Celoeno;    they  were 
changed  into  stars. 
PLU'TO,  the  god  of  hell. 
PLU'TUS,  the  god  of  riches. 
POL'LUX.    See  CASTOR. 
POLYD'AMAS,  a  famous  wrestler. 
POLYD'IUS,  a  famous  prophet  and  physi- 
cian. 
POLYHYM'NIA,  the  muse  of  rhetoric. 
POLYPHE'MUS,  a  monstrous  giant,  son  of 
Neptune,  with  but  one  eye  in  the  middle  of  his 
forehead. 
POMO'NA,  the  goddessoffruits  and  autumn. 
POSE'IDON,  a  name  of  Neptune. 
PR.(ENESTI'NA,  a  name  of  Fortuna. 
PR^S'TES,  a  title  of  Jupiter  and  Minerva. 
PRAXIT'ELES,  a  famous  statuary. 
PRI'AM,  son  of  Laomedon,  and  father  of  Pa- 
ris, Hector,  &c. ;  he  was  the  la.st  king  of  Troy. 
PROG'NE,  wife  of  Tereus,  king  of  Thrace, 
and  sister  to  Philomela ;  she  was  turned  into  a 
swallow. 

PROME'THEUS,  son  of  lapetus,  who  anima- 
ted a  man  that  he  had  formed  of  clay,  with  fire, 
which,  by  the  assistance  of  Minerva,  he  stole 
from  heaven,  and  was  therefore  chained  by  Ju- 
piter to  mount  Caucasus,  with  a  vulture  coBti- 
uually  preying  on  his  liver. 
PR0PYLA;'A,  a  name  of  Hecate. 
PROS'ERPINE,  the  wife  of  Pluto. 
PRO'TEUS,  a  seagod,  who  could  transform 
himself  into  any  shape. 
PSY'CHE,  the  goddess  of  pleasure. 
PYL'ADES,  the  constant  friend  of  Orestesi 
i     PYR'AMUS,  and  THIS'BE,  two  lovers,  of 
Babylon,  who  killed  themselves  with  the  same 


PER'SEUS,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Danao,  whol sword,  and  occasioned  the  turning  the  berries 
performed  many  extraordinary  exploits  by  I  of  the  mulherr}--tree,  under  which  they  died, 
means  of  Medusa's  head.  jfrom  white  to  red. 

PIUifJASIA'NJ,  ancient  gods  of  Greece.  H  PYRCE'TIS,  on«of  the  four  horses  of  the  3Uh. 
416 


SY 

PYR'RHUS,  son  of  Aehillea,  remarkable  for 

his  cruelty  at  the  siege  of  Troy. 
PY'THON,  a  huge  serpent,  produced  from  the 

mud  of  tlie  deluge,  which  Apollo  killed,  and, 

in    memory    tiiereof,   instituted   the    Pythian 

games. 
PYTHONIS'SA,  the  priestess  of  Apollo. 


Q 

QUAD'RIFRONS,  a  title  of  Janus. 
GUI'ES,  a  goddess  of  grown  persons. 
aUIETA'LIS  and  aUIE'TUS,  names    of 
Pluto. 
aUINaUA'TRIA,  feasts  of  Pallas. 


R 


RECTUS,  a  title  of  Bacchus. 
RE'DUX  and  RE'GIA,  titles  of  Fortune. 
REGI'NA,  a  title  of  Juno. 
RHADAMAN'THUS,  one  of  the  three  infer- 
nal judges. 
RHE'A,  a  title  of  Cybele. 
RHE'A-SYL'VIA,  the  mother  of  Romulus. 
ROBl'GUS,  a  god  of  corn. 
ROMU'LUS,  the  first  king  of  Rome. 
RU'MINA,  a  goddess  of  new  born  infants. 
RUNCI'NA,  the  goddess  of  weeding. 
EUSI'NA,  a  rural  deity. 


SABA'ZIA,  feasts  of  Proserpine. 

SAXII,  the  12  frantic  priests  of  Mars. 

SALMONE'US,  a  king  of  Elis,  struck  by  a 
thunderbolt  to  hell  for  imitating  Jupiter's  thun- 
der. 

SA'LUS,  the  goddess  of  health. 

SANC'US,  a  god  of  the  Sabines. 

SA'TOR  and  SORRI'TOR,  rural  gods. 

SATURNA'LIA,  feasts  of  Saturn. 

SATUR'NUS,  or  SAT'URN,  the  son  of  Cae- 
lum and  Terra. 

SAT' YRS,  the  attendants  of  Bacchus,  horned 
monsters,  half  men,  half  goats. 

SCY'RON,  a  famous  robber  of  Attica. 

SE'IA,  and  SEGE'TIA,  goddesses  of  corn. 

SEL'LI,  priests  of  Jupiter. 

SEN'TA,  a  goddess  of  married  women. 

SERA  PIS.    See  APIS. 

SILE'NUS,  the  foster  father  and  companion 
of  Bacchus,  who  lived  in  Arcadia,  rode  on  an 
ass,  and  was  drunk  every  day. 

SI'MIS,  a  famous  robber,  killed  by  Hercnies. 

SIS' YPHUS,  the  son  of  vEolus,  killed  by  The- 
seus, and  doomed  incessantly  to  roll  a  huge 
stone  up  a  mountain  in  hell  for  liis  perfidy  and 
numerous  robberies. 

SOL,  a  name  of  Apollo. 

SOM'NUS,  the  god  of  sleep. 

SPHINX,  a  monster,  born  of  Syphon  and 
Echidna,  who  destroyed  herself  because  Oedi- 
pus solved  the  enigma  she  proposed. 

STA'TA,  a  goddess  of  grown  persons. 

STEN'TOR,  a  Grecian,  whose  voice  is  report- 
ed to  have  been  as  strong  and  as  loud  as  the  voi- 
ces of  50  men  together. 
STHE'NO,  one  of  the  three  Gorgons. 
STYX,  a  river  of  hell. 
SUA'DA,  a  nuptial  goddess. 
SUMMA'NUS,  a  name  of  Pluto. 
SYLVA'NUS,  a  god  of  woods  and  forests. 
SY'RBNS,  Beamonsters. 


TA'CITA,  a  goddess  of  silence. 

TAN'TALUS,  a  king  of  Paplilagonia,  who, 
serving  up  to  table  the  limbs  of  his  son  Pelops, 
to  try  the  divinity  of  the  gods,  was  plunged  to 
the  chin  in  a  lake  of  hell,  and  doomed  to  ever- 
lasting thirst  and  hunger,  as  a  punishment  for 
his  barbarity  and  impiety. 

TARTA'RUS,  the  place  of  the  wicked  in  hell. 

TAU'RUS,  the  bull  under  whoso  lonn  Jupi- 
ter carried  away  Europa. 

TELCHI'NES,  priests  of  Cybele. 

TELEIMA'CHUS,  the  only  son  of  Ulysses. 

TEM'PE,  a  most  beautiful  valley  in  Thessaly, 
the  resort  of  the  gods. 

TER'MIJVUS,  the  god  of  boundaries. 

TERPSICHO'RE,  tJie  muse  of  music,  &;c. 

TER'ROR,  the  god  of  dread  and  fear. 

THA'LIA,  the  muse  of  comedy. 

THE'MIS,  the  daughter  of  Coelum  and  Terra, 
the  goddess  of  laws,  oracles,  &c. 

THES'PIS,  the  first  tragic  poet. 

THE'TIS,  daughter  of  Nereus  and  Doris,  and 
goddess  of  the  sea. 

THYR'SUS,  the  rod  of  Bacchus. 

TI'PHYS,  the  pilot  of  the  ship  Argo. 

TISIPH'ONE,  one  of  the  three  Furies. 

Tl'TAN,  son  of  CtElum  and  Terra,  and  tlw 
elder  brother  of  Saturnus,  or  Saturn. 

TMA'RIUS,  a  title  of  Jupiter. 

TRI'TON,  Neptune's  trumpeter. 

TRI'TONIA,  a  name  of  Minerva. 

TRO'ILUS,  a  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba. 

TROY,  a  city  of  Plirygia,  fanjous  for  holding 
out  a  siege  of  ten  years  against  the  Greeks,  but 
thev  at  last  captured  and  destroyed  it. 

TUTELI'NA,  a  goddess  of  corn. 

TY'RO,  one  of  the  Nereids. 


U 

ULYS'SES,  son  of  Lnertes  and  Anticlea,  and 
king  of  Ithaca,  who,  by  his  subtlety  and  elo- 
(luence,  was  eminently  serviceable  to  the  Greeks, 
in  the  "Trojan  war. 

UNX'IA,  a  title  of  Juno. 

URA'NIA,  the  muse  of  astronomy. 


VACU'NA,  the  goddess  of  idle  persons: 

VAGITA'NUS,  a  god  of  little  infants. 

VALLO'NIA,  a  goddess  of  valleys. 

VENI'LIA,  a  wife  of  Neptune. 

VE'NUS,  the  goddess  of  love,  beauty. 

VERGIL'IiE,  a  name  of  the  Pleiades. 

VERTICOR'DIA,  a  name  of  Venus. 

VERTUM'NUS,  the  god  of  the  spring- 

VES'TA,  the  goddess  of  fire. 

VIA'LES,  deities  of  the  highways. 

VIBIL'IA,  the  goddess  of  wanderers: 

VIRGMEN'SIS,  a  nuptial  goddess. 

VIR'GO,  a  name  of  Astrea  and  Fortune. 

VIRI'LIS,  and  VISCA'TA,  titles  of  Fortune. 

VIRI'PLiACA,  an  inferior  liuptial  goddess, 
who  reconciled  h<isbandsto  their  wives;  a  tem- 
ple, at  Rome,  was  dedicated  to  her,  whiiherth© 
married  couple  repaired  after  a  quarrel,  and  re- 
turned together  friendly. 

VITU'LA,  the  goddess  of  mirth. 

VOLU'SIA,  a  goddess  of  corn. 

VUL'C.^N,  the  god  of  subteo-aneons  fire. 
417 


Gg: 


XAN'THUS,  one  of  the  horses  of  Achilles, 
liorn  of  tlie  harpy  Celoeno,  a  river  near  Troy, 
called  also  Scamander. 


ZA'GEEUS,.a  tifle  of  Bacchue; 


ZE 

ZEPH'YRUS,  son  of  iEolus  and  Aurora,  who 
paBsionately  loved  the  goddess  Flora,  and  is  put 
for  the  west  wind. 

ZE'TES  and  CA'LAIS,  sons  of  Boreas  and 
Orylhia,  who  acconipanind  the  Argonauts,  and 
drove  the  Harpies  from  Thrace. 

ZE'TUS,  a  son  of  Jupiter  and  Antiope,  very 
expert  in  Music. 

ZE'US,  a  title  of  Jupiter. 


418 


A  SHORT 
BIOGRAPHICAL.  DICTIONARY 


OF  SOME  OP  THE  MOST 


mosi^Mf  Lmm<^  ^m^i^mmsn 


IN  VARIOUS  PARTS  OF  THE  WORLD. 

1825. 


AL 


AN 


ADAMS,  John,  late  president  of  the  United 
States,  was  born  at  Boston,  about  1735,  and 
bred  to  thebar,  of  which  he  became  a  distinguish- 
ed member.  He  was  conspicuous  as  one  of  the 
first  and  most  decided  opponents  of  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  British  government,  on  the  rights 
and  liberties  of  the  colonies,  and  as  one  of  the 
most  energetic  friends  of  the  revolution.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  continental  congress  in 
1776,  and  one  of  the  signers  of  the  declaration 
of  Independence.  He  was  afterwards  sent  as 
minister  from  the  congress  to  Holland,  and  was 
acknowledged  in  that  character  by  the  states. 
While  he  retained  that  station,  he  rendered  im- 
portant services  to  his  country  by  procuring 
ioans,  and  concluding  treaties  of  amity  and  com- 
merce. Toward  the  close  of  the  revolutionary 
war,  he  was  appointed,  together  with  Dr.  Frank 
lin,  Mr.  Jay,  and  Mr.  Laurens,  commissioner 
for  negotiating  a  peace  with  Great  Britain  ;  with 
this  view  he  repaired  to  Paris,  where  with  his 
colleagues,  he  had  the  high  honour  of  procuring 
the  recognition  of  the  entire  independence  of 
the  colonies  by  that  power,  and  of  signing  a 
treaty  of  peace  to  that  effect.  He  was  afterwards 
the  first  ambassador  from  the  United  States  to 
Great  Britain.  On  the  adoption  of  the  constitu 
tion  of  the  United  States,  Mr.  Adams  was  chosen 
first  vice  president,  and  on  the  retirement  of  ge- 
neral Washington  at  the  close  of  his  second  pre- 
sidential terra,  he  succeeded  him  as  president 
of  the  United  States.  Mr.  Adams  has  resided 
as  a  private  citizen  on  his  estate  at  Guincy 
5ince  his  retirement  from  the  presidency.  He 
has  written  an  able  defence  of  the  constitution 
of  the  United  States. 

^  ADAMS,  John  <iuincy,  is  the  son  of  the  pre 
eedjng,  and  was  born  atCluincy,  about  1765.  He 
has  long  been  engaged  in  public  life,  as  the  re- 
presentative of  ftlassachusetts,  in  the  United 
States  senate,  and  of  his  country,  as  her  am- 
bassador at  several  of  the  European  courts.  He 
was  one  of  the  commissioners,  who  signed  the 
treaty  of  peace  with  Great  Britain,  at  Ghent,  in 
1813.  The  following  year  he  was  appointed 
secretary  of  state  under  Mr.  Monroe,  and  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  that  office,  for  eight  years, 
with  distinguished  reputation  and  abiUty.  Mr. 
Adams  is  now  president  of  the  United  States 
for  the  term  of  four  years,  from  the  4th  day  of 
March,  1825. 

ALEXANDER,  Taulowitz,  emperor  of  Rus- 
sia, is  the  eldest  son  of  Paul  I.  He  was  born 
December  22,  1777,  and  married  to  Elizabeth 
Alexiowna,  princess  of  Baden,  in  1793.  He 
ascended  the  throne  in  ISOl,  and  was  crov?ned 


at  Moscow  the  same  year.  The  first  acts  of  his 
reign,  were  distinguished  for  their  wisdom  and 
lenity.  He  ordered  the  recruiting  for  the  army 
to  be  discontinued,  the  public  taxes  to  be  dimin- 
ished, the  situation  of  the  exiles  to  be  examined, 
and  their  miseries  alleviated  ;  he  abolished  the 
censorship  of  writings,  and  gave  liberty  to  the 
press  ;  he  corrected  the  administration  of  jus- 
tice ;  established  a  uniformity  of  weights  and 
measures,  throughout  his  empire  ;  encouraged 
learning  and  science,  and  patronized  literary 
men ;  and  also  liberally  endowed  schools  and 
universities,  in  ditferent  parts  of  the  empire. 
The  invasion  of  Russia  in  1812,  by  Napoleon, 
and  the  subsequent  events  which  resulted  in  the 
defeat  and  dethronement  of  that  emperor,  are 
familiarly  known ;  they  were  such  as  greatly 
to  elevate  the  character  and  influence  of  Alex- 
ander, and  to  place  him  first  on  the  list  of  Euro- 
pean sovereigns.  Later  events,  however,  have 
contributed  farther  to  develope  his  character ; 
they  have  shown  him  haughty,  ambitious,  and 
tyrannical ;  the  champion  of  legitimacy  ;  the 
enemy  of  liberal  principles  of  civil  government, 
and  the  decided  opponent  of  reform.  He  is  now 
the  most  efficient  member  of  the  Holy  Alliance. 

ANGOULEME,  Louis  Anthony  de  Bourbon, 
due  d',  dauphin  of  France,  is  the  oldest  son  of 
Charles  X.,  king  of  France,  and  of  Maria 
Theresa,  princess  of  Savoy.  He  was  born  at 
Versailles,  in  1775,  and  in  early  life  was  distin- 
guished for  his  mild  and  amiable  disposition, 
and  for  his  studious  habits.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  French  revolution,  he  emigrated  with  hig 
father  to  the  court  of  Turin,  where  for  some 
time  he  devoted  himself  to  his  studies.  He 
afterwards  commanded  a  corps  of  emigrants  in 
Germany.  In  1799,  he  married  the  only  daugh' 
ter  and  surviving  child  of  Louis  XVL,  his  pa- 
ternal uncle.  For  several  years  he  resided  at 
different  European  courts,  as  the  interest  or  in- 
clinations of  the  sovereigns  permitted,  until  18U0, 
when  he  visited  England,  where  he  remained 
until  the  accession  of  Louis  XVIll.  to  the 
throne.  As  lieutenant-general  of  the  kingdom, 
he  was  taken  prisoner  by  marshal  Grouchy, 
when  Buonaparte  returned  from  Elba,  but  was 
permitted  by  the  emperor  to  retire.  Since  that 
time  he  has  only  appeared  in  public,  as  com- 
mander of  the  French  armies,  in  the  late  inva- 
sion of  Spain.  He  is  heir  apparent  to  the  French 
throne.  The  duke  and  his  dutchcss  are  said  to 
be  extremely  devout,  but  not  sufficiently  tolerant 
toward  the  protestants  of  the  kingdom. 

ANGOULE.ME,  Maria  Theresa  Charlotte, 
dulcliess  d'.  is  the  sole  surviving  child  of  Lotiia 
419 


6E 


aVI.,  and  his  queen  Maria  Antoinette ;  sliemftr- 
Hed  tlie  duke  in  1799.  Tlie  unparalleled  mis- 
fortunes of  her  early  life,  have  rendered  her 
melancholy,  both  in  appearance  and  in  reality  ; 
she  has  dran){  too  deep  of  the  bitter  cup  of 
affliction,  ever  to  forget  it ;  and  the  traces  of  her 
unexampled  miseiy,  are  probably  indelible.  She 
13  however  distinguished  lor  her  piety,  hcuevo- 
lence  and  humanity.  The  events  of  her  life, 
are  identified  with  the  history  of  France,  and 
of  the  revolution.  On  the  return  of  Buonaparte 
from  Elba,  she  retired  to  Bourdeaux,  where  she 
was  received  with  acclamations  ;  but  being  af- 
terwards deserted  by  the  inhabitants,  she  em- 
barked on  board  an  English  vessel  for  London, 
from  which  place  she  joined  Louis  XVIU.  at 
Ghent ;  she  returned  to  Paris  after  the  battle  of 
Waterloo  ;  she  has  had  no  children. 

B 

BADEN,  Charles  Louis  Frederick,  duke  of, 
Was  born  in  1786,  and  married  in  1800  to  a  cousin 
of  the  empress  Josephine,  and  the  adopted  daugh- 
ter of  Napoleon.  He  succeeded  to  the  dukedom 
of  Baden,  in  1810.  During  the  wars  on  tlie  con- 
tinent, he  served  with  reputation,  in  several 
campaigns  under  Buonaparte,  by  whom  he  was 
highly  esteemed.  The  misfortunes  of  the  em- 
peror, however,  and  the  disasters  of  the  Russian 
campaign,  led  him  to  form  new  connexions  with 
the  other  sovereigns  of  Europe  ;  he  joined  the 
allies,  fought  against  the  emperor,  and  was  re- 
warded by  the  allies,  \';ith  an  accession  of  terri- 
tory. He  is  one  of  the  few  German  princes,  who 
has  given  a  constitution  to  his  people,  founded  on 
the  same  basis  as  that  of  the  kingdom  of  VVir- 
temburg. 

BAILLIE,  Joanna,  is  a  single  lady,  who  re- 
sides chiefly  in  her  native  country,  Scotland. 
She  is  distinguished  for  her  talents  and  writings, 
and  lias  published  a  series  of  plays  in  several 
volumes,  illustrative  of  the  strong  passions  of 
the  mind.  She  has  also  written  a  coUection  of 
metrical  legends  of  eminent  characters  in  one 
volume. 

BARBAULD,  Anna  Letltia,  is  the  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  John  Aiken,  an  English  dissenting 
Clergyman,  and  wife  of  the  Rev.  K.  Barbauld, 
master  of  a  scliool  in  Norfolk.  She  was  born  in 
the  year  173-1,  and  was  early  instructed  in  the 
Latin  and  Greek  languages  by  her  father.  This 
lady  is  distinguished  for  her  learning,  as  well  as 
for  her  numerous  writings,  which  have  gained 
her  great  celebrity.  She  is  now  far  advanced  in 
life,  and  yet  retains  great  vigour  both  of  intellect 
and  cf  body.  As  a  writer  of  prose,  she  has  sur- 
passed almost  every  female  of  her  time,  and  is 
r^ualled  for  elegance  of  diction,  and  soundness 
of  sense,  by  few  of  the  other  ses. 

BATHURST,  Henry,  carl,  was  born  in  1762, 
end  succeeded  his  father,  who  was  several  years 
lord  chancellor  of  England,  as  earl,  in  1794.  As 
a  member  of  the  house  of  commons,  he  was 
lionourud  with  the  confidence  of  Blr.  Fitt.  He 
V>'as  made  a  ctLimmissioner  of  the  admiralty,  in 
176.3,  and  lord  of  the  treasury,  in  1788,  and  has 
subsequently  held  several  otJierimportant  offices, 


since  so  much  distinguished.  In  1792,  he  was 
sent  by  the  elector  of  Cologn,  to  Vienna,  to 
study  the  theory  of  music,  under  the  cele- 
brated Haydn  ;  he  has  continued  to  reside  in 
that  city  since,  under  the  patronage  of  several 
distinguished  noblemen,  by  whom  he  is  muni- 
licently  supported.  His  works  are  far  too  nu- 
merous to  be  mentioned  iiere ;  they  are  uni- 
versally known,  and  are  admitted  to  be  produc- 
tions of  the  highest  order :  many  of  them  will 
be  heard  with  delight,  after  tlie  overtures,  even 
of  Mozart.  Beethoven  is  extremely  deaf;  this, 
together  with  a  degree  of  inattention  to  the  or- 
dinary rules  of  politeness  in  private  life,  has  de- 
tracted somewhat  from  his  reputation.  He  is 
however,  said  to  possess  a  nice  sense  of  honour 
and  of  moral  rectitude,  and  an  extensive  ac- 
quaintance with  literary  and  scientific  subjects. 
BEllNADOTTE,  John  Baptist  Julius,  now 
Charles  John,  king  of  Sweden,  is  the  son  of  a 
citizen  of  Pau,  in  Beam.  He  was  born  January 
■26, 17(54,  and  after  receiving  a  limited  education, 
commenced  his  career,  as  a  private  soldier  in  a 
regiment  of  royal  marines,  at  the  beginning  of 
the  French  revolution.  His  activity  and  valour 
soon  raised  him  fiom  obscurity ;  in  1792,  he  at- 
tained the  rank  of  colonel,  and  the  next  year, 
that  of  general  of  brigade.  From  that  time,  his 
reputation  as  an  oflicer  rapidly  increased,  and 
his  promotion  in  the  French  service,  conse- 
quently followed.  He  was  appointed  ambas- 
sador from  France  to  Vienna,  and  to  the  Hague ; 
commander-in-chief  of  the  army  of  the  v^est, 
and  minister  of  war.  Buonaparte  made  him  a 
marshal  of  the  empire,  and  gave  him  the  princi- 
pality of  Ponte  Corvo.  He  was  also  decorated 
with  the  order  of  the  Eagle  by  the  king  of 
Prussia,  and  with  the  insignia  of  several  other 
orders,  by  different  princes.  Until  1610,  he  was 
actively  and  successfully  engaged  as  a  general 
officer,  under  Napoleon,  and  maintained  the  re- 
putation of  a  brave,  skilful,  and  efficient  com- 
mander. He  was  also  distinguished  no  less  tor 
his  humanity  and  moderation,  than  for  his  va- 
lour and  energj'.  This  fact,  so  foreign  to  the 
characters  of  the  other  French  marshals,  en- 
deared him  to  the  people  of  those  countries 
through  which  the  vicissitudes  of  war  led  liim, 
and  contributed  in  a  great  degree  to  his  present 
elevation.  On  the  deposition  of  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus,  in  1810,  the  throne  of  Sweden  was  with- 
out an  heir,  and  he  was  selected  by  the  principal 
inhabitants  of  that  country,  to  supply  the  va- 
cancy. He  was  accordingly  proclaimed  by  the 
states  of  Sweden,  crown  prince  of  that  king- 
dom, August,  1811,  and  adopted  by  Charles  Xlll. 
as  his  son.  On  receiving  intelligence  of  that 
event  at  Paris,  he  solemnly  renounced  the  catho- 
lic religion  ;  hastened  his  departure  from  France, 
and  made  his  public  entrance  into  Stockholm 
on  the  1st  of  November  following.  From  that 
time  to  the  present,  he  has  been  devoted  to  the 
interests  and  prosperity  of  his  adopted  country, 
and  he  has  gained  the  confidence  and  esteem  of 
his  subjects  by  his  exertions  for  their  welfare. 
In  1813,  Sweden  entered  into  the  coalition 
against  France,  and  the  crown  prince  was  ap- 


the  duties  of  which,  he  has  discharged  with'lpointed  to  command  the  right  wing  of  the  allied 
ability.  He  is  now  secretary  of  stale  for  the||ariny,cntisisting  of  nearly  one  hundred  thousand 
cokMiial  department,  and  one  of  the  tellers  of  jimen  ;  with  this  force  he  gained  several  impor- 
'.he  English  exchequer.  |  tant  victories,  and  contributed  to  the  overthrow 

BEETHOVEN,  Liidwig  Van,  was  born  at!|of  Napoleon.  On  the  death  of  Charles  Xlll., 
Boun,  in  the  electorate  of  Cologn,  in  1772,i:Februaiy  5th,  1818,  the  crown  prince  wa.s  ele- 
and  at  the  early  age  cf  eleven,  gave  evidence'  vated  to  the  throne  of  Sweden,  and  has  since 
of  those  great  musical  talents,  both  as  a  coni-jibeen  acknowledged  by  all  the  great  powers  sf 
\K))!er  and  performer,  for  which  he  has  beenJiEurope,  as  sovereign  of  that  kiugdoBi. 
420 


BO 

BERTRAND,  count  Henry  Gratian,  is  des- 
cended from  a  respcclable  family  in  Touraiiie. 
Hi!  took  the  oatli  of  fidelity  to  Napoleon,  and 
served  as  a  general  of  artillery  in  the  camp  of 
St.  Omors,  in  1800.  The  sLiccceding  year  he 
was  aid-de-cam|)  to  the  emperor,  and  in  that  ca- 
pacity, acted  a  distinguished  pnrt  in  most  of  the 
campaigns  of  that  period.  In  the  battles  of  Aus- 
terlitz,  and  Friedland,  he  signalized  himself  as 
a  brave  and  skilful  general,  and  as  a  firm  friend 
of  the  emperor  ;  and  ho  so  far  succeeded  to  his 
confidence  and  favour,  that  he  was  named  grand 
marshal  of  the  palace.  Marshal  Bertrand  was 
engaged  in  the  memorable  catnpaign  of  Russia, 
and  the  severe  actions  that  ensued.  He  then 
retired  with  the  emperor  to  Elba,  and,  while 
there,  was  his  confidential  friend  and  adviser. 
On  the  return  of  Buonaparte  from  that  island, 
Bertrand  accompanied  him  as  his  first  minister, 
was  with  him  during  the  important  events  of 
the  "  One  hundred  days,"  and  after  the  battle 
of  Waterloo,  and  the  second  abdication  of  the 
emperor,  retired  with  him  on  board  the  Bcllero- 
phon,  to  share  the  banishment  of  his  sovereign, 
to  the  island  of  St.  Helena.  Too  much  praise  can- 
not be  given  to  the  gratitude  and  fidelity  which 
induced  this  noble  minded  man,  to  quit  his  native 
country,  and  all  the  prospects  of  ambition,  that 
he  might  soften  the  captivity  of  his  fallen  sove- 
reign. 

BLOOMPIELD,  Robert,  a  distinguished  Eng- 
lish poetical  writer,  was  born  in  the  county  of 
Suffolk,  in  the  year  lTi'6.  His  father  was  a 
rnechanic  of  middling  circumstances,  and  with  a 
large  family  dependant  on  him  for  support;  he, 
of  course,  was  enabled  to  give  his  children  but  a 
limited  and  common  education.  The  death  of 
this  parent  compelled  Mr.  Bloomfield,  when  a 
lad  of  eljven  years  old,  to  accept  the  employ- 
ment of  a  farmer's  boy.  In  the  intervals  of  his 
labours,  his  native  genius  prompted  him  to  pe- 
ruse such  books  and  newspapers  as  came  within 
his  reach,  and  even  then,  he  wrote  a  small  po- 
em which  was  published  in  the  I.^ndon  Maga- 
zine. He  now  turned  his  attention  to  poe- 
tiy  during  the  hours  of  relaxation  from  labour, 
and  compose.'!  many  excellent  pieces  ;  the  prin- 
cipal of  which,  the  "  Farmer's  Boy,"  as  a  de- 
scriptive poem,  possesses  greatmerit  ■  it  has  ful- 
ly established  the  claim  of  the  author  to  the  ti- 
tle of  poet,  and  stamped  his  name  with  the  ho- 
nour of  genius.  He  has  also  published  songs, 
ballads,  and  other  pieces ;  and  the  "  Banks  of 
Wye,"  a  poem. 

BOLIVAR,  Simon,  is  the  most  brilliant  star 
in  Colombian  history,  and  indeed  in  the  history 
of  modern  revolutions  ;  and,  to  whatever  it  may 
be  ascribed,  whether  to  accident,  good  fortune, 
or  personal  merit,  or  to  all  combined,  he  has 
raised  himself  to  an  eminent  station  in  the  list 
of  successful  heroes  and  remarkable  men.  He 
was  born  at  Caraccas,  about  the  year  178.5,  and 
is  said  to  be  descended  of  a  noble  and  wealthy 
family  of  that  place,  .\fter  completing  his  stu- 
dies at  Madrid,  where  he  received  his  education, 
he  resided  for  some  time  at  Paris,  where  he  was 
intimate  with  Humboldt  and  Bonplaiid,  and 
then  travelled  through  England,  France,  and 
other  countries  of  Europe.  Before  he  returned  [ 
to  America,  he  had  formed  the  design  of  de- 
voting himself  to  the  cause  of  South  American 
independence,  and  he  returned  in  season  to 
ioin  Miranda  and  his  associates,  just  as  he  had 
unfurled  the  standard  of  liberty  in  Venezuela. 
Being  dissatisfied,  however,  with  the  general 
system  of  measures  pursued  by  the  patriot  party. 


he  for  a  time,  avoided  taking  any  active  part ; 
but  the  time  soon  arrived,  when  he  fell  it  his 
duty  not  to  be  kept  inactive  by  a  mere  dilfcrencc 
of  opinion  ;  he  then  joined  the  army  and  engaged 
in  the  contest,  with  a  zeal  and  patriotism,  that 
raised  him  to  popularity  and  influence.  From 
that  day  to  this,  his  history  is  before  the  world  ; 
it  has  been  a  succession  of  splendid  achieve- 
ments, which  have  gained  for  his  name  a  mer- 
ited place  on  the  same  tablet  with  that  of 
Washington.  The  brightest  records  of  ancient 
or  modern  fame,  have  nothhig  prouder  to  ollrr. 
Time  must  show,  whether  he  will  complete  the 
parallel  with  his  illustrious  model,  which  may 
thus  far  be  run  with  so  much  apparent  justice 
Bolivar,  was  in  his  early  career,  unfortunate  as 
a  soldier ;  he  has  however  triumphed  over  his 
disasters.  For  a  considerable  time  he  was  su- 
preme dictator,  with  all  the  army  at  liis  com- 
mand ;  but  when  a  favourable  opportunity  pre- 
sented, he  voluntarily  relinquished  his  power, 
and  returned  to  the  rank  of  a  private  citizen. 
As  president  of  the  republic  of  Colombia,  he 
has  proved  himself  equally  eminent  as  a  states- 
man, as  well  as  a  soldier.  He  has  recently  ex- 
hibited his  magnanimity,  and  disinterestedness, 
by  relinquishing  supreme  authority  in  an  adjoin- 
ing state,  for  whose  liberties  he  had  been  con- 
tending ;  and  by  declining  to  accept  a  present  of  a 
million  of  dollars,  which  had  been  voted  him,  by 
the  congress  of  Peru,  for  his  patriotic  services. 
There  is  reason  to  believe  that  he  is  about  to 
attempt  the  liberation  of  Brazil  from  the  d.omi 
nation  of  a  Portuguese  dynasty. 

An  American  gentleman,  in  a  letter  from 
Lima,  thus  speaks  of  him  : 

"  General  Bolivar,  or,  as  he  is  always  called, 
the  Libertador,  is  about  5  feet  7,  slender  in  his 
person,  and,  as  the  "Hero  of  the  Equator," 
which  the  Americans  call  him,  might  be  sup- 
posed to  be  rather  dark  in  his  complexion.  His 
countenance,  always  of  a  serious  cast,  yet  not- 
withstanding the  mouztachio  on  his  upper  lip, 
not  ferocious,  as  many  represent  him  ;  his  eyes, 
dark  hazel,  are  expressive  and  penetrating :  he 
reads  English,  but  does  not  speak  more  than  a 
few  words.  French  he  speaks  fluently,  though 
not  correctly.  Apologizing  one  day  for  my 
imperfect  knowledge  of  French  and  Spanish  ; 
he  said,  "  O,  no  matter,  never  regret  it,  your  own 
tine  idiom  is  the  only  one  worth  speaking  ;  all 
that  is  liberal,  all  that  is  noble,  is  to  be  found  ia 
that.  It  is  the  language  of  liberty."  Fie  talks 
a  great  deal,  and  with  apparent  frankness,  and 
without  premeditation.  He  seems  fond  of  so- 
cial life,  and  never  balks  a  party  by  going  away 
prematurely,  Sec.  On  two  occasions  I  have  been 
with  him  in  large  parties,  once  at  a  ball  and 
supper,  where  hestaid  from  eight  in  the  evening 
to  five  in  the  morning  talked  the  whole  time  ; 
at  supper,  gave  toasts  and  made  speeches,  and 
after  supper  danced  a  waltz  with  a  handsome 
girl.  At  a  breakfast  on  Washington's  birth  day, 
the  day  he  selected  for  his  visit  to  the  frigate 
tJniled  .States,  which  lasted  from  eleven  to  three, 
he  gave  several  toasts  and  speeches,  in  one  of 
which  he  exalted  the  United  States  as  infinitely 
surpassing  every  nation  of  ancient  and  modern 
times,  in  knowing  how  to  unite  the  most  entire 
liberty  with  the  most  perfect  order,  intelligence, 
and  liberality. 

His  ambition  appears  to  be  of  a  lofty  and  fine 
description.  He  wishes  to  go  down  as  the  assertet 
and  founder  of  South  American  Independence, 
and  satisfied  with  an  ample  private  fortune,  dis- 
dains all  accessioa  of  wealth.  His  favourite 
36  42-1 


BO 

projects  are  a  canal  across  the  isihiiuis,  and  tlii' 
establishment  of  a  congress  at  Panama,  to  coii- 
eist  of  a  grand  federative  councii,  to  decide  on 
all  disputes  between  the  different  states;  to 
have  an  array  which  they  shall  call  out  when 
either  of  the  states  or  any  foreign  power  coin- 
Jnits  an  aggression.  After  settling  the  affairs  of 
these  countries,  and  establishing  their  peace  and 
independence,  it  is  his  wish  to  travel  through 
the  United  States  and  England,  for  both  of 
which  countries  he  has  a  high  admiration.  His 
enmity  against  the  Spaniards,  nourished  in  the 
bloody  war  of  Venezuela,  is  irreconcilable.  All 
his  connexions  were  murdered  by  them,  except 
an  uncle  whom  he  has  in  Spain." 

BOYER,  John  Peter,  president  of  the  island  of 
Hayti,  is  a  native  of  St.  Domingo.  Of  his  birth 
and  early  life,  we  are  unable  to  give  any  par- 
ticulars. He  is  said  to  be  well  educated,  and  it 
appears  that  he  must  long  have  possessed  con- 
siderable influence  in  his  native  island,  as  on 
the  death  of  Petion,  he  was  elected  president 
of  the  republic,  without  opposition.  Since  the 
death  of  Christophe,  he  has  extended  his  au- 
thority over  the  whole  island,  and  united  all  the 
inhabitants  under  his  government.  Boyer  has 
recently  procured,  bv  negotiation,  the  recogni- 
tion on  the  part  of  franco,  of  the  independent 
sovereignty  of  the  whole  island.  So  far  as  we 
are  acquainted  with  the  acts  of  his  administra- 
tion, he  has  given  evidence  of  a  strong  mind, 
and  of  talents  for  governing,  which  might  be 
coveted  by  some  of  the  more  legitimate  sove- 
reigns of  Europe. 

BRYANT,  William  Cullen,  a  poet  of  con- 
siderable eminence,  was  bom  in  the  town  of 
Cornington,  Massachusetts.  His  father  was  a 
respectable  physician  of  that  place.  After  com- 
pleting his  preparatory  studies,  he  became  a 
member  of  the  WiHiamslown  college,  and  re- 
mained there  two  years.  He  then  commenced 
his  professional  studies,  read  law  in  an  office 
at  Northampton,  and  settled  as  a  lawyer  in 
Great  Barrington.  His  amiable  character,  and 
social  qualities  have  obtained  for  him  the  re- 
gard of  a  large  circle  of  friends ;  while  his  pure 
taste  and  cultivated  genius  have  excited  admi- 
ration on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  He  now 
resides  at  New  York,  and  is  an  editor  of  the 
Atheneiim  Magazine  (1825.)  »  <   •    •    • 

BUONWPARTE,  madam  Letitia  Romalina, 
mother  to  the  late  emperor  of  France,  was  born 
at  Ajaccio,  in  Corsica,  1750,  and  in  1767  married 
an  assessor  to  the  tribunal  of  that  island.  On 
the  death  of  her  husband,  she  was  left  with  a 
numerous  family,  and  without  a  fortune.  She, 
iiowever,  succeeded  in  gaining  powerful  friends 
and  protectors,  to  some  of  whom  she  was  in- 
debted for  the  elevation  of  her  family.  On  the 
invasion  of  Corsica  by  the  English,  she  removed 
to  Marseilles,  and  from  thence  to  Paris,  where 
she  resided  until  the  downfall  of  the  emperor. 
During  the  greater  part  of  that  period,  she 
lived  in  all  the  splendour  and  luxury  of  a  court, 
and  received  from  the  French  people,  that 
homage  which  was  due  to  the  mother  of  their 
sovereign.  But  the  elegance  which  surrounded 
this  lady  had  no  charms  for  her,  and  it  was  said, 
that  she  was  constantly  advising  Napoleon  to 
recollect,  that  the  day  of  trial  might  come,  when| 
the  dazzling  glory  with  which  he  was  encircled, 
might  pass  away.  Since  the  abdication  of  the 
emperor,  madam  Buonaparte  has  resided  in  the 
states  of  the  church,  with  her  sons  Lucien  and 
liouis. 
BUONAPARTE,  Joseph,  brother  to  Napo- 
4^2 


BU 

Iton,  was  burn  at  Ajaccio,  Jan.  7,  1768,  and  re- 
mnvod  with  his  family  to  France,  in  1793.  The 
next  year  lit-  married  a  mademoiselle  Clary,  sta- 
ter to  the  present  queen  of  Sweden.  He  was 
appointed  by  his  brother  a  commissarj'  in  the 
army  ;  and  by  the  republic  ambassador  to  Rome, 
in  1797.  On  his  return,  he  was  chosen  a  depu- 
ty to  the  council  of  Five  Hundred,  and  secreta- 
ry to  that  body.  After  the  revolution  of  the  18lh 
Bruniaire,  his  brother  named  him  counsellor 
of  state,  and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  nego- 
tiate a  treaty  of  amity  and  commerce  with  Iho 
United  States.  He  signed  the  treaty  of  Lune- 
ville,  in  1801,  and  soon  after  concluded  a  peace 
with  Great  Britain,  at  Amiens.  He  was  nomi- 
nated president  of  the  senate,  by  the  emperor, 
and  honoured  with  the  titles  of  prince  and  grand 
elector  of  the  empire.  This  was  but  the  prelude 
to  farther  advancement;  he  was  raised  to  the 
rank  of  general  and  commander-in-chief  of  the 
army  of  Naples,  and  lastly  named  lieutenant- 
general  of  that  kingdom,  which  he  had  invaded 
at  the  head  of  a  powerful  army.  On  the  13th  of 
Feb.,  1806,  king  Ferdinand  left  Naples  for  Sicily, 
and  the  next  day  Joseph  entered  the  city  and 
took  possession  of  the  palace.  He  was  soon  af- 
ter proclaimed  king  of  Naples,  and  formally 
elevated  to  that  dignity.  As  sovereign  of  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  he  became  subservient  to 
the  views  and  policy  of  Napoleon.  He  suppres- 
sed the  religious  orders,  seized  upon  their  pro- 
perty, and  converted  their  lands  to  the  public 
use.  He  also  abolished  the  feudal  rights,  and 
created  a  new  order,  called  the  order  of  the  Two 
Sicilies.  He  was  likewise  accused  of  resigning  to 
pleasure,  hours  which  should  have  been  devoted 
to  business,  and  of  preferring  a  voluptuous  and 
ostentatious  life,  to  the  welfare  and  respect  of 
his  subjects.  His  administration,  however,  was 
far  from  being  either  tyrannical  or  cruel,  and  hi> 
people  complained  rather  of  his  prodigality  of 
expenditure,  and  the  burthen  of  the  public  tax- 
es, than  of  his  vices  or  injustice.  In  the  yeai 
1808,  he  was  proclaimed  king  of  Spain  and  th« 
Indies,  by  Napoleon,  and  he  immediately  quit- 
ted Naples,  for  his  new  monarchy.  The  civil 
wars  wliich  ensued  in  Spain,  the  interference  of 
the  English,  and  the  victories  of  Wellington, 
caused  his  overthrow  in  that  kingdom,  and  his 
retreat  from  it,  in  1813.  He  returned  to  France, 
and  on  the  invasion  of  Russia,  in  1814,  he  was 
appointed  by  the  emperor,  lieutenant-general  of 
the  empire,  and  commandant-general  of  thena 
tional  guards,  and  confidential  adviser  to  the 
empress  Maria  Louisa,  then  invested  with  thf> 
regency.  Being  afterwards  overpowered  by  tha 
allied  army,  he  left  the  kingdom,  and  retired  to 
Switzerland;  and  on  the  final  abdication  of  Na 
poleon,  he  came  to  the  United  States.  He  ha» 
since  resided  as  an  American  citizen,  in  the  stats 
of  New-Jersey,  and  lias  acquired  the  confidence 
and  esteem  of  the  inliabitants  of  that  state,  and 
of  the  country.  His  wife  resides  with  her  two 
daughters  in  the  \'icinity  of  Frankfort. 

BUONAPARTE,  Lucien,  was  born  in  1775, 
and  went  to  France  in  1793.  He  was  at  first 
employed  as  a  commissary  of  stores,  in  Belgium, 
and  did  not  commence  his  political  career  until 
1797.  He  was  then  sent  as  a  deputy  to  the  coun- 
cil of  Five  Hundred,  and,  while  a  member  of 
that  body,  was  distinguished  for  his  moderation 
and  love  of  justice.  Perceiving  that  the  then 
igovemment  was  tottering,  and  that  a  cbanga 
jof  affairs  was  approaching,  Lucien  wrote  to 
I  his  brother,  then  in  Egypt,  advising  him  of  the 
lUtate  of  parties  io  Frauce,  and  urging  bis  retura 


BU  

and  on  the  arrival  of  Napoleon,  he  acted  a  prin- 
cipal part  in  tlie  revolution  wliich  elevated  his 
brother  to  the  tirst  consulship.  His  services  on 
tliat  occasion  were  rewarded  by  an  appointment 
to  the  ministry,  and  by  embassies  abroad,  in 
which  he  amassed  immense  wealth.  He  wa.s 
said  to  have  been  opposed  to  tlie  elevation  of 
Napoleon  to  the  throne  ;  in  consequence  of 
Which,  a  coolness  ensued  between  the  brothers 
which  was  so  far  increased  by  a  subsequent 
iDarriage  of  Lucien,  that  he  was  ordered  to  quit 
France.  He  retired  to  Milan,  and  afterwards  to 
Korae.  Subsequently  he  embarked  for  theUni 
ted  States,  was  taken  prisoner  by  a  British  fri- 
gate, and  sent  to  England,  where  he  continued 
until  1814.  On  the  return  of  Buonaparte  from 
Elba,  he  repaired  to  liis  assistance,  and  took  an 
active  part  in  the  affairs  of  that  period.  Since 
the  abdication  of  the  emperor,  he  has  resided  at 
Rome.  He  has  been  created  prince  of  Canino, 
by  the  pope. 

BUONAPARTE,  Louis,  third  brother  of  Na- 
poleon, was  born  in  the  year  1778.  He  entered 
young  into  the  military  service,  was  with  his 
brother  in  the  campaigns  of  Italy  and  Egypt, 
and  returned  from  the  latter  country  witi*  des- 
patches for  the  directory.  When  Napoleon  was 
proclaimed  emperot,  he  was  made  a  constable 
of  the  empire,  and  governor-general  of  Pied- 
mont. In  1805,  he  succeeded  Murat  in  the  go- 
vernment of  the  city  of  Paris  ;  he  afterwards 
took  command  of  the  army  north,  and  on  the 
4th  of  June,  1806,  he  became  king  of  Holland. 
Louis  was  distinguished  for  his  mild  and  gentle 
disposition,  and  for  his  love  of  justice.  He  made 
his  administration,  so  far  as  was  in  his  power, 
beneficial  to  his  people ;  he  diminished  the  tax- 
es of  the  country,  secretly  encouraged  trade,  and 
generally  adopted  such  measures  as  acquired  for 
Jiim  the  character  of  a  good  prince.  His  pohcy 
so  far  interfered  with  the  views  of  Napoleon, 
that  he  was  compelled  to  relinquish  the  throne, 
and  he  retired  to  Gratz,  in  Styria,  and  afterwards 
to  Rome,  where  he  now  resides.  He  has  recent- 
ly published  an  interesting  work,  relative  to  his 
reign  over  Holland. 

BUONAPARTE,  Jerome,  the  younger  brother 
of  Napoleon,  was  born  in  1784,  and  educated  in 
France.  He  went  to  St.  Domingo  with  Le  Clerc, 
as  a  lieutenant,  and  soon  afterwards  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  a  frigate.  Buona- 
parte had  so  high  an  opinion  of  his  nautical  ta- 
lents that  he  made  him  an  admiral ;  he,  how- 
ever, was  soon  dissatisfied,  and  transferred  him 
to  the  army,  where  he  rose  to  the  command  of 
a  division.  About  the  year  1801,  Jerome  visited! 
the  United  States,  and  while  here,  he  married  a 
Miss  Patterson,  daughter  of  a  very  respectable 
gentleman  of  Baltimore.  Napoleon  compelled 
hira  to  divorce  this  lady,  with  a  view  of  marry- 
ing a  princess  of  the  house  of  Wertemburg. 
This  marriage  took  place  in  1807,  and  he  now 
resides  with  his  family  in  the  territory  ofWer- 
ternburg,  under  the  title  of  count  of  Montfort. 

BURR,  Aaron,  late  vice-president  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  was  born  at  Fairfield,  in  Connecticut, 
in  1749,  and  educated  at  Princeton  college,  inl 
New- Jersey,  of  which  his  father  was  president.! 
At  the  age  of  twenty-five  he  was  aid-de-camp! 
to  general  Putnam,  and  he  was  afterwards  lieu- 
tenant-colonel in  one  of  the  twelve  regiments 
of  the  new  levy,  in  the  revolutionary  war.' 
During  the  whole  of  that  war  he  was  distin-[ 
guished  for  his  bravery,  talents,  and  liberality.! 
At  the  close  of  the  war  he  applied  himself  to 
tbe  studv  °^  ^''^  '**"'>  ^^^  w^^  ^'^^^'  called  to. 


CA 

the  bar,  where  he  rose  to  the  highett  rank  ol' 
professional  eminence.  He  was  afterwards 
chosen  a  meniber  of  the  United  States  senate 
from  tlie  state  of  New- York,  and  subsequently 
vice-president  of  the  United  Statics.  A  di^pule 
of  a  political  nature,  led  to  a  personal  eiicouniev 
between  colonel  Burr  and  general  Alexander 
Hamilton,  in  which  the  latter  was  mortally 
wounded.  This  event,  and  a  charge  of  liigh 
treason  against  the  United  Stales,  for  which  ho 
was  tried  and  acquitted,  have  destroyed  the  cha- 
racter and  influence  of  colonel  Burr,  and  cast  a 
stigma  upon  his  reputation.  For  several  ycaiu 
after  the  above  event,  he  resided  in  Europe. 
He  has  now, however,  returned  to  America,  and 
resides  in  the  city  of  New- York. 


CALHOUN,  John  C,  is  a  native  of  SoutA 
Carolina,  and  was  born  in  the  district  of  Abbe- 
ville, about  the  year  1781.  His  father  emigrated 
from  Pennsylvania  to  South  Carolina,  anterior 
to  the  revolution,  and  was  an  ardent  whig  dur- 
ing that  struggle.  Mr.  Calhoun  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  his  classical  attainments  under  the  tuition 
of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Waddel,  after  which  he  became 
a  student  at  Yale  College,  and  graduated  witii 
much  distinction  for  his  proficiency  in  iiieta 
physics,  mathematics,  and  the  sciences  gene 
rally ;  and  with  a  high  reputation  for  his  talents. 
At  this  period,  Dr.  Dwight  foretold  the  political 
eminence  which  he  would  one  day  attain.  Mr. 
Calhoun  prepared  himself  for  the  practice  of 
lavif,  attended  the  lectures  of  judge  Reeve,  at 
Litchfield,  Conn.,  and  soon  after,  rose  to  the 
first  grade  m  his  profession.  In  a  short  time  he 
became  a  member  of  the  legislature  of  his  native 
state,  where  he  attracted  great  confidence,  and 
in  two  years  he  was  elected  to  congress.  Of  this 
body,  Mr.  Calhoun  was  an  able,  an  eloquent, 
and  a  leading  member,  until  the  close  of  the 
year  1817,  when  he  wag  appointed  secretary  at 
war.  In  this  capacity,  "  his  attention  was  ac- 
tively directed  to  the  great  and  important  object 
of  the  general  defence,"  and  his  active  mind 
seems  to  have  pervaded  and  analyzed  the  great 
and  complicated  mass  of  our  national  interests, 
and  to  have  formed  almost  a  new  creation  in 
the  military  department  of  the  government." 
In  March,  1825,  Mr.  Calhoun  was  elected  vice- 
president  of  the  United  States.  He  was  a  lead- 
ing, decided,  and  able  advocate  for  the  late  war, 
and  has  ever  been  a  uniform  advocate  for  in- 
ternal improvements,  and  also  for  a  navy,  "  as 
the  appropriate  armour  for  a  free  people,  with- 
out endangering  their  liberty."  As  a  statesman, 
Mr.  Calhoun  is  an  ornament  to  his  country ;  as 
a  patriot,  he  is  ardent  and  independent ;  aiid  his 
colloquial  powers  are  of  the  first  order. 

CAMBACERES,  John  James  Regis  de,  was 
born  at  Montpellier,  of  a  respectable  family,  in 
1753,  and  educated  for  the  bar.  His  talents  soon 
gave  him  reputation,  and  in  1792,  he  was  nam- 
ed a  deputy  to  the  national -convention,  and,  in 
that  capacity,  voted  for  the  death  of  the  king. 
He  was  afterwards  president  of  the  council  of 
Five  Hundred,  and  minister  of  justice.  On  the 
elevation  of  Napoleon  to  the  first  consulship, 
Cambaceres  was  created  second  consul,  and,  in 
that  office,  devoted  himself  to  the  organization 
of  the  courts  of  justice.  As  emperor,  Napoleon 
named  hira  arch-chancellor  of  the  empire,  and 
a  member  of  the  legion  of  honour.  He  was  in- 
defatigable in  the  service  of  the  emperor,  who 
45:3 


CA 

Initiateii  him  in  all  his  secrets,  and  on  several 
occasions,  in  the  absence  of  Napoleon,  he  wa» 
intrusted  with  the  control  of  affairs.  Tn  1814, 
he  was  created  gram!  dignitary  of  the  order  of 
the  iron  crown,  and  president  of  the  council  of 
regency,  during  the  cainpaitjn  of  Russia.  After 
the  abdication  of  Buonaparte,  he  sent  in  his  ad- 
hesion to  the  king ;  but  on  the  return  of  that 
monarch  from  Elba,  ne  resumed  his  offices  of 
arch-chancellor  and  minister  of  justice.  On  the 
final  return  of  Louis  XVIII.,  he  was  banished 
ac  a  regicide,  but  has  been  since  suffered  to  re- 
turn to  Paris,  where  he  now  lives  in  a  very  re- 
tired manner.  lie  published,  in  1704,  his  project 
for  a  civil  code,  which  has  since  served  as  a  ba- 
sis of  the  Napoleon  code. 

CAMBRIDGE,  Adolphus  Frederick,  duke  of, 
is  the  youngest  son  of  the  late  king  of  Great 
Britainj  and  was  born  in  1774.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  Gottingen,  and  when  he  came  of  age, 
was  made  a  colonel,  and  created  duke  of  Cam- 
bridge, with  a  stipend  of  12,000/.  a  year.  In 
180:i  he  was  sent  with  14.000  men  to  defend 
Hanover,  but  not  succeeding,  he  returned  to 
England.  He  then  took  his  seat  in  the  house 
of  lords,  and  was  promoted  in  the  army  to  the 
rank  of  field  marshal.  In  1818  he  married  the 
princess  Auzusta,  niece  of  the  landgrave  of 
Ilcsse,  by  whom  he  has  a  son.  Since  his  mar- 
riage his  yearly  allowance  has  been  doubled 

C.'\MPBELT>,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  poeti- 
cal and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  at  Glas- 
gow, in  the  year  1777,  and  received  his  education 
at  the  university  of  that  city.  In  1799,  he  pub- 
lished "The  Pleasures  of  Hope,"  a  poem  of 
great  merit,  and  which  has  passed  through  seve- 
ral editions.  He  subsequently  travelled  on  the 
continent,  and  on  his  return  settled  in  London. 
Ho  has  since  written  "  Gertrude  of  Wyoming," 
and  other  poems,  and  "  Annals  of  Great  Britain 
fro(n  the  accession  of  George  III.  to  the  peace 
of  America.  Mr.  Campbell  is  the  author  of 
several  articles  on  poetry  and  belles  lettres  in 
the  Edinburgh  Encycloptedia,  and  is  now  editor 
of  the  London  New  Monthly  Magazine  (18i5.) 

CANNING,  George,  Rt.  Hon.  The  father  of 
this  gentleman,  a  native  of  Ireland,  having  dis- 
pleased his  friends  by  marriage,  was  left  to  pro- 
vide for  himself,  and  died  in  early  life,  leaving 
his  family  destitute.  Mr.  Canning  was  educated 
by  his  relations,  at  Eton  and  Oxford,  where  he 
gained  several  prizes.  He  afterwards  went  to 
the  Temple  to  study  law,  and  after  completing 
his  studies,  was  returned  a  member  of  parlia- 
ment for  Newtown,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight.  The 
minister,  Mr.  Pitt,  soon  discovered  his  abilities, 
and  offered  hinj  the  place  of  under  secretary  of 
state,  in  the  administration,  virhich,  in  1796,  ho 
accepted.  From  that  time,  he  supported  Mr. 
Pitt  until  his  death  ;  he  then  joined  Mr.  Percival, 
and  was  made  secretary  of  state  for  foreign  af- 
fairs. In  this  capacity,  his  conduct  to  lord  Cas- 
tlereatili,  brought  on  a  duel  between  them,  in 
which  he  was  wounded,  and  for  which  he  lost 
his  place.  He  afterwards  came  into  parliament 
from  Liverpool ;  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
Lisbon,  and  on  his  return  was  made  president 
of  the  Board  of  Control  for  India  Alfairs.  Mr. 
Canning  is  now  secretary  of  state  for  foreign 
affairs,  and  leader  of  the  administration  party 
in  the  house  of  commons.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  a  contributor  to,  and  perhaps  proprietor 
of,  the  duarterlv  Review. 

CAXTKRBiniY,  Charles  Manners  Sutton, 
archbishop  of,  is  the  grandson  of  John,  duke  of 
Rutland,  and  son  of  lord  George  Manners.  He 
424 


CH 

was  horn  in  17.55,  and  educated  al  Cambridge, 
Kvherc  he  took  his  first  degree  in  1777.  He  was 
soon  made  dean  of  Windsor,  and  in  1791,  raised 
to  the  bishopric  of  Norwich.  On  the  death  of 
the  late  primate,  Dr.  Sutton  was,  by  the  influ- 
ence of  the  king,  nominated  to  fill  the  vacancy. 
He  is  said  to  be  a  prelate  of  great  learning,  con- 
ciliating habits  of  life,  of  an  amiable  character, 
and  well  calculated  to  fill  the  highest  episcopal 
dignity  of  the  realm.  His  only  son,  is  now 
peaker  of  the  house  of  commons. 

C.\REY,  William,  LL.  D.,  baptist  missionary 
at  Bengal,  was  originally  a  shoemaker.  In  his 
twenty-fourth  year  he  was  ordained  as  a  clergy- 
man, and  in  1793,  was  sent  as  a  missionary  to 
India.  On  his  arrival  there,  he  immediately 
made  liimself  master  of  the  Bengalee,  Sanscrit^ 
and  Mahratta  languages,  and  is  now  professor  of 
those  languages,  in  the  college  of  Fort  William, 
at  Bengal.  Dr.  Carey,  with  his  associates,  has 
been  assiduous  in  printing  and  publishing  the 
Scriptures,  in  different  languages  and  dialects  of 
India,  and  in  promoting  the  spread  of  the  Gospel 
in  that  country.  He  is  now  far  advanced  in  lift, 
yet  still  continues  his  labours  and  usefulness, 
with  all  the  zeal  and  energy  of  an  apostle  of  the 
primitive  church. 

CATALANI,  Angelica,  madam,  is  probably 
the  most  distinguished  fem.ale  singer  of  the  age. 
She  was  born  near  Rome,  in  1782,  and  educated 
in  aconvent.  Her  father  who  was  a  silversmith, 
becomins  embarrassed  in  his  pecuniary  affairs, 
his  daughter  became  a  public  singer  at  Milan, 
at  the  age  of  fifteen,  and  was  highly  applaudeil 
by  tlie  Italian  and  French  critics  and  journals. 
On  her  first  appearance  in  England,  in  1806,  she 
was  found  superior  to  all  the  continental  pane- 
gyrics, and  has  never  since  ceased  to  be  greatly 
admired.  Her  voice  is  singularly  powerful,  and 
equally  melodious  in  the  high  and  low  tones. 
Her  figure  is  finely  formed,  and  her  deportment 
majestic.  She  is  still  heard  with  delight,  both 
n  Great  Britain  and  on  the  continent. 

CHANTREY,  Francis,  an  eminent  English 
iculptor,  was  bom  at  Norton,  in  Derbyshire,  in 
the  year  1782.  His  father  dying  when  he  wa« 
quite  young,  he  was  educated  by  his  mother, 
and  in  early  life  gave  indications  of  his  genius, 
by  making  models  in  clay.  His  friends  had 
chosen  the  law  as  a  profession  for  him,  and  he 
was  on  his  way  to  Sheffield,  to  enter  an  office, 
when  he  chanced  to  look  at  some  figures  in  the 
shop  of  a  carver  and  gilder,  which  immediately 
induced  him  to  change  his  pursuits.  He  there- 
fore became  an  apprentice  to  the  carver,  and 
resided  with  him  three  years ;  during  which  he 
devoted  himself  to  drawing,  modelling,  and 
studying  from  nature.  He  then  went  to  London, 
where  he  soon  attracted  attention,  and  obtained 
extensive  employment.  His  first  public  work, 
was  a  statue  of  the  king  in  Guildhall.  He  has 
since  established  his  reputation,  by  several 
splendid  specimens  of  his  genius.  In  1818,  Mr. 
Chantrey  visited  Italy,  and  contracted  an  inti- 
mate friendship  with  his  great  rival  Canova. 

C1I.\PTAL,  John,  count  de  Chanteloup,  was 
born  al  Montpellier,  in  the  year  175,5.  He  stu- 
died medicine  and  natural  philosophy  when 
young,  and,  before  the  French  revolution,  was 
distinguished  as  a  physician  and  chymist.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  revolution  he  headed  a  mob 
in  Montpellier,  and  took  possession  of  the  citadel 
in  1791.  In  1793,  he  was  called  to  Paris  by  the 
[committee  of  safely,  to  he  consulted  as  a  chy- 
inist,  relative  to  the  production  of  saltpetre, 
[and  the  making  of  gunpowder,  and  lie  so  far 


CH 


CL 


siirr.ociled  in  improving  llie  iiiauufaoture  of  that 
Brtiule,  as  to  produce  all  that  was  wanted  forthn 
use  of  the  Freucli  army,  consisting  of  l,4OO,0IJ0 
mm.  It  mav  safely  be  said,  that  if  any  man 
coiitriliuted  more  than  another  to  prevent  the 
republic  from  being  overrun,  at  that  time,  it  was 
M.  Chaptal.  He  was  rewarded  for  liis  servi- 
ces by  the  directory  with  the  profesaorship  of 
chymistry,  in  the  university  of  Montpellier.  He 
was  afterwards,  under  Huonaparfe,  made  minis- 
ter of  the  interior.  In  that  situation,  he  paid 
great  attention  to  tlie  mnnii factoring  establish- 
ments in  France,  and  to  the  means  of  promoting 
education.  He  was  a  devoted  friend  to  Napoleon 
during  his  reign,  and  since  his  abdication  has 
Jived  as  a  private  citizen.  His  writings  have 
been  very  numerous,  principally  on  chymical 
subjects. 

CHARLES  X.,  king  of  France,  was  born  Oct. 
9,  1757.  He  married,  in  1773,  Maria  Theresa, 
of  Savoy,  by  wliom  he  had  three  children,  a 
daughter,  who  died  young,  the  present  due  d'An- 
goulemo,  and  the  late  due  d'Berri.  In  his  youth, 
the  king  was  gay  and  extravagant ;  he  v.'as, 
.however,  amiable  in  his  disposition,  and  a  pat- 
ron and  protector  of  men  of  letters.  From  the 
bejjinning  of  the  revolution  he  was  decidedly 
opposed  to  any  reform,  and  soon  emigrated  with 
his  family.  He  went  to  Turin,  and,  in  1791, 
joined  his  brother,  the  iate  king  Louis  XVIH., 
and  prepared  to  assist  in  invading  France.  The 
events  of  this  period  of  liis  life  are  matters  of 
history,  and  do  not  need  repetition  here.  Fail- 
ing in  his  projected  invasion  of  France,  he  re- 
tired to  Westphalia,  and  afterwards  to  Great 
Britain,  where  lie  resided  until  the  restoration 
of  his  family.  In  1814,  he  returned  to  France, 
and  took  up  Iiis  residence  in  the  Thuillerics,  as 
lieutenant-general  of  the  kingdom  in  the  absence 
of  his  brother ;  and  by  his  affable  deportment  and 
conde,scending  manners,  contributed  not  a  little 
to  reconcile  the  French  to  a  change  of  govern- 
ment. On  the  death  of  liis  brother,  he  succeed- 
ed to  the  throne  under  tlie  title  of  Charles  X. ; 
he  was  recently  crowned  at  Rheims,  with  all 
the  parade  and  splendour  of  modern  extrava- 
gance. The  general  policy  of  his  administra- 
tion has  been  the  same  as  that  of  his  predeces- 
sor, since  his  elevation  to  the  throne.  He  has, 
however,  abolished  the  censorship  of  the  press, 
and  done  some  other  acts  indicative  of  sounder 
views  of  government,  than  were  entertained 
during  the  last  reign. 

CH.\RLES  LOUIS,  of  Lorraine,  archduke 
of  Austria,  was  born  in  the  year  1771.  He  be- 
gan his  military  career  under  the  prince  of  Co 
bourg,  in  Brabant,  and  was  soon  afterwards 
made  governor  and  captain-general  of  the  low 
countries,  and  field  marshal  of  the  empire. 
This  prince  commanded  with  great  reputation 
and  glory  in  the  war  against  revolutionary 
France,  and  in  a  succession  of  campaigns,  and 
during  a  series  of  severe  actions  with  the  first 
French  generals  of  the  age,  proved  himself  not 
only  a  match  for  them,  but  almost  the  only 
general  capable  of  successfully  opposing  them 
Our  limits  will  not  allow  us  to  recapitulate  bis 
victories ;  we  can  only  say,  that  whether  oppos- 
ing Moreau  on  the  Rhine,  Buonaparte  in  Italy, 
or  Massena  in  Switzerland,  he  displayed  great 
military  talents,  and  acquired  great  glory.  Ow- 
ing to  the  intrigues  of  the  Austrian  court,  he 
was  induced  to  resign  his  military  command, 
and  he  was  made  minister  of  war.  In  1805,  he 
resumed  the  command  of  the  army  of  Italy,  arid 
the  next  year  he  was  made  Austrian  gcneralis- 

H    h   h 


simo  of  the  army.  After  the  peace  with  France, 
he  hail  an  interview  with  Naijoleon,  and  repre- 
sented him  at  the  marriage  ceremony  with  the 
arch  dutche-ss  Maria  Louisa,  at  Vienna.  Prince 
Charles  now  resides  at  Vienna,  devoted  to  mili- 
tary and  literary  studies. 

CHATEAUBRIAND,  Francis  Augustus,  vis- 
count de,  was  born  in  1769,  of  an  ancient  fami- 
ly in  Brittany.  He  entered  into  the  military 
service  in  1786,  but  his  regiment  revolting  at 
the  beginning  of  the  revolution,  he  came  to 
America,  and  spent  some  time  among  the  In- 
dians of  the  western  wilderness,  studying  the 
character  of  that  people,  and  viewing  the  beau- 
lies  of  nature  in  their  original  state.  He  re- 
turned to  Europe  in  1792,  and  from  a  sense  of 
duty,  enli.sted  under  the  banner  of  the  French 
princes.  In  their  service  he  was  severely 
wounded,  and  confined  to  his  bed  for  three 
years;  this  ruined  his  finances,  and  compelled 
him  to  resort  to  his  pen  for  suppoil.  He  pub- 
lished his  Essay  on  Ancient  and  Modern  Revo- 
lutions, and  afterwards  his  Genius  of  Chris- 
tianity, works  which  have  been  mucli  read  and 
admired.  Napoleon  wished  to  attach  him  to 
his  interests;  and  for  a  short  time  succeeded; 
but  on  the  death  of  the  duke  d'  Enghein,  he  re- 
siined  his  employments.  He  then  travelled  in 
Italy,  Greece,  and  the  Holy  Land  ;  and  lias  since 
published  his  travels  in  those  countries.  During 
the  residue  of  the  reign  of  Napoleon,  he  lived 
a  private  life  ;  but  on  the  restoration  of  thp 
Bourbons,  he  was  created  a  viscount,  and  nam- 
ed minister  to  Sweden.  He  was  afterwards 
iniiiister  to  Berlin,  president  of  the  electoral 
college  of  the  department  of  Loiret,  and  minis- 
ter of  state.  He  has  lately  resigned  his  offices 
in  consequence  of  a  quarrel  with  the  ministry. 

CLARENCE,  William  Henry,  duke  of,  is  the 
third  son  of  his  late  majesty,  George  HI.  Ho 
was  born  in  1705,  educated  for  the  navy,  and 
sent  to  sea  at  an  early  age  Having  served  his 
time  as  a  midshipman,  he  was  gradually  pro- 
riioted  to  the  command  of  a  frigate,  and  recently 
to  the  station  of  admiral  of  the  fleet.  In  1789, 
he  was  created  duke  of  Clarence,  and  St.  An- 
drews, with  an  income  of  12,01)0?  per  annum. 
In  1814,  he  commanded  the  royal  yacht,  which 
conveyed  Louis  XVIII.  to  France  and  a  throne. 
He  married  in  1818,  a  sister  of  the  duke  of  Saxe 
Meiningen. 

CLARKSON,  Thomas,  a  distinguished  En- 
glish philanthropist,  was  born  in  the  year  17G1, 
and  educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he  had  a 
high  reputation.  In  1785,  Mr  Clarkson  composed 
a  prize  essny  in  Latin,  on  the  question,  •'  Is  it 
just  to  make  men  slaves  against  their  wilH" 
a  translation  of  which  he  afterwards  published 
This  was,  probably  the  fijst  elfectual  step  toward 
the  suppression  of  the  African  slave  trade  ;  and 
seems  to  have  stimulated  its  author  to  those 
great  exertions,  which  so  materially  contributed 
to  the  English  act  of  abolition.  From  this  time, 
Mr.  Clarkson  relinquished  his  professional  put- 
suits,  and  devoted  his  whole  time  to  this  great 
object.  He  connected  himself  with  Mr.  VVilber- 
force  and  others,  and  formed  a  society  lor  the 
abolition  ofthe  African  slave  trade ;  he  also  wrote 
and  published  several  works  on  the  subject ;  had 
several  interviews  with  Mr.  Pitt,  and  the  privy 
council ;  and  after  years  of  unwearied  exertion, 
has  accomplished  the  great  object  he  had  in 
view.  He  has  lived  to  witness  the  triumph  of 
principle,  and  of  humanity,  and  to  see  his  name 
placed  among  the  benefactors  of  the  human 
race.  ^  ^ 

38*  42r, 


C'L 

CLAY,  Henry,  was  born  in  April,  1776,  and 
is  a  native  ol'tlie  county  ol' Hanover,  iu  Virginia. 
His  fatlier,  a  resptctable  baptist  clergyman, 
died  wlicn  tie v/a>^  very  younp,  leaving  liis  laniily 
in  pecuniary  n)eans,  soniewliat  limited.  His 
education  was  not  tliat  of  a  scholar ;  but  at  an 
early  ace  as  a  clerk  in  the  chancery  office  at 
Kichnioiid,  Mr.  Okiy  attracted  the  attention  ot 
chancellor  Wythe,  in  whose  lioiise  he  found  an 
as'ylijin  and  a  homo,  an  instructor  and  patron, 
under  whose  auspices  he  soon  aciiiiin.d  a  pro 
ficiencyin  the  law.  He  removed  to  Lexington, 
Ky.,  in  1797,  and  there  was  successful  in  his 
profession,  and  soon  became  disiingtiished  as  a 
politician.  From  1799  until  IHOG,  he  was  a 
leading  and  eloquent  member  of  the  house  of 
representatives  of  Kentucky,  at  which  time  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  senate  of  the 
United  States.  After  this,  he  was  successively 
chosen  a  member  of  the  legislature  of  his  adopteil 
state  ;  of  the  senate  of  the  United  States  ;,and 
>n  Nov.  1811,  a  member  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives of  the  United  States,  and  was  imnie 
diately  chosen  speaker  of  that  body.  This  office 
lie  held  until  his  recent  ajipointment  of  secre- 
tary of  state;  at  the  commencement  of  Mr. 
Adams'  administration.  Mr.  Clay's  political 
career  has  been  popular.  In  every  appointment 
which  he  has  held,  he  has  acquitted  himself 
with  dignity  and  tirmness,  and  he  has  acquired 
the  reputation  of  a  zealous  patriot ;  a  statesman. 
sound,  prompt,  and  sagacious;  and  a  brilliant 
and  forcible  orator. 

CLINTON,  De  Witt,  son  of  James  Clinton, 
a  major-general  in  the  revolutionary  army,  was 
born  in  thecounty  of  Orange,  siale  oiNew-Yo 
ill  the  year  17G9.  He  was  edur  nted  at  Colunibia 
College,  and  after  receiving  the  honours  of  the 
university,  commenced  the  study  of  ihe  law,  in 
1786,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  was  se 
creiary  to  his  uncle,  governor  George  Clinton, 
who  appointed  him  secretary  of  the  university, 
and  of  the  board  of  fortifications  of  New- York. 
He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  legislature, 
from  the  city  of  New- York,  in  1797,  without 
opposition,  and  soon  after  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  senate.  Mr.  Clinton  was  afterward; 
member  of  the  council  of  appointment,  in  1802 
a  senator  in  congress,  and  was  from  1803  to 
1807  mayor  of  the  city  of  New- York.  During 
this  time,  he  was  for  nine  months  a  senator  in 
the  legislature,  and  member  ot  the  council  of 
appointment.  In  1608  he  was  again  chosen 
mayor  of  the  city  of  New- York,  and  received 
the  appointment  of  regent  of  the  university. 
i)uring  Mr.  Clinton's  public  life,  much  of  bis 
attention  has  been  bestowed  upon  subjects  rela 
live  to  the  public  health  and  internal  improve 
ments  generally,  and  when  the  law  was  passed, 
n  1817,  authorizing  the  junction  of  the  Western 
and  Northern  lakes  and  the  Hudson  river,  byca 
nals,  Mr.  Clinton  was  appointed  commissioner 
In  1811  hewas  elected  lieutenant-governor  of  the 
state  of  New-York,  and  recommended  as  a 
candidate  for  president  of  the  United  States,  by 
a  majority  of  the  members  of  the  leaislature, 
and  from  that  time  until  1615,  was  again  mayor 
of  the  City  of  New- York.  He  was  elected^  in 
JSn,  governor  of  the  stateof  New- York  almost 
vfithout  opposition,  and  was  re-elected  in  1824. 
In  the  great  and  growing  state  of  which  Mr.  Clin- 
'.(Mt  is  a  native,  liis  name,  his  genius,  and  his  ser- 
vices, are  stamped  upon  many  monuments  of 
public  munificence;  and  the  promptitude,  so- 
jidity  and  talent  exhibited  in  his  public  career 
iV'jT^  that  his  energy  is  equal  to  any  occurrence 
4*6. 


CU 

COBBETT,  William,  fs  the  son  of  a  farmer 
in  Surrey.  His  father  taught  him  arithmetic, 
and  to  read  and  write,  and  educated  him  as  a 
I'armer.  Early  in  life,  he  left  his  lather  and 
went  to  London,  and  afterwards  enlisted  in  a 
regiment  destined  to  Nova  J^cotia,  where  he  re- 
sided six  years.  During  this  time,  he  devoted 
all  his  leisure  to  the  cultivation  of  his  mind.  In 
1792,  he  came  to  America,  here  he  commenced 
author,  and  under  the  name  of  Peter  Porcupine, 
wrote  a  series  of  essays,  which  exhibited  his 
powers,  and  enraged  his  opponent*.  Being 
pro.secuted  for  a  libel  and  amerced  in  5000  dollars 
damages;  he  left  the  country  and  returned  to 
England,  where  he  commenced  his  Political 
Register,  which  he  extended  to  forty  volumes. 
In  this  paper  he  attacked  the  administration  with 
his  whole  energies,  and  with  such  effect,  as  to 
incur  the  vengeance  of  the  ministry.  Mr.  Cobbett 
visited  America  again  in  1817,  and  returned  to 
England  in  1819.  He  still  continues  his  writings, 
which  are  already  numerous.  In  dry  humour,  in 
pointed  sarcasm,  and  in  the  power  of  casting  ridi- 
cule upon  an  opponent,  he  is  almost  unrivalled. 
Mr.  C.  is  said  to  be  preparing  for  publication,  a 
History  of  the  Persecutions  of  the  late  Queen. 

CONGREVE,  sir  William,  was  born  in  the 
year  1760,  and  entered  young  into  the  artillervj 
f  which  his  father  was  an  officer  of  rank.  He 
applied  himself  assiduously  to  the  service,  and 
soon  distinguished  himself  by  his  mechanical 
genius,  and  by  his  important  improvements. 
The  principal  of  these,  is  the  rocket,  known  by 
the  name  of  the  Congreve  Rocket,  wliich,  as  a 
frirmidable  means  of  military  annoyance,  is 
generally  admitted  to  be  more  efficient  than  al- 
most any  other.  This  he  invented  in  1808 ;  it 
is  now  adopted  generally  in  the  armies  of  the 
military  powers  of  Europe.  Sir  William  has  pub- 
lished several  scientific  works,  which  prove  him 
a  man  of  extraordinary  talents.  He  is  said  to  be 
hijih  in  favour  with  the  present  king  George  IV 

CONSTANTINE,  grand  duke  of  Russia,  is 
the  second  son  of  Paul  I.  He  married,  in  1798, 
a  princess  of  Saxe  Cobourg,  who  has  since  re- 
turned to  her  family.  In  1799,  he  served  under 
general  Suwarrow,  and  behaved  with  greal 
bravery.  He  was  in  the  battle  of  Austerlitz, 
opposed  to  Bernadotte,  and  distini.'uished  him- 
self by  his  gallant  resistance  to  the  French. 
During  the  invasion  of  Russia,  he  was  actively 
engaged,  and  in  the  subsequent  campaigns ;  and 
he  enteren  Paris  with  the  allies.  He  is  now 
viceroy  of  Poland,  under  his  brother  Alexander. 

COOPER,  sir  Astley  Paston,  F  R.  S.,  is  one 
of  the  most  distinguished  surgeons  and  medical 
writers  in  Great  Britain.  Few  possess  an  equal 
share  of  science  and  practice,  and  none  enjoy  a 
higher  reputation  for  that  spirit  of  liberality  and 
philosophy,  which  ought  to  characterize  the 
member  of  n  learned  profession.  He  is  a  mem- 
|ber  of  the  Royal  Society,  a  surgeon  of  Guy's 
j  Hospital,  and  president  of  the  Medical  and  Chi- 
rurgical  Society.  His  writings,  which  are  nu- 
nierous,  are  considered  standard  works  by  the 
'nietnbers  of  the  profession.  He  has  lately  been 
appointed  surgeon  to  the  king,  and  created  a 
I  baronet. 

CUVIER,  baron  de,  was  born  at  Montbeliard 
in  1769,  and  educated  at  Stutgard,  where  he  be- 
came acquainted  with  the  langufige,  the  litera* 
tnre,  and  the  sciences  of  Germany.  He  arrived 
in  France  at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution,  and 
was  soon  distinguished  among  scientific  men. 

I  He  was  one  of  the  first  members  of  the  Frencfc 

II  Institute;  and  is  perpetual  secretary  of  (he 


DE 


acadeoiy  of  physical  stitnicB,  and  profcstor  of 
natural  liisUiry  lo  the  college  of  France.  Baron 
Cuvier  is  one  of  the  most  distinf;iiisliert  natural- 
ists of  tlio  present  ago  ;  and  to  proroinid  kiinvv- 
hiUge,  lie  has  the  an  of  expressiii'j  his  ideas  with 
great clearncfs  and  elrgaiioe.  Hie  writings  are 
very  numerous,  on  scitinlilic  and  iniscHllaneons 
subjects.  He  is  one  of  the  editors  of  tiie  Jour- 
Hal  des  Scavants. 

D 

D'ARBL\Y,inailaine,  is  the  daughter  of  Dr. 
Burncy,  and  is  better  known  by  her  maiden 
name,  of  Miss  Francos  Burney.  This  lady  has 
deservedly  attracted  public  attention,  and  pained 
a  high  reputation  for  herself,  by  her  writings. 
She  unquestionably  ranks  among  the  first  female 
novel  writers  of  the  age.  Her  first  work  was 
Evelina,  published  in  1777.  To  this  succeeded 
Ceciha  and  Camilla;  she  has  also  written  a 
tragedy,  which  has  been  performed  on  the  Eng- 
lish stage,  and  recently  a  novel  called  the  Wan- 
derer, or  Female  Difficulties.  Madame  D'Arblay 
is  now  a  widow,  and  resides,  Bince  the  death 
of  her  husband,  in  F.ngland. 

DAVID.  This  celebrated  French  painter  has 
been  greatly  distinguished  for  his  zeal  and  atro- 
city as  a  revolutionist.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  national  convention,  and  voted  for  the  im- 
mediate death  of  Louis  XVI.;  and  he  was  the 
constant  associate  and  intimate  friend  of  Robes- 
pierre and  Maiat.  After  the  fall  of  the  former, 
he  was  arrested  and  imprisoned,  but  his  merit 
3s  an  artist,  probably  saved  his  life.  He  is  ac 
knowledged  to  be  the  first  French  palmer  of  the 
present  day.  His  pictures  of  the  "Death  of 
Slarat,"  of  the  Sabines,  and  of  the  coronation 
of  Napoleon,  are  considered  as  admirable  speci- 
mens of  the  art.  As  a  regicide,  David  has  iH^en 
banished,  since  the  return  of  Louis  XVIII.,  and 
now  resides  in  BruxtUes. 

DAVY,  sir  Humphrey.  This  distinguished 
philosopher,  who  has  done  so  much  lo  enlarge 
the  bounds  of  chymical  science,  was  born  ai 
Peni-ance,  in  the  year  1779,  and  received  the 
rudiments  of  education  at  the  school  in  that 
place.  At  the  age  of  15,  he  was  placed  as  a  pni)il 
with  a  Mr.  Borlase,  an  excellent  surgeon  and 
accomplished  sc)tnlar,  with  whom  he  resided 
several  years,  during  which  time,  he  laid  down 
for  himself,  and  pursued  a  course  of  study, 
which  ma<le  him  master  of  the  leading  princi- 
ples of  bo'any,  anatomy,  and  physiology,  the 
simple  mathematics,  natural  phiiosophy,  and 
chymistry.  The  latter  study,  however,  was 
most  congenial  to  his  taste,  and  some  early  dis- 
coveries fn  that  science,  drew  him  from  obscuri- 
ty, and  devoted  him  for  life,  to  the  pursuit  of 
his  favourite  science.  He  soon  after  published 
his  "  Researches  Chymical  and  Philosophical," 
and  was  chosen  professor  of  chymislry  in  the 
royal  institution.  His  most  brilliant  discoveries 
were  subsequent  to  this  period.  Our  limits  will 
not  permit  us  lo  mention  them.  The  most  im- 
portant, however,  to  the  cause  of  humanity,  as 
well  as  of  science,  was  the  invention  of  the 
safety  lamp,  which  has  proved  of  immense 
benefit  to  the  English  miners.  Sir  Humphrey 
is  now  president  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  a 
member  of  most  of  the  philosophical  societies 
of  Europe.  His  writings  are  numerous,  and  of 
great  importance  to  the  cause  of  science  and 
philosophv. 

DECAZES,  duke,  was  born  in  1780.  At  an 
eaily  sge  he  was  a  judge  of  the  tribtmal  of  ibe 


K  M 

Seine,  and  in  1810,  was  appointed  counstlloi 
of  the  conn  of  appeals.  In  1815,  he  put  him- 
self at  the  head  of  a  company  of  national 
guards,  in  support  of  the  royal  cause,  and 
vthenu-ntly  opposed  the  restoration  of  Buona- 
parte. Oiithe  ri'tnru  of  the  king,  he  was  appoint- 
ed prefeciof  police  and  a  member  of  the  council 
of  state,  and  soon  after,  he  was  made  minister 
of  police  in  the  room  of  Fouche.  He  was  after- 
wards created  a  count,  removed  from  the  minis' 
try  of  police,  to  that  of  the  home  department, 
and  m  1818,  created  a  duke,  and  sent  as  minister 
from  Louis  XV] II.  to  Great  Britain.  He  is 
now  one  of  the  mini.stry,  and  president  of  the 
council.  His  measures  have  been  generally  cal- 
culated for  the  prasperity  of  France,  and  Iiis 
speeches  in  their  defence,  have  been  received 
with  respect,  by  the  patriot,  and  the  man  of 
letters. 

DESEZE,  Raymond,  the  intrepid  and  eloquent 
defender  of  Louis  XVI.  at  the  bar  of  the  Frencb 
national  convention,  was  born  at  Bourdeaux,  in 
1750,  and  educated  for  the  bar  from  his  earliest 
years.  His  professional  success  was  unusually 
rapid.  Having  been  engaged  in  a  defence  whicJi 
had  attracteil  the  attention  of  the  fashionable 
world,  he  solar  succeeded,  as  to  gain  the  esteem 
and  patronage  of  the  count  de  Vergennes. 
With  his  influence,  he  removed  to  Paris,  where 
he  soon  gained  the  reputation  of  the  most  elo- 
quent advocate  of  France.  He  was  imprisoneJ 
for  his  defence  of  his  unfortunate  sovereign, 
,and  narrowly  escaped  death ;  lived  in  retirement 
during  the  reign  of  Napoleon,  and  was  only 
rewarded  for  his  loyalty,  on  the  restoration  of 
the  Bouibons. 

E 

EDGEWORTII,  Maria,  is  the  danghter  of 
Richard  Lovell  Edgeworth,  esq.,  of  Edge  worth- 
town,  Ireland,  a  gentleman  distinguished  in  the 
literary  world  for  his  talents  and  writings.  The 
daughter  is  said  to  excel  her  parent  in  talenia  ; 
she  has  devoted  herself  to  literary  pursuits,  with 
zeal  and  ardour.  Out  of  her  objects  has  been 
to  perfect  the  system  of  female  education,  in 
which  she  has  in  part  succeeded.  As  a  novel 
writer,  she  ranks  among  the  most  eminent ;  and 
tlie  Irish  character  has  never  been  drawn  with 
equal  truth  and  spirit  by  any  other  writer.  Her 
publications,  which  are  nutnerou.s,  have  iieen 
well  received  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic. 

ELDON,  the  earl  of,  is  the  son  of  a  Mr.  Scoft 
of  Newcastle,  and  was  born  in  1750.  He  was 
educated  at  Oxford,  entered  at  Middle  Temple, 
in  ]77'2,  and  called  to  the  bar  at  the  usual  period. 
His  first  eftbrts  were  far  from  successful,  but  the 
encouragement  he  received  from  lord  Thurlow, 
induced  him  to  proceed,  and  he  then  rose  into 
repute.  He  was  in  1783,  chosen  a  member  of 
parliament,  and  soon  after  attorney-general.  In 
17it9,  he  was  appointed  chief-justice  of  the  com- 
mon pleas,  and  raised  to  the  peerage.  Two 
years  a'ter,  he  was  made  lord  chancellor  of 
Great  Britain,  an  office  which  he  still  retains. 
He  has  accumulated  an  immense  fortune  by  his 
profession,  and  has  been  created  an  carl. 

EMMET,  Thomas  Addis,  esq.,  is  a  native  of 
Dublin.  His  father  was  an  eminent  physician, 
of  that  city,  and  the  son  was  educated  for  that 
profession,  and  took  a  doctor's  degree  at  Edin- 
burgh ;  but  on  the  death  of  a  brother,  who  had 
risen  to  eminence  as  a  barrister,  he  quitted  the 
practice  of  medicine  for  that  of  the  law,  an^ 
soon  obtained  great  celebrity  as  a  lawyer  in  Dub- 
427 


FE 

lii).  Mr.  Emmet  w^s  one  of  the  leading  mem- 
buisnf  (lie  society  of  united  Irisliiiien,  and  was 
apiHjiiitcd  a  member  of  the  Irish  directory,  which 
wastobubiilmlituicd  for  tlie  existing  government. 
His  sal'cly  being  stipulated  for  by  the  man  who 
betrayed  "the  plot,  he  was  exiled  from  the  British 
dominionB.  He  then  established  himself  in 
New-York,  v%'here  he  now  practices  with  great 
icjiutation  and  success. 

ERSKINE,  Thomas,  lord,  is  the  third  son  of 
the  late  earl  of  Buchaii,  and  was  born  in  Scot- 
laiid,  in  1750.  Alter  completing  his  education, 
Under  the  care  of  one  of  the  mostacconjpliBhed 
scholars  of  Scotland,  he  entered  the  navy,  which 
he  soon  exchanged  for  the  army,  in  which  he 
served  several  years.  The  demands  of  an  in- 
creasing family,  and  the  scantiness  of  his  in- 
come as  an  officer,  induced  him  to  make  choice 
of  a  profession,  and  in  1T77  he  commenced  his 
legal  studies.  The  next  year  he  was  called  to 
the  bar.  Here  he  soon  had  an  opportunity  of 
displaying  his  transcendant  tsilents,  and  hisfirst 
effort  was  considered  a  masterpiece  of  forensic 
eloquence.  From  that  moment  his  success  was 
certain,  and  Irts  subsequent  exertions  have  only 
realized  the  expectations  formed  by  those  who 
then  heard  him.  As  an  eloquent  and  accom- 
plished advocate,  he  unquestionably  stood  first 
at  the  F,nglish  bar.  Lord  Erskine  became  a 
member  of  the  house  of  commons,  in  J783,  was 
created  a  peer  in  1806,  and  raised  to  the  dignity 
of  lord  high  chancellor  of  the  realm  ;  which  of- 
flce  he  resigned,  on  his  friends  going  out  of  ad- 
niinistration. 


FELLENBERG,  M.,  a  celebrated  agricultu- 
ralist aud  instructor,  was  born  at  Berne,  in  Swit- 
zerland, ill  1771.  He  is  a  great-grandson,  by  the 
moilicr's  side,  of  admiral  Van  Tronip.  He  was 
very  carefully  educated,  and,  in  early  life,  tra- 
velled in  France,  Switzerland,  and  Germany,  as- 
suming the  garb  and  appccirance  of  a  labourer, 
thatlie  might  better  acquaint  himself  with  men, 
and  their  wants.  He  was  of  great  use  is  pre- 
serving tranquillity,  by  his  influence,  in  his  na- 
tive country,  after  the  conquest  of  the  French, 
in  1798.  He  scion  withdrew  from  public  affairs, 
and  having  formed  an  acquaintance  with  the 
celebrated  Peslalozzi,  bought  a  large  farm  at 
Hofwyl,  about G  miles  from  Berne,  wliich  he  cul 
tivated  in  the  most  approved  manner,  to  serve 
as  a  model  tor  the  neighbourhood,  and  which  is 
tilled  by  the  scholars  in  his  school  of  industry 
lie  also  established  a  school,  in  which  he  has 
very  Buccessfully  atumiited  a  new  systern  ol 
education,  and  which  has  attracted  great  atten 
tion  in  Europe. 

FERDINAND  IV.,  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies 
the  tliird  son  of  Charles  HI.  of  Spain,  was  born 
in  Naplesthe  12th  of  January.  1751.  Hisnatura! 
disposition  was  mild  and  amiable,  and  in  early 
life  was  exhibited  in  acts  of  charity  and  benevo- 
lence, which  rendered  him  the  idol  of  the  people 
of  Naples.  His  father  succeeding  to  the  throne 
of  Spain  in  1750,  Ferdinand  was  declared  king 
of  the  Two  Sicilies,  and  during  his  minority 
Ras  placed  by  his  father  under  a  regency.  He 
niarriid  in  17(i8,  Wary  Caroline,  sister  of  the 
eniperor  .lost  ph  II.,  who  soon  acquired  an  al 
most  uncontrolled  ascendancy  over  him,  which 
file  used  to  effect  her  own  political  purposes 
From  thi-  beginning  of  the  French  revolution, 
Fi:idiiiand  has  been  involved  in  disputes  and 
wars,  wiih  one  or  another  of  the  pcweig  of 
428 


FE 

Europe ;  and  since  then,  has  experienced  all 
the  vicissitudes  of  fortune,  from  victory  and 
conquest  to  defeat  and  disgrace.  He  has  re- 
peatedly been  driven  from  his  capital,  and  com- 
pelled to  take  shelter  in  Sicily  ;  he  has  seen 
that  capital  threatened  with  bombardment  and 
pillage,  by  a  foreign  foe,  and  saved  from  that 
fate,  only  by  bribery  and  corruption  ;  he  has 
seen  his  empire  wrested  from  him  by  an  enemy, 
himself  d(  throned,  and  Murat,  the  brolher  of 
that  enemy,  seated  on  his  throne  ;  lie  has  seen 
himself  deserted  by  his  own  subjects,  and  at  the 
mercy  of  a  neighbouring  power ;  and  when  re- 
stored to  his  throne,  and  to  the  plenitude  of  his 
authority,  he  has  again  seen  his  people  revolt- 
ing against  a  reign  distinguished  only  for  its 
tyranny,  bigotry,  and  oppression,  and  demand- 
ng  of  their  sovereign  a  constitutional  form  of 
government,  and  mild  and  equal  laws,  and  haa 
found  himself  obliged  to  yield  to  their  demands. 
The  interference  of  the  Holy  Alliance  has  rescu- 
ed him  from  the  influence  of  his  subjects,  and 
again  placed  him  on  an  absolute  throne.  He 
now  holds  despotic  dominion  over  his  subjects, 
supported  by  an  Austrian  armed  force  within 
his  territory,  and  liable  on  the  removal  of  that 
force,  to  the  vengeance  of  an  injured,  oppressed, 
and  insulted  people. 

FERDINAND  VH.,  king  of  Spain  and  the 
Indies,  is  the  son  of  Charles  IV.  of  Spain,  and 
was  born  the  1.3th  of  October,  1784  He  was 
created  prince  of  Asturias,  when  only  six  yearj 
of  age,  and  succeeded  to  the  throne  by  the  abdi- 
cation of  Ills  father  in  his  favour,  in  1808.  The 
incidents  of  his  eventful  reign,  have  been  marked 
by  the  stupidity  and  bigotry,  which  so  eminently 
characterize  this  sovereign.  Soon  after  he 
ascended  the  throne,  he  was  persuaded  to  leave 
his  dominions,  and  meanly  submit  himself  to 
the  power  ef  Napoleon,  that  he  might  obtain 
from  that  emperor  a  recognition  of  his  title; 
when  in  hia  power,  he  was  made  a  prisoner  lo 
France,  forced  to  relinquish  his  sceptre  uncon- 
ditionally, to  his  father,  by  whom  it  was  resign- 
ed to  Buonaparte,  and  for  five  years  kept  in 
custody  in  the  interior  of  France.  On  a  change 
of  alfairs  in  France,  he  was  sutfered  to  return 
10  his  dominions.  Before  he  left  his  kingdom, 
he  had  authorized  the  convocation  of  a  cortts, 
and  he  had  solemnly  promised  to  maintain  them 
in  their  privileges,  and  to  approve  llieir  acts. 
No  sooner,  however,  had  he  returned  to  Spain, 
than  he  refused  to  sign  a  constitution  enacted 
hy  the  cortes,  he  declared  null  all  their  acts 
done  in  his  absence,  he  restored  the  inquisition, 
ordered  the  monks  who  had  been  serving  in  the 
army  during  the  revolution,  to  return  to  their 
monasteries,  and  denounced  all  those  who  had 
taken  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  Buonaparte  He 
even  went  farther,  and  condemned  to  exile  and 
iHiprisonmenl  the  most  patriotic  members  of 
the  cortes,  who  had  struggled  during  his  im- 
prisonment, to  support  his  throne,  and  preserve 
it  unimpaired  until  his  restoration.  During  his 
reign,  the  inhabitants  of  his  South  American 
colonies  have  disclaimed  allegiance  to  his  throne, 
euerged  irom  their  vassalage,  and  become  sove- 
reign and  independent  states  His  subjects  too 
at  home,  tired  of  his  despotism,  have  within  a 
few  years  resisted  his  authority,  convoked  anew 
the  ancient  cortes  of  the  kingdom,  and  re-estab- 
hed  a  constitution,  to  which  Ferdinand  was 
obliged  10  swear  fidelity  or  losf  his  crown.  The 
principles  of  the  allied  sovereigns  and  the  arm« 
of  France  have  interfered,  to  check  the  progress 
of  correct  principles  of  civil  govtrnmetit,  arid 


FR 


Ferdinand  is  once  more  pcriaittcd  to  triumph 
ovor  ilic  wishes  of  his  siihjccts.  He  holds  liis 
sceptre,  liowever,  by  a  precarious  tenure  '  he 
Ims  lost  the  confidence  and  good  will  of  his  sub 
jecta,  and  there  now  exists,  from  one  end  of 
Spain  to  tlie  other,  a  rooted  distrust  of  him, 
which  is  but  too  well  justified  by  liis  former 
conduct .  probably,  should  the  French  army  be; 
withdrawn  from  his  kin;.'d')m,  his  throne  would 
be  shaken  to  its  foundation,  by  his  oppressed 
snbjefts. 

FERDINAND  III.,  grand  duke  of  Tuscany, 
and  archduke  of  Austria,  was  born  in  the  year 
1709.  He  is  a  son  of  the  late  Leopold,  emperor 
of  Germany,  and  brother  of  the  present  empe- 
ror of  .Austria.  Tuscany  was  granted  him  by 
his  father,  and  he  was  created  grand  duke  in 
1791.  Distinguished  by  his  protection  of  letters, 
and  the  mildness  of  his  administration,  he  has 
shown  himself  more  desirous  to  maintain  peace 
in  his  states,  than  to  involve  them  in  war,  for 
wliatarc  now  styled  the  essential  principles  of 
government.  He  was,  therefore,  the  first  of  the 
princes  of  Europe,  to  recognise  the  French  re 
public.  Tliis  of  course  involved  him  in  difficulty 
with  neighbouring  powers,  who  compelled  him 
to  change  his  policy,  and  adopt  a  system,  which 
resulted  in  his  expulsion  from  his  state.  He  has 
been  reestablished  in  Tuscany,  since  the  abdi- 
cation of  Buonaparte,  and  yet  retains  his  autho- 
rity in  that  state. 

FESCH,  cardinal,  uncle  of  Napoleon,  late 
emperor  of  France,  was  born  at  Aiaccio,  in 
Corsica,  in  17G3,  and  educated  for  the  church. 
An  ardent  partizan  of  French  revolutionary 
principles,  he  threw  of  his  clerical  dress,  and 
cnlertAl  the  army.  In  179G,  he  became  com- 
missary general  in  the  army  of  Italy,  under  Na-' 
polcon,  and  in  that  office  he  acquired  a  large 
fortune.  After  this,  he  resumed  the  ecclesiastical 
profession,  was  appointed  archbishop  of  Lyons, 
and  in  1803,  obtained  a  cardinal's  hat.  He  was 
soon  after  sent  ambassador  to  Rome,  where  lie 
resided  until  the  coronation  of  the  emperor, 
when  lie  accompanied  pope  Pius  Vil.  to  Paris, 
to  .is^ist  in  that  ceremony.  He  was  the  saine 
year  appointed  grand  almoner  of  France,  and  a 
)>rineipal  officer  of  the  legion  of  honour.  In 
1806,  he  was  nominated  by  the  elector,  arch-! 
chanctllor  of  the  Germanic  empire,  his  coadjutor 
and  successor.  He  afterwards  fell  into  disgrace 
with  Buonaparte,  for  opposing  his  violent  treat- 
ment of  the  pope,  and  retired  to  his  see  in  Lyons, 
where  he  resided  in  great  splendour,  until  18H. 
On  the  downfall  of  his  nephew,  he  went  with 
liis  sister  Madam  Letitia  Buonaparte  to  Rome, 
where  he  lived  in  retirement,  until  the  return 
from  Elba.  He  then  resumed  his  dignities  in 
France  for  a  short  period,  but  again  took  up  his 
residence  at  Rome  after  the  battle  of  Waterloo. 
FRANCIS  II.,  emperor  of  Austria,  and  son 
of  Leopold  II.  of  Spain,  was  born  in  February, 
17fi3.  In  June,  1792,  he  was  crowned  king  of 
Hungary  ;  in  July,  elected  king  of  the  Romans  ; 
and  in  August  of  the  same  year,  he  was  crown- 
ed king  of  Bohemia.  In  1804,  he  took  the  title 
of  hereditary  emperor  of  Austria.  Francis  is 
not  willing  to  relinquish  the  rights  of  despotism  ; 
yet  his  mildness  of  temper,  and  his  attachment 
to  his  subjects  are  remarkable.  He  is  an  effi- 
cient member  of  the  "  Holy  Alliance." 

FREDERICK  VI.,  king  of  Denmark,  son  of 
Christian  VIL,  was  born  in  January,  17G8.  He 
distinguished  himself  by  the  probity,  justice,  and 
publicity  of  his  administration  while  regent,  and 
since  ISU"?,  when  he  ascended  ilie  fTSrone,  his 


GE 

reign  has  afforded  an  example  of  political  and 
religious  liberty,  singular  In  a  country,  the  con- 
stitution of  which  is  almost  wholly  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  sovereign. 

FREDERICK  W'lLLIAM  HI.,  king  of  Prus- 
sia, boni  in  .'Vugnst,  1770,  succced'd  his  father, 
Fiederick  William  II.,  November,  1797.  Ilia 
early  life  was  much  devoted  to  tlie  interests  of 
Prussia;  but  since  his  alliance  with  .Moxander 
of  Russia,  the  character  of  Frederick  seems  to 
have  been  changed  ;  the  promises  made  to  his 
subjects  during  his  turbulent  wars  with  Fr;uire, 
liave  been  broken,  and  Frederick,  backed  by  the 
armies  of  the  "  Holy  Alliance,"  defies  the  dis- 
content and  anger  of  his  people. 

FREDERICK  AUGUSTUS  L,  son  of  Frede- 
rick Christian,  was  born  December,  17.")0  ;  be- 
came elector  of  Saxony  in  1708,  and  in  1777, 
elector  of  Bavaria,  by  the  death  of  Maximilian. 
In  1791,  the  crown  of  Poland  was  proffered  him 
in  the  name  of  the  Polish  nation,  which  he  de- 
clined accepting,  at  the  desire  of  his  subjects. 
In  laOG,  Saxony  was  constituted  a  kingdom,  and 
Frederick  elected  king.  He  became  a  nieinber 
of  the  Germanic  kxiy  in  1812.  Taken  prisoner 
by  the  armies  of  France,  Russia,  and  Prussia 
in  1813,  he  was  obliged  to  relinqnish  large  por- 
tions of  his  territory,  and,  by  order  of  the  king 
of  Prussia,  he  acceded  to  the  "  Holy  Alliance" 
in  1817. 


GALL,  Dr.,  is  now  a  resident  of  Paris,  and 
vias  born  in  VVertembnrg,  in  17.58.  With  him 
originated  the  science  of  craniology,  which  has 
found  so  many  advocates  in  Germany,  Paris, 
England,  and  the  United  States. 

GALLATIN,  Albert,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
came  many  years  since  to  the  United  States. 
For  subsistence  he  became  a  French  teacher, 
but  afterwards  connecting  himself  with  Mr. 
Jerferson,  he  rose  to  high  employments  in  this 
country.  He  was  appointed  secretary  of  the 
treasury  ;  and,  in  1813,  was  sent  to  conclude  a 
peace  between  th^  United  States  and  Great 
Britain  ;  failing  in  this  he  returned  in  1814  ;  in 
1815,  he  was  appointed  minister  to  Paris,  and 
afterwards  went  to  London  on  public  business. 

GALT,  John,  an  extensive  and  observant 
traveller,  and  an  author  of  considerable  talent, 
was  born  in  Greenock,  1779.  He  has  published 
the  "  Life  of  Benjamin  West,  Esq.;"  the  "Life 
and  Administration  of  Cardinal  Wolscy ;" 
"  Annals  of  the  Parish,"  and  many  other 
works. 

GEORGE  IV.,  king  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, son  of  George  HI.,  was  born  August  12th, 
17fi2,  on  the  17th  of  that  month  was  created 
prince  of  Wales,  and  earl  of  Chester.  He  con- 
nected himself  with  Mr.  Fox  and  the  popular 
party,  in  1783,  and  in  the  same  year,  having 
taken  his  seat  in  parliauient,supported  Mr.  Fox's 
celebrated  India  bill.  In  1705  he  married  the 
princess  Caroline  of  Brunswick,  and,  in  1810, 
in  consequence  of  the  king's  indisposition,  lie 
was  appointed  regent,  and  continued  closely  at- 
tached to  the  Pitt  party.  He  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther in  1820.  His  attempts  to  procure  a  divorce- 
ment from  the  queen,  produced  an  extraordina- 
ry feeling  of  indignation  throughout  the  kingdom, 
which  only  subsided  at  her  death,  which  took 
place  soon  after. 

GERARD,  M.,  acelebrated  painter,  wis  bom 
4^9 


___^ iiO 

at  Kome,  in  1770 ;  lie  is  now  a  resident  of  France, 
and  cliit'f  painter  to  llie  king. 

C.IJ'KURD,  William,  editor  of  the  "  London 
Ouarirrly  Review,"  was  born  in  1757.  Wlien 
he  liad  ii-arned  to  write  and  cipher,  lie  was  pnl 
on  board  a  coaBUnt;  vessel,  where  he  remained  a 
year.  He  alterwards  was  bound  an  apprentice 
to  a  shoemaker,  where  he  continued  till  he  was 
twenty  years  of  age,  when  his  talents  were  dis 
covered,  and  lie  was  sent  to  Oxford.  He  per- 
formed two  tours  afterwards  on  the  continent, 
as  tutor  to  lord  Belgrave,  who,  on  his  return, 
placed  liim  in  a  state  of  independence.  He  has 
published  a  translation  of  the  "  Satires  of  Juve- 
nal;" the  "  Baviad;"  the  "  Ma;viad  ;"  and 
pome  other  works. 

(ULLIES,  John,  a  native  of  Brechin,  was 
born  in  17,50,  and  educated  at  the  university  of 
Glasgow.  His  great  work,  the  "  History  of  An- 
cient Greece,"  and  the  "  History  of  tlie  World 
from  Alexander  to  Augu.suis,"  have  gained  him 
the  reputation  of  a  correct  historian.  He;  has 
also  published  other  works  of  merit,  and  now 
resides  in  London. 

♦ilSBORNE,  Rev.  T.,  an  English  curate,  and 
distinguished  moral  writer.  Among  his  works 
arc  "  The  Principles  of  Moral  Philosophy,"  an 
"  Inquiry  into  the  Duties  of  the  Female  se.\," 
and  "  A  Familiar  Survey  of  the  Christian  Re 
liL'ion,"  &c. 

"GLOUCESTER,  duke  of,  son  of  the  late  duke 
of  that  name,  was  born  at  Rome,  and  succeeded 
to  his  father's  title  in  1805.  In  politics:,  the  duke 
has  generally  voted  with  the  whigs,  and  during 
the  queen's  trial,  he  supported  her  as  a  much 
injured  and  oppressed  woman.  He  has  lately 
acted  much  in  public  life.  He  was  educated  at 
Canitiridge,  and  is  now  chancellor  of  that  uni- 
i-ersity. 

GOnOI,  Don  Manuel,  prince  of  peace,  was 
liorn  at  Badajoz,  in  Spain,  in  1764,  of  a  poor  la 
mily.  From  one  of  the  king's  body  guards,  liv- 
ing on  a  pay  of  twenty  cents  a  day,  he  became 
a  favourite  of  the  king  and  queen,  was  made 
prime  minister,  and,  besides  being  invested  with 
all  the  titles  and  honours  his  majesty  could  be- 
Ftnw,  the  king  gave  him  his  eousin  in  marriage. 
His  ambition  and  influence  were  unlimited,  nor 
did  Godoi  finish  his  career  of  artifice  and  in- 
trigue, till  Buonaparte,  in  1S08,  became  king  of 
Spain. 

GODWIN,  William,  son  of  a  dissenting  cler- 
gvman,was  himself  a  preacherof  that  persuasion 
for  some  years.  In  1792,  as  the  author  of  "  Po 
lilical  Justice,"  he  inculcated  some  doctrines, 
both  on  religion  and  politics,  which  gave  great 
offrnce.  He  has  since  been  a  political  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  and  hasac(iuircd  much  cele- 
brity by  his  masterly  e.\ainination  of  Maltlius' 
"Theory  of  Population,"  "Fleetwood,""  Man- 
deville,"  "  Life  and  .\ge  of  GeotiVey  Chaucer," 
and  "  Caleb  Williams,"  are  from  his  pen.  Be- 
sides these,  he  has  written  many  useful  books 
on  education,  and  is  now  a  juvenile  bookseller 
in  London. 

GORTHE,  baron,  a  most  celebrated  German 
writer  was  born  at  Frankfort,  in  1'49.  In  1782 
he  was  ennobled,  and  as  baron  Gorthe  was  named 
president  of  the  ducal  chamber.  Gortlie,  in  his 
own  country,  is  almost  worshipped,  and  abroad 
bis  reputation  is  high  as  a  poet,  and  as  a  scholar 
His  works  are  voluminous,  the  first  of  which 
was  the  "  Sorrows  of  WfertPr." 

GOOD,  Dr.,  a  man  of  distinguished  talents, 
and  eminent  as  a  pliysirian.  he  resides  in  Lon- 
(ton..  Besides  manyother  woiks,  Us  lately  pub- 
439 


HA 

lished  the  "  Study  of  Medicine, ".and  a  "  System 
of  Nosology,"  both  of  which  have  been  re- 
published in  this  country. 

GOnViON,St.  Cyr,  count,  one  of  the  best 
French  tacticians,  was  an  officer  under  Louis 
XVI.,  and  acquired  great  reputation  as  a  soldier 
under  Buonaparte,  who  appointed  him  a  mar- 
shal. When  Iiouis  XVIII.  returned  to  France, 
he  created  liini  a  peer.  He  is  now  at  the  head 
of  the  war  department. 

GRAFTON,  duke  of,  was  born  in  1760.  He 
was  closely  attached  to  Mr.  Pitt,  is  now  one  of 
the  whig  parly,  and  was  actively  engaged  forthe 
queen,  during  her  trial. 

GRANT,  Mrs.,  author  of  "  Memoirs  of  an 
American  Lady,"  "  Letters  from  the  Moun- 
tains," &;c.  She  was  born  at  Glasgow,  in  1751) ; 
and  when  a  child,  spent  some  years  in  this 
country  with  her  father,  who  was  a  Brilisii 
officer  stationed  among  the  Mohawks. 

GRENVILLE,  lord,  was  born  in  1769,  and 
educated  at  0.xl'nrd,  where  he  studied  law  for  a 
short  time,  and  afterwards  devoted  his  fife  to 
politics.  He  for  some  time  supported  Mr.  Pitt 
in  his  admitiistration.  He  was  afterwards  a 
member  of  parliament,  and  for  a  short  time 
speaker  of  the  house  of  commons.  When  Mr. 
Piti's  interest  declined,  lord  Grenville  joined 
Mr.  Fo.x  in  the  opposition,  and  has  since  acted 
mostly  with  that  body. 

GROS,  M.,  a  historical  painter,  a  pupil  of 
David,  and  one  of  the  best  masters  of  the  French 
school. 

GROUCHY,  marshal,  born  at  Paris,  in  I7G6, 
was  once  a  lieutenant  of  the  body  guards  of 
Louis  XVI.,  afterwards  under  Napoleon;  he 
cqnired  great  reputation  as  a  general,  and 
rendered  important  services  to  France.  By 
Buonaparte  he  was  made  a  count,  and  after- 
wards marshal  of  the  empire.yTiis  attach|nent 
to  Napoleon  however  has  been  dfiubtcd/and  it 
if  certain  that  during  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  he 
was  within  hearing  of  the  canonade  with  40,000 
men.  Soon  after  the  return  of  the  king.  Grouchy 
came  to  the  United  States  but  lately  obtained 
permission  to  return    to  France. 

GUSTAVUS  ADOLPHUS,  e.x-king  of  Swe- 
den, was  born  November,  1778,  and  snccctded 
lis  father,  Gustavua  III.,  in  1792.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  his  reign,  he  resolved  to  follow 
the  pacific  system  of  his  father.  But  he  refused 
to  marry  Catharine  Paulowna,  of  Russia,  after- 
wards queen  of  Wertemburg,  although  he  went 
to  St.  Petersburgh  with  that  object;  this,  and  his 
refusal  to  recognise  Buonaparte  as  emperor  of 
France,  was  sufficient  to  involve  him  in  his 
after  difficulties.  A  coalition  of  France,  Russia, 
Prussia,  and  Denmark,  was  formed  in  1609, 
against  Sweden,  and  the  fear,  anxiety,  and  dis- 
content manifested  in  all  classes  of  the  Swedes 
on  this  account,  would  have  terminated  in  % 
civil  war,  had  not  Gustavns  been  seized,  and 
required  to  abdicate  the  throne.  He  now  re- 
sides at  Basle,  in  Switzerland. 

H 

HALL,  Rev.  Robert,  a  Baptist  minister,  and 
not  only  one  of  the  most  eloquent  dissenting 
ministers  of  his  time,  but  an  able  polemical 
writer,  was  born  in  England  in  1766.  He  was 
some  time  a  minister  at  Cambridge,  but  his  de- 
clining health  has  obliged  him  to  retire  to 
Leice'^'ersliire. 

H  ARDENBERG,  prince  was  bom  in  Hano- 
ver, 1750.    After  the  Margravate  of  Aijspirfi 


HO 

and  BaruutI)  was  sold  to  Trussia,  M.  Hardenbc^r^ 
was  employed  to  assiniilute  tlicir  laws  and 
goveniiiieiit  to  those  of  Priiesia.  lie  is  now 
cliaiiccllor  of  state,  minister  of  war,  and  mem- 
ber of  tlie  cabinet  of  the  king  of  Prussia,  who 
gave  him  tlie  rank  of  prince.  He  is  considered 
one  of  the  ablest  statesmen  of  Europe. 

HASTINGS,  inariiuis  of,  born  1754,  and  as 
Ior<i  Kawdcn,  is  well  known  in  this  countiy  as 
£l  general  in  the  Hritish  service  during  the  revo 
tii>nary  war.  His  career  since  has  gained  him 
inucli  popularity.  In  IH05,  he  was  sent  as  com- 
mander-in-chief, into  Scotland  ;  and  in  1822,  he 
returned  to  England  from  India,  where  he  had 
been  for  some  years  as  governor-general. 

HAZLITT,  William,  the  son  of  a  dissenting 
minister,  was  originally  an  artist,  but,  relin 
qiiishingthe  pencil  for  the  pen,  has  become  con- 
siderably distinguished  as  an  autlior.  Besides 
many  other  works,  he  has  written  "  Lectures 
on  tlie  English  Poets,"  '•  Political  Essays,  with 
Sketches  of  Public  ('haracters,"  "  Lectures  on 
the  English  Comic  Writers,"  and  "Characters 
of  Shakspeare's  Plays." 

HEATH,  .lames,  an  eminent  engraver,  of 
England,  was  born  in  1757.  He  has  engraved 
several  beautiful  prints,  which  have  !j;ained  him 
great  reputation  ;  his  son,  Charles  Heath,  is  con- 
sidered one  of  the  best  engravers  of  his  time. 

HENRY,  Dr.  William,  born  in  Manchester, 
Eng.,  has  acquired  nmcli  celebrity  as  a  chymist. 
Jlis  works  have  all  been  well  received.  Among 
them,  are  "  Elements  of  Experimental  Chyniis- 
try,"  and  "  A  General  View  of  the  Nature  and 
Objects  of  Chymi-stry." 

HESSE  CAdSEL,  elector  of,  was  born  June, 
174j.  He  is  one  of  the  most  illiberal  monarchs 
of  the  present  day.  After  the  battle  of  Jena, 
Buonaparte  took  from  him  his  electorate,  to 
which  he  did  not  return  till  after  the  coalition, 
into  which  he  entered,  was  victorious  over 
Prance. 

HOBHOUSE,  John  Cam,  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  soon  after  tra- 
velled into  Greece  and  some  provinces  of  the 
Turkish  empire,  in  company  with  lord  Byron. 
He  has  written  an  "Account  of  a  Journey  into 
Albania  and  other  provinces  in  the  Turkish  Em- 
pire," a  volume,  illustrative  of  lord  Byron's 
"  Childe  Harold,"  and  some  other  works.  In 
a  reply  to  lord  Erskine,  heofTended  the  house  of 
commons,  for  which  he  was  imprisoned  ;  but 
he  was  soon  after  elected  a  member  of  the 
bouse  he  had  offended,  and  is  an  intimate  friend 
of  sir  P.  Burdett. 

HOFLAND,  Mr.  and  Mrs.,  the  former  a  land 
scape  painter,  and  the  latter  an  author,  each 
uniting  considerable  talents  in  their  profession. 
Among  the  works  of  Mrs.  Holland  are  "The 
Son  of  a  Genius,"  "  Says  she  to  her  neighbour, 
what7"  "Ellen  the  Teacher,"  "The Sisters," 
and  the  "  Officer's,  Clergyman's  and  Merchant's 
Widow."  Many  of  her  works  are  designed 
for  youth,  and  all  are  strictly  moral. 

HOGG,  James,  the  Ettrick  shepherd,  is  the 
son  of  a  respectable  farmer  and  sheep  dealer  in 
Scotland,  who  was  ruined  when  the  subject  of 
this  article  was  a  child.  At  seven  years  of  age 
ne  became  a  cowherd,  and  afterwards  a  shep- 
herd. During  this  period  he  suffered  many 
hardships.  "  Time  after  time,"  says  he  "  I  had 
but  two  shirts,  which  often  grew  so  bad,  that 
When  I  put  them  on  they  hung  in  long  tatters  as 
far  as  my  heels."  At  eighteen  years  of  age,  he 
could  hardly  read,  and  in  writing  a  letter  at  that 
time,  he  says,  "  I  tiad  actually  forgot  how  to 


HY 

make  sundry  letters  of  the  alphabet."  When 
lie  was  nineteen,  he  hired  him.-'elf  as  a  shepherd, 
to  a  gentleman,  with  whom  he  lived  nine  years. 
Here  he  had  ai  cess  to  many  valuable  books, 
and  aspired  to  be  an  author.  In  17!):),  ho  wrote 
An  Address  to  the  Duke  of  Buccleugh  in 
beha'f  o'  mysel'  an'  ither  poor  fo'k."  His  flrsl 
printed  work  appeared  in  1601,  and  soon  after, 
he  published  the  "Mountain  Hard,"  by  which, 
and  a  work  on  sheep,  he  became  master  of 
nearly  three  hundred  -pounds  ;  a  sum  which,  lie 
says,  made  him  "  perfectly  mad."  Hut  in  three 
years  he  was  pennyless,  and  in  I?10,  in  utier  des- 
peration, he  took  his  inlaid  about  his  shoulders, 
jset  out  for  Edinburgh,  and  forced  hinicelf  into  no- 
tice as  a  literary  character.  His  works,  among 
|wliich  are  the  "Queen's  Wake,"  "  The  Pili^rima 
oftheSun"  "  Madorof  the  Moor,"  "TheBrow- 
|nieof  Bodsbeck,"  and  "Winter  Evening  Talcs," 
have  nearly  all  been  published  in  theU.  States. 
HOME,  sir  Everard,  is  not  only  one  of  the 
principal  operative  surgeons,  but  is  a  writer  of 
considerable  eminence,  in  London.  He  lias 
written  on  the  ••  Properties  of  Pus,"  "  Practical 
Observations  on  the  treatment  of  Strictures  in 
the  Urethra,"  "Observations  on  Cancers," 
"Lectures  on  comparative  Anatomy,"  &c. 

HUFELAND,  Dr.,  the  most  celebrated  of 
German  physicians,  is  professor  of  the  universit;, 
of  Jena,  and  physician  to  the  king  of  Pnissiu. 
He  has  pubiished  many  works  on  medicine, 
among  which,  the  most  curious  is  the  "  Art  of 
prolonging  Human  Iiife,"  by  means  of  which, 
he  is  of  opinion  that  the  age  of  man  may  be  ex- 
tended to  two  hundred  years. 

HUMBOLDT,  baron^  Frederick,  one  of  tlie 
most  i!uJ'!l"atigable  and  intelligent  of  modern 
travellers,  was  born  at  Berlin,  in  17()9.  Ho  has 
visited  Holland,  Italy,  Switzerland,  Cuba,  South 
America,  and  the  United  States;  few  have 
encountered  toil  and  danger  more  readily,  in 
pursuit  of  a  favourite  object ;  or  looked  upon 
he  works  of  nature  with  a  more  observant  eye. 
Baron  Humboldt  has  published  several  volumes 
of  travels,  and  is  known  as  a  botanist  and 
mineralojjist.  He  is  now  supposed  to  be  in  the 
East  Indies. 

HUNT,  Leigh,  a  nephew  of  the  late  Benja- 
min West,  was  born  in  England,  in  1784.  As 
a  poet  and  prose  writer,  he  has  exhibited  con- 
siderable talents;  among  his  works  are  "The 
Feast  of  the  Poets,"  "  Tlie  Descent  of  Liberty," 
"  Foliage,"  a  translation  of  the  "  Aminta  of 
Tasso,"  "The  Round  Table,"  &c.  For  a 
time  he  was  editor  of  a  paper,  called  the  "  E,x- 
arniner,"  and  for  a  libel  published  in  it  on  the 
prince  regent,  he  was  once  sentenced  to  two 
years  imprisonment. 

HUTTON,  Dr.  Charles,  born  at  Newcastle- 
ipon-Tyne,  in  1737.  Although  since  the  age  of 
eighteen,  he  has  always  been  a  schoolmaster, 
he  has  become  eminent  as  a  inatliematlcian. 
Among  his  works  are  "  Elements  of  Conic  Sec- 
tions," "  A  Mathematical  and  Philosophical 
Dictionary,"  and  "  A  new  course  of  Mathema- 
tics."    He  now  resides  at  Woolwich. 

HYDE  DE  NEUVILLE,  count,  the  son  of 
an  Englishman,  a  resident  of  France.  De  Neu 
ville  was  a  principal  ajent  of  the  exiled  Bour- 
bons alter  the  establishment  of  the  consulship, 
and  had  the  boldness  to  propose  to  Buonaparte 
to  restore  the  exiled  family.  For  this,  and  some 
unsuccessful  intrigues,  an  order  was  issued  for 
his  arrest ;  but  he  escaped,  and  Ikd,  finally,  to 
this  country,  and  resided  in  the  vicinity  of  New 
York,  for  several  years.  After  the  restoration 
431 


JA 

of  I^ouis  XVIII.,  he  retunied  to  France,  and  for 
his  fidelity  to  the  Bourbons,  he  \va.s  rewardrd 
wirh  tile  title  of  count,  and  the  place  of  aiiibas 
BSdor  to  the  United  StatcH.  He  has  lately  re 
turned  to  Paris. 


I 


IRVINO,  Washington,  was  born  in  the  city 
of  New- York,  about  the  year  17c:'.3,  was  ejuratudj 
at  ( 'olumbia  College,  and  while  there  he  annised 
the  town  occasionally  by  tome  efl'usions  which 
appeared  in  one  of  the  papers  of  the  lime.  He 
had  commenced  the  studj  of  the  law,  when  in 
18(15,  his  ritudics  were  interrupted  by  decaying 
health  ;  lie  inimediattly  sailed  for  Europe,  and 
at  the  expiration  of  two  years,  liaviiig  visited 
many  of  the  most  important  places  on  the  con- 
tinent, he  returned  through  England  to  his  na- 
tive city.  After  completing  his  studies,  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar ;  but  preferring  other  pursuits 
to  the  details  of  tlie  law,  he  devoted  himself  to 
literature,  and  in  1807,  in  connexion  with  iMr. 
Paulding  and  Mr.  Vtrplanck,  the  most  amusing 
a!id  popular  periodical  publication  of  the  times, 
was  produced  under  the  title  of  "  Salmagundi." 
In  1810,  Mr.  Irving  publislied  "  Knickerbocker's 
History  of  New- York,"  and  the  fame  of  iti 
established  the  reputation  of  its  author.  During' 
the  late  war,  Mr.  Irving  was  military  secretary, 
and  aid-de-camp  to  the  governor  of  tlic  state 
of  New-York  ;  and  in  1815,  he  went  to  Eng-I 
land,  and  has  since  resided  in  Europe.  Since! 
his  arrival  in  England,  he  has  added  much  to{ 
his  literary  reputation,  both  there,  and  in  hiyna-i 
live  country,  by  several  volumes  under  the  titles, 
of  "The  Sketch  Book,"  'Brucebridge  H*'.!,"  audi 
"  Tales  of  a  Traveller."  Mr.  Irving  is  iiow  en 
gaged  at  Paris,  in  editing  an  extensive  coliec 
(ion  of  English  and  American  literature. 


JACKSON,  Andrew,  was  born  in  the  (then) 
Vv'ra.':aw  settlement.  South  Carolina,  in  the  year 
1707,  and  is  of  Irish  parentage.  He  enlisted  in 
the  service  of  his  country  at  the  age  of  fourteen 
and  after  fighting  bravely,  was  wounded  and 
taken  prisoner.  After  his  release,  he  studied 
at  a  flourishing  academy  ii>  the  settlement, 
prepared  himself  for  the  bar  in  Salisbury,  in 
North  Carolina,  was  admitted  to  it,  and  settled 
himself  at  Nashville,  in  Tennessee,  where  he 
was  so  successful  in  his  practice,  that  he  was 
.soon  appointed  attorney-general  tor  the  district.] 
At  a  state  conventiou  in  1790,  Mr.  Jackson  wat 
much  distinguished,  and  he  was  that  year 
elected  to  congress,  after  being  a  member  of 
each  house  one  year,  he  resigned  his  seat,! 
esteemed  lor  the  soundness  of  his  understand- 
ing, and  the  inoderatioB  of  his  demeanour.  He 
was  then  for  a  short  time  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  Tennessee.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  late  war  he  was  a  major-general  of 
militia  in  Tennessee,  and  by  an  energetic  ad- 
dress to  the  militia  of  his  division,  he  drew  2o00j 
volunteers  to  his  standard.  These  were  dis 
banded  in  the  spring  of  1813.  General  Jackson's] 
military  career  since,  is  well  known  ;  in  his  va- 
rious campaigns,  lie  has  proved  himself  a  most 
skilful  commander,  a  vigilant  disciplinarian,  and 
a  dauntless  soldier.  He  was  sent  by  government 
to  receive  the  Floridas  from  Spain,  as  commis- 
sioner, and  afterwards  was  appointed  governor 
of  these  provinces.  General  Jackson  was  elect- 
ed a  senator  to  cungrqis  fiora Tennessee,  where[ 
43g 


JE 

he  has  since  held  a  seat,  and  he  was  a  promi- 
nent, although  unsuccessful  canuidalc  for  the 
presidency,  in  opposition  to  Mr.  Adams. 

JA  MIESON,  Kobert,  an  eminent  mineralogist, 
and  a  resident  of  Edinburgh,  wliere  he  is  a  pro- 
fessor of  natural  history,  president  of  tlie  Wer- 
nerian  Society,  and  lecturer  in  mineralogy.  Hia 
largest  work  is  a  "System  of  Mineralogy,"  3 
vols.  8vo.  Among  other  works  which  he  has 
published,  is  a  "  Treatise  on  theextornal,  chymi- 
cal,  and  physical  cliai after  of  Minerals  ;""and 
"  Outlines  of  the  Mineralogy  of  the  Scottish 
h^les." 

JAY,  John,  was  born  in  the  city  of  New- 
York,  on  the  1st  of  December,  old  style,  in  174.''>. 
lie  was  educated  at  Columbia  College,  and  was 
afterwards  admitted  to  the  bar,  where  he  attain- 
ed great  and  deserved  reputation  as  a  lawyer. 
He  was  elected  by  the  citizens  of  New- York,  to 
the  first  American  congress,  in  1774,  and  after 
having  been  re-elected  the  two  succeeding  years, 
he  was  chosen  president  of  congress,  in  1776, 
Ho  was  afterwards  appointed  a  meniherof  the 
convention  of  New- York,  and  after  the  organ- 
ization of  that  government,  was  appointed 
chief-justice  of  the  state.  In  1778,  he  was 
minister  plenipotentiary  to  the  court  of  Spain, 
and  in  1782,  was  appointed  one  of  the  com- 
inittsiiuurs  to  negotiate  a  peace  with  England, 
and  a  treaty  was  signed  in  Sep.  1784,  when  he 
returned  to  New- York.  After  this,  he  was  al 
the  head  of  foreign  affairs  until  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  governineiil,  when  h^  was  ajipointed 
chief-justice  of  the  United  States  ;  while  ii) 
this  occupation,  he  was  engaged  with  Mr.  Madi- 
son, aud  colonel  Hamilton  in  writing  the  Fede- 
ralist. Asenvoy-oxtraordinary  to  Great  Bruain, 
he  negotiated  and  signed  the  treaty  which  bears 
his  name,  and  on  his  return  in  1795,  he  found 
hini.self  elected  governor  of  the  state  of  New- 
York.  This  office  he  held  until  1807,  when 
declining  a  re-election,  and  also  tljc  situation  of 
chief-justice  of  the  United  States,  to  which  he 
had  been  appointed,  he  retired  from  public  life 
to  his  farm  at  Bedford,  N,  Y.,  still  the  friend  of 
his  country,  but  wholly  unambitious  of  further 
honours  or  distinctions.  He  is  one  of  the  most 
worthy  men  who  were  bred  in  the  school  of  the 
revolution  ;  and  is  conspicuous  alike  for  the 
soundness  of  his  judgment  and  his  legal  acquire- 
ments. His  piety  is  undoubted,  and  the  wanton 
malice,  and  rancorous  endeavours  to  injure  his 
name,  he  has  viewed  with  the  complacency  of 
a  Christian. 

JEFFERSON,  Thomas,  was  born  in  Chester- 
field county,  Virginia,  on  the  2d  ol'  October,  1743, 
and  was  educated  at  William  and  Mary  College. 
He  was  a  pupil  in  the  office  of  chancellor  Wythe, 
and  was  a  distinguished  member  of  the  Virginia 
legislature  in  1709,  wliere  he  continued  three 
years,  and  afterwards  was  a  delegate,  and  took 
a  most  conspicuous  stand  in  the  congress  at 
Philadelphia.  Here  he  drew  up  that  gigantic 
and  spirited  article,  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence. After  this,  from  1779  to  1761,  he  was 
governor  of  Virginia,  and  at  the  conclusion  of 
peace,  was  appointed,  with  Dr.  Franklin  and 
Mr.  Adams,  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Europe 
He  returned  in  1789,  and  was  appointed  secre 
lary  of  state,  which  office  he  resigned  in  1790, 
and  retired  to  jirivate  life.  Mr.  .lefTerson  was 
elected  vice-president  in  1797,  and  for  the  eight 
years  succeeding  Mr.  Adams'  administration,  he 
was  president  of  the  United  States.  He  then 
withdrew  from  public  life,  and  retired  to  Mon- 
ticello.    During  Mr.  Jeflerson'e  political  career. 


I 


KK 

tie  was  disuii5£uish>;(l  as  a  sound  l('s;i-*lat,or  and 
statesman,  iiiiyieldia^  in  liis  delerniiiiaiiun,  and 
a  firm  patriot.  In  private  lite,  he  is  said  lo  he 
benevolent,  humane,  and  affable.  He  is  presi- 
dent of  the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
and  is  a  member  of  several  literary  sncioiies  in 
Europe  and  America.  lie  published  "  Notes  on 
Virginia"  in  1781,  which  has  lately  been  re 
published :  it  was  also  translated  in  France, 
and  published  i:i  1784. 

JEFFEKY,  Francis,  a  celebrated  literary  and 
legal  character  of  Edinbnreh,  where  lie  was 
born,  In  1773.  In  1814,  he  visited  the  United 
States,  and  married  a  Miss  Wilkes,  of  New- 
Jfork.  Mr.  JelTery  is  most  cenerallv  known  as 
a  literary  character,  and  this  reputation  he  .nas 
acquired  as  editor  of  the  Edinbiir2h  Itcview 
Thisolfice,  however,  he  has  declined  the  present 
vear  (18'25.) 

.  JOHN  VI.,  kingof  Portuijal,  washornini7fi7, 
and  in  1792  became  recent  of  the  kingdom.  At 
the  outset  of  his  administration  as  regent,  heot- 
fended  both  Buonaparte  and  Spain,  and  thi;se 
Eoon  combined  to  manifest  their  disatlection 
Napoleon  made  demands  of  the  regent  which 
were  not  complied  with,  and  he  then  declared 
that  the  house  of  Bras^anza  had  ceased  to  reisn. 
The  reyent  immediately  sailed  for  the  Brazils, 
and  reached  Rio  Janeiro  in  safety.  In  March, 
J810,  he  succeeded  his  mother,  as  king  of  Portu- 
gal. Though  he  had  somewhat  ameliorated  the 
situation  of  the  Brazilians,  the  government  con- 
tinued rtespoiic,  till,  in  lS-20,  he  took  the  oath  as 
constitutional  sovereign.  In  July,  1821,  he  re- 
turned to  Portugal,  and  appears  to  be  on  the  best 
terms  with  the  cortes,  the  people,  and  the  nevv 
order  of  tilings. 

JOIJRUAN,  marshal  count,  an  eminent  mili- 
tary commander,  was  born  at  Limoges,  in  17C2. 
lie  served  in  the  United  States  in  the  regiment 
of  Auxcrrois,  from  the  age  of  I(i  to  the  close  of 
the  revolutionary  contest.  In  1793  he  command- 
ed the  army  of  the  North,  and  defeated  the 
prince  of  Saxe  Cobnurg,  and  compelled  him  to 
abandon  tlie  blockade  of  Manbeuge.  At  the 
bead  of  the  army  of  the  Moselle,  in  1794,  he  de- 
feated the  allies,  under  Cobourg,  and  the  entire 
conquest  of  the  Netherlands  was  the  conse- 
quence. Asa  member  of  the  council  of  Five 
Hundred,  in  1797,  be  manifested  a  decidedly  re- 
publican spirit,  and  was  soon  chosen  president 
of  the  council.  In  July,  1800,  he  was  sent  as 
administrator  to  Piedmont,  and  by  his  judicious 
government  did  himself  much  honour.  In  1803, 
he  was  at  the  head  of  the  army  of  Italy,  and,  in 
1604,  was  appointed  marshal  and  grand  olTicer 
of  the  legion  of  honour.  After  this  he  was  sent 
into  Spain  with  Joseph  Buonaparte,  as  his  ma- 
jor-general and  military  counsellor.  He  assented 
to  the  return  of  the  Bourbons,  was  created  a 
knight  of  St.  Louis,  and  in  1819,  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  bouse  of  peers, 

K 

KEAN,  Edmund,  an  actor,  born  in  London, 
in  1787.  As  an  actor,  Mr,  Kean's  talents  and 
powers  rank  him  among  the  lirst  of  his  profes- 
sion. But  a  late  trial  has  rendered  the  infamy 
of  hia  character  as  conspicuous  as  are  liis  talents 
as  a  perlormer.  It  is  said,  notwitUstanding  the 
disgrace  ;n  which  he  left  the  stage  in  this  coun- 
try, in  lo22,  that  he  is  about  making  the  United 
States  another  visit. 

KEMBLE,  Charles,  an  actor  of  great  merit 
as  a  tragedian,  and  uue  of  ttie  tirst  couiic  actors, 

...  37 

1  I  1 


LA 

was  born  in  Wales,  in  1775.  His  wife,  Mrs,  M. 
T.  ICemble,  is  an  actress  of  considerable  ability. 
They  are  hoih  engaged  at  ihe  C'oveut  harden 
Theatre,  and  both  have  written  .several  piays. 

kKTT,  rev.  Henry,  was  educated  \i  Oxford, 
and  is  a  fellow  and  tutor  of  Trinity  Cohere,  and 
one  of  the  king's  preachers  at  Whitehall.  He 
has  publisliod  many  works,  aiumig  which  ar« 
"Sermons  at  the  Bampton  Lectures;"  "Elements 
of  General  Knowled'i.e  ;"  a  translation  of  Cha- 
teaubriand's "  Beauties  of  Chrisiiauity;"  and 
"  The  Flowers  of  Wit." 

Kl.NfJ,  Rnfus,  is  the  son  of  Richard  King,  a 
rnercliant.  of  Hcarbor(mgh,  in  Maine,  and  was 
born  In  1755.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  College, 
(Cambridge,  and  completed  his  studies  in  the  law 
in  the  office  of  the  late  chief-justice  Parsona, 
While  a  student,  lie  volunteered  his  services  in 
the  cause  of  his  country  under  general  Sullivan, 
who  soon  appointed  him  his  aid,  and  served 
with  much  ardour  and  alacrity  in  the  enterprise 
against  the  British  on  Long  Island.  In  1784, 
he  was  a  delegate  to  the  con'^rcss  then  sitting  at 
Trenton,  and  In  1787,  bore  a  conspicuous  part  in 
the  general  convention  at  Philadelphia.  In  1788, 
Mr.  King  removeil  to  New  York,  and  was  elect- 
ed to  the  legislature  in  1789,  and  also  a  senator 
to  congress.  He  represented  the  United  States 
at  the  En;;lish  court  from  the  last  year  of  presi- 
dent Washington's  administration  to  tne  year 
1803,  with  much  honour  to  himself  and  his  coun- 
try, when  he  returned  home.  In  1813,  he  waa 
again  chosen  senator  to  congress,  which  office 
he  continued  to  till  with  undiminished  esteem 
and  applause.  Mr.  King  in  his  public  life,  has 
displayed  a  sound  mind,  and  discriminating 
judgment,  and  is  a  profound  statesman,  civilian, 
and  orator.  He  has  recently  been  appointed  by 
president  Adams,  minister  to  England. 

KNIAZIEWICZ,  general,  a  native  of  Poland, 
who  first  distinguished  himself  in  the  gallant 
struggles  made  by  the  Poles,  in  1794,  to  ex- 
pel tlieir  Russian  tyrants.  He  commanded,  un- 
der Zajonczek,  at  the  combat  of  Gulkow  ;  and 
at  the  fatal  battle  of  Macejorrice,  he  seconded 
Kosciusco  with  the  utmost  intrepidity  and  intel- 
ligence. As  second  in  command  of  the  Polish 
legions  in  the  French  service,  he  repeatedly  dis- 
tinguished himself,  and  afterwards,  at  the  head 
of  the  Polish  legion  on  the  Rhine,  he  contributed 
his  services  to  the  gaining  of  the  victory  of  IIo- 
henlinden.  Napoleon,  in  1803,  sent  him  the 
decoration  of  a  commander  of  the  legion  of  ho- 
nour, and  he  has  since  been  a  lieutenant-general 
in  the  armv  of  Poland. 

KONOVNlTZt!>f,  lieutenant  general  in  the 
Russian  service,  born  in  17fi4,  He  was  employ- 
ed in  the  war  again^^t  Sweden,  and,  in  1812, 
fought  gallantly  at  Witepsk,  at  Smoiensko,  at 
Borodino,  and  at  Krasnoi;  and  was  rewarded 
with  the  cross  of  several  orders. 


Ti 


LABILLARDIERE,  M.,  a  native  of  Aleiicon, 
and  eminent  as  a  botanist.  His  enthusiasm  has 
led  him  to  visit  many  parts  of  Europe,  Asia,  and 
America  ;  and  on  returning  from  one  of  hia  ex- 
peditions abroad,  he  found  himself  in  possession 
of  a  herbal  of  four  thousand  plants,  three-fourths 
of  which  were  new  discoveries.  He  has  pub- 
lished the  most  ample  collection  of  the  plants 
of  New  Holland,  that  has  appeared. 

LABRADOR,  Don  Pedro  Gomez,  formerly 
minister  of  Charles  IV,  at  the  court  of  Florence. 
By  invitation  of  Ferdinand  Vlf.,  he  accompa- 
433 


LA 

sied  him  to  Bayonne,  where  he  held  a  conlbr- 
eiicewith  Chanipagny  relalive  to  the  proposals 
offered  by  Napoleon  for  ihe  acceptance  of  Fer- 
di-iiand.  Don  Peiro  aitendcd  Ferdinand  in  his 
exile,  and  on  liis  return  to  Spain,  in  1814,  tiiat 
prince  nominated  him  counsellor  of  state,  a? 
well  as  ambassador  to  France,  and  his  lepre- 
sentativeat  the  congress  of  Vienna  ;  in  all  which 
situations,  he  distinguished  himself  by  his  dipio 
matic  talents. 

LACEPRDE,  count,  a  distinguished  natu 
ralist,  and  a  pupil  of  Daubenton  and  Butfon.  He 
is  also  a  politician.  In  17%,  he  was  appointedi 
a  member  of  the  iVatJonal  Institute,  and  in  17SI9, 
JVapolpon  called  iiiin  to  the  c(niservalive  senate, 
of  which  he  became  president,  in  1801.  He 
atlerwards  was  a  member  of  the  grand  council 
of  administration,  and  was  soon  cho^^en  presi- 
dent of  the  senate.  He  accepted  the  dignity  of 
peer  of  France  offered  to  him  by  Mapoleon, 
whicl;  was  confirmed  by  Louis,  in  1819.  Ho 
has  published  many  works,  among  which  is  ai; 
edition  of  the  "  Works  of  Buff>n,"  with  notes, 
a  lUo-jraphy  of  the  Author,  and  a  Discourse  on 
the  progress  of  the  Natural  Sciences,  by  himself 

LA  CHATRE,  the  dulfe  de,  was  born  in 
Ferry,  about  1750.  He  accompanied  Louis 
XVIII.  in  his  exile  from  France,  and  was  his 
particular  confidant.  In  1805,  Louis  nominated 
him  liis  agent  at  the  court  of  England,  where  he 
remained  after  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  j 
ivith  the  title  of  French  ambassador.  The  dukelj 
returned  to  F.ance  in  1916,  and  in  1817,  was 
appointed  a  member  of  tlie  chamber  of  peers. 

LACROIX,  M.  Sylvester,  is  considered  in  all 
respects,  the  ablest  mathematician  in  Europe, | 
and  his  publications  are  numerous  and  valuable.' 
In  1782,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  mathe- 
matics in  the  naval  academy  of  Rochefort,  and 
also  a  member  of  the  French  Institute,  and  of 
the  legion  of  honour,  in  1799. 

LAFAYETTE,  Gilbert  Mottier,  marquis  de, 
was  born  on  the  6tli  of  September,  1757,  at  the 
Chateau  de  Chavagnac,  in  the  department  of 
Haute  Loire,  and  was  the  inheritoi  of  a  princely 
fortune,  and  descended  from  distinguished  ances- 
tors. At  seven  years  of  age,  he  entered  Ihe 
college  of  Louis  le  Grande,  at  Paris,  and  com- 
menced liis  literary  education.  Here  the  lovely 
but  ill-fated  Antoinette,  the  late  queen  of  France, 
took  him  under  her  immediate  patronage,  and 
at  a  very  early  age,  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  a 
commissioned  officer  in  the  khig's  guards.  In 
1774,  he  married  the  countess  de  Noilles.  At 
nineteen  years  of  age,  he  sailed  for  America, 
and  landed  on  the  shores  of  South  Carolina. 
This  illustrious  friend  had  become  an  advocate 
of  lire  colonies,  and  felt  all  t'lat  ardour  in  the 
cause  of  liberty,  which  liae  not  deserted  him  in 
matnrer  years.  Lafayette  had  watched  atten- 
tively the  momentous  controversy  between 
Great  Britain  and  her  oppre.ssed  subjects,  and 
resolved  to  make  any  sacririce  in  their  cause. 
He  made  known  his  intention  to  Dr.  Franklin, 
then  our  commissioner  in  Franco,  who  laid  be- 
fore him  the  disastrous  state  of  the  country. 
"  The  more  hopeless  your  cause,"  said  he,  "the 
more  occasion  is  there  for  my  assistance,  the 
more  honour  shall  I  acquire  by  bestowing  it." 
He  immediaiely  equipped  a  vessel  for  this  en- 
terprise at  his  own  expense,  and  severing  the 
ties  wliich  would  have  detained  him  in  his  na- 
tive country,  he  sailed  for  the  United  States. 
Arrived  at  Philadelphia,  he  presented  himself 
before  congress.  "lam  come,"  said  be,  ''to 
request  two  favours  of  this  assemblage  of  patri- 
434 


LA 

ots.  One  is  that  I  may  serve  in  your  army,  the 
other,  that  I  receive  no  pay."  He  was  imme- 
diately received  into  the  family  of  Wasliington, 
and  congress  in  July  following,  tendered  him  a 
commissioi\  of  majiirgeneral.  Soon  after,  learn- 
ing the  embarrassments  of  the  armv,  he  gave 
Washington  t)0,000  I'rancs  (about  11000  dollars) 
to  procure  supplies;  by  which  generous  act, 
Washington  was  so  affected,  that  he  embraced 
Lafayette  with  tears  of  joy  and  afl'ection.  At 
the  battle  of  Brandy  wine,  the  marquis  exhibited 
full  evidence  of  his  bravery  and  military  char- 
acter, and  in  this  bloody  contest  was  wounded. 
After  his  recovery  he  joined  general  Green,  ir> 
New- Jersey,  and  was  at  the  head  of  2000  men, 
whom  he  liad formed,  clothed,  armed,  equipjifd 
and  disciplined  himself  He  was  aftei  wards 
actively  emjiloyed  in  different  parts  of  the  coun- 
try, till  1779,  when  he  returned  to  France,  iiis 
oljject  to  obtain  assistance  for  his  adopted  coun- 
try. In  this  he  succeeded,  and  in  May,  1780,  he 
returned  with  the  joyful  intelligence,  tliat  a 
French  fleet  and  army  would  soon  arrive  on 
our  coast.  He  immediately  resumed  his  com- 
mand, and  in  the  campaigns  of  1780  and  1781, 
he  displayed  the  most  consummate  generalship 
ill  preserving  his  little  army,  then  opposed  to 
lord  Cornwallis,  till  the  siege  of  that  general  at 
Yorktown,  where,  collected  and  uiidismayed, 
he  shared  largely  in  the  himours  of  the  day.  la 
November,  1781,  the  contest  in  which  tie  had 
been  so  nobly  engaged,  drawing  near  a  com- 
pletion, Lafayette  signified  his  intention  of  ro 
turning  to  his  country.  After  the  conclusion  of 
peace,  in  August,  1784,  general  Lafayette  again 
visited  the  United  States,  and  several  of  the 
larger  cities,  in  some  of  which  the  freedom  of 
the  city  was  presented  liim ;  he  returned  to 
France,  in  December  following. 

General  Lafayette  was  a  member  of  the  A.s- 
sembly  of  Notables  at  Versailles,  in  1787,  and 
in  1789  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  States 
General,  made  president  of  that  assembly,  and 
commandant  of  the  national  guards.  In  this 
capacity,  his  influence  was  exerted  in  favour 
of  lenient  measures  ;  and  he  did  much  to  pre- 
vent the  mob  of  Paris  from  running  into  those 
horrid  excesses]  which  were  afterwards  com- 
mitted. He  acted  a  conspicuous  part  on  the 
day  the  constitution  was  adopted,  and  soon  after 
resigned  his  coinmand.  In  1792,  he  was  called 
again  into  service  ;  but  on  that  memorable  day, 
the  lOth  of  August,  when  the  royal  family  fled 
to  the  national  assembly  for  safety,  he  opposed 
the  fury  of  the  mob,  was  deprived  of  command, 
a  price  was  set  on  his  head,  and  he  was  obliged 
to  fly  his  country  for  safety.  He  was  thrown 
into  prison  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  after- 
wards chained  and  imprisoned  by  the  emperor 
of  Austria  in  the  citadel  at  Olmutz.  His  estate 
was  confiscated.  In  prison,  he  was  subjected 
to  the  most  barbarous  treatment,  and  frequently 
threatened  with  an  ignominious  death.  Great 
exertions  were  made  to  obtain  his  liberation 
without  effect,  until,  in  1797,  in  settling  terms  of 
peace  with  Austria,  Buonaparte  expressly  stipu- 
lated that  Lafayette  should  be  set  at  liberty,  and 
in  1799,  after  the  overthrow  of  the  French  direc- 
tory, he  returned  to  France,  and  settled  at  La 
Grange,  about  40  miles  from  Paris.  Previous  to 
Buonaparte's  first  abdication,  iie  was  elected  to 
the  cinmber  of  deputies,  and  there  proposed  a 
vriteo'permanentsession,  which  was  passed,  and 
in  consei(uence,  the  emperor  found  himself  undt-t 
the  aocei^ity  of  abdicating  the  throne.  Froni 
that  period  to  the  time  of  his  embarkation  for 


LA 

Hie  United  States,  with  the  exception  of  liis 
tiaving  been  once  again  elei;;ed  to  the  cljaniljer 
DfdeputieH,  general  Lafayette  spent  most  of  liis 
time  ill  tlie  pnisiiits  of  agriculture  at  La  Grange. 
Wlion  lie  expressed  liis  intention  of  afjain  visit- 
ing tlie  United  Htales,  every  liearl  l)eat  hi^'li 
with  joyful  anticipation.  He  declined  llie  olTer 
of  a  national  ship  of  the  line  to  convey  him 
across  the  Atlantic,  which,  logetlier  with  a  for- 
mal invitation  to  visit  the  United  States,  was 
voted  him  by  congress,  and  arrived  in  the  liar 
hour  of  New- York  on  the  15th  of  August,  1824, 
in  tlie  ship  Cadmus.  The  ne.\t  day  lie  was  re 
ceived  in  the  city  with  the  most  enthusiastic  de- 
monstrations of  joy  and  respect,  by  an  immense 
concourse  of  citizens.  After  malting  a  complete 
tour  through  the  United  States,  being  received 
every  where  with  the  highest  marks  of  gratitude 
which  a  free  people  could  bestow,  he  sailed 
again  for  his  native  country,  on  the  7th  of  Sop 
tember,  I8i5,  in  a  ship  fitted  out  by  government 
for  that  purpose,  and  called  the  Brandywine,  in 
lioiiour  of  his  bravery  in  that  memorable  battle. 
In  gratitude  for  his  former  services,  with  a  be- 
coming munilicence,  congress  soon  after  his 
arrival  passed  a  vote  granting  general  La- 
fayette 200,000  dollars  from  the  treasury,  and 
a  townsliip  of  land,  to  be  located  in  any  of  the 
lands  belonging  to  the  United  States. 

LAHARPE,  general,  was,  in  the  early  part 
of  his  life,  a  barrister  in  his  native  province, 
the  Pays  de  Vaud.  He  was  invited  to  Russia 
by  Paul  I.,  wliere  the  emperor  Alexander  was 
his  pupil.  Afterwards,  while  a  resident  of 
Fiance,  he  was  commissioned  by  the  executive 
directory  of  Switzerland  to  prepare  that  country 
for  a  revolution,  which  lie  .iccomplished  by 
means  of  writings  and  proclamations,  with  so 
much  zeal  and  activity,  that  lie  was  presented 
with  a  gold  medal  by  the  new  government,  to 
express  tlie  gratitude  of  the  Pays  de  Vaud.  Hap- 
jiening  to  be  at  Paris  during  the  eventful  year 
If^ll,  Alexander  decorated  him  with  the  orders 
of  Russia,  and  gave  him  the  rank  of  general  in 
his  army.  He  is  now  in  retirement  in  Switzer- 
land. 

LALLY  TOLLENDAL,  marfjuis,  was  born 
at  Paris,  I7r>\.  In  1789,  ho  was  oii-j  of  the 
nio.sl  popular  members  of  the  constituent  as- 
sembly, and  supported  the  famous  declaration 
nf  the  rights  of  man,  that  was  proposed  by  La- 
fayette. In  175)2,  he  exerted  himself  with  ener- 
gy in  defence  of  Louis  XVI.,  and  since  the  re- 
storation, has  been  a  member  of  the  privy 
council  of  Loiiiti  XVIII. 

LAMARUUE,  count,  was  born  at  St.  Sever, 
in  1770.  At  the  Jiead  of  two  hundred  grena- 
diers, he  marched  against  Fonlarabia,  and  by  a 
masterly  coup  de-main,  he  took  the  place,  de 
fended  by  eighty  pieces  of  cannon,  and  niado 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  men  prisoners.  In 
HOI,  he  was  made  general  of  brigade,  and  dis 
tiiiirnished  himself  at  the  battle  of  Hohenlindeii. 
.At'ter  this,  he  took  the  island  of  Caprea  from 
the  English,  was  at  the  battle  of  Wagram, 
where  In:  had  four  horses  killed  under  him;  he 
served  in  Russia,  and  in  Spain,  in  1812,  and  in 
1HI4,  was  created  a  knight  of  St.  Louis.  After 
the  return  of  Loui.?  XVIII.,  he  took  refuge  in 
Brussels,  and  afterwards  passed  into  Austria. 

LA.METII,  count,  Alexander  de,  a  knight  of 
Malta,  was  born  in  France,  in  1757,  and  as  aid- 
de-camp  to  general  Rochambeau,  served  in  the 
revolutionary  war  of  this  country,  with  great 
zeal  and  energy.  In  178d,  he  was  a  deputy  to 
ike  States  General  from  Pcronae,  and  embraced 


I       LA 

Iho  popular  side  at  the  commencement  of  the 
French  revolution.  In  1792,  he  joined  the  army 
of  Lafayette,  fled  wirli  him  and  was  'hrovvn 
into  prison  by  the  Austrians.  He  obtained  liber- 
ty to  return  io  France  in  1800,  and  was  succes- 
.sively  named  prefect  of  the  Lower  Alps,  of  the 
Rhine  and  Moselle,  and  of  La  Somme,  and  was 
ilso  created  knight  of  St.  Louis,  and  appointed 
lieutenant-general  in  the  army.  In  1819,  he  was 
elected  to  the  chamber  of  deputies,  and  has  con- 
siantly  proved  himself  a  zealous  friend  of  liberty. 
The  political  career  of  his  brother,  the  count 
Charles  de  Lameth,  much  resembles  his  own. 
He  served  in  America  with  repuiation;  was  a 
deputy  to  the  States  General,  in  1780,  and  joined 
the  army  of  Lafayette,  in  1792.  He  commanded 
in  Spain  in  1812  and  1813,  and  on  his  return 
to  France  in  1814,  was  appointed  lieutenant- 
':;eneral.  In  1807,  as  aid-de  laiup  to  general 
.Vlurat,  he  was  distinguished  by  his  bravery  at 
;lio  battle  of  Heiisberg,  where  he  was  wounded. 

LANCASTER,  Joseph,  famous  as  the  invent- 
or, and  successful  promulgator  of  a  new  system 
of  instruction.  He  was  born  in  Englajid,  in 
1771,  was  bred  and  still  maintains  the  habits 
and  manners  of  a  quaker.  Disappointed  in  his 
expectations  in  his  native  country,  he  left  Eng- 
land in  disgust,  and  came  to  the  United  States 
about  I8I7,  where  liis  fame  procured  him  friends, 
and  his  industry  rendered  hiiii  useful.  He  has 
recently  gone  to  South  Ameiiia,  where,  under 
the  liberal  patronage  of  Bolivar,  his  prospects 
of  success  are  most  flattering. 

L.APLACE,  marquis,  a  geometrician  of  high 
celebrity,  was  born  in  1719.  He  was  president 
of  tlie  conservative  senate  in  180;i,  and  in  1814, 
gave  his  vote  for  the  dethronement  of  Napoleon, 
for  which  the  king  gave  him  the  title  of  a  peer. 
51.  Laplace,  holds  the  fust  rank  among  French 
mathematicians,  and,  in  his  "  Exposition  of  the 
System  of  the  VVorld,"  he  has  powerfully  con- 
tributed to  advance  the  boundaries  of  a  science 
that  has  so  often  employed  the  industry  of  the 
most  profound  geniuses'of  the  world. 

LASCASAS,  count  de,  is  descended  from  an 
ancient  Spanish  family,  and  is  distinguished  as 
the  faithful  and  spirited  friend  of  Napoleon, 
wliom  he  accompanied  to  St.  Helena,  and  who, 
during  his  reign,  loaded  Lascasas  with  favours. 
Lascasas  has  published  a  Narrative  of  his  Ilesi-  ~ 
dence  at  St.  Helena,  and  also,  under  the  name 
nf  Lesage,  "  A  Historical  and  Geographical 
\tlas." 

LAVALETTE,  count,  was  born  in  1769,  at 
Paris,  of  obscure  parents.  To  Baudelociiue  he 
was  indebted  for  a  superior  education.  He  was 
destined  for  the  church,  but,  having  finished  his 
;ilucation,  he  studied  the  law.  But  the  revolu- 
ion  interrupted  his  pursuits.  As  an  officer  in 
he  naiioiial  guards,  in  August,  1792,  he  edoa- 
voured  to  defend  the  palace  of  the  Thuillerics  ; 
ifterwards  he  enrolled  himself  in  the  legion  of 
the  Alps,  and  served  in  the  army  of  the  Rhine, 
and  that  of  Italy,  with  such  distinction,  that 
Buonaparte  made  him  his  aid-de-camp,  and  en- 
trusted hiiii  with  his  secret  correspondence.  He 
gave  him  mndamoiselle  Beauharnois,  the  niece 
if  his  wife,  Josephine,  in  marriage,  to  draw  the 
ties  of  attachment  closer  between  them.  Lava- 
lette  accompanied  Buonaparte  to  Egypt,  and 
after  the  establishment  of  the  consulship,  was 
appointed  postmaster-general  and  counsellor  of 
tate;  he  w;is  subsequently  made  a  count,  tMid 
a  commander  of  the  legion  of  honour.  For  the 
ixtraordinary  vigilance  and  activity  of  his  mea- 
ures  to  accelerate  the  progress  of  Napoleon^ 
435., 


LU^ MA 

on  his  return  iVoni  Elba,  he  was  creared  a  pferitotiie  estates  of  Parma,  I'iaceiitia,and  Guasialla, 
6f  France.    But  on  the  return  of  ilie  king,  he 'but  obtained  only  the  principality  of  Lucca,  of 


M'as  brought  to  trial,  as  an  accomplice  of  Napo- 
leon, and  condemned  to  death.  He,  however, 
escaped  '''ftm  prison  in  disguise,  by  the  assis- 
fauce  of  liig  rtif",  and  tied  to  Munich,  where  he 
has  siure  tbund  an  asylum  and  powerlul  friends. 
Madaiiio  Lavale.'te  was  cruilly  retained  some 
tiiue  in  prison,  having  been  accfcsn?--?  to  the 
escape  of  her  husband  ;  a  treatment  which  'lis- 
ordered  lier  senses,  and  she  has  since  been  a 
-conliimed  lunatic. 

LAWKKNCE.  s>ir  ThoinaB,  the  successor  of 
sir  Benjamin  West,  as  president  of  the  Royal 
Academy  at  London,  is  now  about  tifty  eight 
years  of  age,  and  was  born  at  Bath.  He  first  be- 
came distinguished  by  his  portraits  of  the  Kciu- 
ble  family,  and  in  a  few  years  he  began  to  ob- 
tain the  highest  patronage,  and  no  e.xhihiiion 
was  considered  complete  or  interesting,  without 
some  of  his  pictures.  The  personal  character 
of  sir  Thomas  Lawrence  accords  with  his  pro- 
fessional talents,  and  he  possesses  much  native 
modesty,  and  suavity  of  manners.  He  is  painter 
to  George  IV. 

LEOPOLD,  prince  of  Saxe  Cobourg  Saalfeld, 
Was  born  in  li'M,  and  entered  into  the  Austrian 
army,  where  he  distinguished  himself  on  seve- 
ral occasions,  and  attained  the  rank  of  lieute- 
nant-colmiel.  He  visited  England  in  1814,  in  the 
suite  of  the  sovereign?  of  Russia  and  Prussia. 
The  intended  marriage  between  the  prince  of 
Orange  and  the  princess  of  Wales  having  been 
broken  off,  prince  Leopold  was  the  protestant 
selected  to  espouse  her,  and  they  were  married 
in  1817.  By  the  preliminaries  of  their  marriage, 
the  prince  was  entillert  to  an  income  of  more 
than  260,000  dollars,  fbeside  an  outfit  to  the  same 
fimount.)  about  -iii.OOO  dollars  of  which  was  to 
remain  with  him  in  case  he  survived  her.  He 
was  naturalized  by  an  act  of  parliament  pre- 
vious to  his  marriage,  and  was  appointed  a 
colonel  and  fieid-marshal.  The  death  of  the 
princess  Charlotte  has  reduced  him  to  the  rbnk 
of  a  commoner,  in  England. 

LESLIE,  professor  of  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh, is  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  a  profound 
mathematician  and  chymist.  He  has  invented 
several  valuable  philosophical  instruments,  has 
published  several  scientihc  works,  and  is  a  con- 
tributor to  the  Edi'ibu'-gh  Review. 

LOCKHART,  John  G.,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
Tvas  born  about  the  year  nC2;  he  is  a  lawyer, 
6r;(l  resides  at  Edinburgh.  Hi'  is  a  popular  au- 
thor, and  is  supposed  to  have  written  Peter's 
Letters,  and  also  a  leadins  writer  for  IJIack- 
^vood'3  Magazine.  Among  liis  best  perform- 
ances, is  Reginald  Dalton.  About  four  years 
since  he  married  the  eldfst  daughter  of  sir 
Walter  Scott.  His  works,  which  are  numerous, 
are  distinguished  for  m;isculine  and  original 
talent ;  but  are  deficient  in  elegance  and  refine- 
ment. He  is,  however,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
liVriters  of  the  day. 

LUCCA,  the  dutches?  of,  formerly  Maria  Loui 
sa,  of  Bourbon,  infanta  of  !?pain,  was  born  at 
iHadrid,  in  17&2.  ^he  married  Hdu  Louis  de 
BoUrhoR,  eldest  sou  of  the  duke  of  Parma,  and 
in  1801,  by  political  events,  they  were  called  ti 


which  she  took  possession  in  1817, 

M 

MAGANZA,  IVon  Pedro,  a  peculating  minis- 
ter, descended  from  an  ancient  Irish  family,  anrf 
was  born  about  17G0.  He  rose  rapidly  into  the 
favour  of  Ferdinand,  who  apjioiiited  hitn  mi- 
r.ister  of  grace  and  justice.  To  him  is  attribu- 
ted in:  crime  of  having  been  the  principal 
prf)mpter  ot  lP.s  monarch  to  destroy  the  liberties 
of  Spain.  He  issued  the  edict  prohit^/.infe  the 
exiles  who  espoused  the  cause  of  Joseph  from 
entering  the  peninsula,  and  afterwards  com 
menced  the  persecution  of  the  patriots.  But  he 
was  soim  discovered  to  have  been  guilty  of  the 
grossest  bribery  and  corruption,  and  he  was 
thrown  into  prison,  from  which,  after  two  years, 
he  was  allowed  to  retire  to  an  estate  in  Castile, 
where  he  now  lives,  despised  by  all  parties. 

M.'^D.VLIISSKI,  general,  the  p-itriotic  Pole, 
who  had  the  honour  of  being  the  first  to  raise 
the  standard  of  liberty  against  the  Russians,  in 
1734.  He  had  long  held  a  secret  correspondence 
with  Kosciusco,  and,  when  the  order  was  giv- 
en for  disbanding  the  Polish  army,  he  collect- 
ed his  regiment  of  seven  hundred  men,  i!e- 
leated  the  scattered  Riifsian  detachments,  and 

ncceeded  in  joining  Kosciusco,  (wlio  had  been 
ajipointed  generaiissinio,)  at  Racow,  though  pur 
jfiied  by  seven  thousand  Russians.  He  distin- 
guished himself  in  several  battles,  particularly 
|iH  the  defence  of  W^arsaw.  He  still  resides  in 
j.Poland,  beloved  and  respected  by  his  country- 
men. 

MADIPO.V,  James  Thecareerof  thisstates- 
inan  commenced  at  the  close  of  the  rcvolutifsna 
ry  war.  When  the  public  ni'nd  was  chiefly  oc- 
cupied with  the  formation  of  a  national  con- 
stitution, Mr.  Madison  vigorously  co-operated 
with  the  principal  men  of  the  country,  and  in 
the  meeting  at  .\nnapoiis,  and  the  convention 
In  Philadelphia,  he  ranked  high  among  the  lumi- 
naries of  the  day.     He  participated  in  the  dia- 

iissions  relative  to  the  constitution,  and  furnish- 
ed many  able  pap-^rs  for  the  "  Federalist"  Af- 
terwards, Jlr.  Madison  was  a  member  of  the 
legislature  of  Virginia,  and  subsequently  was 
elected  to  congress,  and  in  both  these  bodies  he 
was  an  able  advocate  l"or  the  people.  He  was 
appointed  secretaiy  of  stale  by  Mr.  Jefferson, 
and  in  this  capacity  displayed  much  talent  as  a 
statesman  ,Ti:d  logician.  Mr.  Madison  was  elect- 
ed president  in  1809,  and  was  reelected  in  1813. 
In  affairs  of  state  his  reserve  was  habitual ;  he 
seld<mi  yielded  to  expediency,  and  his  honesty 
as  a  statesman,  it  is  believed,  was  never  doulit- 
fd.  Mr.  Madison  is  a  native  of  Virginia,  where 
he  now  resides,  and  is  about  seventy  years  of 
agp- 

MAHMOI'D  11.,  sultan  or  emperor  of  the 
•Turks,  was  born  in  1784,  and  succeeded  hisbro- 
ttier,  Mustapha  IV.,  in  1808.  At  the  time  he  be- 
came emperor,  troubles  and  dangers  the  meet 
;appalling,existedin  the  interior  of  his  dominions, 
while  a  war  with  Rus.sia  and    the    Servians, 

hreatened  the  dissolution  of  his  empire.     He 


reign  over  the  kinsriioin  of  Ecruria.  In  18<j:!,  [was  compelled  to  submit  to  a  bnrdenso.me  peace 
li-ir  Imsband's  death  left  her  regent  of  that  king- Iwith  Russia,  but  by  his  prudence  and  energy-, 
<3om.  Her  court  became  hy  degrees  one  of  the  and  the  wif^dnn  of  his  policy,  he  successively 
inopt  brillinnl  in  Europe.  P-ut,  in  1807,  the  king  reduced  to  obedience  the  pachas  of  Romelia 
Of  Spain  havinc  ceded  her  kingdom  to  Xapoleon,Widdiii,  Uagd.id,  Damascus,  and  the  beys  of 
«t!ie  retired  to  the  court  of  her  father.  She  as-  Ecypt  ;  released  thecity  of  Mecca  from  the  Wa- 
WttC't  before  the  congress  of  Vienna,  her  rights  llliabeea,  and  conquered  the  Servians.  But  his 
43b 


MA 


MA 


present  contest  with  the  Gipoks,  and  the  barba- 
rous massacres  he  has  permitted,  exhibits  the 
bloody  tyranny  of  tiis  government ;  his  internal 
administration  is  exerrised  with  excessive  rigmir. 

MANCHKSTER,  duke  of,  was  horn  in  lT(i8 
Although  his  I'atlier  was  a  strong  opimsitionist, 
he  joined  the  ministry',  and  was  appointed  lieu 
tenant  governn-r,  and  afterwards  governor  of 
Jamaica,  where  lie  now  resides. 

MAMJEIi,  M.,  one  of  the  most  eloquent  and 
Intrepid  ol  the  defenders  of  French  liberty,  was 
burn  in  the  department  of  the  Losver  Alps,  in 
1775.  In  1815,  he  was  a  member  of  tlie  chamber 
cf  deputies,  convoked  by  Napoleon,  and  after- 
wards, strongly  contended  for  the  rights  of  the 
yoiiiig'er  Napoleon,  and  moved  a  spirited  protest 
aitainst  the  force  employed  l)y  the  allies  to  re- 
store the  Bourbons.  In  1818,  he' was  re-elected  to 
the  chamber  of  deputies,  and  has  since  held  a 
seat  there.  In  point  of  argument  and  elocution, 
le  is  one  of  the  most  formidable  opponents  of 
the  ministry. 

MARET,  duke  of  Bassano,  enjoyed  the  confi- 
dencaund  friendship  of  Napoleon,  from  tlie  time 
he  was  made  consul  to  his  abdication.     He  wa; 


Matarin,  where  he  was  enabled  to  procure  a 
sujiply  of  provisions  and  horses,  and  lieep  up  a 
correspondence  with  the  revolted  colonies,  he 
sustained  the  place  against  Montaverde,  twice 
routing  his  army  with  iminmse  li>s3,  anil  at  a 
third  attack,  completeiy  defeating  him.  Marino 
soon  after  joined  Bolivar,  and  has  been  engaged 
in  many  of  the  battles  since  that  period. 

MARMONT,  duke  of  Ragiisa,  wIk>  hat-  im- 
mortalized his  natoe  by  his  bravery  and  tnilila- 
ry  talents,  and  stained  it  by  being  ihe  tirst  tu  de- 
sert his  benelaclor,  was  born  at  tMiatillon  upon 
the  Seine,  in  1774,  and  was  educated  for  the  ar- 
my. This  he  entered  in  1792,  and  was  present 
in  the  first  campaigns  of  the  armies  of  the  .'Vlp.", 
and  of  Italy.  He  then  became  aid  decamp  to 
Buonaparte,  and  displayed  much  courage  and 
talent  at  the  battles  of  Lodi,  C'astiglioiie.  and 
St  Georre.  In  17SiS,  he  was  made  a  brigadier- 
general  for  his  condnc  at  Malta.  In  Dali  latia, 
he  routed,  with  a  handful  of  troops,  the  Rns«ians 
and  Montenegrins,  aad  for  this  he  was  rewarded 
with  a  dukedom.  He  compelled  VVtlliuglon  lo 
raise  the  siege  of  Badajoz,  took  the  coniniaiid 
of  an  army  in  Germany,  and  contnlmted  at  tiie 


made  secretary  of  the  council  of  state,  and  was;;victories  of  Lutzen,  Bautzen,  Dresden,  and 
empJoved  in  negotiating  the  treatyof  Presbursh  ;l]others.  He  was  made  a  marshal  on  the  field  of 
in  laii,  he  was  made  minister  of  Kireign  affairs, ijZnaim,  where  he  had  been  victorious,  and  in 
and  created  duke  of  Bas.?ano;  in  1812,  he  nego  pISH.shared  in  the  laurels  gained  at  Brienne, 
tiatedtreatieawith.\ustria,  and  Prussia;  and  in  IChamp  Auhert,  Vauchainp,  and  Montinirail. 
1813  and  1814  was  entrusted  with  various  impor- 1  Here  ends  the  glory  of  his  career.  In  t  he  re- 
tant  missions.  He  was  banished  by  Louis,  and  is  treat,  on  Paris,  Marmont,  finding  himself  in  asi- 
now  a  resident  at  Gratz,in  Syria,  occupied  in  tlie'ltuation  in  which  he  could  pursue  his  own  views 


education  of  his  children.   He  was  born  at  Di 
Jon,  in  1758. 

.MARIA  LOUISA,  late  empress  of  France,  is 
daughter  of  Francis  II.  of  Austria,  and  w.as 
born  in  1791.     The  j'oiinger  branches  of  the 


without  acroiintability  to  Buonaparte,  negotia- 
ted with  the  allies,  and  separaied  his  division 
from  the  rest  of  the  army.  Louis  rewarded  so 
valuable  a  subject  with  a  peerage,  and  has  since 
appointed  him  one  of  the  four  marshals  of  the 


imperial  family  liad  been  taught  to  think  of  ll royal  guard  atid  a  commander  of  St.  Louis. 
Napoleon  with  30 much  horror,  that  the  princeesll  MARSHALL,  .lohn,  was  born  in  Virginia, 
fainted  at  the  first  suggestion  of  herniarriage  to  aboutthe  year  1756,  and  went  through  the  usual 
him  ;  but  at  length  s!ie  vielded  to  the  entreatipsi|course  of  classical  education  in  a  private  senii- 
of  her  fathet.and  to  state  policv,  and  afterwanls'l  nary.  He  shared  in  the  dangers  and  fatigues  of 
became  sincerely  attached  to  iiim.  They  wereHihe  army  during  the  revolutionary  war,  and  was 
married  in  1810.  During  theabsenceof  Buona-ijunder  the  immediate  command  of  Washington, 
parte  in  the  campaigns  of  1812,  and  1813,  she  was;  after  which  he  studied  the  law,  and  soon  after, 


placed  by  him  at  the  head  of  the' French 
vernment  as  empress-regent,  and  in  that  capa 
city,  she  went  in  state  to  the  senate,  and  de 


he  was  elected  to  the  legislature,  and  then  was 
a  member  of  the  executive  council.  In  a  short 
time  he  was  at  the  head  of  his  profe.ssion  ;  was 


manded  a  levy  of  190,000  men.  On  setting  oHt|  a  member  of  the  Virginia  convention,  in  1788 
for  the  army  in  1814,  Buomparte  took,  as  itj  and  generally  represented  the  city  of  Richmond 
afterwards  proved  to  be,  hisfinal  farewellof  her.  lin  the  legislature  of  the  state,  uniii  in  1797,  he 
The  otficers  of  the  national  guard  of  Paris,  800  iwas  prevailed  on  to  accept  the  appointment  of 
in  number,  were  summoned  to  the  great  saloon  ijan  envoy  to  France,  with  STessrs.  Pinckney  and 
of  the  Thuilleries,  to  receive  the  solemn  depositiiGerry.  Mr.  Marshall  shared  largely  in  thetrans- 
which  Napoleon  entrusted  to  their  honour,  in  actions  and  honours  of  this  embassy.  After  his 
the  persons  of  his  wife  and  child.  "  I  confide,"  |  return,  he  had  been  a  short  time  a  distinguished 
said  he,  and  he  spoke  it  in  a  tremulous  accent,  Mmember  of  congres-j,  when  he  was  appointed  se- 
•'  my  wife  and  child  to  my  faithful  citizens  of  Ijcretary  of  slate  by  Mr.  Jefferson.  He  soon  after 
Paris,  thus  giving  them  the  dearest  mark  of  con-jireceived  Ihe  appointment  of  chief-justice  of  the 
fiilence,  which  I  have  in  my  power  to  bestow.' "lUnited  States,  which  high  office  he  has  since 
On  the  29th  of  March,  the  day  before  the  battle  |contin\ied  to  fill  wiih  dignity  and  reputation,  and 
of  Paris,  the  empress  fled  toBlois,  and  in  May,  iis  alike  conspicuous  for  his  sound  judgment  and 
went  to  Vienna.  The  principality  of  Pa.in'a,illun:i:iousmind.  Judge  Marshall  has  published  a 
had  in  the  meantime  been  secured  to  her  by  [Life  of  VVashiogton,  in  five  volumes,  8vo,  and  is 


tre.ity,  and  in  1817,  she  took  possession  of  this 
as  princess  of  Parma,  but  her  court  is  neither! 
numerous  nor  splendid.  Her  son  was  seiia- 
rated  from  her  in  1815,  and  has  not  since  been 
under  her  care. 


now  employed  in  Yevising  it  for  a  second  edition. 

MATURIN,  rev.  C.  R.,  born  in  Ireland,  in 

1782,  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 

where  he  obtained  several  prizes  and  medals  as 

jjthe  reward  of  his  acquirements, and  yet  was  there 


M.\RINO,  Don  Santiago,  one  of  the  mostilmore  remarkable  for  his  indolence  and  melan- 
Intrepid  and  indefatigable  generals,  who  havelichsly,  than  for  his  talents.  But,  by  t)ie  misfor- 
fought  for  the  indepindeiice  of  South  .■Hmerica.jjtune's  of  his  father,  he  was  cimipclledto  provide 
He  is  of  a  rich  family,  and  was  horn  in  the  pro-|ifor  himself,  and  he  sought  for  a  resource  in  lite- 
vince  of  Cuniana.  lie  espoused  the  cause  ofi|rary  labour.  Under  the  assumed  name  of  Den- 
libcrtyat  an  earlv  period,  and  »'  the  town  ofjlnis  Jasper  Miircliy,  he  produced  '-Tlie  Fatal 


MI 

Revenge,"  "  The  Wild  Irish  Boy,"  and  "  The 
51ile8ian  Chief."  "  Bertruiii,"  a  tragedy,  through 
the  interest  of  Lord  Byron,  was  bmughl  out  ai 
Orury-lane,  and  its  success  establiahed  the  fame 
of  it*  author.  He  has  since  published  two  tinely 
written  works  :  "  Women,  or  Pour  et  Contrc," 
and  "  Melnioth,  the  Wanderer." 

MAXIMILIAN  I.,  king  of  Bavaria,  was  born 
in  1T,5(J,  and  succeeded  liis  uncle,  Charles  Theo- 
dore, as  elector  of  Bavaria,  in  1799.  He  early 
displayed  the  qualities  of  a  wise  and  <;ooJ  jiriiicc ; 
he  introduced  various  popular  reforms  in  his 
states,  and  abolished  tlie  oppressive  privileges 
and  immunities  of  the  nobles  and  clergy.  In 
1806,  lie  joined  Napoleon,  with  an  army  of  vi5,000 
Bavarians,  against  Francis  II.,  and  at  the  con- 
clusion of  pence,  was  elevated  by  his  potent 
ally,  to  the  dignity  of  king  of  Bavaria,  and  the 
Tyrol  and  other  provinces  were  added  to  his 
territory.  Ma.\imilian  remained  laithful  to  his! 
engag(mients  with  Jsapoleon  till  the  disastrous 
campaign  in  Russia  compelled  him  to  join.the| 
subsetiuont  alliance  against  France.  Alter  the 
general  peace  of  1814,  he  purchased  for  liiinself  [ 
new  titles  to  the  affections  of  his  people,  by| 
giving  them  a  representative  government,  and 
placing  them  in  the  rank  of  free  nations. 

METTERNICH- WINEBOURG,  prince,  com- 
menced liis  political  career  as  ambassador  to 
various  courts  of  the  highest  rank,  and  was  born 
in  Austria,in  1773.  While  ambassador  to  France, 
he  ingratiated  himself  greatly  with  Napoleon, 
and  obtained  an  advantageous  peace  with  him, 
at  the  conclusion  of  the  war  which  commenced 
in  1809,  between  France  and  Austria.  On  his, 
return,  Francis  made  him  minister  of  foreign 
affairs,  and  afterwards  prime  minister.  He! 
afterwards  followed  his  sovereign  to  Paris,  and. 
signed  the  treaty  of  1814,  after  the  success  of- 
the  allies.  He  accompanied  the  king  of  Prussia,' 
and  emperor  of  Russia  to  England,  and  received 
the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws  from  the  university 
of  Oxford,  and  on  liis  return  to  Vienna,  was 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  a  prince,  and  receivedj 
the  lordship  and  estates  of  Arnvar,  in  Hungary.! 
He  assisted  at  the  congress  of  Vienna,  and  also' 
at  tliatof  Aix  laChappelle,  and  there  is  scarcely  i 
a  prince  in  Europe  t'rom  whom  he  h.is  not  re-, 
ceived  some  token  of  distinction  and  esteem.      | 

MILORADOWITCH,  count,  one  of  the  best; 
of  the  Russian  generals,  was  employed  in  the' 
campaign  against  the  Turks,  in  1789,  and  againstj 
the  Poles  in  J794  and  1795.  He  possessed  the! 
entire  contidnnce  of  Suwarrow,  and  was  at  the 
head  of  his  advanced  guard,  in  1799.  He  com- 
manded a  division  at  Austerlitz,  and  in  1812,1 
was  again  appointed  to  the  command  of  the! 
Russian  advanced  guard,  and  greatly  distinguisli- 
od  himself  in  the  action  near  Krasnoy,  and  Wi-| 
azma.  At  the  battle  of  Leipsiche  led  the  Rus-| 
sian  and  Prussian  reserves,  and  took  a  coiispi-| 
cuous  part  in  the  campaign  of  1314.  | 

MINA,  Don  Francisco  Espoz  y,  was  born  in, 
Navarre,  in  1782.  lie  is  one  of  the  most  distin-; 
guished  Spanish  patriots:  brave,  active,  and  in- 
defatigable, at  the  head  of  Guerilla  corps  during 
the  war  acainst  the  French,  his  exploits  were  so! 
successl'ul  that  he  was  often  denominated  king: 
of  Navarre.  Mortified  to  find  that  he  had  only 
been  labouring  to  re  establish  despoli.'^m,  and  the 
division  of  troops  of  which  he  had  been  ap- 
pointed general  having  been  dismissed,  he  gain- 
ed over  the  garrison  of  Pampeiiina,  and  was  oh 
the  point  of  proclaiiDing  ilie  constitution,  when' 
his  plan  was  betrayed.  He  (led  to  France;  but 
when  the  standard  of  freedom  was  raised  at 
430 


MO 

Cadiz,  he  hurried  back  to  Navarre,  and  took  a 
leading  part  in  the  struggle.  After  the  king  had 
submitted  to  the  new  order  of  things,  Minawas 
appointed  captain-general  of  Navarre,  and  af- 
terwards, taking  command  of  ths  army  destined 
to  act  against  a  formidable  insurrection  in  Cata- 
lonia, he  completely  subdued  it.  He  is  regarded 
as  the  most  e.\perienced  general  in  Spain,  and 
as  the  sheet-anchor  of  the  constitutional  cause. 

MONCEY,  marshal,  duke  Conegliano,  was 
born  at  Besancon,  in  1754.  In  1793 iie command- 
ed a  corps  ia  the  army  of  the  Pyrenees,  and  in 
1794  was  raised  to  general  of  brigade,  and  soon 
after  to  the  rank  of  general  of  division.  He 
served  with  distinction  during  the  war  with 
Spain  ;  in  1795  commanded  the  army  of  the 
Eastern  Pyrenees,  and  afterwards  greatly  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  campaign  jf  Italy.  In 
18U4  he  was  made  marshal  of  France,  and  grand 
officer  of  the  legion  of  honour.  He  served  in 
the  campaigns  of  1812  and  1813,  and,  as  second 
in  command  of  the  Parisian  national  guard  at 
tiie  attack  of  the  allies  on  Paris,  he  displayed 
much  presence  of  mind  and  firmness  of  purpose. 
After  the  return  of  Louis  he  was  made  minister 
of  state,  knightof  St.  Louis,  and  peer  of  France. 
But,  as  he  accepted  a  peerage  of  Napoleon,  in 
1815.  he  has  since  only  been  restored  to  his  titles. 

MONROE,James,was  born  in  Virginia,iB  now 
(1825)  about  67  years  of  age,  and  resides  at 
Loudon,  in  his  native  state.  Ardently  devoted 
to  liis  country,  he  took  part  in  the  revolution 
when  a  youth,  and  his  undaunted  courage  was 
evinced  on  more  than  one  occasion.  He  was 
devoted  to  Washington,  an  admirer  and  imita- 
tor of  JetTerson,  and  a  friend  and  companion  of 
Madison.  Mr.  Monroe  was  a  member  of  the 
old  congress,  and  was  instrumental  in  the  for- 
mation of  «he  constitution.  He  was  a  success- 
ful lawyer,  and  in  the  legislature  of  Virginia, 
and  in  ihe  new  congress,  he  was  an  intelligent, 
active,  and  efficient  member.  France,  Spain, 
and  Great  Britain  have  been  the  theatres  of  his 
diplomatic  career.  He  was  successively  secre- 
tary of  state,  and  of  war,  and  liis  constancy 
and  capacity  in  the  one,  and  vigour  and  firm Jiess 
in  the  other,  were  alike  conspicuous.  Mr.  Mon- 
roe was  elected  to  the  presidency  in  ISJ7,  and 
had  a  most  difficult  part  to  perform  ;  but  it  will 
be  difficult  to  find  a  real  blemish  in  his  adminis- 
tration, and  in  the  co\irse  of  it,  he  has  proved 
himself  a  benefactor  of  his  country,  and  a  wor- 
thy patriot.  He  was  re-elected  pre.sident  in  1821, 
and  in  1825  was  succeeded  bv  Sir.  Adams. 

MONTGO.MERY,  James," an  excellent  poet, 
'was  born  in  Ayrshire,  in  1771.  and  is  t'lc  son  of 
a  Moravian  niinieler.  He  w;is  early  devoted  to 
poetry,  and,  as  early  as  twelve  years  of  age, 
had  written  three  volumes.  His  education  waa 
[limited,  but  he  actjuired  a  knowledge  of  the 
[Greek,  Latin,  French,  and  German  lancuai'es, 
lin  Yorkshire.  He  went  to  London,  and  foi 
sometime  was  in  the  shop  of  a  bookseller ;  af- 
terwards he  became  the  publisher  of  a  paper  in 
Sheffield,  entitled  "  The  fris."  For  sonic  piece* 
which  happened  in  this,  lie  was  twice  imprison- 
ed, and  white  incarcerated,  published  "  PrLsoii 
.\museinents."  In  180*3,  lie  publi.=hed  "  The 
Wanderer  of  Switzerland,"  and  other  poems, 
which  rose  in  popularity,  and  established  his  re- 
putation. He  has  since  published  "  The  West 
Indie?,"  "The  World  before  the  Flood,"  "  Song.s 
of  Zioii."  &c.  He  still  resides  at  Shetfield,  is  yet 
the  conductor  of  "  The  Iris,"  and  is  considered 
an  amiable  and  pious  man. 

MONTIIOLON,  maniuis,  celebrated  for  bia 


MO 

nnshaken  and  generous  aciliercnce  to  the  fallen 
fortunes  of  his  illustrious  master,  entered  the 
Krencli  army  at  tlie  age  of  fifteen,  serving  under 
Buonaparte,  from  whom  he  received  a  sword, 
for  hia services  on  the  memorable  iStli  Bruniaire. 
lie  was  aiddc-camp  to  marshal  Berthicr  before 
he  was  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  in  thai  ca- 
pacity distinguished  himself  at  the  battles  of 
Austerlitz,  VVagram,  Jena,  and  Priedland.  He 
commanded  in  the  departnient  of  the  Loire, 
when  he  received  the  news  of  the  emperor's  ab- 
dication :  with  liis  wife  and  children,  he  volun- 
tarily partoolc  of  the  ex-emperor's  imprisomnenl 
at  St.  Helena,  and  continued  with  him  till  his 
decease.  He  is  now  arranging  for  the  press, 
memoirs  dictated  to  him  by  his  late  sovereign. 

MOORE,  Thomas,  one  of  the  tlrst  of  Britisti 
poets,  was  born  in  Ireland,  and  was  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  He  went  to  Lon- 
don, with  a  view  of  making  the  law  his  pro- 
fession, and  was  called  to  the  bar.  It  was  then 
that  he  translated  the  Odes  of  Anacreon ;  these 
met  with  so  favourable  a  reception,  that  he 
abandoned  the  law,  and  devoted  himself  to 
literature.  Under  the  name  of  Little,  he  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  poems,  which  were  justly 
censured  for  their  licentiousness.  He  visited 
the  United  States  in  1805,  but  his  prejudices  did 
not  allow  him  to  form  a  favourable  opinion  of 
our  country.  Since  hia  return,  in  1800,  he  has 
published  "  The  Two-penny  Post-bag ;"  ='The 
Fudge  family  in  Paris  ;"  "  The  Loves  of  the 
Angels  ;"  and  "  Lalla  Rookh,"  an  oriental  ro- 
mance, which  unites  the  purest  and  softest 
tenderness  with  the  loftiest  dignity,  and  in  every 
page,  glows  with  all  the  fervour  of  poetry 

MORE,  Mrs.  Ilaimah,  was  born  near  Bristol, 
about  the  year  1750,  and  is  the  youngest  of  five 
sisters.  At  Bristol,  her  taste  and  knowledge 
acquired  her  the  friendship  of  Dr.  Stonehouse, 
who  encouraged  her  to  write,  and  corrected  all 
her  early  effusions.  The  "  Search  after  Hap 
piness,"  her  first  publication,  w-as  favourably 
received  ;  and  she  soon  after  published  several 
other  pieces.  In  1782,  she  published  her  "  Sa- 
cred Dramas."  She  retired  about  1798,  to 
Somersetshire,  with  her  sisters,  where  they 
established  charity  schools  among  the  colliers, 
with  tnuch  advantage  to  them.  Slie  has  con- 
tinued since  to  give  her  productions  to  the 
world,  and  besides  many  others,  has  published 
'Thoughts  on  the  Manners  of  the  Great;" 
"  Strictures  on  the  Modern  System  of  Female 
Education  ;"  and  being  consulted  on  the  subject 
of  the  education  of  the  princess  Charlotte,  pro- 
duced "  Hints  toward  forming  the  character  of 
a  young  Princess,"  which  was  highly  approved 
of,  and  received  with  royal  approbation.  This 
excellent  woman,  who  has  constantly  been  la- 
bouring to  benefit  mankind,  has  been  many 
years  confined  to  her  bed  by  an  excruciating 
disease  ;  but  in  this  situation,  she  has  produced 
some  of  iier  best  works,  among  which  are 
'  C(Blebs  in  Search  of  a  Wit-e,"  "Practical 
Piety,"  "Christian  Morals,"  "Essay  on  the| 
Character  and  Writings  of  St.  Paul,"  andj 
"  Moral  Sketches  of  Prevailing  Opinions  audi 
Manners."  Amongst  her  most  intimate  friends, 
Mrs.  More  has  numbered  Dr.  Porteus,  Dr.  Beat-^. 
tie,  Mrs.  Montague,  Dr.  Johnson,  Sir  Joshua' 
Reynolds,  and  Mr.  Garrick. 

MORGHEN,  Raphael,  an  eminent  professor 
of  the  graphic  art,  and  one  of  the  first  European 
engravers,  was  born  at  Naples,  in  17.56,  and  wa.^ 
a  pupil  under  the  celebrated  Volpato.  Among 
the  most  remarkable  of   liis  works,  are  the 


OP 

Transfiguration,  from  Raphael ;  a  Magdalen, 
from  Murillo  ;  a  Head  of  ihe  Saviour,  from  da 
Vinci  ;  the  Monument  of  Clement  XIU.,  from 
Canova ;  and  Theseus  vanquishing  the  Mino- 
taur. 

MOIULLO,  Don  Pablo,  a  man  of  courage  and 
talent,  was  originally  a  Serjeant  of  artillery  in 
the  Spanish  marines,  but  distinguished  himself 
80  much  during  the  war  between  Spain  anil 
France,  that  in  the  course  o(  it  he  was  promoted 
to  be  a  general.  In  1815,  he  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  an  expedition  against  South  America, 
consisting  of  twelve  thousand  men.  He  v.'as 
at  first  successful ;  Carthagena  surrendered  to 
him  after  a  sieye,  during  which  he  confiscated 
the  property  ofthe  Venezuelans,  and  committed 
many  cruelties.  New  Granada  was  afterwards 
reduced,  and  again  Morillo  had  recourse  to  the 
system  of  blooiished  and  pillage.  These  events 
roused  the  spirits  of  Bolivar,  Paez,  and  Aris- 
mendi,  and  Morillo  was  several  times  defeated, 
he  was  driven  from  Granada,  and  a  great  part 
of  Caraccas.  In  1820,  having  heard  ofthe  revo- 
lution, he  returned  to  Spain,  joined  the  patriots, 
and  for  a  time  was  the  political  chief  of  Madrid. 
But  he  has  been  removed,  and  appears  to  be 
viewed  with  suspicion  by  the  liberal  party. 

MOSTONSKI,  count  Thaddeus,  an  illustrious 
patriot  of  Poland,  was  born  at  Warsaw,  in  1790. 
VViien  Stanislaus  was  compelled  to  accede  to 
the  confederation  ofTargowitz,  and  cniisequenl- 
ly  to  the  overthrow  of  Polish  liberty,  Mostonski 
fled  to  Paris,  became  connected  with  the  Giron- 
dist party,  and  obtained  a  promise  of  assistaiitc 
for  the  Poles ;  but  the  triumph  of  the  jacobin 
party  put  an  end  to  his  prospects;  he  returned 
to  Poland,  took  an  active  part  with  his  coun- 
trymen in  their  efforts  to  expel  their  oppressors, 
and  when  no  hope  was  left  of  saving  his  country, 
he  rcl'used  to  fly  from  Warsaw,  was  taken  pri- 
soner, and  was  some  time  confined  at  St.  Peters 
burgh.  He  afterwards  resided  in  France,  till, 
in  1815,  he  was  recalled  to  Poland  by  Alexander, 
appointed  minister  ofthe  home  department,  and 
of  police. 

N 

NESSELRODE,  count  Charles  Robert  de,  se- 
cretary for  foreign  affairs,  and  privy  counsellor 
to  the  emperor  of  Russia,  was  born  in  Livonia, 
about  the  year  1770.  This  minister  stands  high 
in  the  confidence  of  his  sovereign,  and  has  often 
received  marks  of  his  esteem.  He  accompanied 
the  emperor  into  France  in  the  campaign  of 
1814,aiul  was  one  of  the  four  plenipotentiariea 
that  signed  the  treaty  of  quadruple  alliance,  at 
Chaumont,  In  March,  of  that  year.  All  the  notes 
and  addresses  of  the  emperor,  at  this  period, 
bear  his  signature,  and  were  mostly  drawn  up 
by  him.  After  a  short  stay  in  Paris,  he  repaired 
to  Vienna,  to  assist  in  the  conference  relative  to 
the  future  constitution  of  Germany.  And  after- 
wards, in  1815,  he  was  one  of  the  committee 
that  signed  the  declaration  or  profession  of  faith 
of  the  several  powers  with  respect  to  Buona- 
parte. 

O 

OPIE,  Mrs.,  was  born  in  1771.  She  is  the 
daughter  of  Dr.  Alderson,  an  eminent  physician, 
of  Norwich.  This  lady  early  evinced  superior 
talents,  by  composing  poems  and  descriptive 
pieces,  at  an  age  when  youna  ladies  have  not 
usually  finished  their  education.  In  1798  ahc 
439 


FA       

married  Mr.  Opie,  a  celebrated  painter,  and  soon 
alter  liis  death,  in  JSOs,  she  pubiishf^d  a  memoir 
ot'  his  lilt,  prtfixi'd  to  the  lectures  he  had  read 
at  the  Royal  Academy.  By  this  and  other  publi- 
cations, she  has  acquired  coii.><iderable  reputa- 
tion, both  as  a  prose  and  poetical  writer. 

ORANGE,  the  hereditary  prince  of,  is  the  son 
of  the  king  of  the  Netherlands.  He  was  b9rn 
in  1792.  In  1811,  he  became  a  colonel  in  the 
British  army,  and  served  with  Wellington  iu 
Spain.  He  was  promoted  to  tlie  rank  of  general 
in  1814,  and  was  present  at  all  the  important 
battles  in  the  peninsula.  At  the  battle  of  Wa- 
terloo, he  commanded  the  Dutch  troops  with  his 
accustomed  gallantry,  and  was  seveiely  wound- 
ed. In  1816,  he  married  a  sister  of  the  emperor 
Alexander  of  Russia. 

ORLKANS,  the  duke  of,  is  a  descendant  of 
Henry  IV.,  who.se  virtues  he  imitates.  He  was 
born  in  October,  1773,  and  in  early  life  was  dis- 
tinguished for  his  sedate  character,  and  (or  his 
prudence  and  moderation.  As  due  de  Chartres, 
he  was  a  soldier  in  the  armies  of  the  republic 
for  a  short  time,  but  was  soon  pro.scribed.  He 
then  escaped,  travelled  in  disguise  through  dif- 
ferent pans  of  Europe,  and  at  one  liine  filled  the 
professorship  of  mathematics  at  Rei.  hman,  in 
the  Grisons  country,  under  a  borrowed  nann;. 
He  afterwards  visited  the  United  States,  with 
bis  brothers,  and  returned  to  Europe  to  assist 
liis  mother.  In  1800,  he  took  up  his  residence  in 
England.  He  married  a  daughter  of  the  king 
of  Naples,  and  now  lives  in  Paris.  He  is  heir, 
in  no  very  remote  degree,  to  the  throne  of 
France. 

OWEN,  Robert,  esq.,  a  native  of  Great  Bri- 
tain, was  born  to  a  moderate  fortune,  and  edu- 
cated as  a  manufacturer.  With  a  benevolent 
disposition,  and  a  powerful  understanding,  he 
has  devoted  his  life  to  the  study  of  plans  for 
ameliorating  the  condition  of  the  poor.  With 
this  view,  he  has  formed  an  establishment  in 
Scotland,  called  New  Lanark,  in  which  his  plans 
have  been  crowned  with  success.  His  principle 
seems  to  have  been  taken  originally  from  the 
Moravian  settlements,  but  with  this  ditTerence, 
that  among  them,  property  is  in  common,  but, 
on  Mr.  Owen's  plan,  only  such  things  are  in 
common,  as  tend  to  general  advantage.  Mr. 
Owen  is  about  forming  a  similar  establishment 
in  this  country.  How  far  his  plan  will  succeed 
here,  or  as  a  public  system,  elsewhere,  remains 
to  be  seen.  By  his  mode  of  living,  he  anticipates 
a  saving  of  several  thousand  dollars  per  annum, 
to  every  association  formed  on  his  plan. 


PC 


PAEZ,  general,  is  a  native  of  Caraccas,  and 
was  born  in  1787,  of  poor,  bu?  respectable  pa- 
rents. In  early  life  he  was  employed  as  a  su- 
perintendant  of  the  flocks  of  an  establishment 
in  Barinas.  When  the  first  struggle  for  liberty 
took  place  in  Caraccas,  he  joined  the  royalist 
party,  and  fought  on  their  side  until  the  cruel- 
tics  of  his  associates  filled  him  with  disgust. 
He  then  left  them  with  a  body  of  cavalry,  and 
joined  the  patriots  in  New  Grenada,  where  lie 
performed  such  prodigies  of  valour,  in  opposing 
Murillo,  that  he  was  made  a  brigadier-general, 
and  afterv.ards  general  ol  division.  The  libH- 
ration  of  the  Colombian  republic,  by  the  victo- 
ry of  Carabobo,  crowned  his  glory.  Paez  is  of 
a  robust  constitution,  and  possesses  great  mu.s- 
cular  activity  and  power.     He  Hves  as  frueally 


tlietn,  and  often,  after  fighting  with  them  during 
the  day,  amuses  liimself  by  dancing  with  them 
at  niglit. 

P.'XRRY,  Edward  William,  a  captain  in  the 
English  navy,  was  born  in  the  year  1790.  He 
was  placed  iu  the  navy  when  quite  young,  and 
gradually  rose  to  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant, 
with  a  high  reputation  as  an  ofiicer.  Captain 
F'.irry  has  distinguished  himself,  as  commander 
of  an  English  squadron  fitted  out  on  a  voyage 
of  discovery  to  the  north  pole,  by  successfully 
penetrating  into  the  Polar  Sea  as  tar  as  the  llOih 
degree  of  west  longitude,  and  win  luring  on  one 
of  the  newly  discovered  islands.  For  this,  he, 
aiid  the  men  under  liis  command,  received  the 
parliamentary  reward  of  5,000^.  Captain  Parry 
is  now  absent  on  a  third  voyage  to  the  polar  re- 
gions It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  long  agitated 
question  of  a  northwest  passage,  from  the  At- 
lantic to  the  Pacific,  will  be  put  to  rest  on  hiS 
return. 

PEPE,  general  William,  is  a  native  of  Cala- 
bria, and  was  born  in  the  year  1783,  of  one  of 
the  most  respectable  families  of  that  country. 
He  received  his  education  in  the  military  college 
of  the  province,  and  entered  into  the  army  of  his 
country,  then  declared  a  republic  by  the  French. 
He  afterwards  joined  the  French,  and  was  ac- 
tively employed  in  all  the  campaigns  of  that  na- 
tion in  Italy.  He  subsequently  returned  to  Na- 
ples, and  was  appointed  aid-de-camp  to  king 
.loachim,  and  general  of  brigade.  He  continued 
in  the  service  of  that  sovereign  until  his  down- 
fal,  and  remained  inactive  after  that  event  until 
1818.  He  was  then  employed  by  Ferdinand, 
with  a  high  military  rank,  in  suppresFing  the 
dreadful  system  of  brigandism  and  robbery 
which  then  prevailed  in  that  country.  General 
Pepo  has  gained  his  principal  reputation  by  head- 
ing the  late  revolutionary  movements  in  Naples, 
and  by  procuring  a  constitutional  formof  govern- 
ment for  that  country.  The  interposition  of  an 
Austrian  armed  force,  has  defeated  the  patriotic 
vievcs  of  this  oflicer,  and  compelled  him  to  retire 
to  England,  where  he  now  resides. 

PERCIVAT..,  James  G.,  a  poet  and  scholar, 
alike  distinguished  for  genius  and  the  accuracy 
of  his  learning.  He  was  bom  in  Berlin.  Conn., 
about  the  year  1795.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale 
College  in  181.5,  and  commenced  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  1820.  He  published  his  first  work 
at  New- Haven,  in  18-20,  and  two  numbers  of 
Clio  soon  after.  In  182-1,  he  published  a  hand- 
some edition  of  his  works,  which  was  repub- 
lished the  same  year  in  London.  He  was 
appointed  a  professor  at  West  Point  by  the 
government,  in  1824,  which  he  was  obliged  to 
relinquish  on  account  of  his  health,  and  was 
soon  after  employed  as  surgeon  in  connexion 
with  the  recruiting  service  at  Boston.  This 
situation  he  soon  left,  to  devote  his  attention 
more  exclusively  to  literary  pursuits.  He  is  a 
regular  writer  for  the  Boston  I-iterary  Gazette, 
and  his  poetry  in  that  is  received  with  general 
admiration.  He  resides  in  his  native  village, 
(182.5,)  and  is  engaged  in  editing  some  works 
for  the  press.  His  disposition  is  melancholy  and 
retiring,  and  his  career  has  been  manned  with 
naita  of  great  eccentricity.  He  is,  however,  a 
man  of  singular  elevation  and  purity  of  char 
acter  in  private  life. 

PORTER,  Jane,  and  Ann  Maria.    These  la- 
dies are  sisters,  and  daughters  of  sir  Robert  Por- 
ter.   They  have  long  held  a  high  rank  among 
the  female  novel  writers  of  the  day.    The  for- 
as  his  soldiers,  always  divides  Lis  booty  withjinerha3writteu"TIiaddeusof  Warsaw,"  "The 
440 


so 


SI 


ScouiBti  Chiefs,"  and  oilier  works,  which  havei 
been  well  received  by  tlio  public,  and  very  ex- 
lensivelv  read.  The  vouiiger  sister  has  publisl.- 1 
»;d  "  The  Hungarian  "Urothors,"  "  The  Keclusei 
of  Norway,"  and  more  recently  the  "  Fast  of 
St.  Magdalen."  Until  the  appearance  of  thai 
splendid  series  of  works,  the  VVaverly  novels, 
these  sisters  had  gained  a  great  degree  of  popu- 
larity. They  have,  however,  with  others,  been 
obliged  to  yield  to  the  unrivalled  merits  of  the 
"  Great  Unknown." 

Q 

QUIRORA,  general  Antonio.  This  distin- 
guished Spaniard  is  indebted  for  his  reputavjon, 
to  his  recent  patriotic  eflVirts  in  favour  of  Uie 
liberty  of  his  country.  When  he  coinniouced 
the  daring  task  of  limiting  the  powers  of  his 
sovereign,  and  assembling  the  cousliluted  but 
almost  obsolete  authorities  of  the  kingdom,  he 
was  but  a  colonel  in  the  Spanish  army.  He  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  those  troops,  who,  at  Ca- 
diz, declared  in  lavonr  of  a  free  constitution, 
and  he  issued  several  spirited  proclamations,  and 
took  every  measure  in  his  power  to  ensure  suc- 
cess to  the  cause  in  which  he  had  embarked. 
Quiroga,  with  his  associates,  had  the  happi- 
ness to  accomplish  their  glorious  purposes  ;  to 
see  a  cortes  assembled,  a  coiisiitnlion  adopted, 
and  the  government  organized  under  that  con- 
stitution. Subsequent  events  have  destroyed 
the  prospects  of  the  liberal  party  in  Spain,  and 
compelled  (iuiroga  to  take  up  his  residence  in 
England. 

R 

ROSCOE,  William,  esq.,  a  distinguished  Eng- 
lish writer,  was  born  of  humble  parents,  from 
whom  he  received  but  a  conmion  education,  and 
articled  to  an  attorney  in  Liverpool.  His  ardent 
mind  led  him  to  devote  all  his  lei-sure  time  to  the 
study  of  the  classics,  and  he  soon  made  himself 
acquainted  with  the  ancient  and  modern  lan- 
guages. Mr.  Roscoe  was  early  celebrated  both 
as  a  prose  and  as  a  poetical  writer ;  but  the 
work  which  gained  him  the  greatest  reputation, 
was  his  "  Life  of  Lorenzo  de  Medici ;"  a  work, 
which  for  purity  and  elegance  of  style,  and  ex- 
tensive research,  has  seldom  been  surpassed. 
lie  has  also  been  the  great  mover  and  supporter 
of  several  public  works  in  Liverpool ;  so  much 
so,  that  his  name  is  identified  with  the  prosperi- 
ty and  even  existence  of  iliat  city. 

S 

SAN  MARTIN,  general  Don  Juan,  was  born 
in  the  midst  of  the  Andes,  and  sent  to  Madrid 
for  education.  He  entered  the  army  in  1808,  and 
displayed  great  valour  in  defending  the  indepen- 
dence of  his  country  under  the  banners  of  the 
cortes.  After  the  dissolution  of  that  body  he 
quitted  Spain  for  Buenos  Ayres,  and  immediate- 
ly joined  the  patriot  forces  of  that  country.  As 
an  olTicer  of  the  patriot  army  he  has  gained  se 
veral  important  victories,  and  contributed  much 
•o  the  independence  of  the  South  American 
states.  He  is  now  at  the  head  of  the  independ- 
ent government  of  Peru. 

SCOTT,  Sir  Walter,  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished and  prolific  writers  of  the  present  day, 
was  born  at  Edinburgh,  in  the  year  1771,  and 
educated,  first  at  the  high  school  of  that  city, 
•nd  tben  at  tlie  university,  under  professor 


Stewart.  The  reputation  of  this  gentleman  ia 
well  knov\'n  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic  ;  as  a 
poet,  he  may  justly  he  ranked  above  moot  of  his 
cotemporaries.  His  first  liiurary  attempt,  was 
a  translation  of  two  balluiU,  from  the  German, 
"  The  Chase,"  and  another.  In  180-2,  he  pub- 
lished his  "  Horder  Minstrelsy,"  a  work  which 
opened  to  liiin  a  most  brilliant  literary  career. 
Mr.  Scolt  has  since  published,  "  The  Lay  of  the 
Last  Minstrel,"  "  Marmiou,or  Flodden  Field," 
"The  Lady  of  the  Lake,"  "The  Vision  of 
Don  Roderick,"  "  Knkeby,"  and  other  poems. 
He  has  also  been  employed  to  edit  the  works  of 
Swift,  Dryden,  and  other  distinguished  authors. 
Sir  Waller  Scott's  talents,  however,  are  not 
confined  to  poetry.  lie  is  understood  to  be  the 
author  of  "  Paul's  Leiters,"  and  of  the  histori- 
cal department  of  the  recent  volumes  of  the 
F.dinburgh  Annual  Register ;  and  he  is  generally 
believed  to  be  the  author  of  the  popular  series 
of  novels,  known  by  the  name  of  the  Waverley 
novels.  These  alone  would  have  placed  the 
name  of  Scott  among  the  great  men  of  the  age. 
With  his  other  productions,  they  will  perpetuate 
his  reputation,  so  long  as  talents  are  esteemed, 
or  fine  writing  admired.  Sir  Walter  is  clerk  of 
the  court  of  sessions  of  Scotland,  lor  which  he 
receives  about  1,500/.  sterling  per  annum.  He 
resides  at  Edinburgh  during  the  session  of  the 
court,  and  the  rest  of  his  time  at  his  splendid 
seat  at  Abbotsford,  40  miles  from  Edinburgh 
He  has  been  from  infancy  quite  lame;  in  Iris 
manners  he  is  perfectly  simple  and  unostenta- 
tious. He  has  four  children  ;  one  of  whom  is 
married  to  the  celebrated  professor  Lockharl. 

SEDGWICK,  Catharine,  author  of  two  very 
popular  novels,  the  "New-England  Tale"  and 
Redwood,"  is  the  daughter  of  judge  Sedgwick, 
and  was  bom  at  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  in  the  year 
1793.  She  is  deservedly  ranked  among  the  most 
elegant  prose  writers  of  the  day  ;  and  is  under- 
stood to  be  now  (1825)  engaged  in  Ihe  prepara- 
tion of  a  series  of  Tales,  founded  on  scenes  in 
New-England. 

SENBFELDER,  Alois,  was  born  at  Munich, 
and  placed  for  education  in  the  university  of 
Ingoldsiadt,  as  a  student  of  jurisprudence.  To 
him  the  arts  are  indebted  for  the  invention  of 
lithography ;  a  process,  by  means  of  which 
books  may  now  be  embellished  with  prints, 
without  incurring  such  an  expense  as  to  place 
them  beyond  the  reach  of  persons  of  small  for- 
tunes. An  accurate  account  of  the  inventor 
and  the  invention,  may  be  found  in  the  5th 
volume  of  the  supplement  to  the  Encyclopoedia 
Britannica.  We  can  only  say,  that  he  received 
the  first  suggestions  of  this  useful  art,  from  an 
accidental  discovery,  and  that  he  brought  it  to  a 
degree  of  perfection,  by  successive  experiments, 
which  will  make  it  of  great  service  to  mankind. 
Lithography  has  since  rapidly  extended,  and 
been  applied  to  a  variety  of  purposes,  connected 
with  the  arts,  in  different  pans  of  the  continent, 
and  in  Great  Britain. 

SIDDONS,  Mrs.,  is  the  daughter  of  Mr.  R. 
Kemble.  She  was  born  about  the  year  1749. 
This  lady  commenced  her  career  as  a  singer, 
but  she  soon  relinquished  that  employment,  and 
attempted  tragedy.  On  her  appearance  at 
Drury-lane  theatre  in  1783,  her  success  was 
complete;  the  public  were  astonished  at  her 
powers,  and  she  was  acknowledged  to  be  the 
first  tragic  actress  of  the  age.  For  more  than 
twenty  years  she  retained  her  high  rank  as  an 
actress,  and  continued  during  that  period,  to 
enchant  the  lovers  of  the  drama.  She  also 
441 


K  k  k 


TA 

possesses  considi'rable  merit  as  a  sculptor.  Mrs. 
Siddons  lias  accumulated  an  ample  property, 
with  vvlii';li  she  has  retired  from  the  stage  to 
the  quiet  of  domestic  life. 

SOUTHEY,  Robert,  esq.,  was  bom  atBristol, 
in  the  year  1774.  He  was  educated  at  West- 
minster school,  and  at  Oxford,  and  was  designed 
for  the  ministry,  but  his  partiality  for  the  French 
revolution  inspired  him  with  other  thoughts. 
For  some  ofiice,  which  he  held  under  his  go 
vernnient  for  a  short  time,  he  receives  a  pension 
of  200i.  a  year  ;  this  has  converted  him  from  an 
admirer  of  French  republican  principles,  to  a 
zealous  writer  in  the  auarlerly  Review.  From 
1795,  when  lie  first  appeared  before  ihe  public 
as  an  author,  this  gentleman  has  been  devoted 
to  literary  pursuits.  His  poetical  and  prose  writ- 
ings are  very  minieious.  He  is  the  author  of 
"i'halaba  the  I'estrover,"  "Madoc,"  a  poem, 
"  Espriellas  Letters,"  "  The  Curse  of  Kehama,'' 
"Lifeof  Nelson,"  "  Life  of  Wesley,"  "Remains 
of  Henry  Kirk  White,"  "  Roderic,  the  last  of 
the  Goths,"  and  many  other  works,  and  he  is 
Etill  employed  as  a  writer. 

SPURZHEIM,  Dr.,  a  celebrated  pliysiologist, 
was  born  near  Treves,  in  1776,  and  educated  at 
Vienna,  where  he  studied  under  the  celebrated 
Dr.  Gall, the  founderof  the  science  ofcraniology. 
In  Great  Britain,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Gall, 
he  published  the  result  of  his  inquiries,  in  "  The 
Anatomy  and  Physiology  of  the  Nervous  Sys- 
tem," and  several  other  works. 

STEWART,  Dugald,  esq.,  a  distinguished 
metaphysician,  and  professor  of  moral  jihiloso- 
phy  in  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  was  born 
in  that  city,  in  17.53.  His  writings  have  gained] 
him  a  high  reputation  at  home  and  abroad 
among  them  are  his  '•  Elements  of  the  Philoso 
phy  of  the  Human  Mind,"  "  Outlines  of  Moral 
Philosophy  for  the  use  of  Students,"  iStc. 

SUSSEX,  the  duke  of,  is  the  fourth  son  of 
George  HI.,  and  was  born  in  1773.  He  received 
the  latter  part  of  his  education  at  Goltingen 
and  afterwards  travelled  in  Italy.  In  tliat  coun- 
try he  contracted  a  marriage  with  lady  Augusta 
Murray,  according  to  the  Romish  church,  and 
on  their  return  to  England,  they  were  married 
in  Hanover  Square.  This  marriage  has  since 
been  annulled,  as  violating  the  royal  marriage 
act.  The  duke  has  entered  much  into  public 
life,  particularly  by  accepting  the  office  of  ptes 
dent  of  various  societies.  He  is  grand-master 
of  the  society  of  freemasons  in  England.  Hii 
annual  income  is  fixed  at  liifiOOl. 


TALLEYRAND,  Perigord,  prince  de.  Thi; 
celebrated  nobleman,  who  is  perhaps  the  most 
considerable  politician  in  Europe,  was  born  in 
the  year  17.>J,  of  one  of  the  most  ancient  fami- 
lies in  France.  He  was  educated  for  the  church, 
and  in  1788  was  made  bishop  of  Auiun.  His 
inclination  and  talents,  however,  led  him  to  en- 
gage in  political  life ;  at  the  beginning  of  the 
revolution  he  became  a  member  of  the  legisla- 
tive assembly,  took  an  active  jiart  in  its  delibo- 
raiicns,  and  was  sent  as  the  agent  of  that  body 
on  a  secret  mission  to  Eniiland.  On  his  return 
his  intlueitce  rapidly  increased,  and  he  was 
made  minister  for  foreign  affairs.  He  took  an 
active  part  in  the  elevation  of  Buonaparte  to 
the  consulship,  and  under  the  consular  govern- 
ment was  employed  as  a  minister  and  diploma 
list.  In  1SB2,  the  pope  granted  a  brief,  whicli 
/eidoied  him  to  a  stcular  iifc,  and  legitimated 
442 


TH 

a  marriage  which  he  had  contracted.  In  1804, 
he  vi'as  nanit'd  liii^h  chamberlain,  and  in  18U6, 
created  prince  of  Beiieventum,  in  Naples.  On 
the  approaching  dowiifal  of  Napoleon,  Talley- 
rand began  to  intrigue  against  him,  and  provide 
tor  himself.  He  was  in  consequence  reinstated 
as  minister  for  foreign  affairs,  by  Louis  XVIII., 
and  sent  as  his  plenipotentiary  to  Vienna.  He 
is  now  in  private  lite,  an  active  and  attentive 
observer  of  the  political  atiairs  of  Europe.  Pro- 
bably no  man  living  has  taken  a  more  active  part 
in  the  political  changes  which  have  occurred 
in  Europe  during  the  last  thirty  years,  or  gained 
a  higher  reputation  for  talents,  intrigue,  and 
political  cunning. 

TALMA,  M.  This  distinguished  and  admi- 
mirable  actor,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1766.  He 
attended  for  some  time  the  classes  of  declama- 
tion in  the  royal  school  of  Paris,  and  soon  ob- 
tained an  order  for  his  appearance  on  the  stage 
and  in  a  short  time  took  the  lead  in  his  proles- 
sioii.  Madam  de  Staol  says  of  him,  "Talma 
may  be  cited  as  a  model  of  power,  and  of  dis- 
cretion in  tiie  use  of  it,  of  simplicity  and  true 
grandeur.  His  attitudes  recall  to  mhid  the  fine 
statues  of  antiquity  ;  and  the  expression  of  his 
face  and  every  look,  ought  to  be  the  study  of 
our  best  painters.  There  is  in  the  voice  of  this 
man  a  magic,  which  I  cannot  describe  ;  wJiich, 
from  the  moment  when  its  first  accent  is  heard, 
awakens  all  the  sympathies  of  the  heart ;  all 
the  charms  of  music,  of  painting,  of  sculpture, 
and  of  poetry;  but,  above  all,  the  language  of 
the  soul."  Talma  has  succeeded  in  acquiring 
such  dignity  of  mien,  and  grandeur  of  deport- 
ment, tliat  the  emperor  Napoleon  seriously  look 
lessons  of  him,  the  better  to  support  his  own 
dignity  on  all  great  occasions ;  it  may  be  added, 
that  these  great  cotemporaries  loved  each  other 
almost  to  idolatry.  The  '.a  ife  of  'J'alma  is  also 
poose.=sed  of  considerable  theatrical  reputation, 
both  in  tragic  and  comic  parts.  Her  health, 
however,  has  compelled  her  to  relinquish  the 
stasc  since  1810. 

TEIGNMOUTH,  lord,  was  born  in  Devon- 
shire, in  1754,  and  sent  early  to  India,  as  a  xvri- 
ter  in  the  service  of  the  East  India  Company 
While  in  that  country,  he  was  intimate  with 
Mr.  Hastings,  and  under  his  government  filled 
several  important  offices.  In  1793,  he  succeeded 
to  be  governor  of  Bengal.  From  his  different 
employments  in  India,  he  realized  a  handsome 
fortune,  with  which  he  returned  to  England, 
where,  in  1797,  he  was  created  a  peer  by  the 
title  of  baron  Teignmoufh.  He  was  the  inti- 
mate friend  of  sir  William  Jones,  whose  life 
and  works  he  has  published.  Lord  Teignmouth 
is  distinguished  for  his  piety  and  benevolence ; 
he  was  one  of  the  founders,  and  is  now  presi- 
dent of  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society. 

THEN.VRD,  M.  This  celebrated  Frencb 
chymist  was  born  in  1777.  He  early  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  rliymistry,  and  with  such 
success,  that  at  tlie  age  of  20,  he  was  a  chymical 
teacher  in  th.?  principal  public  laboratories  of 
Paris,  and  at  the  polytechnic  school.  When  he 
was  26,  he  was  made  professor  of  chymistry  in 
tlie  collece  of  France,  and  he  soon  after  suc- 
ceeded the  celebrated  Fourcroy,  as  a  member 
of  the  Institute.  In  conjunction  with  Gay- 
LuEsae,  he  published  in  1810,  a  highly  interest- 
ing work,  entitled  "  Physico  Chymical  Enqui- 
ries." He  has  also  distinguished  himself  by 
several  other  scientific  publications. 

THORVAIiDSEN,  Albert,  was  born  at  Co- 
penhagen in  1772.  He  U  the  son  of  an  Icelander 


WE 

who  lived  in  that  city.  From  his  infancy  he 
was  fond  of  the  comparatively  rude  carvings 
of  his  father,  who  was  a  stonecuttter,  and  who 
had  the  sagacity  to  perceive  the  talents  of  his 
Bon.  He  accordingly  placed  him  in  the  free 
drawing-school  at  Copenhagen.  After  display- 
ing threat  lalentd  there,  particularly  in  modelling 
in  clay,  and  receiving  several  prizes,  he  was  sent 
to  Rome,  where  he  resided  for  some  time,  giv- 
ing the  most  assiduous  attention  to  his  favourite 
pursuits.  His  first  production  there,  was  a  mo- 
del of  Jason,  which  was  considered  a  master- 
piece. He  was  afterwards  commissioned  to 
execute  the  Jason  in  marble,  and  from  that  time 
has  been  constajitly  employed.  He  has  produ- 
ced several  other  valuable  works.  Since  the 
death  of  Canova,  Ttiorvaldsen  and  Chantrey 
may  be  considered  as  being  at  the  head  of  modern 
sculptors. 

TRUMBULL,  John,  author  of  M'Fingal, 
was  born  in  1750,  in  Watcrtown,  Conn.  His 
father  was  the  congregational  clergyman  of  that 
place.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  Collegi 
1767,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Connecticut, 
in  1771!,  but  soon  after  entered  into  the  oftice  of 
John  Adams,  at  Boston,  as  a  student.  Here  he 
took  a  lively  interest  in  the  passing  scenes  in 
politics,  and  often  was  a  contributor  to  the 
papers  with  great  effect.  He  has  resided  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  since  1781,  has  passed  through 
a  career  of  high  success  at  the  bar,  and  from 
1801  to  1819,  was  a  judge  of  the  superior  court 
in  his  native  state.  In  1820,  he  revised  his  seve- 
ral works,  and  an  edition  of  them  was  pub- 
lished, for  which  he  received  a  liberal  compen- 
sation. At  the  age  of  seventy-five,  his  conver- 
sation is  still  marked  with  all  that  wit  and 
vivacity  which  have  distinguished  him. 

W 

WELLINGTON,  the  duke  of,  fourth  son  of 
the  late  earl  of  Mornington,  was  born  in  Ireland, 
May,  1769.  He  was  first  placed  at  Eton  school, 
and  then  sent  to  the  military  school  of  Angers, 
in  France.  He  entered  the  army  as  an  ensign, 
and  rose  by  interest  and  purchase,  to  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-colonel,  in  1793.  Tiie  next  year 
he  commanded  abrigadeon  the  continent  under 
the  duke  of  York.  In  1797,  he  accompanied 
his  brother,  lord  Wellesley,  to  India,  where  he 
rose  to  the  rank  of  major-general,  and  to  be 
governor  of  Seringapatam.  On  his  return  to 
England,  in  1805,  he  married  a  lady  of  the  fa- 
mily of  lord  Longford,  was  sent  to  Ireland,  as 
secretary  of  state  under  the  duke  of  Richmond, 
and  subsequently  elected  a  member  of  parlia- 
ment. In  1809,  lord  Wellington,  then  sir  Arthur 
Wellesley,  was  ordered  to  the  Peninsula,  as 
commander  in  chief  of  the  British  forces;  and 
it  is  to  his  great  talents,  and  brilliant  successes, 
in  Spain  and  Portugal,  that  lie  is  principally 
Indebted  for  his  distinguished  military  reputa- 
tion. During  the  time  he  commanded  in  those 
countries,  he  was  constantly  opposed  to  Masso- 
na,  Marmont,  and  Soult,  three  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished French  generals;  and  on  all  occa- 
sions, he  proved  himself  their  equal  as  a  general 
and  as  a  commander.  For  his  services  tliere,  he 
was  created  duke  of  Rodrigo,  with  the  rank  of  a 
grandee  of  Spain,  by  the  Spanish  regency,  and 
was  successively  made  an  earl  and  a  marquis, 
by  his  own  government,  with  a  pension  of 
4.00nZ.  per  annum,  and  a  present  from  parlia- 
ment of  200,OOOZ.  In  1813,  after  the  disasters 
of  Buonaparte  in  Russia,  lord  Wellington  forced 


WI 

(the  passage  of  theBidassoaand  entered  France. 
The  restoration  of  the  Bourbons  following,  and 
peace  taking  place  soon  after,  he  returned  to 
England,  and  was  rewarded  for  his  service*: 
with  a  dukedom,  and  a  gift  from  parliament  Oi" 
400,000/.  In  July,  he  was  nominated  anibassa 
dor-extraordinary  to  France,  and  was  then  sen 
to  the  congress  at  Vienna.  He  was  there  on  Ih  ; 
return  of  Napoleon  from  Elba,  and  was  instant 
ly  nominated  by  tlie  allied  sovereigns,  generalis- 
simo of  the  European  troops.  In  this  capacity 
he  gained  the  memorable  victory  at  Waterloo, 
which  crowned  his  fame  and  put  an  end  to  the 
wars  that  had  so  long  desolated  Europe.  He  is 
now  a  field  marshal  of  the  forces,  master  general 
of  the  ordinance,  &c.  A  part  of  the  money 
voted  liiin  by  parliament,  amounting  in  all  to 
more  than  800,000/.,  hus  been  appropriated  to 
the  purchase  of  an  estate,  on  which  is  to  be 
erected  for  him,  a  splendid  mansion  at  the  public 
expense. 

WILBERFORCB,  William,  esq.,  a  member 
of  the  English  parliament,  was  born  in  York- 
shire, in  the  year  1750,  and  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  became  the  intimate  friend  of 
the  late  English  prime  minister,  Mr.  Pitt.  Mr. 
Wilberforce  is  particularly  distinguished  for  the 
lactive  part  he  has  taken  in  the  abolition  of  tho 
African  slave  trade.  His  unshaken  persever- 
ance, his  untiring  zeal,  and  his  unbounded 
philanthropy  on  this  important  subject,  as  well 
as  on  other  occasions,  entitle  him  to  the  highest 
expressions  of  applause  and  gratitude  from  all 
good  men. 

WILKIE,  David,  esq.  This  distinguished 
painter  is  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  was  born  in 
1785  Having  early  displayed  a  talent  for  draw- 
ing, he  was  sent  at  the  age  of  fifteen  to  the 
academy  at  Edinburgh,  where  he  continued 
several  years.  He  went  to  London  in  1805,  and 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Royal  Academy,  in 
1812.  He  is  said  to  be  highly  successful  in  paint- 
ing scenes  of  domestic  life,  in  the  manner  of 
Hogarth,  and  like  that  great  painterseems  never 
to  omit  the  most  trifling  circumstance,  which 
can  tend  to  exhibit  the  spirit  of  the  scene  wliicll 
lie  means  to  represent. 

WILLIAM  FREDERICK,  king  of  the  Nether- 
lands, is  the  son  of  the  stadtholder  of  the  United 
Provinces,  who  was  expelled  from  his  country 
by  the  French,  in  1795.  He  was  born  at  the 
Hague,  in  1772,  and  married,  in  1791,  a  princess 
of  Prussia.  For  several  years  he  commanded 
the  Dutch  troops  opposed  to  France,  but  waa 
compelled  to  abandon  his  country,  and  retired 
to  England.  In  1813,  he  was  invited  by  a  depu- 
tation from  Holland,  to  assume  the  stadtholder- 
ship,  but  was  saluted  by  the  populace  as  sove- 
reign prince.  The  congress  of  Vienna  added 
ihe  Netherlands  and  Luxemburg  to  his  domi- 
nions, and  raised  him  to  the  rank  of  king. 
Since  the  restoration  of  peace,  he  has  given  hia 
sanction  to  a  new  constitution,  which  had  been 
approved  by  the  states-general,  and  has  since 
been  employed  in  reducing  to  order  the  discor- 
dant materials  of  his  kingdom. 

WILLIAM  FREDERICK,  the  present  sove- 
reign of  Wirtcmburg,  was  born  in  1781.  He 
married,  in  1810,  the  princess  Charlotte  of  Ba- 
varia, against  his  inclination,  and  solely  in 
compliance  with  the  wishes  of  Napoleon.  His 
marriage  has  since  been  dissolved  by  the  pope. 
While  prince  royal  of  Wirteniburg,  he  com- 
manded the  troops  of  his  own  country  in  the 
allied  army,  and  gave  proofs  of  talents  and  bra- 
very on  several  occasions.  He  succeeded  hit 
44.5 


.,     YO 

fatlicr  in  1810,  at  a  limi;  when  llie  crown  was 
engaged  in  disputes  with  the  repret^entatives  of 
tlie  people.  He  has  since  given  his  people  a 
liberal  constitution  of  povernnient. 

WORDSWORTH,  William,  esq.  This  dis 
tinguished  English  pott  was  born  in  the  year 
mo,  and  educated  at  Cambridge.  He  was  in 
early  life  an  enthusiast  in  the  cause  of  liberty; 
and,  In  consequence  of  his  political  views,  lie 
at  one  time  conteniplatrd  an  eslablishu>ent  in 
the  United  States,  witli  his  friend,  Mr.  Coleridge 
and  others.  Mr.  Wordsworth  is  considered  at, 
at  tlie  head  of  what  is  termed  the  Lake  School 
of  poetry ;  a  poetical  style  of  writing,  novel  and 
simple  in  the  extreme,  which  has  been  assailed 
by  the  weapons  of  ridicule,  satire,  and  argument ; 
butwWch  has  nevertheless  found  many  admir- 
ers and  imitators.  Mr.  Wordsworth  has  pub- 
lished •'  The  White  Doe  of  Rylstone,"  "  Peter 
Bell,"  "The  Wagoner,"  and  many  other  poems. 

Y 

yo^K,  the  duke  of,  is  the  second  eon  of'his 
444 


YO    

]late  majesty,  George  HI.  He  was  horn  in  1763, 
I  and  educated  by  the  same  in.structors  as  his 
brother,  the  presenl  king  of  England,  lie  was, 
[when  young,  presented  to  the  lay  bishoprickof 
Osnaburg,  and  maile  grand  master  of  the  order 
of  the  Ilatli,  by  his  lather.  Being  destined  for 
the  army,  he  was  Kent  to  Germany,  where  he 
obtained  a  knowledge  oi'  the  language  and  tac- 
tics of  the  country.  He  was  subsequently  sent 
to  the  continent  as  commander  of  the  British 
forces,  and  was  for  some  lime  employed  there 
in  the  military  movements  of  that  period.  Ne- 
ver, however,  much  to  his  credit  as  a  soldier  or 
officer.  On  one  occasion,  he  was  Gompcllcd  to 
capitulate  to  the  French.  On  the  investigation 
of  the  charges  against  him  for  malversations  in 
office,  by  the  house  of  commons,  he  resigned 
his  commission,  but  has  since  been  reinstated. 
He  was  created  duke  of  York  and  Albany  in 
1784.  In  1791  he  married  a  daughter  of  Frede- 
rick William,  king  of  Prussia.  The  duke  is 
heir  presumptive  to  the  throne  of  England  ou 
the  death  of  the  present  king. 


SKETCHES  OF  THE  LIVES  OF 
JOHN  ADAMS  AND  THOMAS  JEFFERSON. 


JOHN  ADAMS  was  born  in  Braintree, 
now  Quincy,  on  the  19th  of  October, 
1735,  and  was  descended  from  the  first 
English  emigrants  to  Massachusetts. 
Having  early  disclosed  a  taste  for  reading, 
his  father  was  induced  to  give  him  a  libe 
ral  education.  He  prepared  for  college 
under  Mr.  Marsh,  and  entered  Harvard 
University  in  1751,  where  he  graduated  in 
1755.  Whether  he  was  distinguished  at 
college,  or  shared  its  first  honors,  is  not 
now  certainly  known.  After  he  left  col 
lege,  Mr.  Adams  engaged  in  a  grammar 
school  at  Worcester,  where  he  commen- 
ced the  study  of  law,  under  col.  James 
Putnam,  a  practitioner  of  reputation  and 
extensive  business.  At  this  period,  it 
was  common  in  New-England,  for  young 
men,  after  leaving  college,  to  engage  in 
instructing  youth,  previous  to  entering 
upon  professional  studies,  or  during  the 
time  they  were  employed  in  acquiring 
professional  knowledge.  Let  no  one  sup- 
pose that  it  is  beneath  his  dignity  to  be  an 
instructer  of  youth,  when  he  reflects,  that 
it  was  the  first  employment  of  a  man  who 
afterwards  became  a  teacher  of  men  and 
of  nations.  The  fact  however  shows  that 
Mr.  Adams'  condition  and  prospects  were 
no  better  than  those  of  almost  every  oth- 
er young  graduate,  as  it  respects  extrinsic 
considerations,  and  that  his  success  de- 
pended wholly  on  his  own  exertions.  It 
must  not  be  disguised  however,  that  he, 
and  all  his  co-patriots,  were  fortunate  in 
the  age  in  which  they  lived ;  and  that 
they  owed  their  distinction,  and  in  some 
degree,  the  extraordinary  talents  and  ef- 
forts, which  characterized  them,  to  the 
circumstances  of  the  times.  It  is  only  in 
times  of  public  danger,  when  the  liber- 
ties of  a  nation  are  invaded,  and  their 
dearest  rights  menaced  by  lawless  power, 
which  like  a  torrent,  breaking  over  its  ac- 
customed barriers,  threatens  general  ruin, 
that  eminent  talents,  distinguished  patri- 
otism, and  heroic  courage,  are  called  into 
action.  The  laurels  of  immortality  are 
reaped  only  in  the  field  of  death. 

Perhaps  no  period  in   hisfttry,   is  more 
distinguished  than  that,  from  the  treaty  of 
Paris  in  1763,  to  the  treaty  of  Peace  con- 
445 


eluded  at  the  same  place,  in  1783;  com- 
prising the  dispute  between  Great  Britain 
and  her  American  Colonies,  and  the  war 
for  the  liberty  and  independence  of  Amer- 
ica, which  grew  out  of  that  dispute.  This 
period  gave  birth  to  a  new  era,  most  aus- 
picious to  mankind.  In  it,  commenced 
the  great  struggle  in  vindication  of  the 
rights  of  man,  first  by  the  pen,  and  then 
by  the  sword  ;  which  has  not  yet  ceased, 
and  we  trust  will  not,  until  Europe,  as 
well  as  America,  is  free.  Fortunately 
for  her  future  fame,  as  well  as  her  more 
immediate  prosperity,  America  was  des- 
tined to  be  the  first  theatre  of  this  struggle, 
on  which  depend  the  highest  interests  and 
the  brightest  hopes  of  the  human  race. — 
This  contest,  taking  so  deep  a  hold  on  the 
feelings  of  the  heart,  aroused  all  the  pas- 
sions, and  produced  the  most  incredible 
efforts  of  talents,  of  patriotism,  and  of 
valor.  The  character  of  individuals  was 
in  some  measure  stamped  by  the  times. 
Had  John  Adams  lived  in  a  diiferent  age, 
he  would  doubtless  have  been  distin- 
guished ;  but  he  would  not  have  been 
what  the  circumstances  of  his  times  made 
him.  When  a  crisis  arrives  requiring  ex- 
traordinary men,  they  are  generally  found  ; 
as  the  very  circumstances  which  demand 
them,  conduce,  if  not  to  create,  at  least 
to  call  them  forth.  Mr.  Adams  owes 
much  to  the  Revolution,  and  the  Revolu- 
tion owes  much  to  him.  His  bold  and 
fearless  spirit,  his  vigorous  intellect,  his 
ardent  patriotism,  and  his  unshaken  firm- 
ness of  purpose,  eminently  qualified  him, 
to  act  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  defence  of 
the  liberties  of  his  country. 

The  letter  which  he  wrote  whilst  enga- 
ged in  a  school  at  Worcester,  in  1755,  is 
at  once  an  evidence  of  the  bent  of  his 
mind,  and  of  his  wonderful  sagacity  in  po- 
litical speculations.  («)  His  prophetic 
language,  "  that  in  another  century,  this 
country  would  become  more  populous 
than  England,  and  the  seat  of  empire  be 
transferred  to  America — that  possessing 
all  the  naval  stores  in  our  hands,  we  could 
easily  acquire  the  mastery   of  the   seas, 

(a)  His  letter  is  dated  Worcester,  Orl 
12,1755 

38 


"AD" 


when  the  united  force  of  Europe  would  not 
be  aVjle  to  subdue  us,"  he  himself  lived  to 
see  fulfilled  in  little  more  than  half  th» 
time  specified. 

Before  we  follow  Mr.  Adams  into  th< 
field  of  politics,  we  must  notice  the  sue 
cess  of  his  professional  exertions.— Being 
.  admitted  to  the  biir  in  1 758,  he  commen- 
ced business  in  his  profession  at  Brain- 
tree,  his  native  town.  His  success  was 
so  rapid,  and  his  reputation  so  great,  that 
ill  1766  he  removed  to  Boston,  where  he 
continued  to  attend  the  neighboring  cir- 
cuits, and  was  occasionally  called  to  re- 
mote parts  of  the  province.  In  1770  \h' 
undertook  the  defence  of  the  British  offi 
cers  and  soldiers,  who  were  indicted  for 
the  massacre  on  the  memorable  5th  of 
March,  of  that  year.  This  step  surprised 
the  friends  of  Mr.  Adams,  and  occasioned 
doubts  and  susnicions  of  his  attachment 
to  the  popular  cause.  He  says  himself, 
that  he  "  lost  as  much  of  his  popularity  as 
Mr.  Pitt  did  of  his,  by  accepting  of  a  peer- 
age and  a  pension  ;  and  that  it  was  propa- 
gated, that  he  had  been  bribed  by  an  im- 
mense fee  to  sell  his  country  ;"  although 
he  informs  us  that  nineteen  guineas,  was 
all  he  received  for  one  year's  anxiety  and 
attention  to  those  trials.  The  sacrifice  he 
made  by  assisting  the  accused  in  these 
trials,  shews  the  high  sense  he  entertain- 
ed of  professional  duty. 

From  this  period,  his  attention  and 
time  were  considerably  occupied,  by  tht 
disputes  between  Great  Britain  and  thf» 
Colonies ;  yet  he  did  not  neglect  his  pro- 
fession, and  so  high  was  his  reputation, 
that  in  1776,  when  the  judiciary  was  or- 
ganized und'ir  the  new  Constitution,  he 
was  offered  the  exalted  station  of  Chief 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court.  But  at 
this  time  he  had  engaged  too  deeply  in  th 
political  contests  of  his  country,  to  accept 
a  situation,  which  would  in  some  meas- 
ure, have  withdrawn  him  from  them  :  he 
was  reserved  for  a  different  and  more  glo- 
rious career. 

In  1769,  John  Adams  was  one  of  a  Com 
mittee  appointed  by  the  town  of  Boston, 
to  examine  and  report  on  the  celebrated 
letters  of  Gov.  Baynard,  and  other  officers 
of  the  crown  in  Massachusetts,  which  had 
been  obtained  in  England.  His  associ 
ates  were  Thomas  Gushing,  James  Otis, 
Samuel  Adams,  Joseph  Warren,  and  sev- 
eral other  distinguished  leaders.  The 
following  year,  he  was  elected  one  of  the 
Representatives  of  the  town  of  Boston, 
in  the  Legislature  of  the  Province,  which 
connected  him  more  intimately  with  the 
great  leaders  of  th'?  popular  party,  and 
446 


AP" 

enlisted  his  feelings  more  ardently  in  pub- 
lic affairs,  which  at  this  time  were  assum- 
ing a  very  serious  aspect.  The  populari- 
ty he  lost  in  advocating  the  cause  of  Cap- 
tain Preston  and  the  British  soldiers,  he 
soon  regained  by  his  zeal  and  spirited  con- 
duct, in  support  of  the  popular  cause. 
And  such  was  his  increasing  reputation  as 
a  patriot  and  politician,  that  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Assembly,  one  of  its  Rep- 
resentatives to  the  Continental  Cangress, 
held  in  Philadelphia  in  1774.  Previous- 
ly, this  year,  he  had  been  appointed  a 
member  of  the  Council  of  Massachusetts, 
but  was  negatived  by  Governor  Hutchin- 
son ;  and  the  following  year  he  was  again 
ippointed,  and  negatived  by  General 
Gage.  The  colleagues  of  Mr.  Adams,  in 
the  Congress  of  1 774,  were  Thomas  Cash- 
ing, Samuel  Adams,  and  Robert  Treat 
Paine.  Although  Mr.  Adams  must  have 
been  one  of  the  youngest  members  of  this 
listinguished  Assembly,  he  took  an  active 
part  in  its  deliberations,  and  the  impor- 
tant measures  it  adopted.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Committee  which  prepar- 
ed the  declaration  of  the  rights  of  the 
Colonies,  and  likewise  of  that  which  re- 
lorted  the  Address  to  the  King.  Near 
the  close  of  the  year  1774,  Mr.  Adams 
wrote  the  numbers  signed  Nov-Anglus,  in 
reply  to  the  publications  supposed  to  be 
written  by  Jonathan  Sewall,  signed  Mas- 
sachusettensis,  which  deprecated,  what 
the  writer  considered  the  rash  measures 
ofthe  Colonists.  Mr.  Adams'  defence  of 
tliose  measures,  and  censure  of  the  con- 
duct ofthe  crown  officers,  and  the  British 
party,  was  uncommonly  bold  and  spirited. 
He  now  devoted  himself  almost  entire- 
ly to  public  affairs ;  he  was  a  member  of 
the  Congress  the  next  year,  and  made  the 
motion  to  appoint  George  Washington 
the  Commander  in  Chief  of  the  forces,  to 
be  raised  in  defence  of  American  liberty. 
He  continued  in  Congress  in  1776,  when 
the  controversy  was  brought  to  a  crisis, 
and  took  an  active  part  in  the  most  im- 
portant measure,  which  was  ever  acted 
on  by  any  deliberative  body.  He  was 
one  of  the  Committee  appointed  to  pre- 
pare a  Declaration  of  Independence,  and 
he  and  Thomas  Jefferson  were  named  as  a 
sub-committee  to  prepare  the  draft.  Mr. 
.Jefferson  was  the  draftsman  of  the  Dec- 
laration, but  Mr.  Adams  was  its  boldest 
and  ablest  defender.  The  author  of  the 
declaration  has  himself  borne  testimony 
to  this  :  "  J(Am  Adams,"  says  he,  "  was 
ijur  colossus  on  the  floor ;  not  graceful, 
nor  elegant,  nor  always  fluent,  but  he 
came  out  with  a  power  both  of  tUi>ught 


AD     

and  expression,  which  moved  us  from  our 
seats."  "  The  eloquence  of  Mr.  Adams," 
says  one  of  his  eulogists,  "  resembled  his 
general  character,  and  formed  indeed  a 
part  of  it.  It  was  bold,  manly,  and  ener- 
getic, and  such  as  the  occasion  required.* 

The  part  which  Mr.  Adams  acted  on 
this  momentous  occasion,  is  of  itself  suffi- 
cient to  render  his  name  as  illustrious  and 
immortal,  as  the  liberty  and  independence 
of  the  country,  he  aided  to  establish. 

In  the  course  of  this  year,  Mr.  Adams 
and  Dr.  Franklin,  and  Edward  Rutledge, 
were  appointed  Commissioners  to  treat 
with  Lord  Howe  for  a  pacification.  Th 
following  year,  1779,  he  was  appointed  by 
Congress  a  Commissioner  to  the  Court  of 
France,  in  the  place  of  Silas  Dean  ;  and 
such  was  the  satisfaction  which  he  gave 
in  this  situation,  that  he  was  excepted 
from  a  vote  of  censure,  passed  by  Con 
grese  in  1779,  on  our  Commissioners  in 
Europe. 

In  1779  Mr.  Adams  returned  from  Eu- 
rope ;  and  the  next  year  he  was  appointed 
a  member  of  the  Convention,  which  fra- 
med the  Constitution  of  Massachusetts  ; 
and  he  drafted  a  considerable  part  of  it. 
Before  the  close  of  the  year  1780,  he  was 
sent  to  Europe  again,  as  Commissioner  to 
negotiate  a  general  peace  ;  and  remained 
in  Europe  until  1788.  In  1782  he  nego- 
tiated a  treaty  with  the  Dutch  Provinces, 
favourable  to  his  country  ;  and  the  same 
year  he  was  joined  with  Franklin,  Jay, 
Laurens  and  Jefferson,  in  a  plenipoten- 
tiary commission  for  concluding  treaties 
of  amity  and  commerce,  with  several 
European  powers.  The  only  treaty  con- 
cluded under  this  commission  was  with 
Prussia.  In  conjunction  with  Franklin 
and  Jay,  he  had  the  good  fortune,  in  1783, 
to  be  concerned  in  negotiating  the  treaty 
of  peace  with  Great  Britain,  and  had  the 
satisfaction  to  witness  the  Representative 
of  his  Britannic  Majesty,  solemnly  ac 
knowledge  that  declaration,  which  he  and 
his  co-patriots  had  six  years  before  pub- 
lished, "  that  these  United  States  were, 
and  of  right  ought  to  be,  free,  sovereign, 
and  independent." 

Mr.  Adams  was  the  first  Minister  of  the 
United  States,  at  the  Court  of  Great 
Britain ;  and  whilst  residing  there,  in 
1787,  he  publislied  his  defence  of  the 
American  Constitutions.  On  his  return 
to  the  United  States,  in  1783,  he  found 
the  government  going  into  operation  un- 
der the  new  Constitution,  and  was  him- 
self chosen  the  first  Vice  President  ; 
which  situation  he  held  during  the  eight 

-  Webster's  Address. 
447 


JEF 


years  of  Washington'.s  administration, 
when  he  succeeded  the  father  of  his  coun- 
try in  the  Presidential  chair.  The  period 
of  his  administration,  was  one  of  great  ex- 
citement and  political  animosities;  the 
country  became  divided  into  two  great 
parties,  and  the  political  commotions  in 
Europe  disturbed  our  foreign  relations  ; 
all  of  which  contributed  to  render  the  sit- 
uation and  duties  of  the  government  pecu- 
liarly embarrassing  and  difficult.  Without 
deciding  whether  one  party  or  the  other 
was  right,  as  to  the  particular  questions  of 
the  controversy,  it  must  we  think  be  ad- 
mitted, that  the  administration  was  en- 
tirely wrong  in  attempting  to  put  down 
opposition,  by  coersive  measures  and  the 
strong  arm  of  power. 

Public  opinion  sustained  the  opposition, 
and  consequently  the  administration  went 
down.  Mr.  Adams  was  succeeded  by 
Mr.  Jefferson  in  1801,  and  retired  to  pri- 
vate life.  The  rivalship  and  hostility, 
which  this  contest  occasioned  between 
these  two  illustrious  men,  who  had  be- 
come the  heads  of  the  two  great  parties  in 
the  country,  fortunately  subsided  a  few 
years  after  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Adams, 
and  they  continued  warm  friends  until 
their  deaths. 

From  this  time,  Mr.  Adams  lived  as  be- 
came a  great  and  wise  man.  His  corres- 
pondence and  writings  were  extensive, 
•and  highly  interesting  ;  although  perhaps 
some  of  them,  are  not  entirely  free  from 
thepeculiar  bias  of  his  feelings.  In  1820, 
at  the  advanced  age  of  85  years,  he  was 
once  more  withdrawn  from  retirement, 
being  first  chosen  an  elector  of  President 
and  Vice  President,  and  then  elected  a 
member  of  the  Convention  to  revise  the 
Constitution  of  Massachusetts.  He  was 
unanimously  chosen  President  of  the  Con- 
vention, but  declined.  Mr.  Adams  died 
on  the  4th  of  July,  1826,  the  fiftieth  anni- 
versary, and  the  national  jubilee  of  his 
country,  and  whilst  all  his  fellow  citi- 
zens were  assembled,  commemorating 
that  great  and  glorious  event,  with  which 
his  name  is  inseparably  and  honourably  as- 
sociated. 

THOMAS  JEFFERSON  was  born  on 
the2d  of  April,  O.  S.  1743,  at  Shad  well,  in 
the  county  of  Albemarle,  in  the  State  of 
Virginia,  but  a  short  distance  from  Monti- 
icello.  His  father,  Peter  Jefferson,  was  a 
man  of  some  distinction  ;  he  was  one  of 
the  Commissioners  for  establishing  the 
boundary  line,  between  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina,  and  he  left  his  son  a  large  estate. 
The  Jefferson  family  was  among  the  earli- 
est settlers  in  Virginia. 


.IFF 


IW 


Tlioia:;»  Jili  lb  ..  .■  -  i'Ciiloii  at  th; 
Collp^ge  of  William  and  iMury,  and  receiv 
cd  the  highest  honours  of  that  Institution 
After  leaving  College,  he  entered  up.>! 
the  study  of  the  law",  under  the  tuition  of 
George  Wythe,  the  first  lawyer  and  advo- 
cate in  the  State.  Soon  after  he  came  of 
affe,  he  was  appointed  Justice  of  the 
Peace,  and  this  was  followed  by  an  elec- 
tion to  a  seat  in  the  house  of  Burgesses. 
His  whole  life  was  spent  in  public  em- 
ployments ;  although,  as  he  says  himself, 
his  disposition  always  inclined  him  to  re- 
tirement and  quietude,  and  to  the  peace- 
ful pursuit  of  letters  and  science. 

With  perhaps  the  exception  of  Frank 
lin,  no  one  of  the  patriots  or  heroes  of  tin- 
American  Revolution,  owed  less  to  the 
circumstances  of  the  times  in  which  he 
lived,  than  Mr.  Jefferson.  His  greatness 
■was  personal  and  intrinsic,  and  no  exter- 
nal circumstances  could  scarcely  add  to 
it.  Had  he  lived  in  any  age  or  country,  he 
would  have  been  an  eminent  man.  Nei- 
ther his  disposition  nor  his  talents,  were 
adapted  to  the  turbulent  times  in  which 
he  lived  ;  yet  his  liberal  principles,  his 
philanthropy,  his  love  of  liberty  and  ar- 
dent patriotism,  when  the  liberties  of  his 
country  were  invaded,  overcoming  hit. 
natural  repugnance  to  scenes  of  conten- 
tion and  strife,  urged  him  on  to  the  arena 
of  politics,  and  rendered  him  one  of  the 
most  useful  and  efficient  supporters  of  the 
rights  and  liberties  of  the  Colonies. — 
When  liis  country — his  suffering  and  op- 
pressed country,  demanded  his  services, 
he  did  not  hesitate  to  obey  her  call.  He 
entered  with  his  whole  soul  into  the  cause 
of  liberty,-  regardless  of  all  consequences 
to  himself  How  absurd  was  the  opinioi. 
which  prevailed  in  Britain,  that  the  whole 
difficulties  in  America  arose  from  the  tur- 
bulent and  factious  spirit  of  some  discon- 
tented individuals,  when  such  mild  and 
pacific  men  as  Jefferson,  became  the 
champions  of  the  popular  cause. 

His  pen,  which  he  wielded  with  master- 
ly ability,  was  the  weapon  with  which  he 
entered  on  the  defence  of  the  rights  of 
the  Colonies.  In  addition  to  publica- 
tions in  the  newspapers,  he  brought 
out  in  1774,  his  "  Summary  View  of  the 
Rights  of  the  Colonies  of  America,"  one 
of  the  most  enlightened  and  valuable  pub- 
lications of  the  day.  This  work  placed 
the  dispute  between  the  parent  country 
and  her  colonies  on  just  ground,  by  disal 
lowing  the  supremacy  of  Parliament  over 
America,  whilst  some  of  the  controversia' 
writers,  had  involved  themselves  in  diffi 
448 


culties  and  inconsistencies,  by  admitting 
the  supremacy  of  Parliament.  In  June, 
1775,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Continental  Congress,  in  the  place  of 
i'eyton  Randolph,  who  had  resigned  his 
seat  in  consequence  of  ill  health.  He 
continued  a  member,  and  one  of  the 
brightest  ornaments  of  this  august  body. 
until  1777.  ' 

The  part  which  he  performed  in  the 
most  solemn  act,  ever  passed  by  any  de- 
liberative body  on  earth,  the  annuncia- 
tion of  Independence,  is  well  known ; 
yet  it  is  proper  that  it  should  be  briefly  no- 
ted here.  On  the  7th  of  June,  1776, 
Richard  Henry  Lee  submitted  a  resolution 
in  these  words  :  "  Resolved,  That  these 
United  States  are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be, 
free  and  independent  States ;  that  ttiey  are 
absolved  from  all  allegiance  to  the  British 
crown,  and  that  all  ■political  connexion  be- 
tioeen  ihern  and  the  state  of  Great  Britain 
is,  and  ought  to  be,  totally  dissolved." — 
This  resolution  was  debated  until  the 
10th,  when  it  was  postponed  until  the  first 
of  July,  and  a  Committee  appointed  to 
prepare  a  Declaration  of  Independence, 
which  should  exhibit  more  fully,  the 
grounds  and  reasons  of  the  measure. — 
The  Committee  were  appointed  by  bal- 
lot, and  consisted  of  Thomas  Jefferson, 
John  Adams,  Benjamin  Franklin,  Roger 
Sherman,  and  Robert  R.  Livingston.  The 
order  of  their  names  was  determined  by 
the  number  of  votes  given  for  each.  Mr. 
Jefferson  and  Mr.  Adams,  the  two  first  on 
the  Committee,  were  named  as  a  sub-com- 
mittee, to  prepare  the  draft.  It  was 
written  by  Mr.  Jefierson,  and  first  sub- 
mitted to  Mr.  Adams,  who  says  that  he 
made  no  alterations.  It  was  then  submit- 
ted to  the  whole  Committee,  and  some 
alterations  were  made  by  Franklin,  and 
others  of  the  Committee.  Some  parts  of 
It  were  omitted  by  Congress  after  it  was 
reported,  and  some  slight  alterations 
made  ;  but  its  tone,  spirit  and  arrange- 
ment, remained  the  same  as  when  report- 
ed. The  merit  of  this  instrument  as  a 
composition,  belongs  exclusively  to  Mr. 
Jefferson,  and  this  merit  alone  is  suffi- 
cient to  render  its  author  immortal. 

If  it  is  admitted,  as  we  think  it  must  be, 
that  no  other  state  paper  ever  had  so  mo- 
mentous an  object,  or  was  connected  with 
so  solemn  an  occasion,  it  may  perhaps  be 
sufficient  praise  to  say,  that  tliis  little  deed 
of  the  liberties  of  America,  is  every  way 
equal  to  the  subject — that  its  style  and 
dignity,  rise  to  the  dignity  of  the  subject, 
and  even  add  to  it.    What  political  docu- 


JEF 


JEF 


ment  can  be  found,  that  will  bear  com- 
parison with  this  ?  On  the  first  of  July, 
the  resolution  was  taken  up,  and  being  de- 
bated on  that  and  the  next  day,  on  the  last 
it  was  adopted.  On  the  same  day,  the 
declaration  was  taken  into  consideration, 
and  having  been  discussed  on  the  second, 
third,  and  fourth  days  of  July,  it  was  pas- 
sed on  the  last  of  those  days. 

In  1777,  Mr.  Jefferson  left  Congress, 
and  during  that  and  the  following  year,  he 
was  employed  in  conjunction  with  George 
Wythe  and  Edmund  Pendleton,  in  revis- 
ing the  laws  of  Virginia.  This  was  a  work 
of  great  labour  and  difficulty,  and  was 
performed  with  distinguished  ability  and 
success,  by  these  three  learned  and  en- 
lightened jurists.  The  most  important 
statutes  which  were  altered,  in  conformi- 
ty with  the  more  just  and  republican  sen- 
timents which  succeeded  the  Revolutioiu 
were  those  relating  to  the  tenure  of  officef 
to  entails,  to  descents,  and  to  religion, 
and  the  clergy.  Until  this  time,  or  at 
least  the  rupture  with  Britain,  the  Eng 
lish  act  of  uniformity,  was  acknowledged 
and  enforced  in  Virginia,  and  the  Church 
of  England  was  established  by  law,  to  the 
exclusion  of  all  other  denominations. — 
Mr.  Jefferson  is  entitled  to  the  principal 
merit  of  securing  the  rights  of  conscience, 
and  establishing  religious  liberty  in  Vir- 
ginia.    He  approached  this  difficult  work 


sioned  as  minister  plenipotentiary,  witfi 
Franklin,  John  Adams,  Jay,  and  Laurens, 
to  negotiate  treaties  with  several  Euro- 
pean powers.  He  proceeded  to  the  north, 
and  embarked  at  Boston  for  t'rance  ;  the 
only  treaty  executed  under  this  joint  com- 
mission, was  with  Prussia.  la  1785,  he 
was  appointed  resident  minister  at  the 
French  court,  and  remained  in  France  un- 
til October,  1789,  when,  having  obtained 
leave  of  congress,  he  returned  home,  just 
at  the  commencement  of  the  tremendous 
revolution  in  that  country,  which  agitated 
all  Europe.  The  period  he  remained  in 
France  was  one  of  unusual  interest.  At 
no  other  time  has  that  polished  nation 
been  more  distinguished  for  the  number 
and  high  character  of  its  learned  men  ; 
yet  in  the  midst  of  these,  Mr.  Jefferson 
was  distinguished  for  his  extensive  intel- 
ligence, and  his  philanthropy,  as  well  as 
for  the  urbanity  of  his  manners.  His  own 
erudition  and  his  love  for  learning,  pro- 
cured him  the  acquaintance  and  admira- 
tion of  the  literati  of  Paris,  and  the  res- 
pect of  the  first  circles  of  the  French 
capital.  The  minister  of  no  other  nation 
at  the  French  Court,  sustained  so  high  a 
reputation  as  the  representative  of  this  in- 
fant republic. 

On  his  return  home,  when  the  new  go- 
vernment was  going  into  operation,  he 
was  named  by  President  Washington  Sec- 


with  caution,  and  for  several  years  effect-  retary  of  State.  Mr.  Jefferson's  great 
ed  successive  modifications  of  the  laws, 'ability  as  a  writer,  his  extensive  attain- 
until  finally  the  legal  establish  was  doneiments  and  perfect  knowledge  of  Europe- 
away,  and  religion  left  entirely  free.  His,  an  politics,  as  well  as  those  of  his  own 
principal  coad^ator  in  this  reformation,]! country,  peculiarly  qualified  him  for  this 
was  Mr.  Madison.  The  example  of  Vir-|j situation,  and  justly  procured  him  the 
ginia,  and  the  various  enlightened  and  ^reputation  of  one  of  the  most  distinguish- 
able productions  of  Mr.  Jefferson's  pen!  ed  statesmen  of  the  age.  The  state  pa- 
on  this  subject,  have  had  no  small  influ-||pers  which  are  the  productions  of  his  pen, 


ence  in  securing  the  religious  liberty  of  j 
our  own  country,  both  as  it  respects  the 
national  government,  and  the  institutions 


are  at  least  equal  to  those  of  the  elder 
Pitt,  or  the  most  illustrious  statesmen 
which  Great  Britain  has  ever  produced  ; 


of  the  States.     No  part  of  the  conduct  ofjand  they  have  become  the  models  of  his 
Mr.  Jefferson  made  him  more  enemies,  or;  successors,  some  of  whom,   have    been 


brought  on  him  more  censure,  than  his 
exertions  in  favour  of  religious  freedom  ; 
and  perhaps  in  no  other  particular,  were 
his  efforts  more  extensively  useful. 

In  1779,  Mr.  Jefferson  succeeded  Pa- 
trick Henry  as  governor  of  Virginia,  and 
was  in  that  station  when  the  state  was  in- 
vaded by  the  British.  In  1781,  he  pub- 
lished his  celebrated  Notes  on  Virginia, 
which  attracted  attention  in  Europe  as 
well  as  at  home,  and  added  to  the  lustre 
of  his  reputation  as  a  man  of  science  and 
a  philosopher,  whilst  it  contributed  to  dis- 
pel the  absurd  opinions  which  prevailed  in 
Europe,  concerning  America.  In  1783,  he 
was  again  elected  a  member  of  the  conti- 
nental congress,  and  took  his  seat  in  that 


scarcely  less  distinguished.  He  continu- 
ed in  the  office  of  Secretary  of  State,  un- 
til December,  1793,  when  he  resigned  and 
remained  in  retirement  for  several  years. 
In  1797,  when  John  Adams  was  elected 
president,  Mr.  Jefferson  was  chosen  vice 
president,  and  to  facilitate  the  discharge 
of  the  duties  of  president  of  the  Senate, 
he  composed  his  manual  of  parliamenta- 
ry practice. 

Whilst  occupying  this  station,  the 
clouds  began  to  appear,  and  grew  thicker 
and  thicker,  until  they  produced  the  vio- 
lent political  storm,  which  swept  over  the 
country.  The  sources  of  these  political 
dissentions,  were  two-fold;    the  foreign 


relations  of  the  country  as  it  respected 
body;  and  in  May,  1784,  h«  was  commis-|  Great  Britain  and  France,  and  various  in- 
449      ' 


TSfestnig  questions  growing  oiil  orttieifSTon  or  public  Opiiuon,  approachiffg  To 
jiew  constitution,  of  which  the  most  im-';unanimity.  In  1809,  this  illustrious  pa- 
portaiit  was  that  relating  to  the  powers  of  triot  retired  from  political  life,  carrying 
the  "cneral  government,  a  question  notj|with  him  the  respect  and  affections  of  a 
3'ct  e'lttirely  settled.  The  whole  countrylarge  portion  of  his  fcLow-citizens.  But 
became  divided  into  two  great  parties,  andhin  retirement  he  did  not,  and  indeed  could 
the  two  first  officers  of  the  government,  J  not,  abstract  himself  from  public  objects 
so  long  friends  and  co-patriots,  were  trans-  j and  the  interests  of  his  beloved  country, 
formed  into  rivals,  they  being  regarded  asij  His  extensive  correspondence  contributed 
the  heads  of  the  two  parties.  The  strug-i|to  diffuse  his  sentiments,  as  much  p.  rhaps 
gk  resulted  in  favour  of  the  party  ofji as  he  was  enabled  to  do,  at  any  other  pe- 
which  Mr.  Jefferson  was  the  leader  ;  andjiriodof  his  life.  Mr.  Jefferson's  talent  at 
in  1801,  there  having  been  no  choice,  by i! epistolary  composition,  was  peculiarly 
the  electors,  he  was  chosen  President  of  |! happy,  and  perhaps  unrivalled.  His  cor- 
the  United  States,  bv  the  house  of  repre-|irespondence,  which  is  expected  to  be 
sentatives,  after  an  alarming  and  memo-!j published,  cannot  fail  of  possessing  great 
rable  contest.  Placed  at  the  head  of  the|iinterest  and  extensive  usefulness.  But 
government,  as  the  leader  of  the  popularlhis  correspondence  and  other  literary  em 
party,  and  enjoving  the  confidence  of  that  I  ployraents  did  not  occupy  his  whole  at- 
partv'in  an  eminent  degree,  perhaps  no'tention.  At  this  advanced  period  of  life, 
man  ever  had  a  better  opportunity  of  in-  his  active  mind,  always  intent  on  promot- 
corporating  his  own  prmciples  into  the  jing  the  best  interests  of  his  race,  led  him 
governmentof  his  country,  without  force  : to  engage  in  a  work  of  great  and  lasting 
or  ti.e  exertion  of  power",  and  of  shaping  j  utility,  which  will  be  a  monument  alike 
its  policy  according  to  his  own  views.—  honorable  to  Virginia,  and  its  illustrious 
And  the  same  circumstances,  afforded  I  patron.  It  need  scarcely  be  added,  that 
him  the  like  facility  of  infusing  his  own  I  we  allude  to  the  establishment  of  the 
sentiments  into  the  minds  of  his  country- i  University  of  Virginia,  of  which  he  was 
men.  And  ifno  man  ever  enjoved  greater;!  rector  and  visiter,  and  which  occupied  a 
advantages  of  personal  influence,  no  one;  large  share  of  his  attention  during  the 
ever  exercised  his  influence  more  patriot-' last  years  of  his  life.  He  was  blessed 
icallv  or  disinterestedly.  This  is  nowi|with  living  to  see  it  completed,  and  in 
admitted  bv  all,  although  different  opin-j  successful  operation.  He  bequeathed 
ions  prevail  respecting  his  political  views,  most  of  his  library  to  this  institution.  All 
on  many  subjects.  His  administration,!  his  useful  and  great  labours  on  earth  be- 
however,  will  always  remain  a  distin-|  ing  finished,  his  end  seemed  to  be  ap- 
guished  one,  in  the  annals  of  his  country,  preaching.  He  viewed  it  with  calmness 
lome  of  his  particular  measures,  were  and  serenity,  and  seemed  to  manifest  some 
probably  founded  on  a  mistaken  policy  ;!  uneasiness  in  waiting  for  his  departure, 
yet  his  more  fundamental  doctrines  have'  In  a  letter  to  one  of  his  friends  a  short 
become  political  axioms  in  the  United' time  before  his  death,  after  stating  that 
States  Among  them  are  these  ;  that  the  he  was  failing  fast,  he  says— "  Do  not 
government  of  the  United  States  must  be  think  that  I  fear  to  die  ;  there  is  nothuig 
Supported  by  public  opinion,  not  bv  at-  I  desire  more."  He  however  had  one 
tempting  to  control  it,  which  was  the  wish  which  was  granted  him.  This  can- 
rrreat  error  of  the  preceding  adrninistra-!  not  be  expressed  so  well  as  in  the  lan- 
Tion  •  that  in  all  governments  there  is  a  guage  of  one  of  his  eulogists  :*  "  That 
natural  tendency  to  an  extension  of  pow-  day  was  at  hand  which  he  had  helped  to 
ei-  and  consequently  in  a  government  of  make  immortal.  One  wish,  one  hope- 
limited  and  deletrated  powers,  like  that  if  it  were  not  presumptuous,  beat  in  his 
of  tlie  American  confederacy,  these  pow-  fainting  breast.  Could  it  be  so,— might 
.•rs  should  receive  a  strict  "construction,  it  please  God— he  would  desire,  once  more 
and  the  exercise  of  them  should  be  watch-  to  see  the  sun,— once  more  to  look  abroad 
ed  with  the  utmost  vigilance.  The  most  on  the  scene  around  him,  on  the  great 
important  measure  of  his  administration,  day  of  liberty.  Heaven  in  its  mercy  ful- 
was  the  acquisition  of  the  immense  terri-  filled  that  prayer.  He  saw  that  sun--he 
Tory  of  Louisiania  by  purchase,  which  enjoyed  its  sacred  light— he  thanked  God 
alo'ne  cannot  fail  of  rendering  it  illustrious  for  this  mercy,  and  bowed  his  aged  head  to 
to  the  latest  posterity.  the  grave."     He  expired  at  Monticello,  at 

Althoueh  the  opposiUon  to  his  adminis-  one  o'clock  m  the  afternoon,  on  the  4th 
♦ration  was  violent  beyond  any  example,  of  July,  1826,  the  half  centurv  auniver- 
yet  such  was  the  change  in  public  seiiti-  sary  of  th'it  day,  which  is  first  in  the  an- 
rnent,  that  at  the  expiration  of  his  first  jj^s  of  his  country,  and  in  his  own  fame, 
tjifm,'  Jie  was  re-electedjpith  an  efpres-jj 


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